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Paliienko K, Pastukhov A, Babič M, Horák D, Vasylchenko O, Borisova T. Transient coating of γ-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1381-1393. [PMID: 32974116 PMCID: PMC7492693 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and excessive extracellular glutamate concentration is a characteristic feature of stroke, brain trauma, and epilepsy. Also, glutamate is a potential tumor growth factor. Using radiolabeled ʟ-[14C]glutamate and magnetic fields, we developed an approach for monitoring the biomolecular coating (biocoating) with glutamate of the surface of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles decreased the initial rate of ʟ-[14C]glutamate uptake, and increased the ambient level of ʟ-[14C]glutamate in isolated cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes). The nanoparticles exhibit a high capability to adsorb glutamate/ʟ-[14C]glutamate in water. Some components of the incubation medium of nerve terminals, that is, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and NaH2PO4, decreased the ability of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles to form a glutamate biocoating by about 50% and 90%, respectively. Only 15% of the amount of glutamate biocoating obtained in water was obtained in blood plasma. Albumin did not prevent the formation of a glutamate biocoating. It was shown that the glutamate biocoating is a temporal dynamic structure at the surface of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Also, components of the nerve terminal incubation medium and physiological fluids responsible for the desorption of glutamate were identified. Glutamate-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be used for glutamate delivery to the nervous system or for glutamate adsorption (but with lower effectiveness) in stroke, brain trauma, epilepsy, and cancer treatment following by its subsequent removal using a magnetic field. γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with transient glutamate biocoating can be useful for multifunctional theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Paliienko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovicha Str. 9, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Artem Pastukhov
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovicha Str. 9, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Michal Babič
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Vasylchenko
- National Aviation University, Liubomyra Huzara ave. 1, Kyiv, 03058, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Borisova
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovicha Str. 9, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
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Hellinen L, Sato K, Reinisalo M, Kidron H, Rilla K, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Terasaki T, Urtti A. Quantitative Protein Expression in the Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Comparison Between Apical and Basolateral Plasma Membranes With Emphasis on Transporters. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:5022-5034. [PMID: 31791063 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) limits the xenobiotic entry from the systemic blood stream to the eye. RPE surface transporters can be important in ocular drug distribution, but it has been unclear whether they are expressed on the apical, basal, or both cellular surfaces. In this paper, we provide quantitative comparison of apical and basolateral RPE surface proteomes. Methods We separated the apical and basolateral membranes of differentiated human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells by combining apical membrane peeling and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The membrane fractions were analyzed with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) to reveal the membrane protein localization on the RPE cell surfaces. We quantitated 15 transporters in unfractionated RPE cells and scaled their expression to tissue level. Results Several proteins involved in visual cycle, cell adhesion, and ion and nutrient transport were expressed on the hfRPE plasma membranes. Most drug transporters showed similar abundance on both RPE surfaces, whereas large neutral amino acids transporter 1 (LAT1), p-glycoprotein (P-gp), and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) showed modest apical enrichment. Many solute carriers (SLC) that are potential prodrug targets were present on both cellular surfaces, whereas putative sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 7 (SNAT7) and riboflavin transporter (RFT3) were enriched on the basolateral and sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter (ATB0+) on the apical membrane. Conclusions Comprehensive quantitative information of the RPE surface proteomes was reported for the first time. The scientific community can use the data to further increase understanding of the RPE functions. In addition, we provide insights for transporter protein localization in the human RPE and the significance for ocular pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hellinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Gynther M, Jalkanen A, Lehtonen M, Forsberg M, Laine K, Ropponen J, Leppänen J, Knuuti J, Rautio J. Brain uptake of ketoprofen–lysine prodrug in rats. Int J Pharm 2010; 399:121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhang J, Wang C, Liu Q, Meng Q, Cang J, Sun H, Gao Y, Kaku T, Liu K. Pharmacokinetic Interaction between JBP485 and Cephalexin in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:930-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Anand BS, Katragadda S, Mitra AK. Pharmacokinetics of Novel Dipeptide Ester Prodrugs of Acyclovir after Oral Administration: Intestinal Absorption and Liver Metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:659-67. [PMID: 15226381 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.069997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid prodrug of acyclovir (ACV), valacyclovir (VACV), is an effective antiherpetic drug. Systemic availability of ACV in humans is 3 to 5 times higher after oral administration of VACV. Enhanced bioavailability of VACV has been attributed to its carrier-mediated intestinal absorption via hPEPT1 peptide transporter followed by rapid and complete conversion to ACV. An earlier report suggested that the dipeptide ester prodrugs of ACV possess high affinity toward the intestinal oligopeptide transporter hPEPT1 and therefore seem to be promising candidates in the treatment of oral herpes virus infections. In the present study, we have examined the bioavailability of a series of dipeptide prodrugs of ACV after oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats with cannulated jugular and portal veins. The area under plasma-concentration time curves expressed as minutes microgram milliliter(-1) for total concentration of VACV (208.4 +/- 41.2), and the dipeptide prodrugs Gly-Val-ACV (GVACV) (416.1 +/- 140.9), Val-Val-ACV (VVACV) (147.7 +/- 89.3), and Val-Tyr-ACV (VYACV) (180.7 +/- 81.2) were significantly higher than that of ACV (21.2 +/- 5.2) upon intestinal absorption. Interestingly, the bioavailability of ACV after administration of GVACV was approximately 2-fold higher than VACV. There was significant metabolism by hepatic first pass effect of the dipeptide prodrugs as evident by the higher levels of ACV obtained after systemic absorption compared with intestinal absorption of GVACV and VVACV. The dipeptide prodrugs of ACV exhibited higher systemic availability of regenerated ACV upon oral administration and thus seem to be promising drug candidates in treatment of genital herpes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banmeet S Anand
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5005 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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Abstract
Delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier has been shown to be altered during pathological states involving pain. Pain is a complex phenomenon involving immune and centrally mediated responses, as well as activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mediators released in response to pain have been shown to affect the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo. These alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and cytoarchitecture have implications in terms of drug delivery to the central nervous system, since pain and inflammation have the capacity to alter drug uptake and efflux across the blood-brain barrier. An understanding of how blood-brain barrier and central nervous system drug delivery mechanisms are altered during pathological conditions involving pain and/or inflammation is important in designing effective therapeutic regimens to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Wolka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Anand BS, Patel J, Mitra AK. Interactions of the dipeptide ester prodrugs of acyclovir with the intestinal oligopeptide transporter: competitive inhibition of glycylsarcosine transport in human intestinal cell line-Caco-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:781-91. [PMID: 12538834 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.044313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligopeptide transporter may be exploited to enhance the absorption of drugs by synthesizing their dipeptide ester prodrugs, which may be recognized as its substrates. Various dipeptide esters of acyclovir (ACV), an antiviral nucleoside analog, were synthesized. Enzymatic hydrolysis and affinity of the prodrugs toward the human intestinal peptide transporter hPEPT1 were studied using the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Affinity studies were performed by inhibiting the uptake of [(3)H]glycylsarcosine by the prodrugs. The uptake of glycylsarcosine was found to be saturable at higher concentrations and was competitively inhibited by the prodrugs of ACV. All prodrugs except Tyr-Gly-ACV demonstrated a higher affinity (1.41-4.96 mM) toward hPEPT1 than cephalexin (8.19 +/- 2.12 mM), which was used as a positive control. Two prodrugs, Gly-Val-ACV and Val-Val-ACV, showed comparable affinity to Val-ACV, an amino acid prodrug of ACV recognized by PEPT1/PEPT2. The permeability of Gly-Val-ACV (2.99 +/- 0.59 x 10(-6) cm/s) across Caco-2 was comparable with that of Val-ACV (3.01 +/- 0.21 x 10(-6) cm/s) and was significantly inhibited (63%) in presence of glycylsarcosine. The transport of GVACV across Caco-2 was saturable at higher concentrations, and the parameters were calculated as K(m) 3.16 +/- 0.31 mM and V(max) 0.014 +/- 0.00058 nmol cm(-2) min(-1). Overall, the results suggest that the dipeptide prodrugs of ACV have a high affinity toward the intestinal oligopeptide transporter hPEPT1 and therefore seem to be promising candidates in the treatment of ocular and oral herpesvirus infections, because cornea and intestinal epithelia seem to express the oligopeptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banmeet S Anand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, USA
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Abstract
Prodrug design strategies have been employed to improve the delivery of drugs with undesirable pharmacokinetic properties such as chemical stability and lack of specificity. Targeted prodrug design represents a new strategy for site-directed and efficient drug delivery. Targeting of drugs to transporters and receptors to aid in site-specific carrier-mediated absorption is emerging as a novel and clinically significant approach. Various prodrugs have been successful in achieving the goals of enhanced bioavailability and are, therefore, considered to be an important tool in biopharmaceutics. This review highlights the advances in prodrug design targeted towards membrane transporters/receptors in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banmeet S Anand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5005 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, USA
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