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Ashique S, Sandhu NK, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1435-1455. [PMID: 34151759 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to various limitations in conventional drug delivery system, it is important to focus on the target-specific drug delivery system where we can deliver the drug without any degradation. Among various challenges faced by a formulation scientist, delivering the drug to its right site, in its right dose, is also an important aim. A focused drug transport aims to extend, localize, target and have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of targeted drug delivery is to make the required amount of the drug available at its desired site of action. Drug targeting can be accomplished in a number ways that include enzyme mediation, pH-dependent release, use of special vehicles, receptor targeting among other mechanisms. Intelligently designed targeted drug delivery systems also offer the advantages of a low dose of the drug along with reduced side effects which ultimately improves patient compliance. Incidences of dose dumping and dosage form failure are negligible. A focused drug transport aims to have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the available targeting techniques for delivery to the colon, brain and other sites of interest. Overall, the article should make an excellent read for the researchers in this area. Newer drug targets may be identified and exploited for successful drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Navjot Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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Miura N, Akita H, Tateshita N, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Modifying Antigen-Encapsulating Liposomes with KALA Facilitates MHC Class I Antigen Presentation and Enhances Anti-tumor Effects. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1003-1013. [PMID: 28236573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For a successful anti-cancer vaccine, antigen presentation on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is a requirement. To accomplish this, an antigen must be delivered to the cytoplasm by overcoming the endosome/lysosome. We previously reported that a lipid nanoparticle modified with a KALA peptide (WEAKLAKALAKALAKHLAKALAKALKA), an α-helical cationic peptide, permits the encapsulated pDNA to be efficiently delivered to the cytoplasm in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Herein, we report on the use of KALA-modified liposomes as an antigen carrier, in an attempt to induce potent antigen-specific cellular immunity. The subcutaneous injection of KALA-modified ovalbumin (OVA)-encapsulating liposomes (KALA-OVA-LPs) elicited a much more potent OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and anti-tumor effect in comparison with particles that were modified with octa-arginine (R8), a cell-penetrating peptide (R8-OVA-LPs). In addition, the numbers of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells were increased by immunization the KALA-OVA-LPs. The treatment of BMDCs with KALA-OVA-LPs induced a substantial MHC class I antigen presentation. Furthermore, the acidic pH-dependent membrane destabilization activity of KALA-OVA-LPs strongly suggests that they are able to escape from endosomes/lysosomes and thereby deliver their cargos to the cytoplasm. Collectively, the KALA-modified liposome is a potential antigen delivery platform for use as a protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan.
| | - Naho Tateshita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Vyas SP. A review of mechanistic insight and application of pH-sensitive liposomes in drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:231-42. [PMID: 24524308 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.882469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-sensitive liposomes have been extensively used as an alternative to conventional liposomes in effective intracellular delivery of therapeutics/antigen/DNA/diagnostics to various compartments of the target cell. Such liposomes are destabilized under acidic conditions of the endocytotic pathway as they usually contain pH-sensitive lipid components. Therefore, the encapsulated content is delivered into the intracellular bio-environment through destabilization or its fusion with the endosomal membrane. The therapeutic efficacy of pH-sensitive liposomes enables them as biomaterial with commercial utility especially in cancer treatment. In addition, targeting ligands including antibodies can be anchored on the surface of pH-sensitive liposomes to target specific cell surface receptors/antigen present on tumor cells. These vesicles have also been widely explored for antigen delivery and serve as immunological adjuvant to enhance the immune response to antigens. The present review deals with recent research updates on application of pH-sensitive liposomes in chemotherapy/diagnostics/antigen/gene delivery etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Rai Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , India
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y, Takahashi H, Ichihashi KI, Yoshida T, Tochigi S, Nagano K, Abe Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Nabeshi H, Yoshikawa T, Tsutsumi Y. Amorphous silica nanoparticles enhance cross-presentation in murine dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:553-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mukai Y, Yoshinaga T, Yoshikawa M, Matsuo K, Yoshikawa T, Matsuo K, Niki K, Yoshioka Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum-endosome fusion for antigen cross-presentation induced by poly (γ-glutamic acid) nanoparticles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6249-55. [PMID: 22095716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that poly (γ-glutamic acid)-based nanoparticles (γ-PGA NPs) are excellent vaccine carriers for inducing efficient cross-presentation in dendritic cells, thereby producing strong antitumor immunity in vivo. Analyzing the mechanism of cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs will be useful toward designing novel vaccine carriers. In this study, we show an intracellular mechanism of efficient cross-presentation induced by OVA-loaded γ-PGA NPs. Cross-presentation induced by γ-PGA NPs depended on cytoplasmic proteasomes and TAP, similar to the classical MHC class I presentation pathway for endogenous Ags. Intracellular behavior analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that encapsulated OVA and γ-PGA accumulated in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosome compartments within 2 h. At the same time, electron microscopy analysis clearly showed that intracellular γ-PGA NPs and encapsulated Au NPs were enveloped in endosome-like vesicles, not in the ER. These findings strongly suggest that γ-PGA NPs enhance ER-endosome fusion for cross-presentation. Moreover, inhibition of ER translocon sec61 significantly decreased the γ-PGA NP/OVA-mediated cross-presentation efficiency, indicating that sec61 is important for transporting Ags from the fused ER-endosome to the cytoplasm. These findings imply that the ER-endosome complex is key for the efficient cross-presentation of Ags encapsulated in γ-PGA NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mukai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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6
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Yoshikawa T, Okada N, Nakagawa S. [Development of intracellular drug delivery system using fusogenic liposomes]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:789-96. [PMID: 17473520 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery system (DDS) research has contributed greatly toward improving chemotherapy efficacy and reducing its adverse effects through the development of approaches to optimize pharmacokinetics, such as controlled release and targeting. On the other hand, the remarkable progress of this latest life science research has altered the concept of what constitutes medical supplies. A change in this concept would allow for the consideration of medical materials that use not only conventional low molecular-weight organic compounds, but also biomacromolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins, that constitute living organisms. Although these biomacromolecular drugs are expected to demonstrate excellent efficacy based on their intrinsic bioactivity, they quickly degrade when administered in vivo and only a limited number have therefore been developed into medicines. In addition, most biomacromolecular drugs are ineffective until they are delivered to particular cells within a tissue or to particular organelles within a cell. To develop effective biomacromolecular medicines, it is necessary to introduce a DDS that is capable of ensuring internal stability as well as precise control of internal and intracellular dynamics, and to establish a new fundamental technology for DDS that can accommodate the material properties and mechanisms of action of the biomacromolecular drugs. In this context, this review introduces our approach to the design and creation of "Intracellular DDS" using fusogenic liposomes for application to gene therapy and tumor peptide vaccines. We suggest that this technology is very important for controlling the intracellular pharmacokinetics of biomacromolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan
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7
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Copland MJ, Rades T, Davies NM, Baird MA. Lipid based particulate formulations for the delivery of antigen. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:97-105. [PMID: 15748206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Particulate adjuvant systems are largely classified according to their functional characteristics, such as the nature of the typical immune response they induce, or their perceived mode of action. From a formulation science perspective, it is practical to classify antigen delivery systems according to the physical nature of the formulations. This article discusses lipid based particulate systems, grouped according to the nature of their predominant lipid constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Copland
- Drug Delivery Solutions, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Shahum E, Thérien HM. Effect of liposomal antigens on the priming and activation of the immune system by dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:591-601. [PMID: 11962737 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as the sole professional antigen-presenting cells capable of priming naive T cells of the helper and cytotoxic phenotypes. This property is presently exploited with success in vaccinal strategies against pathogens or tumor cells that otherwise escape immune recognition, but the repeated infusions of ex vivo expanded and sensitized DCs are usually required to achieve protection. In this paper, we demonstrate that liposomal antigens can efficiently relay and propagate the action of DCs, inducing a strong long-term response against their associated antigen. Their effect is mainly achieved by improving the ex vivo loading of DCs and by efficiently channeling the activation stimulus into the induction of effector function. This is demonstrated by the sustained immunoglobulin production as well as by the sustained lymphoproliferation and the increased cytokine secretion that can be achieved upon restimulation of DC-primed immune cells with limited amount of liposomal antigenic material. Being well-tolerated and easily prepared, liposomal antigens could therefore be expected to significantly contribute to the efficiency and to a more general utilization of the highly promising but rather cumbersome DC-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Shahum
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Médicale, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Three Rivers, Canada
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Jabbal-Gill I, Lin W, Kistner O, Davis SS, Illum L. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles for intranasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51:97-111. [PMID: 11516782 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several strategies have been under investigation to achieve safe and effective immunisation, in terms of new antigens, adjuvants and routes of vaccination. The latter include mucosal sites such as oral, rectal, vaginal and nasal. Biodegradable microparticles produced from polymers such as poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing encapsulated vaccine antigens have been extensively studied for immunisation. These microparticles allow controlled release of vaccines with the aim to develop as single dose vaccines. However there are concerns regarding the integrity and immunogenicity of the antigen during the encapsulation process when the antigen is exposed to organic solvents, high shear stresses and the exposure of antigen to low pH which is caused by polymer degradation. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP) produced by simple precipitation of PLA, form a novel polymeric system for the adsorption of antigens. This procedure avoids pH changes, exposure to organic solvents and hence allows the integrity of the antigen to be retained. The aim of this article is to discuss the factors affecting the characteristics of PLSP and adsorption of antigens onto PLSP and consider their potential as adjuvants for the nasal delivery of protein, peptide or viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jabbal-Gill
- West Pharmaceutical Services Drug Delivery and Clinical Research Centre Ltd., Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science & Technology Park, University Boulevard, NG7 2TN, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Wan Y, Wu Y, Bian J, Wang XZ, Zhou W, Jia ZC, Tan Y, Zhou L. Induction of hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in vivo by filamentous phage display vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 19:2918-23. [PMID: 11282203 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of inducing MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in vivo via recombinant filamentous phage was investigated. The recombinant filamentous phage particles that displayed the Hepatitis B virus epitope S(28--39) were injected into BALB/c (H-2d) mice without adjuvants. A MHC class I restricted HBs specific CTL response was found 8 days after injection. The potentiality of using the recombinant filamentous phage as anti-virus vaccine was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- The Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medicine University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Delmotte C, Le Guern E, Trudelle Y, Delmas A. Structural features of a chimeric peptide inducing cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in saline. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 265:336-45. [PMID: 10491190 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available correlating the structural properties of peptides with their immunogenicity in terms of responses via cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The TT-NP6 chimeric peptide, consisting of two copies of a promiscuous T-helper epitope (T: residues 288-302 from the fusion protein of the measles virus) linked to the NP6 T-cytotoxic epitope (NP6: residues 52-60 from the nucleoprotein of measles virus) was able to induce virus-specific CTL responses in the absence of any adjuvant and hydrophobic component. The present work was undertaken to gain insight into structural features of the TT-NP6 peptide that may be important in optimizing the CTL immunogenicity of the peptide. Circular dichroism data, obtained in a buffer of physiological ionic strength and pH, strongly suggest a self-associated state for the peptide, which was confirmed by a sedimentation velocity experiment. However, helix association is accompanied by loss of overall helical content. Thermal-dependence studies show that the unfolding of self-associated alpha-helices is significantly more pronounced than the unfolding of isolated alpha-helices. Circular dichroism data, together with tryptic limited proteolysis, suggest the presence of a charged amino acid within the hydrophobic core. This study should provide a basis for engineering more effective immunogenic peptides against the measles virus by increasing the stability of the TT-NP6 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delmotte
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, affiliée à l'Université d'Orléans, France
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12
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Jabbal-Gill I, Lin W, Jenkins P, Watts P, Jimenez M, Illum L, Davis SS, Wood JM, Major D, Minor PD, Li X, Lavelle EC, Coombes AG. Potential of polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP) as adjuvants for vaccines. Vaccine 1999; 18:238-50. [PMID: 10506648 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years microspheres or microparticles produced from biodegradable polymers such as poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing encapsulated vaccine antigens have been investigated for administration via parenteral, oral, and intranasal routes. These microparticles allow the controlled release of vaccines with an aim to reduce the number of doses for primary immunisation or to develop single dose vaccines. The polymer materials have been widely regarded as being of minimal toxicity. Evaluation of candidate systems in animal studies have shown antibody levels and cell responses similar to or greater than those observed with adjuvants such as alum. However, there are concerns regarding the integrity and immunogenicity of the antigen during the encapsulation process when the antigen is exposed to organic solvents, high shear stresses and the exposure of antigen to low pH which is caused by polymer degradation. An alternative approach would be to adsorb antigens to the surface of biodegradable polymer particles. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP), produced by a simple precipitation of PLA, are suitable for this purpose. The adsorption of antigens onto these particles is a simple procedure. It avoids pH changes due to bulk polymer degradation and the use of solvents and therefore will be less damaging to the vaccine. Moreover, such systems will be much easier to scale up for a clinical study and eventual manufacture. The aim of this article is to discuss the preparation and physical characteristics of PLSP, antigen adsorption, in vivo efficacy of PLSP antigen systems and to consider the potential of PLSP as controlled release adjuvants for protein, peptide or viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jabbal-Gill
- Danbiosyst UK Ltd, Albert Einstein Centre, Highfields Science Park, Nottingham, UK
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Yewdell JW, Norbury CC, Bennink JR. Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications for generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. Adv Immunol 1999; 73:1-77. [PMID: 10399005 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lelièvre D, Hsu SC, Daubos P, Favard C, Vigny P, Trudelle Y, Steward MW, Delmas A. Structural properties of chimeric peptides containing a T-cell epitope linked to a fusion peptide and their importance for in vivo induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 249:895-904. [PMID: 9395341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that when administered to mice without adjuvant, a chimeric peptide consisting of the fusion peptide F from measles virus protein linked at the C-terminus of a cytotoxic T-cell epitope from the M2 protein of respiratory syncytial virus efficiently primes for an major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. In this report, we demonstrated by microspectrofluorometry that the fusion-peptide moiety bound to the plasma membrane of living cells. When the fusion peptide was linked to the C-terminus of the CTL epitope, the chimeric peptide (M2-F) adopted a marked beta-sheet conformation. In contrast, when the fusion peptide was linked to the N-terminus of the T-cell epitope (F-M2), the chimeric peptide adopted an alpha-helical conformation in the presence of trifluoroethanol. The immunogenicity of the two chimeric peptides for class-I restricted CTL was also significantly different, the one adopting the alpha-helical conformation being more immunogenic. Probably due to its obvious conversion to an alpha-helical conformation, the F-M2 peptide could have a higher propensity to insert into membranes, as shown by microspectrofluorometry, with a resultant better immunogenicity than the M2-F peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lelièvre
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, Orléans, France
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Lian T, Ho RJ. Cholera toxin B-mediated targeting of lipid vesicles containing ganglioside GM1 to mucosal epithelial cells. Pharm Res 1997; 14:1309-15. [PMID: 9358541 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012195932724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the non-toxic pentameric B subunit of Cholera toxin (CTB) binding to ganglioside GM1 on both the lipid vesicles and epithelial cells may provide a means to target lipid vesicles to mucosal cells expressing surface GM1. METHODS Sonicated lipid vesicles containing ganglioside GM1 were prepared. Inter-vesicle cross-linking due to pentameric CTB binding to these GM1 vesicles was determined with a sub-micron particle analyzer. Association of CTB to GM1 vesicles was analyzed with continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. CTB-mediated binding of GM1 vesicles to human mucosal epithelial cells (Caco-2 and HT-29), mucous membranes of mouse trachea, and nasal tissues were detected with fluorescent labeled vesicles. RESULTS An increase in lipid particle size due to binding of CTB to lipid vesicles and inter-vesicles cross-linking was detected. At a 30-to-1 mole ratio of membrane-bound GM1-to-CTB, optimum increase in GM1 vesicle aggregation, was detected. Under such conditions, all the added CTB molecules were associated with GM1 vesicles. Time course analysis showed that inter-vesicles cross linking by CTB was detectable within 10 min. and reached a maximum value at 60 min. CTB associated GM1-vesicles bind to mucosal epithelial cells HT-29 and Caco-2 with similar affinity [Kd = 7.8 x 10(-4) M lipid (Caco-2) and 7.6 x 10(-4) M lipid (HT-29)]. GM1 mediated binding specificity was demonstrated by blocking with anti-GM1 antibody and the insignificant degree of CTB-associated GM1 vesicle binding to GM1 deficient C6 cells. CONCLUSIONS The CTB-mediated GM1 binding to multiple membrane surfaces provides selective localization of GM1 vesicles to GM1 expressing mucosal cells and tissues. The strategy may be useful in localizing drugs and proteins to gut and respiratory tract mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7610, USA
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