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Guenther MC, Borowicz PP, Hirchert MR, Semanchik PL, Simons JL, Fridley J, White-Springer SH, Hammer CJ. Identifying the immunoglobulin G transporter in equine tissues: A look at the neonatal Fc receptor. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105131. [PMID: 38879095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the receptor responsible for bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across cells, maintenance of IgG levels in serum, and assisting with antigen presentation. Unfortunately, little is known about FcRn in horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide fundamental information regarding the location of FcRn in equine tissues. Tissues were collected from six horses of mixed breed, age, and sex immediately following euthanasia. Sampling locations included the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), other visceral organs, cornea, and synovial membrane of the stifle and carpal joints. Tissues for histological analysis were fixed, cross sectioned, and stained for FcRn. Areas of interest were captured and analyzed with data represented as relative fluorescence (RF) to indicate FcRn abundance. Tissues for qPCR analysis were placed in RNAlater and relative quantification (RQ) of FcRn transcripts (FCGRT) was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCT method, normalized to the geometric mean of three reference genes (ACTB, GADPH, HPRT1). Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS. Abundance of FcRn differed between tissue types by immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis (P < 0.01). Joint synovium and respiratory tract tissues had the highest RF, GIT tissues expressed moderate RF, and other visceral organs had the lowest RF. Conversely, liver and kidney tissues had the highest RQ while the stomach and cornea had the lowest RQ. These data lay the foundation for future studies regarding FcRn and IgG in horses and their roles in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Guenther
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - P P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - M R Hirchert
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - P L Semanchik
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J L Simons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J Fridley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Veterinary Large Animal Hospital, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - S H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, Room 309 Gilchrist, 2929 Research Parkway 77843-4243, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C J Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Singh S, Kachhawaha K, Singh SK. Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116303. [PMID: 38797272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Kajal Kachhawaha
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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Feng J, Cao H, Xiang Y, Deng C, Li Y. An integrated methodology for quality assessment of therapeutic antibodies with potential long circulation half-life in harvested cell culture fluid using FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene. Talanta 2024; 272:125781. [PMID: 38359719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Designing modified therapeutic antibodies with enhanced FcRn-binding affinity holds promise in the extension of circulation half-lives and potential refinement of pharmacokinetics. During the development of these new-generation therapeutic antibodies, FcRn binding affinity of IgGs is emphasized and monitored as a critical quality attribute (CQA), alongside other critical assessments including titer and aggregation level. However, the traditional workflow for assessing the overall quality of expressed IgGs in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) is blamed to be cumbersome and time-consuming. This study presents an integrated methodology for the rapid quality assessment of IgGs in HCCF by selectively extracting IgGs with favorable high FcRn affinity for subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The approach utilizes innovative adsorbents known as FcRn immobilized hydrophilic magnetic graphene (MG@PDA@PAMAM-FcRn) in a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) process. To simulate the in vivo binding dynamics, MSPE binding and dissociation was performed at pH 6.0 and 7.4, respectively. The composite have demonstrated enhanced extraction efficiency and impurity removal ability in comparison to commercially available magnetic beads. The SEC monomer peak area value provides the output of this method, the ranking of which enabled the facile identification of superior HCCF samples with high overall quality of IgG. Optimization of MSPE parameters was performed, and the method was validated for specificity, precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. The proposed method exhibited an analytical time of 0.6 h, which is 7-22 times shortened in comparison to the conventional workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Feng
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yangjiayi Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy and MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China; Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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Ge S, Dias ACP, Zhang X. Chimerism of avian IgY-scFv and truncated IgG-Fc: A novel strategy in cross-species antibody generation and enhancement. Immunology 2024; 172:46-60. [PMID: 38247105 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken single-chain fragment variable (IgY-scFv) is a functional fragment and an emerging development in genetically engineered antibodies with a wide range of biomedical applications. However, scFvs have considerably shorter serum half-life due to the absence of antibody Fc region compared with the full-length antibody, and usually requires continuous intravenous administration for efficacy. A promising approach to overcome this limitation is to fuse scFv with immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc region, for better recognition and mediation by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the host. In this study, engineered mammalian ΔFc domains (CH2, CH3, and intact Fc region) were fused with anti-canine parvovirus-like particles avian IgY-scFv to produce chimeric antibodies and expressed in the HEK293 cell expression system. The obtained scFv-CH2, scFv-CH3, and scFv-Fc can bind with antigen specifically and dose-dependently. Surface plasmon resonance investigation confirmed that scFv-CH2, scFv-CH3, and scFv-Fc had different degrees of binding to FcRn, with scFv-Fc showing the highest affinity. scFv-Fc had a significantly longer half-life in mice compared with the unfused scFv. The identified ΔFcs are promising for the development of engineered Fc-based therapeutic antibodies and proteins with longer half-lives. The avian IgY-scFv-mammalian IgG Fc region opens up new avenues for antibody engineering, and it is a novel strategy to enhance the rapid development and screening of functional antibodies in veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Ge
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Alberto Carlos Pires Dias
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kamboj A, Harrison AR, Mokhtarzadeh A. Emerging therapies in the medical management of thyroid eye disease. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1295902. [PMID: 38983101 PMCID: PMC11182121 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1295902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an immune-mediated disorder associated with a heterogenous array of manifestations that may unfavorably impact vision and quality of life. As understanding of this entity's complex pathogenesis has evolved, so have therapies with novel molecular targets offering promise for improved patient outcomes. Results Emerging immunologic therapies for the management of thyroid eye disease have diverse mechanisms of actions and routes of administration. Different conventional and biological immunosuppressive agents have been studied as mediators of the autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways in thyroid eye disease. Teprotumumab - an anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody that has recently emerged as a first-line therapy for active, moderate-to-severe TED - has demonstrated statistically significant improvements in proptosis, diplopia, clinical activity score, and quality of life compared to placebo. Currently under investigation are several other agents, with varying administration modalities, that aim to inhibit IGF-1R: VRDN-001 (intravenous), VRDN-002 or VRDN-003 (subcutaneous), lonigutamab (subcutaneous), and linsitinib (oral). Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody of interleukin 6, has played a role in the management of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory conditions and may offer promise in TED. Another incipient biologic target for TED management is the neonatal Fc receptor, inhibition of which has potential to decrease recycling of immunoglobulin and antibody levels; agents addressing this target including monoclonal antibodies as well as antibody fragments. Finally, hypolipidemic agents may play a role as mediators of TED-associated inflammation. Conclusion Among the agents under investigation that aim to decrease ocular morbidity associated with TED are agents that IGF-1R, interleukin 6, and the neonatal Fc receptor. The management of TED continues to expand with novel immunologic approaches for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Kamboj
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrew R. Harrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ali Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Trzos S, Link-Lenczowski P, Pocheć E. The role of N-glycosylation in B-cell biology and IgG activity. The aspects of autoimmunity and anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188838. [PMID: 37575234 PMCID: PMC10415207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strictly regulated by glycosylation through the addition of highly diverse and dynamically changing sugar structures (glycans) to the majority of immune cell receptors. Although knowledge in the field of glycoimmunology is still limited, numerous studies point to the key role of glycosylation in maintaining homeostasis, but also in reflecting its disruption. Changes in oligosaccharide patterns can lead to impairment of both innate and acquired immune responses, with important implications in the pathogenesis of diseases, including autoimmunity. B cells appear to be unique within the immune system, since they exhibit both innate and adaptive immune activity. B cell surface is rich in glycosylated proteins and lectins which recognise glycosylated ligands on other cells. Glycans are important in the development, selection, and maturation of B cells. Changes in sialylation and fucosylation of cell surface proteins affect B cell signal transduction through BCRs, CD22 inhibitory coreceptor and Siglec-G. Plasmocytes, as the final stage of B cell differentiation, produce and secrete immunoglobulins (Igs), of which IgGs are the most abundant N-glycosylated proteins in human serum with the conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297. N-oligosaccharide composition of the IgG Fc region affects its secretion, structure, half-life and effector functions (ADCC, CDC). IgG N-glycosylation undergoes little change during homeostasis, and may gradually be modified with age and during ongoing inflammatory processes. Hyperactivated B lymphocytes secrete autoreactive antibodies responsible for the development of autoimmunity. The altered profile of IgG N-glycans contributes to disease progression and remission and is sensitive to the application of therapeutic substances and immunosuppressive agents. In this review, we focus on the role of N-glycans in B-cell biology and IgG activity, the rearrangement of IgG oligosaccharides in aging, autoimmunity and immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trzos
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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Fallahi P, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Elia G, Balestri E, Mazzi V, Patrizio A, Botrini C, Benvenga S, Ferrari SM, Antonelli A. Teprotumumab for the treatment of thyroid eye disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:123-131. [PMID: 36695097 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2172328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of orbital and extraocular muscles. It induces proptosis and diplopia, leading to a worsening of quality of life (QoL) because of its impact on physical appearance, and visual function. The natural history involves an 'active TED,' which is an autoimmune inflammatory response targeting orbital soft tissues, and 'inactive TED,' where there is tissue expansion remodeling. To date, glucocorticoids represent the main medical therapy, even if often ineffective and associated with side effects. AREAS COVERED In TED, the autoimmune process leads to production of TSH-R and IGF-1 R autoantibodies. This induces inflammatory changes in the orbital tissue, and activation of fibroblasts with accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, leading to consequent proptosis, and diplopia. In two previous randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trials, teprotumumab has been shown to be effective in improving proptosis, inflammation, diplopia, and QoL. More recently, it has been shown that teprotumumab is also effective in chronic-inactive TED. Teprotumumab was approved by the FDA on 21 January 2020 for the treatment of TED. EXPERT OPINION For the above-mentioned reasons teprotumumab represents a potential first line therapy for TED that could replace the use of steroids in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rosaria Paparo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugenia Balestri
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Botrini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Interdepartmental Program of Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Mishra AK, Pandey M, Dewangan HK, Sl N, Sahoo PK. A Comprehensive Review on Liver Targeting: Emphasis on Nanotechnology- based Molecular Targets and Receptors Mediated Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1381-1405. [PMID: 36065923 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220906091432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of hepatic diseases involves several cells, which complicates the delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Many severe liver diseases affecting the worldwide population cannot be effectively treated. Major hindrances or challenges are natural physiological barriers and non-specific targeting of drugs administered, leading to inefficient treatment. Hence, there is an earnest need to look for novel therapeutic strategies to overcome these hindrances. A kind of literature has reported that drug safety and efficacy are incredibly raised when a drug is incorporated inside or attached to a polymeric material of either hydrophilic or lipophilic nature. This has driven the dynamic investigation for developing novel biodegradable materials, drug delivery carriers, target-specific drug delivery systems, and many other novel approaches. OBJECTIVE Present review is devoted to summarizing receptor-based liver cell targeting using different modified novel synthetic drug delivery carriers. It also highlights recent progress in drug targeting to diseased liver mediated by various receptors, including asialoglycoprotein, mannose and galactose receptor, Fc receptor, low-density lipoprotein, glycyrrhetinic, and bile acid receptor. The essential consideration is given to treating liver cancer targeting using nanoparticulate systems, proteins, viral and non-viral vectors, homing peptides and gene delivery. CONCLUSION Receptors based targeting approach is one such approach that was explored by researchers to develop novel formulations which can ensure site-specific drug delivery. Several receptors are on the surfaces of liver cells, which are highly overexpressed in various disease conditions. They all are helpful for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Mukesh Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University NH-05, Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali Punjab, Pin: 160101, India
| | - Neha Sl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
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Krištić J, Lauc G, Pezer M. Immunoglobulin G glycans - Biomarkers and molecular effectors of aging. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 535:30-45. [PMID: 35970404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are post-translationally modified by the addition of complex carbohydrate molecules - glycans, which have profound effects on the IgG function, most significantly as modulators of its inflammatory capacity. Therefore, it is not surprising that the changes in IgG glycosylation pattern are associated with various physiological states and diseases, including aging and age-related diseases. Importantly, within the inflammaging concept, IgG glycans are considered not only biomarkers but one of the molecular effectors of the aging process. The exact mechanism by which they exert their function, however, remains unknown. In this review, we list and comment on, to our knowledge, all studies that examined changes in IgG glycosylation during aging in humans. We focus on the information obtained from studies on general population, but we also cover the insights obtained from studies of long-lived individuals and people with age-related diseases. We summarize the current knowledge on how levels of different IgG glycans change with age (i.e., the extent and direction of the change with age) and discuss the potential mechanisms and possible functional roles of changes in IgG glycopattern that accompany aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Pezer
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.
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11
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Monoclonal Antibody Engineering and Design to Modulate FcRn Activities: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179604. [PMID: 36077002 PMCID: PMC9455995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the pH-dependent nature of FcRn binding, as well as the various factors influencing the affinity to FcRn, was concurrent with the arrival of the first recombinant IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and IgG Fc-fusion proteins in clinical practice. IgG Fc–FcRn became a central subject of interest for the development of these drugs for the comfort of patients and good clinical responses. In this review, we describe (i) mAb mutations close to and outside the FcRn binding site, increasing the affinity for FcRn at acidic pH and leading to enhanced mAb half-life and biodistribution, and (ii) mAb mutations increasing the affinity for FcRn at acidic and neutral pH, blocking FcRn binding and resulting, in vivo, in endogenous IgG degradation. Mutations modifying FcRn binding are discussed in association with pH-dependent modulation of antigen binding and (iii) anti-FcRn mAbs, two of the latest innovations in anti-FcRn mAbs leading to endogenous IgG depletion. We discuss the pharmacological effects, the biological consequences, and advantages of targeting IgG–FcRn interactions and their application in human therapeutics.
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12
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Ren X, Qian P, Liu S, Chen H, Li X. Fc-Mediated E2-Dimer Subunit Vaccines of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Induce Efficient Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Piglets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122443. [PMID: 34960713 PMCID: PMC8703287 DOI: 10.3390/v13122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets is caused by an emerging atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), which is prevalent in swine herds and a serious threat to the pig production industry. This study aimed to construct APPV E2 subunit vaccines fused with Fc fragments and evaluate their immunogenicity in piglets. Here, APPV E2Fc and E2ΔFc fusion proteins expressed in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells were demonstrated to form stable dimers in SDS-PAGE and western blotting assays. Functional analysis revealed that aE2Fc and aE2ΔFc fusion proteins could bind to FcγRI on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), with the affinity of aE2Fc to FcγRI being higher than that of aE2ΔFc. Moreover, subunit vaccines based on aE2, aE2Fc, and aE2ΔFc fusion proteins were prepared, and their immunogenicity was evaluated in piglets. The results showed that the Fc fusion proteins emulsified with the ISA 201VG adjuvant elicited stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than the IMS 1313VG adjuvant. These findings suggest that APPV E2 subunit vaccines fused with Fc fragments may be a promising vaccine candidate against APPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.R.); (P.Q.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.R.); (P.Q.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shudan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.R.); (P.Q.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.R.); (P.Q.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.R.); (P.Q.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87282608
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Yap DYH, Hai J, Lee PCH, Zhou X, Lee M, Zhang Y, Wang M, Chen X. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HBM9161, a novel FcRn inhibitor, in a phase I study for healthy Chinese volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:1769-1779. [PMID: 33742786 PMCID: PMC8504844 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the binding between neonatal Fc receptor and IgG-Fc reduces circulating IgG, and thus emerges as a potential therapy for IgG-mediated autoimmune conditions. This was a double blind, randomized, single ascending dose study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HBM9161 (a fully humanized Fc receptor monoclonal antibody) in healthy Chinese volunteers. Subjects were randomized to receive a single s.c. dose of HBM9161 or placebo in a 3:1 ratio in 3 dosing cohorts (340 mg, 510 mg, or 680 mg, respectively), and then followed up for 85 days. Study end points included incidence of adverse event (AE), serum drug concentration, IgG and its subclasses, and anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Twenty-four subjects were randomized. Dose-dependent reduction of total IgG occurred rapidly from baseline to reach nadir at day 11, then recovered steadily from day 11 to day 85. The mean maximum percentage reductions from baseline total IgG were 21.0 ± 9.3%, 39.8 ± 5.13%, and 41.2 ± 10.4% for subjects receiving HBM9161 340 mg, 510 mg, and 680 mg, respectively. The exposure of HBM9161 (areas under the curve [AUCs] and peak plasma concentration [Cmax ]) increased in a more than dose-proportional manner at the dose examined. All reported AEs were mild in severity. The most reported AEs in the HBM9161 groups were influenza-like illness and rash. Two subjects developed ADA during the study period. A single s.c. dose of HBM9161 results in sustained and dose-dependent IgG reduction, and was well-tolerated at a dose up to 680 mg in Chinese subjects. The data warrant further investigation of its effects in IgG-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Y. H. Yap
- Phase I Clinical Trials CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Division of NephrologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | - Jojo Hai
- Phase I Clinical Trials CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | - Paul C. H. Lee
- Phase I Clinical Trials CentreThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | | | | | - Yu Zhang
- Harbour Biomed, Inc.ShanghaiChina
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Sellner J, Sitte HH, Rommer PS. Targeting interleukin-6 to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Implications from immunology, the FcRn pathway and clinical experience. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1591-1601. [PMID: 33781948 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is associated with poor outcomes for patients. Until recently, when complement inhibitors were approved, there was no approved therapy. Most recently, clinical trials of interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade showed a therapeutic benefit for NMOSD. In this review, we introduce the immunological basis of IL-6 blockade in NMOSD and summarize current knowledge about the clinical use of the IL-6 receptor inhibitors tocilizumab and satralizumab. The aim of extending the half-life of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been actualized by successful clinical translation for Satralizumab, achieved via the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. The basic principles of FcRn are highlighted in this review together with the potential therapeutic benefits of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Hong ST, Su YC, Wang YJ, Cheng TL, Wang YT. Anti-TNF Alpha Antibody Humira with pH-dependent Binding Characteristics: A constant-pH Molecular Dynamics, Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics, and In Vitro Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:334. [PMID: 33672169 PMCID: PMC7926962 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humira is a monoclonal antibody that binds to TNF alpha, inactivates TNF alpha receptors, and inhibits inflammation. Neonatal Fc receptors can mediate the transcytosis of Humira-TNF alpha complex structures and process them toward degradation pathways, which reduces the therapeutic effect of Humira. Allowing the Humira-TNF alpha complex structures to dissociate to Humira and soluble TNF alpha in the early endosome to enable Humira recycling is crucial. We used the cytoplasmic pH (7.4), the early endosomal pH (6.0), and pKa of histidine side chains (6.0-6.4) to mutate the residues of complementarity-determining regions with histidine. Our engineered Humira (W1-Humira) can bind to TNF alpha in plasma at neutral pH and dissociate from the TNF alpha in the endosome at acidic pH. We used the constant-pH molecular dynamics, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics, two-dimensional potential mean force profiles, and in vitro methods to investigate the characteristics of W1-Humira. Our results revealed that the proposed Humira can bind TNF alpha with pH-dependent affinity in vitro. The W1-Humira was weaker than wild-type Humira at neutral pH in vitro, and our prediction results were close to the in vitro results. Furthermore, our approach displayed a high accuracy in antibody pH-dependent binding characteristics prediction, which may facilitate antibody drug design. Advancements in computational methods and computing power may further aid in addressing the challenges in antibody drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ting Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jen Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Men CJ, Kossler AL, Wester ST. Updates on the understanding and management of thyroid eye disease. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211027760. [PMID: 34263138 PMCID: PMC8252358 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211027760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex disease associated with myriad clinical presentations, including facial disfigurement, vision loss, and decreased quality of life. Traditionally, steroid therapy and/or radiation therapy were commonly used in the treatment of active TED. While these therapies can help reduce inflammation, they often do not have a sustainable, significant long-term effect on disease outcomes, including proptosis and diplopia. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TED have shifted the focus of treatment toward targeted biologic therapies. Biologics have the advantage of precise immune modulation, which can have better safety profiles and greater efficacy compared to traditional approaches. For instance, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been found to be upregulated in TED patients and to colocalize with the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), forming a signaling complex. Teprotumumab is an antibody targeted against IGF-1R. By inhibiting the IGF-1R/TSHR signaling pathway, teprotumumab may reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, hyaluronan secretion, and orbital fibroblast activation in patients with TED. Due to promising phase II and III clinical trial results, teprotumumab has become the first biologic US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of TED. In addition, there are currently ongoing studies looking at the use of antibodies targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in various autoimmune diseases, including TED. FcRn functions to transport immunoglobulin G (IgG) and prevent their lysosomal degradation. By blocking the recycling of IgG, this approach may dampen the body's immune response, in particular the pathogenic IgG implicated in some autoimmune diseases. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TED, therefore, are leading to more targeted therapeutic options, and we are entering an exciting new phase in the management of TED. This review will cover recent insights into the understanding of TED pathophysiology and novel treatment options as well as ongoing studies of new potential treatment options for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J. Men
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L. Kossler
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 2452 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
- Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sara T. Wester
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Application of therapeutic protein-based fusion toxins. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Julien JP, Wardemann H. Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum malaria at the molecular level. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:761-775. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Walker KW, Salimi-Moosavi H, Arnold GE, Chen Q, Soto M, Jacobsen FW, Hui J. Pharmacokinetic comparison of a diverse panel of non-targeting human antibodies as matched IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in rodents and non-human primates. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217061. [PMID: 31120944 PMCID: PMC6533040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of four unrelated antibodies, which do not bind to mammalian antigens, in IgG1 and IgG2 frameworks in both rats and non-human primates (NHP). This allowed for extensive cross comparison of the impact of antibody isotype, complementarity determining regions (CDR) and model species on pharmacokinetics without the confounding influence of antigen binding in the hosts. While antibody isotype had no significant impact on the pharmacokinetics, the CDRs do alter the profile, and there is an inverse correlation between the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) affinity and pharmacokinetic performance. Faster clearance rates were also associated with higher isoelectric points; however, although this panel of antibodies all possess basic isoelectric points, ranging from 8.44 to 9.18, they also have exceptional in vivo half-lives, averaging 369 hours, and low clearance rates, averaging 0.18 ml/h/kg in NHPs. This pattern of pharmacokinetic characteristics was conserved between rats and NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Walker
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hossein Salimi-Moosavi
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory E. Arnold
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - Qing Chen
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - Marcus Soto
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - Frederick W. Jacobsen
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
| | - John Hui
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States of America
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Iyengar ARS, Gupta S, Jawalekar S, Pande AH. Protein Chimerization: A New Frontier for Engineering Protein Therapeutics with Improved Pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:703-714. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Huijbers MG, Plomp JJ, van Es IE, Fillié-Grijpma YE, Kamar-Al Majidi S, Ulrichts P, de Haard H, Hofman E, van der Maarel SM, Verschuuren JJ. Efgartigimod improves muscle weakness in a mouse model for muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:133-143. [PMID: 30851266 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is hallmarked by fatigable muscle weakness resulting from neuromuscular synapse dysfunction caused by IgG autoantibodies. The variant with muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies is characterized by prominent cranial and bulbar weakness and a high frequency of respiratory crises. The majority of MuSK MG patients requires long-term immunosuppressive treatment, but the result of these treatments is considered less satisfactory than in MG with acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Emergency treatments are more frequently needed, and many patients develop permanent facial weakness and nasal speech. Therefore, new treatment options would be welcome. The neonatal Fc receptor protects IgG from lysosomal breakdown, thus prolonging IgG serum half-life. Neonatal Fc receptor antagonism lowers serum IgG levels and thus may act therapeutically in autoantibody-mediated disorders. In MuSK MG, IgG4 anti-MuSK titres closely correlate with disease severity. We therefore tested efgartigimod (ARGX-113), a new neonatal Fc receptor blocker, in a mouse model for MuSK myasthenia gravis. This model involves 11 daily injections of purified IgG4 from MuSK myasthenia gravis patients, resulting in overt myasthenic muscle weakness and, consequently, body weight loss. Daily treatment with 0.5 mg efgartigimod, starting at the fifth passive transfer day, reduced the human IgG4 titres about 8-fold, despite continued daily injection. In muscle strength and fatigability tests, efgartigimod-treated myasthenic mice outperformed control myasthenic mice. Electromyography in calf muscles at endpoint demonstrated less myasthenic decrement of compound muscle action potentials in efgartigimod-treated mice. These substantial in vivo improvements of efgartigimod-treated MuSK MG mice following a limited drug exposure period were paralleled by a tendency of recovery at neuromuscular synaptic level (in various muscles), as demonstrated by ex vivo functional studies. These synaptic improvements may well become more explicit upon longer drug exposure. In conclusion, our study shows that efgartigimod has clear therapeutic potential in MuSK myasthenia gravis and forms an exciting candidate drug for many autoantibody-mediated neurological and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje G Huijbers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap J Plomp
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Inge E van Es
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Samar Kamar-Al Majidi
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Ulrichts
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans de Haard
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium
| | - Erik Hofman
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan J Verschuuren
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Lázár-Molnár E, Delgado JC. Implications of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Use for Clinical Laboratory Testing. Clin Chem 2019; 65:393-405. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.266973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics (MATs) represent a rapidly expanding class of biological drugs used to treat a variety of diseases. The widespread use of MATs increasingly affects clinical laboratory medicine.
CONTENT
This review provides an overview of MATs currently approved for clinical use in the US, starting from basic biology of antibodies to the engineering, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, nomenclature, and production of MATs. Immunogenicity and the production of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) play a major role in loss of therapeutic response and the development of treatment failure to certain MATs. Laboratory-based monitoring for MATs and detection of ADAs represent emerging needs for optimizing the use of MATs to achieve the best outcomes at affordable cost. In addition, the increased use of MATs affects clinical laboratory testing by interference of MATs with clinical laboratory tests across different areas of laboratory medicine, including histocompatibility, blood bank, and monoclonal protein testing.
SUMMARY
The number of MATs is rapidly growing each year to address previously unmet clinical needs. Laboratory monitoring of MATs and detecting ADAs represent expanding areas of laboratory testing. Test-based strategies allow for treatment optimization at the level of the individual patient, thus providing a personalized medicine approach. In addition, clinical laboratories must be aware that the increasing use of MATs affects laboratory testing and be ready to implement methods to eliminate or mitigate interference with clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Lázár-Molnár
- ARUP Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Julio C Delgado
- ARUP Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Kiskova T, Mytsko Y, Schepelmann M, Helmer H, Fuchs R, Miedl H, Wadsack C, Ellinger I. Expression of the neonatal Fc-receptor in placental-fetal endothelium and in cells of the placental immune system. Placenta 2019; 78:36-43. [PMID: 30955709 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Starting from the second trimester of pregnancy, passive immunity is provided to the human fetus by transplacental transfer of maternal IgG. IgG transfer depends on the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. While FcRn localization in the placental syncytiotrophoblast (STB) has been demonstrated unequivocally, FcRn expression in placental-fetal endothelial cells (pFECs), which are part of the materno-fetal barrier, is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the spatio-specific expression pattern of FcRn in placental tissue. METHODS FcRn expression was investigated by western blotting in term placentas and in isolated human placental arterial and venous endothelial cells (HPAEC, HPVEC) using a validated affinity-purified polyclonal anti-peptide antibody against the cytoplasmic tail of FcRn α-chain. In situ localization of FcRn and IgG was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy on tissue sections of healthy term placentas. RESULTS FcRn expression was demonstrated in placental vasculature particularly, in HPAEC, and HPVEC. FcRn was localized in cytokeratin 7+ STB and in CD31+ pFECs in terminal as well as stem villi in situ. Additionally, CD68+ placental macrophages exhibited FcRn expression in situ. Endogenous IgG partially co-localized with FcRn in STB, pFECs, and in placental macrophages. DISCUSSION Placental FcRn expression in endothelial cells and macrophages is analogous to the expression pattern in other organs. FcRn expression in pFECs suggests an involvement of FcRn in IgG transcytosis and/or participation in recycling/salvaging of maternal IgG present in the fetal circulation. FcRn expression in placental macrophages may account for recycling of monomeric IgG and/or processing and presentation of immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezia Kiskova
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya Mytsko
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schepelmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanns Helmer
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Fuchs
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Miedl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Lai JY, Klatt S, Lim TS. Potential application of Leishmania tarentolae as an alternative platform for antibody expression. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:380-394. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1566206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Klatt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune blistering skin diseases are a group of disorders subdivided according to the location of blister formation: intraepidermal blistering in the pemphigus group and subepidermal in the pemphigoid group. These conditions are clinically heterogeneous and are treated with systemic corticosteroids and/or other forms of immunosuppression on the basis of clinical subtype and disease severity. These approaches may not be effective for the induction and maintenance of clinical response or need to be stopped because of intolerable side effects. AREAS COVERED Biological therapies can represent a valid alternative strategy in various autoimmune blistering disorders and this review article will address this issue with a special focus on pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. These biological approaches are designed to target B cells, autoantibodies, complement proteins, and several cytokines. EXPERT OPINION Innovative strategies for the treatment of autoimmune blistering conditions primarily depend on the use of drugs with a high degree of specificity targeting crucial steps in the immunopathology of these disorders. Novel biological agents offer treatment alternatives to patients with autoimmune blistering conditions by targeting B cells, pathogenic autoantibodies, complement and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Alaibac
- a Unit of Dermatology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
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Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mardaneh J, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Larki P, Faghfourian B, Sepehr KS, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi G, Johari B, Zali MR, Bagheri N. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy: Strategies, challenges, and successes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5628-5642. [PMID: 30478951 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules into cancer cells is considered as a promising strategy to tackle cancer. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), in which a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated to biologically active drugs through chemical linkers, have emerged as a promising class of anticancer treatment agents, being one of the fastest growing fields in cancer therapy. The failure of early ADCs led researchers to explore strategies to develop more effective and improved ADCs with lower levels of unconjugated mAbs and more-stable linkers between the drug and the antibody, which show improved pharmacokinetic properties, therapeutic indexes, and safety profiles. Such improvements resulted in the US Food and Drug Administration approvals of brentuximab vedotin, trastuzumab emtansine, and, more recently, inotuzumab ozogamicin. In addition, recent clinical outcomes have sparked additional interest, which leads to the dramatically increased number of ADCs in clinical development. The present review explores ADCs, their main characteristics, and new research developments, as well as discusses strategies for the selection of the most appropriate target antigens, mAbs, cytotoxic drugs, linkers, and conjugation chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Behrouz Farhadihosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Larki
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Faghfourian
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Ahmed AR, Kaveri S. Reversing Autoimmunity Combination of Rituximab and Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1189. [PMID: 30072982 PMCID: PMC6058053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this concept paper, the authors present a unique and novel protocol to treat autoimmune diseases that may have the potential to reverse autoimmunity. It uses a combination of B cell depletion therapy (BDT), specifically rituximab (RTX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), based on a specifically designed protocol (Ahmed Protocol). Twelve infusions of RTX are given in 6–14 months. Once the CD20+ B cells are depleted from the peripheral blood, IVIg is given monthly until B cells repopulation occurs. Six additional cycles are given to end the protocol. During the stages of B cell depletion, repopulation and after clinical recovery, IVIg is continued. Along with clinical recovery, significant reduction and eventual disappearance of pathogenic autoantibody occurs. Administration of IVIg in the post-clinical period is a crucial part of this protocol. This combination reduces and may eventually significantly eliminates inflammation in the microenvironment and facilitates restoring immune balance. Consequently, the process of autoimmunity and the phenomenon that lead to autoimmune disease are arrested, and a sustained and prolonged disease and drug-free remission is achieved. Data from seven published studies, in which this combination protocol was used, are presented. It is known that BDT does not affect check points. IVIg has functions that mimic checkpoints. Hence, when inflammation is reduced and the microenvironment is favorable, IVIg may restore tolerance. The authors provide relevant information, molecular mechanism of action of BDT, IVIg, autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The focus of the manuscript is providing an explanation, using the current literature, to demonstrate possible pathways, used by the combination of BDT and IVIg in providing sustained, long-term, drug-free remissions of autoimmune diseases, and thus reversing autoimmunity, albeit for the duration of the observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Blistering Diseases, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Srinivas Kaveri
- INSERM U1138 Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Stöppler D, Macpherson A, Smith-Penzel S, Basse N, Lecomte F, Deboves H, Taylor RD, Norman T, Porter J, Waters LC, Westwood M, Cossins B, Cain K, White J, Griffin R, Prosser C, Kelm S, Sullivan AH, Fox D, Carr MD, Henry A, Taylor R, Meier BH, Oschkinat H, Lawson AD. Insight into small molecule binding to the neonatal Fc receptor by X-ray crystallography and 100 kHz magic-angle-spinning NMR. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006192. [PMID: 29782488 PMCID: PMC5983862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming at the design of an allosteric modulator of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) interaction, we developed a new methodology including NMR fragment screening, X-ray crystallography, and magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR at 100 kHz after sedimentation, exploiting very fast spinning of the nondeuterated soluble 42 kDa receptor construct to obtain resolved proton-detected 2D and 3D NMR spectra. FcRn plays a crucial role in regulation of IgG and serum albumin catabolism. It is a clinically validated drug target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases caused by pathogenic antibodies via the inhibition of its interaction with IgG. We herein present the discovery of a small molecule that binds into a conserved cavity of the heterodimeric, extracellular domain composed of an α-chain and β2-microglobulin (β2m) (FcRnECD, 373 residues). X-ray crystallography was used alongside NMR at 100 kHz MAS with sedimented soluble protein to explore possibilities for refining the compound as an allosteric modulator. Proton-detected MAS NMR experiments on fully protonated [13C,15N]-labeled FcRnECD yielded ligand-induced chemical-shift perturbations (CSPs) for residues in the binding pocket and allosteric changes close to the interface of the two receptor heterodimers present in the asymmetric unit as well as potentially in the albumin interaction site. X-ray structures with and without ligand suggest the need for an optimized ligand to displace the α-chain with respect to β2m, both of which participate in the FcRnECD-IgG interaction site. Our investigation establishes a method to characterize structurally small molecule binding to nondeuterated large proteins by NMR, even in their glycosylated form, which may prove highly valuable for structure-based drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stöppler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorna C. Waters
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy H. Sullivan
- Beryllium Discovery, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Fox
- Beryllium Discovery, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Beat H. Meier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (HO); (ADL)
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31
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Barcellini W, Fattizzo B. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - progress in emerging treatment options. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1452734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Barcellini
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Fattizzo
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ma Y, Ke C, Wan Z, Li Z, Cheng X, Wang X, Zhao J, Ma Y, Ren L, Han H, Zhao Y. Truncation of the Murine Neonatal Fc Receptor Cytoplasmic Tail Does Not Alter IgG Metabolism or Transport In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1413-1424. [PMID: 29298832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is involved in IgG metabolism and transport in placental mammals. However, whether FcRn is responsible for IgG transfer from maternal serum to colostrum/milk is controversial. Interestingly, large domestic animals, such as cows, pigs, sheep, and horses, in which passive IgG transfer is exclusively completed via colostrum/milk, all express an FcRn α-chain that is shorter in the cytoplasmic tail (CYT) than its counterparts in humans and rodents. To address whether the length variation has any functional significance, we performed in vitro experiments using the Transwell system with the MDCK cell line stably transfected with various FcRn constructs; these clearly suggested that truncation of the CYT tail caused a polar change in IgG transfer. However, we observed no evidence supporting functional changes in IgG in vivo using mice in which the FcRn CYT was precisely truncated. These data suggest that the length variation in FcRn is not functionally associated with passive IgG transfer routes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuncun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Multivalent Fcγ-receptor engagement by a hexameric Fc-fusion protein triggers Fcγ-receptor internalisation and modulation of Fcγ-receptor functions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17049. [PMID: 29213127 PMCID: PMC5719016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of Fcγ-receptors triggers a range of downstream signalling events resulting in a diverse array of immune functions. As a result, blockade of Fc-mediated function is an important strategy for the control of several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We have generated a hexameric-Fc fusion protein (hexameric-Fc) and tested the consequences of multi-valent Fcγ-receptor engagement in in vitro and in vivo systems. In vitro engagement of hexameric-Fc with FcγRs showed complex binding interactions that altered with receptor density and triggered the internalisation and degradation of Fcγ-receptors. This caused a disruption of Fc-binding and phagocytosis. In vivo, in a mouse ITP model we observed a short half-life of hexameric-Fc but were nevertheless able to observe inhibition of platelet phagocytosis several days after hexameric-Fc dosing. In cynomolgus monkeys, we again observed a short half-life, but were able to demonstrate effective FcγR blockade. These findings demonstrate the ability of multi-valent Fc-based therapeutics to interfere with FcγR function and a potential mechanism through which they could have a sustained effect; the internalisation and degradation of FcγRs.
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Cell surface dynamics and cellular distribution of endogenous FcRn. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182695. [PMID: 28817705 PMCID: PMC5560688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major role for FcRn is the salvage of pinocytosed IgG and albumin from a degradative fate in lysosomes. FcRn achieves this by binding IgG in a pH-dependent manner in acidic endosomes and recycling it to the plasma membrane to be released at neutral pH. This is important in maintaining high serum IgG and albumin levels and has the potential to be exploited to modulate the pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapeutics. Although FcRn is responsible for the recycling of IgG, the dynamic behaviour of endogenous FcRn is not well understood. Our data shows that the majority of endogenous receptor is distributed throughout the endosomal system and is present only at a low percentage on the plasma membrane at steady state. A significant fraction of FcRn at the cell surface appears to be endocytosis resistant while the remainder can undergo rapid endocytosis. To maintain surface levels of the receptor, endocytosed FcRn is replaced with FcRn from the internal pool. This unexpected complexity in FcRn cell surface dynamics has led us to propose a model for FcRn trafficking that should be taken into account when targeting FcRn at the cell surface for therapeutic purposes.
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Albumin-based nanoparticles as methylprednisolone carriers for targeted delivery towards the neonatal Fc receptor in glomerular podocytes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:851-860. [PMID: 28259932 PMCID: PMC5360426 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. However, high doses and long periods of GC therapy can result in severe side effects. The present study aimed to selectively deliver albumin-methylprednisolone (MP) nanoparticles towards glomerular podocytes, which highly express the specific neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) of albumin. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was labeled with a fluorescent dye and linked with modified MP via an amide bond. The outcome nanoparticle named BSA633-MP showed a uniform size with a diameter of approximately 10 nm and contained 12 drug molecules on average. The nanoconjugates were found to be stable at pH 7.4 and acid-sensitive at pH 4.0, with approximately 72% release of the MP drug after 48 h of incubation. The nanoparticle demonstrated a 36-fold uptake in receptor-specific cellular delivery in the FcRn-expressing human podocytes compared to the uptake in the non-FcRn-expressing control cells. Co-localization further confirmed that uptake of the nanoconjugates involved receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by lysosome associated transportation. In vitro cellular experiments indicated that the BSA633-MP ameliorated puromycin aminonucleoside-induced podocyte apoptosis. Moreover, in vivo fluorescence molecular imaging showed that BSA633-MP was mainly accumulated in the liver and kidney after intravenous dosing for 24 h. Collectively, this study may provide an approach for the effective and safe therapy of nephrotic syndrome.
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Verstockt B, Van Assche G, Vermeire S, Ferrante M. Biological therapy targeting the IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:31-47. [PMID: 27817215 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1258399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As many inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients do not benefit from long-term anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment, new anti-inflammatories are urgently needed. After the discovery of the interleukin (IL) 23/17 axis being pivotal in IBD pathogenesis, many different compounds were developed, targeting different components within this pathway. Areas covered: A literature search to March 2016 was performed to identify the most relevant reports on the role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in IBD and on the different molecules targeting this pathway. First, the authors briefly summarize the immunology of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway to elucidate the mode of action of all different agents. Second, they describe all different molecules targeting this pathway. Besides discussing efficacy and safety data, they also explore immunogenicity, exposure during pregnancy and pharmacokinetics. Expert opinion: A new era in IBD treatment has recently been initiated: besides immunomodulators and TNF-antagonists, anti-adhesion molecules and monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL-23/IL-17 pathway have been developed. Biomarkers for personalized medicine are urgently needed. This therapeutic (r)evolution will further improve disease-related and patient-reported outcome, though a lot of questions should still be addressed in future years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- a Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,b Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research , University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus , Cambridge , UK
| | - Gert Van Assche
- a Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- a Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- a Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Billiet T, Dreesen E, Cleynen I, Wollants WJ, Ferrante M, Van Assche G, Gils A, Vermeire S. A Genetic Variation in the Neonatal Fc-Receptor Affects Anti-TNF Drug Concentrations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1438-1445. [PMID: 27481307 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ample evidence exists that Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations during induction determine short and long-term outcome in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated if a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), responsible for extending half-life of IgG, influences anti-TNF concentrations in patients with IBD. METHODS Retrospective single-center study, including a cohort of 395 infliximab (IFX) naive IBD patients treated with IFX 5 mg/kg on weeks 0, 2, and 6 and a second cohort of 139 adalimumab naive patients, treated with adalimumab 160-80-40 mg on weeks 0, 2, and 4. Area under the serum anti-TNF concentration-time curve (AUC), from week 2 and 6 for IFX and week 2 and 4 for adalimumab, was used to identify factors influencing these drug concentrations. RESULTS The VNTR2/VNTR3 genotype was associated with a 14% lower IFX AUC compared with patients homozygous for VNTR3/VNTR3 (P=0.03), although this effect became apparent only when immunogenicity (26% lower concentrations, P=9 × 10-5) was not present. Prior anti-TNF use predicted a 27% lower IFX AUC (P=0.002). Similarly, VNTR2/VNTR3 patients had a 24% predicted lower adalimumab AUC than VNTR3/VNTR3 patients (P=0.005). The combined presence of VNTR2/VNTR3 genotype, male gender, and prior IFX use predicted a 41% lower adalimumab AUC concentration (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The VNTR2/3 genotype in the FcRn gene is associated with lower IFX but also lower adalimumab drug exposure during induction in patients with IBD. Previously identified pharmacokinetic modifying factors were confirmed. Identifying risk factors in patients is important as higher induction doses may be needed to ensure optimal disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem-Jan Wollants
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universitair ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universitair ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Gils
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Severine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universitair ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many of the biotherapeutics approved or under development suffer from a short half-life necessitating frequent applications in order to maintain a therapeutic concentration over an extended period of time. The implementation of half-life extension strategies allows the generation of long-lasting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview of the different half-life extension strategies developed over the past years and their application to generate next-generation biotherapeutics. It focuses on srategies already used in approved drugs and drugs that are in clinical development. These strategies include those aimed at increasing the hydrodynamic radius of the biotherapeutic and strategies which further implement recycling by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). EXPERT OPINION Half-life extension strategies have become an integral part of development for many biotherapeutics. A diverse set of these strategies is available for the fine-tuning of half-life and adaption to the intended treatment modality and disease. Currently, half-life extension is dominated by strategies utilizing albumin binding or fusion, fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc region and PEGylation. However, a variety of alternative strategies, such as fusion of flexible polypeptide chains as PEG mimetic substitute, have reached advanced stages and offer further alternatives for half-life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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39
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Burvenich IJG, Farrugia W, Lee FT, Catimel B, Liu Z, Makris D, Cao D, O'Keefe GJ, Brechbiel MW, King D, Spirkoska V, Allan LC, Ramsland PA, Scott AM. Cross-species analysis of Fc engineered anti-Lewis-Y human IgG1 variants in human neonatal receptor transgenic mice reveal importance of S254 and Y436 in binding human neonatal Fc receptor. MAbs 2016; 8:775-86. [PMID: 27030023 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1156285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG has a long half-life through engagement of its Fc region with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). The FcRn binding site on IgG1 has been shown to contain I253 and H310 in the CH2 domain and H435 in the CH3 domain. Altering the half-life of IgG has been pursued with the aim to prolong or reduce the half-life of therapeutic IgGs. More recent studies have shown that IgGs bind differently to mouse and human FcRn. In this study we characterize a set of hu3S193 IgG1 variants with mutations in the FcRn binding site. A double mutation in the binding site is necessary to abrogate binding to murine FcRn, whereas a single mutation in the FcRn binding site is sufficient to no longer detect binding to human FcRn and create hu3S193 IgG1 variants with a half-life similar to previously studied hu3S193 F(ab')2 (t1/2β, I253A, 12.23 h; H310A, 12.94; H435A, 12.57; F(ab')2, 12.6 h). Alanine substitutions in S254 in the CH2 domain and Y436 in the CH3 domain showed reduced binding in vitro to human FcRn and reduced elimination half-lives in huFcRn transgenic mice (t1/2β, S254A, 37.43 h; Y436A, 39.53 h; wild-type, 83.15 h). These variants had minimal effect on half-life in BALB/c nu/nu mice (t1/2β, S254A, 119.9 h; Y436A, 162.1 h; wild-type, 163.1 h). These results provide insight into the interaction of human Fc by human FcRn, and are important for antibody-based therapeutics with optimal pharmacokinetics for payload strategies used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J G Burvenich
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,b School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - William Farrugia
- c Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Fook T Lee
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Bruno Catimel
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Dahna Makris
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Diana Cao
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- b School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,d Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Martin W Brechbiel
- e Radioimmune Inorganic Chemistry Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Dylan King
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Violeta Spirkoska
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Laura C Allan
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- c Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,f School of Science, RMIT University , Bundoora , VIC , Australia.,g Department of Immunology , Monash University , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,h Department of Surgery Austin Health , University of Melbourne , Heidelberg , VIC , Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- a Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,b School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University , Melbourne , VIC , Australia.,d Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health , Melbourne , Australia.,i Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , VIC , Australia
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Martins JP, Kennedy PJ, Santos HA, Barrias C, Sarmento B. A comprehensive review of the neonatal Fc receptor and its application in drug delivery. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 161:22-39. [PMID: 27016466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) biology and function have demonstrated that this receptor, primarily identified for the transfer of passive immunity from mother infant, is involved in several biological and immunological processes. In fact, FcRn is responsible for the long half-life of IgG and albumin in the serum, by creating an intracellular protein reservoir, which is protected from lysosomal degradation and, importantly, trafficked across the cell. Such discovery has led researchers to hypothesize the role for this unique receptor in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents. A great amount of FcRn-based strategies are already under extensive investigation, in which FcRn reveals to have profound impact on the biodistribution and half-life extension of therapeutic agents. This review summarizes the main findings on FcRn biology, function and distribution throughout different tissues, together with the main advances on the FcRn-based therapeutic opportunities and model systems, which indicate that this receptor is a potential target for therapeutic regimen modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo 228, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI -00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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41
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Burmistrova DA, Tillib SV, Shcheblyakov DV, Dolzhikova IV, Shcherbinin DN, Zubkova OV, Ivanova TI, Tukhvatulin AI, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Genetic Passive Immunization with Adenoviral Vector Expressing Chimeric Nanobody-Fc Molecules as Therapy for Genital Infection Caused by Mycoplasma hominis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150958. [PMID: 26962869 PMCID: PMC4786110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing pathogen-specific recombinant antibody fragments (especially nanobodies) is a very promising strategy for the treatment of infectious disease. Nanobodies have great potential for gene therapy application due to their single-gene nature. Historically, Mycoplasma hominis has not been considered pathogenic bacteria due to the lack of acute infection and partially due to multiple studies demonstrating high frequency of isolation of M. hominis samples from asymptomatic patients. However, recent studies on the role of latent M. hominis infection in oncologic transformation, especially prostate cancer, and reports that M. hominis infects Trichomonas and confers antibiotic resistance to Trichomonas, have generated new interest in this field. In the present study we have generated specific nanobody against M. hominis (aMh), for which the identified target is the ABC-transporter substrate-binding protein. aMh exhibits specific antibacterial action against M. hominis. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic properties, we have developed the adenoviral vector-based gene therapy approach for passive immunization with nanobodies against M. hominis. For better penetration into the mucous layer of the genital tract, we fused aMh with the Fc-fragment of IgG. Application of this comprehensive approach with a single systemic administration of recombinant adenovirus expressing aMh-Fc demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic effects in a mouse model of genital M. hominis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Burmistrova
- Department of Immunobiotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (D. Shcheblyakov); (DB)
| | - Sergey V. Tillib
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Gene Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov
- Department of Immunobiotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (D. Shcheblyakov); (DB)
| | - Inna V. Dolzhikova
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbinin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana I. Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Gene Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir I. Tukhvatulin
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim M. Shmarov
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Department of Immunobiotechnology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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Foss S, Grevys A, Sand KMK, Bern M, Blundell P, Michaelsen TE, Pleass RJ, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Enhanced FcRn-dependent transepithelial delivery of IgG by Fc-engineering and polymerization. J Control Release 2015; 223:42-52. [PMID: 26718855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal IgG antibodies (Abs) are used extensively in the clinic to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. In addition, therapeutic proteins are genetically fused to the constant Fc part of IgG. In both cases, the Fc secures a long serum half-life and favourable pharmacokinetics due to its pH-dependent interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn also mediates transport of intact IgG across polarized epithelial barriers, a pathway that is attractive for delivery of Fc-containing therapeutics. So far, no study has thoroughly compared side-by-side how IgG and different Fc-fusion formats are transported across human polarizing epithelial cells. Here, we used an in vitro cellular transport assay based on the human polarizing epithelial cell line (T84) in which both IgG1 and Fc-fusions were transported in an FcRn-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that the efficacy of transport was dependent on the format. We demonstrate that transepithelial delivery could be enhanced by Fc-engineering for improved FcRn binding as well as by Fc-polymerization. In both cases, transport was driven by pH-dependent binding kinetics and the pH at the luminal side. Hence, efficient transcellular delivery of IgG-based drugs across human epithelial cells requires optimal pH-dependent FcRn binding that can be manipulated by avidity and Fc-engineering, factors that should inspire the design of future therapeutics targeted for transmucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Algirdas Grevys
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pat Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway.
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Salama A. Treatment Options for Primary Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Short Comprehensive Review. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 42:294-301. [PMID: 26696797 PMCID: PMC4678315 DOI: 10.1159/000438731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, treatment of primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the warm type (wAIHA) is primarily based on immunosuppression. However, many patients do not respond adequately to treatment, and treated patients may develop severe side effects due to uncontrolled, mixed and/or long-lasting immunosuppression. Unfortunately, the newly used therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are unspecific and remain frequently ineffective. Thus, development of a specific therapy for AIHA is necessary. The ideal therapy would be the identification and elimination of the causative origin of autoimmunization and/or the correction or reprogramming of the dysregulated immune components. Blood transfusion is the most rapidly effective measure for patients who develop or may develop hypoxic anemia. Although some effort has been made to guide physicians on how to adequately treat patients with AIHA, a number of individual aspects should be considered prior to treatment. Based on my serological and clinical experience and the analysis of evidence-based studies, we remain far from any optimized therapeutic measures for all AIHA patients. Today, the old standard therapy using controlled steroid administration, with or without azathioprine or cyclophosphamide, is, when complemented with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, still the most effective therapy in wAIHA. Rituximab or other monoclonal antibodies may be used instead of splenectomy in therapy-refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulgabar Salama
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Peters C, Brown S. Antibody-drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00225. [PMID: 26182432 PMCID: PMC4613712 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have revolutionized the field of cancer chemotherapy. Unlike conventional treatments that damage healthy tissues upon dose escalation, ADCs utilize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to specifically bind tumour-associated target antigens and deliver a highly potent cytotoxic agent. The synergistic combination of mAbs conjugated to small-molecule chemotherapeutics, via a stable linker, has given rise to an extremely efficacious class of anti-cancer drugs with an already large and rapidly growing clinical pipeline. The primary objective of this paper is to review current knowledge and latest developments in the field of ADCs. Upon intravenous administration, ADCs bind to their target antigens and are internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This facilitates the subsequent release of the cytotoxin, which eventually leads to apoptotic cell death of the cancer cell. The three components of ADCs (mAb, linker and cytotoxin) affect the efficacy and toxicity of the conjugate. Optimizing each one, while enhancing the functionality of the ADC as a whole, has been one of the major considerations of ADC design and development. In addition to these, the choice of clinically relevant targets and the position and number of linkages have also been the key determinants of ADC efficacy. The only marketed ADCs, brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), have demonstrated their use against both haematological and solid malignancies respectively. The success of future ADCs relies on improving target selection, increasing cytotoxin potency, developing innovative linkers and overcoming drug resistance. As more research is conducted to tackle these issues, ADCs are likely to become part of the future of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Peters
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Stuart Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.
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Hanson QM, Barb AW. A perspective on the structure and receptor binding properties of immunoglobulin G Fc. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2931-42. [PMID: 25926001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies spurred a revolution in medicine that saw the introduction of powerful therapeutics for treating a wide range of diseases, from cancers to autoimmune disorders and transplant rejection, with more applications looming on the horizon. Many of these therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are based on human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) or contain at least a portion of the molecule. Most mAbs require interactions with cell surface receptors for efficacy, including the Fc γ receptors. High-resolution structural models of antibodies and antibody fragments have been available for nearly 40 years; however, a thorough description of the structural features that determine the affinity with which antibodies interact with human receptors has not been published. In this review, we will cover the relevant history of IgG-related literature and how recent developments have changed our view of critical antibody-cell interactions at the atomic level with a nod to outstanding questions in the field and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinlin M Hanson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2214 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2214 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Stanimirovic DB, Bani-Yaghoub M, Perkins M, Haqqani AS. Blood-brain barrier models: in vitro to in vivo translation in preclinical development of CNS-targeting biotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:141-55. [PMID: 25388782 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.974545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of therapeutics, small molecule or biologics, developed for the CNS do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently to induce pharmacologically meaningful effects on CNS targets. To improve the efficiency of CNS drug discovery, several in vitro models of the BBB have been used to aid early selection of molecules with CNS exposure potential. However, correlative studies suggest relatively poor predictability of in vitro BBB models underscoring the need to combine in vitro and in vivo BBB penetration assessment into an integrated preclinical workflow. AREAS COVERED This review gives a brief general overview of in vitro and in vivo BBB models used in the pre-clinical evaluation of CNS-targeting drugs, with particular focus on the recent progress in developing humanized models. The authors discuss the advantages, limitations, in vitro-in vivo correlation, and integration of these models into CNS drug discovery and development with the aim of improving translation. EXPERT OPINION Often, a simplistic rationalization of the CNS drug discovery and development process overlooks or even ignores the need for an early and predictive assessment of the BBB permeability. Indeed, past failures of CNS candidates in clinical trials argue strongly that the early deployment of in vitro and in vivo models for assessing BBB permeability, mechanisms of transport and brain exposure of leads, and the co-development of BBB delivery strategies will improve translation and increase the clinical success of CNS pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada , 1200 Montreal Road, Bldg M-54 Ottawa, ON K4P 1R7 , Canada +1 613 993 3730 ; +1 613 941 4475 ;
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Ying T, Gong R, Ju TW, Prabakaran P, Dimitrov DS. Engineered Fc based antibody domains and fragments as novel scaffolds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1844:1977-1982. [PMID: 24792384 PMCID: PMC4185235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been successful for the therapy of a number of diseases mostly cancer and immune disorders. However, the vast majority of mAbs approved for clinical use are full size, typically in IgG1 format. These mAbs may exhibit relatively poor tissue penetration and restricted epitope access due to their large size. A promising solution to this fundamental limitation is the engineering of smaller scaffolds based on the IgG1 Fc region. These scaffolds can be used for the generation of libraries of mutants from which high-affinity binders can be selected. Comprised of the CH2 and CH3 domains, the Fc region is important not only for the antibody effector function but also for its long half-life. This review focuses on engineered Fc based antibody fragments and domains including native (dimeric) Fc and monomeric Fc as well as CH2 and monomeric CH3, and their use as novel scaffolds and binders. The Fc based binders are promising candidate therapeutics with optimized half-life, enhanced tissue penetration and access to sterically restricted binding sites resulting in an increased therapeutic efficacy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Rui Gong
- Antibody Engineering Group, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Tina W Ju
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ponraj Prabakaran
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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