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Ikhwanuddin MEM, Amal MNA, Aziz A, Sepet J, Talib A, Ismail MF, Hashim NR. Corrigenda: Ikhwanuddin MEM, Amal MNA, Aziz A, Sepet J, Talib A, Ismail MS, Jamil NR (2017) Inventory of fishes in the upper Pelus River (Perak river basin, Perak, Malaysia). Check List 13 (4): 315-325. https://doi.org/10.15560/13.4.315. CHECK LIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8921-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dugdale S, Elison S, Davies G, Ward J. Applying Behavior Change Theories and Qualitative Methods in Substance Misuse Implementation Research: Conceptualizing the Adoption of Breaking Free Online in Real-World Clinical Practice. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:1049-1059. [PMID: 28818021 DOI: 10.1177/1049732316683379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is insufficient research examining the implementation of complex novel interventions within health care. This may be due to a lack of qualitative research providing subjective insights into these implementation processes. The authors investigate the advantages of applying behavior change theories to conceptualize qualitative data describing the processes of implementation of complex interventions. Breaking Free Online (BFO), a digital treatment intervention for substance misuse, is described as an example of a complex intervention. The authors review previous qualitative research which explored initial diffusion, or spread, of the BFO program, and its subsequent normalization as part of standard treatment for substance misuse within the health and social care charity, "Change, Grow, Live" (CGL). The use of behavior change models to structure qualitative interview findings enabled identification of facilitators and barriers to the use of BFO within CGL. These findings have implications for the development of implementation research in novel health care interventions.
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Arat G, Liu LL, Wong PWC. Culturally Relevant Protective and Risk Factors of Youth Risk Behaviors Among Pakistani and Indian Students in Hong Kong: A Focus Group Study. J Transcult Nurs 2016; 28:573-581. [PMID: 27609599 DOI: 10.1177/1043659616668397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk behaviors of Hong Kong ethnic minority students are understudied. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to explore culturally nuanced factors for the development and prevention of risk behaviors among Pakistani and Indian students in Hong Kong. METHOD Twenty-three students participated in four focus groups. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The participants reported bullying, delinquency, gambling, alcohol, cigarette, and drug uses as risk behaviors. Four themes emerged in the development and prevention of risk behaviors: (a) Parental and peer influence, (b) An unsafe community environment were perceived by the participants as essential factors for the development of risk behaviors, (c) Parental monitoring, and (d) Strong religious beliefs were believed as protective factors for the prevention of risk behaviors. CONCLUSION Further research and practice may investigate and focus on the factors embedded in the Hong Kong ethnic minorities' sociocultural contexts to prevent risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arat
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Lucia L Liu
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Paul W C Wong
- 1 The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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Nyamathi AM, Srivastava N, Salem BE, Wall S, Kwon J, Ekstrand M, Hall E, Turner SF, Faucette M. Female Ex-Offender Perspectives on Drug Initiation, Relapse, and Desire to Remain Drug Free. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2016; 12:81-90. [PMID: 27195929 PMCID: PMC4874656 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently released homeless women residing in temporary residential drug treatment (RDT) programs are at a critical juncture in the process of recovery, transition, and reentry. The purpose of this study was to explore factors influencing initial use of drugs and relapse triggers among a sample of incarcerated women exiting jails and prisons, residing in an RDT program, and preparing for reentry into their communities. Among this population, relapse to drug use and recidivism are common. A qualitative study was conducted utilizing focus groups to understand the perspectives of formerly incarcerated, currently homeless women residing in an RDT program. Content analysis generated the development of three broad categories: (a) factors associated with first drug use, (b) factors involved in relapse, and (c) factors influencing desire to remain drug free. A discussion follows highlighting the importance of targeted interventions at RDT sites that integrate physical, psychological, and social needs to optimize reentry into communities. This includes a focus on building self-esteem and life skills and providing access to resources such as housing, employment, and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Srivastava
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Social Welfare
| | | | | | | | - Maria Ekstrand
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine,
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Hoffman BR, Weathers N, Sanders B. Substance Use Among Gang Member Adolescents and Young Adults and Associations With Friends and Family Substance Use. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2013; 27:35-42. [PMID: 24261720 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Gang membership is an indicator of chronic substance use. Social network studies indicate that substance use in youth is related to substance use in friends and family; however, no such analyses among gang youth have been conducted. METHODS Interviews were conducted with a sample of young gang members (n = 60) in Los Angeles. Univariate analyses were conducted. FINDINGS Cigarette use in gang members was strongly associated with cigarette use in friendship networks. There were no associations for use of alcohol and marijuana. CONCLUSIONS Few associations emerged between substance use in participants and their friends/family. Possible explanations for these findings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth R Hoffman
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nnenna Weathers
- Department of Nursing, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bill Sanders
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Johnson KM, Fibbi M, Langer D, Silva K, Lankenau SE. Prescription drug misuse and risk behaviors among young injection drug users. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45:112-21. [PMID: 23908999 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.785811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prescription drug misuse among young adults, especially opioids, is a substantial public health problem in the United States. Although risks associated with injection of illicit drugs are well established, injection and sexual risks associated with misuse of prescription drugs are under-studied. Forty young injection drug users aged 16 to 25 who reported injection of a prescription drug were recruited in 2008-09 in Los Angeles and New York City. Descriptive quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to illustrate risky injection and sexual behaviors reported in this sample. Over half of participants engaged in risky injection behavior, three-quarters engaged in risky sexual behavior, nearly half reported both risky behaviors, and five did not report either risk behavior while misusing a prescription drug. Prescription opioids, tranquilizers, and stimulants were misused in the context of risky sexual behaviors while only opioids were misused in the context of injection risk behaviors. Access to clean syringes, attitudes and beliefs regarding hepatitis C, and risk reduction through partner selection were identified as key themes that contextualized risk behaviors. Although these findings help identify areas to target educational campaigns, such as prevention of sexually transmitted infections, risk behaviors specifically associated with prescription drug misuse warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Johnson
- Drexel University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Lankenau SE, Teti M, Silva K, Bloom JJ, Harocopos A, Treese M. Patterns of prescription drug misuse among young injection drug users. J Urban Health 2012; 89:1004-16. [PMID: 22684424 PMCID: PMC3531346 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-012-9691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Misuse of prescription drugs and injection drug use has increased among young adults in the USA. Despite these upward trends, few studies have examined prescription drug misuse among young injection drug users (IDUs). A qualitative study was undertaken to describe current patterns of prescription drug misuse among young IDUs. Young IDUs aged 16-25 years who had misused a prescription drug, e.g., opioids, tranquilizers, or stimulants, at least three times in the past 3 months were recruited in 2008 and 2009 in Los Angeles (n = 25) and New York (n = 25). Informed by an ethno-epidemiological approach, descriptive data from a semi-structured interview guide were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Most IDUs sampled were both homeless and transient. Heroin, prescription opioids, and prescription tranquilizers were frequently misused in the past 30 days. Qualitative results indicated that young IDUs used prescription opioids and tranquilizers: as substitutes for heroin when it was unavailable; to boost a heroin high; to self-medicate for health conditions, including untreated pain and heroin withdrawal; to curb heroin use; and to reduce risks associated with injecting heroin. Polydrug use involving heroin and prescription drugs resulted in an overdose in multiple cases. Findings point to contrasting availability of heroin in North American cities while indicating broad availability of prescription opioids among street-based drug users. The results highlight a variety of unmet service needs among this sample of young IDUs, such as overdose prevention, drug treatment programs, primary care clinics, and mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Lankenau
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fibbi M, Silva K, Johnson K, Langer D, Lankenau SE. Denial of prescription opioids among young adults with histories of opioid misuse. PAIN MEDICINE 2012; 13:1040-8. [PMID: 22882357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An exploratory study was undertaken to examine how being denied prescription opioids to treat pain impacted the drug-using careers of young adults with a history of misuse of prescription drugs. DESIGN Ethno-epidemiological methodology utilizing a cross-sectional design, semi-structured interviews, and qualitative/quantitative data analysis. Settings. Non-clinical participants were recruited from natural settings, such as streets, parks, beaches, and college campuses, in New York City and Los Angeles during 2008 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifty participants aged 16 to 25 who had misused a prescription opioid, tranquilizer, or stimulant in the past 90 days. Outcome Measures. Analyses focused on denial of opioids and associated consequences, including self-medication with prescription opioids and heroin. RESULTS Thirty-four participants (22.7%) described being denied prescription opioids for the treatment of a painful condition. Current opioid misuse and current pain problems were higher in this group compared to those who had never been denied prescription opioids. Reasons for denial included being identified as a drug user by a physician, lack of health insurance, and having medication withheld by a parent or authority figure. Approximately half reported self-medicating pain with either illegally obtained prescription opioids or heroin. Self-medication often coincided with initiation of new risk behaviors and more intensive drug use. CONCLUSION Being denied prescription opioids was an important moment in the drug using careers of many study participants. Results suggest that effective pain management techniques are needed to prevent high-risk young adults with pain problems from engaging in escalated opioid misuse and risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Fibbi
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA 19102, USA
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Abstract
Gang membership is an indicator of chronic substance use. Evidence from North America and Europe indicates that gang youth, in comparison to their non-gang peers, are more likely to report alcohol and illicit drug use (Bendixen, Endresen, & Olweus, 2006; Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, & McDuff, 2005; Gordon, et al., 2004; Hall, Thornberry, & Lizotte, 2006; Sharp, Aldridge, & Medina, 2006). Qualitative studies focusing specifically on gang members have also noted high frequencies of lifetime rates of use for a variety of illegal substances (De La Rosa, Rugh, & Rice, 2006; Hagedorn, Torres, & Giglio, 1998; Hunt, Jo-Laidler, & Evans, 2002; Mata et al., 2002; Valdez, Kaplan, & Cepeda, 2006). Gang youth, however, have differential attitudes towards the use of various illegal drugs. Marijuana, for instance, has remained a staple within gang culture, but the use of other drugs has been heavily stigmatized, especially heroin, methamphetamine, and crack cocaine (MacKenzie, Hunt, & Joe-Laidler, 2005; Moore, 1978; Taylor, 1990; Waldorf, 1993). Perspectives with good explanatory power should be flexible enough to elucidate these distinctions regarding illicit substance use patterns and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Sanders
- School of Criminal Justice, California State University Los Angeles
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Lankenau SE, Teti M, Silva K, Jackson Bloom J, Harocopos A, Treese M. Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2011; 23:37-44. [PMID: 21689917 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioids are the most frequently misused class of prescription drugs amongst young adults. Initiation into prescription opioid misuse is an important public health concern since opioids are increasingly associated with drug dependence and fatal overdose. Descriptive data about initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users (IDUs) are scarce. METHODS An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken to describe patterns of initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst IDUs aged 16-25 years. Those young IDUs who had misused a prescription drug at least three times in the past three months were recruited during 2008 and 2009 in Los Angeles (n=25) and New York (n=25). Informed by an ethno-epidemiological approach, descriptive data from a semi-structured interview guide were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS Initiation into prescription opioid misuse was facilitated by easy access to opioids via participant's own prescription, family, or friends, and occurred earlier than misuse of other illicit drugs, such as heroin. Nearly all transitioned into sniffing opioids, most injected opioids, and many initiated injection drug use with an opioid. Motives for transitions to sniffing and injecting opioids included obtaining a more potent high and/or substituting for heroin; access to multiple sources of opioids was common amongst those who progressed to sniffing and injecting opioids. CONCLUSION Prescription opioid misuse was a key feature of trajectories into injection drug use and/or heroin use amongst this sample of young IDUs. A new pattern of drug use may be emerging whereby IDUs initiate prescription opioid misuse before using heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Lankenau
- Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 1505 Race Street, 11th floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
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Sanders B, Lankenau SE, Jackson-Bloom J. Risky Sexual Behaviors among a Sample of Gang-identified Youth in Los Angeles. THE JOURNAL OF EQUITY IN HEALTH 2009; 2:61-71. [PMID: 21949598 PMCID: PMC3178395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gang youth are at an increased likelihood of participating in unsafe sexual behaviors and at an elevated risk of exposure to sexually transmitted infection (STIs), including HIV. This manuscript presents quantitative and qualitative data on sexual behaviors among a sample of predominately heterosexual, male gang youth aged 16 to 25 years interviewed in Los Angeles between 2006 and 2007 (n = 60). In particular, sexual identity, initiation and frequency of sex, and number of sexual partners; use of condoms, children, and other pregnancies; group sex; and STIs and sex with drug users. We argue that gang youth are a particular public health concern, due to their heightened risky sexual activity, and that behavioral interventions targeting gang youth need to include a component on reducing sexual risks and promoting safe sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Sanders
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, California State University Los Angeles
| | - Stephen E. Lankenau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California
- Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
| | - Jennifer Jackson-Bloom
- Community, Health Outcomes, and Intervention Research Program, The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
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