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Mills AH, Canning L, Fitzke RE, Davis JP, Clapp JD, Pedersen ER. Sexual Violence Victimization and Pregaming Protective Behavioral Strategies Among College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39138840 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2383975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence is a major public health concern that has a detrimental impact on mental health, physical health, and academic performance. College students represent a population that is at an increased risk of experiencing sexual violence. Alcohol use, and more specifically, heavy drinking during pregaming events, is associated with increased risk of sexual violence. Studies have demonstrated that protective behavioral strategies have effectively reduced heavy drinking and the risk of alcohol-related consequences, including sexual violence victimization. OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the association between experiences of sexual violence in college and subsequent use of pregaming protective strategies. RESULTS Data from 468 college students (67% female, 33% male) were analyzed. Over 42% of participants reported experiencing sexual violence in college. While adjusting for pregaming frequency and sex, results revealed that those who reported experiencing sexual violence in college were significantly less likely to use pregaming protective behavioral strategies compared to those without such experiences. Specifically, survivors of sexual violence were less likely to report using the protective behavioral strategies of minimizing intoxication, as well as behaviors related to safety and familiarity (e.g., using a designated driver after pregaming). CONCLUSIONS The findings have important implications for interventions aimed at empowering survivors of sexual violence. Future research should focus on understanding survivor's motives and mechanisms to use pregaming protective behavioral strategies to reduce the risk of re-victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Mills
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liv Canning
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John D Clapp
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Pedersen ER, Hummer JF, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Tran DD, Witkiewitz K, Clapp JD. A mobile-based pregaming drinking prevention intervention for college students: A pilot randomized controlled trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:841-852. [PMID: 37053413 PMCID: PMC10570401 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregaming is among the riskiest drinking behaviors in which college students engage, often leading to elevated blood alcohol levels and negative alcohol-related consequences. Yet, tailored interventions to reduce risk associated with pregaming are lacking. The present study was designed to develop and evaluate the efficacy of a brief, mobile-based intervention targeting heavy drinking during pregaming among college students, called Pregaming Awareness in College Environments (PACE). METHOD PACE was developed using two innovations to facilitate behavior change: (a) a mobile-based application to increase intervention accessibility and (b) personalized pregaming-specific intervention content delivered using a harm reduction approach with cognitive behavioral skills training. After development and β-testing, we employed a randomized clinical trial with 485 college students who reported pregaming at least once per week in the past month (Mage = 19.98; 52.2% from minoritized racial and/or ethnic groups; 65.6% female). Participants were randomly assigned to PACE (n = 242) or a control condition website (n = 243), which consisted of general information about the effects of alcohol. Analysis assessed intervention effects on pregaming drinking, global drinking, and alcohol-related consequences at 6 and 14 weeks postintervention. RESULTS Although participants in both conditions reduced drinking, small and significant intervention effects favoring PACE were found at 6-week follow-up for overall drinking days, pregaming days, and alcohol-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the brief mobile PACE intervention has potential to address risky drinking, but more intensive pregaming-focused efforts may be necessary to achieve stronger and lasting effects among college students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | | | - Jordan P. Davis
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Reagan E. Fitzke
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Denise D. Tran
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - John D. Clapp
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences
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Ceballos N, Perrotte J, Sharma S, Awofisayo O, Callaway D, Gordon A, Graham R. Women who pre-game: A study of stress and alcohol use in female collegiate predrinkers. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37581956 PMCID: PMC10867280 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2245499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study examined the relationship between stress and pre-gaming (i.e., drinking prior to going out to an event) in female college students. Methods: Thirty-four female college students were grouped as pre-gamers or non-pre-gamers based on self-reported drinking patterns. They completed surveys about alcohol use and mental health and provided a set of salivary cortisol samples upon waking, 30 min later, and at 10am on the same day. Results: Pre-gamers and non-pre-gamers did not differ on demographics or psychosocial variables. Pre-gamers reported riskier drinking overall and had greater endorsement of social, coping, and enhancement drinking motives. Pre-gamers also had lower cortisol levels 30 min after waking and exhibited attenuated CAR. Conclusions: Female collegiate pre-gamers may differ from their peers not only in terms of alcohol consumption and drinking motives, but also on attenuated CAR, a physiological biomarker associated with stress dysregulation and vulnerability to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ceballos
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Perrotte
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Shobhit Sharma
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | - Danielle Callaway
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Reiko Graham
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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4
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Calhoun BH, Maggs JL. Pregame Heavy Episodic Drinking and Its Association With Negative Consequences and Other Risky Substance Use Behaviors. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022; 83:793-801. [PMID: 36484576 PMCID: PMC9756404 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.20-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregaming, or drinking before going out, is common among college students and has been linked with greater alcohol use and experiencing more negative consequences. This study tested within- and between-person associations between pregame heavy episodic drinking (Pregame HED; 4+/5+ drinks for women/men while pregaming) and high-intensity drinking (8+/10+ drinks), negative consequences, and three risky behaviors. METHOD College students at a large, public university in the Northeast United States who participated in a longitudinal measurement-burst design study completed a longer survey and up to 14 daily surveys in up to four consecutive semesters (n days = 4,706; n persons = 547). Hypotheses were primarily tested using logistic and Poisson multilevel models. RESULTS Pregame HED was reported by 41% of drinkers and on 15% of drinking days and 38% of pregaming days. Students were more likely to engage in high-intensity drinking on Pregame HED days than on moderate pregaming (1-3 and 1-4 pregaming drinks for women and men, respectively) or no pregaming drinking days. Students experienced more negative consequences on Pregame HED days than moderate or no pregaming drinking days, but there was no unique daily-level association between Pregame HED and negative consequences after alcohol intake was controlled. Students were more likely to use marijuana on Pregame HED days than on moderate and no pregaming drinking days. CONCLUSIONS Pregame HED appears to be a characteristic of extremely heavy drinking days and fundamentally different from moderate pregaming and no pregaming drinking days. Findings highlight the importance of accounting for amounts of alcohol consumed while pregaming and the notion that drinking episodes can be dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer L. Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Pedersen ER, Hummer JF, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Christie NC, Witkiewitz K, Clapp JD. A mobile-based pregaming drinking prevention intervention for college students: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2022; 17:31. [PMID: 35717303 PMCID: PMC9206220 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-022-00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregaming is a high-drink context popular among college students that often leads to elevated blood alcohol levels and negative consequences. Over 15 years of research studies have demonstrated that pregaming represents one of the riskiest known behaviors among college students, yet no pregaming-specific interventions have been developed to help prevent this behavior. General brief interventions for students do not reduce pregaming behavior and may not be appropriate, as they do not help students develop skills unique to the pregaming context that could help them drink less. We developed a brief, mobile-based intervention that is proposed to prevent heavy drinking during pregaming for college students, with the ultimate goal that behavioral reductions in this risky practice will ultimately affect global drinking and prevent consequences. METHODS/DESIGN The intervention, Pregaming Awareness in College Environments (PACE), was developed by combining two innovations to facilitate behavior change: (1) a mobile-based application that increases accessibility, is easy and engaging to use, and broadens the reach of the intervention content and (2) personalized pregaming-specific intervention content with harm reduction and cognitive behavioral skills proven to be mechanisms preventing and reducing heavy drinking among college students. After a develop and beta-test phase, we propose to test the efficacy of PACE in a preliminary randomized controlled trial with 500 college students who pregame at least once per week. Pregaming, general drinking, and alcohol-related consequences outcomes will be examined in the immediate (2 weeks post-intervention) and short-terms (six and 14-week post-intervention). We will also evaluate moderator effects for age, sex, and heaviness of drinking to allow for more refined information for a planned larger test of the intervention to follow this initial trial of PACE. DISCUSSION This pregaming intervention clinical trial, if found to be efficacious, will culminate with an easily-disseminated mobile-based intervention for college student drinkers. It has the potential to reach millions of college students, perhaps as a clinical tool used by college counseling centers as an adjunct to formal care or as a preventive tool for first-year students or other high-risk groups on campus. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04016766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Pedersen
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | | | - Jordan P Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Nina C Christie
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - John D Clapp
- Suzanne Dworkak-Peck School of Social Work; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine; USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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Pedersen E, Davis JP, Setodji C, Dworkin ER, Leamon I, Hummer JF, Zutshi R, Clapp JD. Increased Risk for Sexual Violence Victimization on Drinking Days Involving Pregaming. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2022; 31:1224-1240. [PMID: 36439784 PMCID: PMC9698375 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2022.2061880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been associated with increased risk for sexual violence victimization and perpetration. Pregaming, a popular activity among college students that involves heavy and quick drinking prior to going out for the night and often results in high blood alcohol levels (BALs), may convey increased risk for sexual violence-potentially due to greater likelihood of contact with intoxicated perpetrators and significantly impaired victim ability to consent or resist. Yet no published work has evaluated whether there is increased risk for victimization on drinking days that involve pregaming. Using a sample of 390 college student drinkers who completed a past 30-day Timeline Followback, we examined heavy drinking behavior, estimated BALs, and experience of sexual violence victimization during 1,899 drinking days, of which 30% involved pregaming. After controlling for demographics, we found that participants drank approximately two more drinks and reached significantly higher BALs on drinking days where they pregamed as compared to drinking days where they did not pregame. Nearly 6% of drinking days that included pregaming involved sexual violence victimization, compared to about 2% of drinking days where pregaming did not occur. Participants were at 2.71 times the odds of experiencing sexual violence, primarily unwelcomed comments and nonconsensual sexual touching, during drinking days with pregaming. This study represents a first step toward greater understanding of the sexual violence and pregaming link, but future research assessing perpetrator behavior and context-specific factors (e.g., amount consumed by victims and perpetrators, location of sexual violent events and peers present) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pedersen
- Associate Professor, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan P. Davis
- Assistant Professor, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, . Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claude Setodji
- Senior Statistician, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily R. Dworkin
- Assistant Professor, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel Leamon
- Research Assistant, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Justin F. Hummer
- Associate Behavioral Scientist, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Rushil Zutshi
- Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - John D. Clapp
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Jaffe AE, Blayney JA, Graupensperger S, Cooper R, Larimer ME. Prepartying and incapacitated rape: Is drinking a risk factor or an outcome? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:447-457. [PMID: 35076100 PMCID: PMC8966982 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incapacitated rape (IR) is common in college and has been linked to heavier post-assault drinking and consequences, including blackouts. Following IR, college students may adjust their drinking in ways meant to increase perceived safety, such as enhancing situational control over one's drinks through prepartying, which is drinking before going out to a main social event. Although it is possible that prepartying could influence risk related to IR, it is unclear whether or how prepartying and IR are associated. METHODS To address these gaps, we examined prepartying as both a risk factor and a consequence of IR, including the reasons for prepartying. Across two studies (Study 1 N = 1074; Study 2 N = 1753) of college women and men, we examined associations between IR and prepartying motives, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related blackouts. RESULTS Within the cross-sectional Study 1, negative binomial regressions revealed that having a history of IR was associated with more alcohol consumption and blackouts when prepartying. In a multivariate model, past-year IR was associated with preparty motives related to interpersonal enhancement, intimate pursuit, and barriers to consumption, but not situational control. Within the prospective Study 2, a path model revealed that preparty drinking was a prospective predictor of IR in the following year, but past-year IR did not predict subsequent prepartying. CONCLUSIONS Findings revealed a robust link between recent history of IR and prepartying regardless of gender. Prepartying was a prospective risk factor for subsequent IR. Although more research in this area is needed, addressing prepartying in alcohol interventions may contribute to the prevention of negative outcomes, including sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jessica A. Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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8
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Baker LD, Stroman JC, Kalantar EA, Bock RC, Berghoff CR. Indirect Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Other Psychiatric Symptoms, Alcohol Use, and Well-being via Psychological Flexibility Among Police Officers. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:55-65. [PMID: 33821526 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Police officers experience a high number of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) often associated with elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). In addition, PTSS are related to co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression), alcohol misuse, and low perceived well-being. Yet, behavioral processes that may account for the associations between PTSS and unfavorable outcomes remain unspecified. Psychological flexibility, or one's response to private experiences (e.g., PTE-related memories) with an open, aware, and active approach, may be one such process. The present study aimed to evaluate psychological flexibility as both a mediator and moderator of PTSS and commonly co-occurring psychiatric symptoms, alcohol use, and general well-being, using cross-sectional data provided by a sample of police officers (N = 459) recruited from three regionally distributed U.S. police agencies. Structural equation modeling indicated a well-fitting model wherein psychological flexibility indirectly accounted for associations among PTSS and endogenous outcomes, χ2 (107, N = 457) = 225.33, p < .001, CFI = .99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .05, 90% CI [.04, .06], SRMR = .03. Psychological flexibility also moderated associations between PTSS and psychiatric symptoms, B = 1.58 (SE = 0.22), p < .001; and well-being, B = -3.84 (SE = 0.46), p < .001. Although additional research is needed, these preliminary results suggest psychological flexibility may be a behavioral process that accounts for negative outcomes associated with PTSS and a productive intervention target in the context of PTSS and generalized distress. Further research regarding the role of psychological flexibility in PTSS-related outcomes for police officers appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Joel C Stroman
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Emily A Kalantar
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rachel C Bock
- Department of Psychology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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Calhoun BH, Linden-Carmichael AN. Pre-game drinking among young adults and its association with positive and negative alcohol consequences. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107120. [PMID: 34560423 PMCID: PMC8511230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-gaming, or drinking before going out, is common among young adults and associated with heavier drinking and negative consequences. However, findings have been mixed as to whether a unique, day-level association between pre-gaming and negative consequences exists independent of alcohol intake. It is also unknown whether young adults experience more positive consequences of alcohol use on days they engage in pre-gaming. This study tested day-level associations between pre-gaming and positive and negative consequences, controlling for same-day alcohol intake, as well as whether these associations were moderated by person- and day-level variables. METHODS Participants were 148 young adult heavy drinkers (Mage = 20.30, SDage = 1.45, 57.4% female) who reported past-month simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. For up to 14 consecutive days, participants completed electronic surveys asking about their drinking behaviors and consequences the previous day. RESULTS Prior to adjusting for alcohol intake, Poisson multilevel models showed that participants reported more negative and positive consequences on days they pre-gamed and those who reported pre-gaming more often throughout the study also experienced more negative and positive consequences overall. After controlling for alcohol intake, a positive, day-level association between pre-gaming and positive consequences remained. There was no evidence of moderation of study associations by person- or day-level variables. CONCLUSION The unique association between pre-gaming and positive consequences may help explain why pre-gaming is linked with heavy drinking and other risky behaviors as positive consequences have been shown to reinforce such behaviors. Findings suggest pre-gaming may be a useful intervention point for alcohol reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Calhoun
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, 1100 NE 45th St., #300, Seattle, WA, 98105
| | - Ashley N. Linden-Carmichael
- Pennsylvania State University, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, 320E Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802
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10
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Calhoun BH, Maggs JL. Day drinking among college students and its association with risky substance use behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2546-2559. [PMID: 34932227 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Day drinking, or drinking during the daytime, is a term used colloquially in the media and among college students based on anecdotal evidence. Drinking at tailgate parties, generally thought to be a type of day drinking, tends to be particularly heavy and to achieve levels comparable to drinking on holidays and special occasions. The objective of this study was to assess how many and how often students day drink and whether day drinking days (i.e., days drinking began before 4:00 p.m.) were associated with heavy drinking, legal intoxication, negative alcohol-related consequences, and three risky substance use behaviors. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal daily diary study of college students who were followed for their first seven semesters of college. The analytic sample includes 7,633 drinking days nested with 619 student drinkers. We used logistic and Poisson multilevel models to test associations between day drinking days and substance use outcomes and negative consequences. RESULTS Approximately 50% of drinkers drank durinng the day at least once, and day drinking occurred on 9% of drinking days. Greek organization participants reported significantly more day drinking days than non-participants. Day drinking days were characterized by heavy drinking as evidenced by strong, positive associations between day drinking and drinking to heavy episodic drinking (HED) and high-intensity drinking (HID) thresholds on a given day. In contrast, students were less likely to reach legal intoxication and experienced fewer negative alcohol-related consequences on day drinking days than days on which drinking began in the evening or nighttime. Students who reported day drinking more often throughout the study also reported having more days of drinking at the HED and HID thresholds and playing drinking games and mixed alcohol with energy drinks more frequently. CONCLUSIONS Day drinking was common among this sample of college students. Findings suggest that day drinking days may be characterized by heavy drinking and may be a behavior most typically engaged in by heavy drinkers, including members of Greek organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development, and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Davis JP, Christie NC, Pakdaman S, Hummer J, DeLeon J, Clapp J, Pedersen ER. Multifaceted impulsivity as a moderator of social anxiety and cannabis use during pregaming. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 76:102320. [PMID: 33011556 PMCID: PMC7814868 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Individuals may drink or use cannabis to cope with social anxiety, and drinking or using cannabis prior to social situations (e.g., pregaming) may be a way to limit the experience of anxiety when entering social settings. However, theoretical and empirical work has reported mixed associations between social anxiety and substance use, specifically alcohol and cannabis. Little work has looked at how other variables, such as impulsivity (a central component to high risk drinking such as pregaming), may shed light onto these mixed findings. College students who reported past year pregaming (n = 363) completed self-report surveys. Supporting prior work, we found that social anxiety was associated with fewer pregaming days, even among those high in sensation seeking. However, those reporting higher social anxiety also reported higher cannabis use during pregaming, specifically among those who reported high sensation seeking and high positive urgency. Results suggest specific facets of impulsivity may affect the association between social anxiety and cannabis use during high risk drinking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles CA. USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society; USC Center for Mindfulness Science; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Nina C. Christie
- University of Southern California, Department of Psychology; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Sheila Pakdaman
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Justin Hummer
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, PO Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407
| | - Jessenia DeLeon
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - John Clapp
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine and Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Eric R. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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12
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Witte TH, Weymouth BB, Gajos JM, Penunuri A, Levy S. Trauma Exposure and Problem Drinking in Late Adolescence: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:1048-1059. [PMID: 33038904 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early traumatic events has been implicated in problem drinking during late adolescence, and this association may be stronger among youth with emotion regulation deficits. The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of late adolescents based on trauma type, including loss, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms; and emotion regulation deficits that confer the risk for problematic drinking behaviors. A sample of 946 participants (M age = 18.84 years, SD = 1.06) was analyzed with mixed-indicator latent profile analysis to identify subgroups and explore whether these subgroups displayed significant differences regarding elevated drinking frequency, alcohol quantity, and problematic alcohol use. A four-profile model yielded the best fit to the data, and four groups were identified and labeled "high functioning" (29.4%), "loss regulated" (32.3%), "loss dysregulated" (28.1%), and "multiple trauma dysregulated" (10.1%). Individuals in the high functioning group reported the lowest rates on all three measures of alcohol misuse (14.6-24.9%), whereas those in the multiple trauma dysregulated group reported the highest rates on all three measures (31.6-71.5%). Individuals in the multiple trauma dysregulated group (M = 0.25) differed significantly from those in the other three groups (Ms = 0.42-0.72) on the measure of problematic alcohol use but scored similarly to those in the loss dysregulated group on measures of drinking frequency (M = 0.32 and 0.24, respectively) and quantity (M = 0.43 and 0.39, respectively). These findings have implications for prevention programs targeted for alcohol use disorders among older adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia H Witte
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Bridget B Weymouth
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jamie M Gajos
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Penunuri
- Department of Management, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Sera Levy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Pedersen ER, Davis JP, Hummer JF, DiGuiseppi G, Sedano A, Rodriguez A, Clapp JD. Development of a Measure to Assess Protective Behavioral Strategies for Pregaming among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:534-545. [PMID: 31847662 PMCID: PMC7310598 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1686025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although most young adults drink alcohol, there are specific drinking contexts that are associated with increased risk for alcohol-related consequences. One such drinking context is pregaming, which typically involves heavy drinking in brief periods of time and has consistently been linked to consequences within the pregaming event itself, on a night after pregaming, and in the long-term. Intervention efforts that specifically target this risky behavior are needed, but these efforts need to be informed by empirical work to better understand what behaviors young people engage in that can protect them from pregaming-related harms. Purpose: We designed this study to create a measure of protective behavioral strategies that young people use before, during, and after pregaming to inform future intervention work. Methods: We tested an item pool with 363 young adult college students who engaged in pregaming in the past year and conducted exploratory factor analysis to develop a 19-item Protective Behavioral Strategies for Pregaming (PBSP) scale, which featured four subscales of safety and familiarity, setting drink limits, pacing strategies, and minimizing intoxication. Results: Each subscale negatively and significantly correlated with measures of alcohol use and consequences, though subscales differed in their associations with specific pregaming outcomes and by sex. Conclusion: This initial exploratory examination of the PBSP scale's psychometric properties suggests that use of protective behavioral strategies used specifically during pregaming events may protect young people from heavy drinking and harms. More research with the PBSP scale is encouraged to determine its practical utility as a clinical and assessment tool with young people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Graham DiGuiseppi
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Angeles Sedano
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - John D Clapp
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine; USC Institute for Addiction Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Howard AR, Albery IP, Frings D, Spada MM, Moss AC. Pre-partying Amongst Students in the UK: Measuring Motivations and Consumption Levels Across Different Educational Contexts. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1519-1529. [PMID: 31068033 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1590414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to explore the motivations for pre-partying amongst UK student drinkers who reported pre-partying at least once per month. Two distinct educational settings were included: colleges, where the majority of students are below the legal age for drinking, and university, where all students would be legally allowed to drink. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted. Ninety-four college (16-18 years) and 138 university students (18-28 years) from the UK completed an online survey, of whom 54.7% and 86.9% reported pre-partying at least once per month, respectively. Alcohol use was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption (AUDIT-C) and pre-partying motivations were assessed using the Pre-partying Motivations Inventory (PMI). Frequency of pre-partying behavior and the number of units consumed was also recorded. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that, for college students, AUDIT-C positively predicted pre-partying frequency, while gender and AUDIT-C positively predicted the units of alcohol consumed but Barriers to Consumption (BC) negatively predicted units consumed. Among university students AUDIT-C and Interpersonal Enhancement predicted pre-partying frequency, and AUDIT-C predicted the amount of pre-partying units consumed. Different motives for pre-partying motives were identified across two distinct educational settings. The finding that BC negatively correlated with the amount of alcohol consumed amongst younger college students requires further study, as it contradicts previous work in this area, but is consistent with findings that availability predicts alcohol intake. Understanding differences in drinking behavior between age groups is a key finding, which will allow future research to track developmental influences on the effectiveness of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Howard
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Ian P Albery
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Daniel Frings
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Marcantonio M Spada
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
| | - Antony C Moss
- a Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, School of Applied Sciences , London South Bank University , London , UK
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15
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Acuff SF, Luciano MT, Soltis KE, Joyner KJ, McDevitt-Murphy M, Murphy JG. Access to environmental reward mediates the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol problems and craving. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:177-185. [PMID: 29355348 PMCID: PMC5897140 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) show significant comorbidity with alcohol use, but little is known about the mechanisms that might account for this comorbidity. Deficits in reward functioning have long been implicated in alcohol misuse and more recently in PTS reactions, but no study has examined whether reward deprivation may serve as a transdiagnostic risk factor for comorbid PTS-alcohol misuse. The current cross-sectional study sought to test the behavioral economic hypothesis that reward deprivation would be related to both PTS symptoms and alcohol problems, and would mediate the relation between PTS symptoms and alcohol problems in college students. We recruited a diverse sample of urban college students (N = 203, Mage = 21.5 years, SD = 5.5; 79.5% female; 56.8% White, 28.1% Black, .9% Asian, 9.8% Multiracial) who endorsed both alcohol use and PTS symptoms. Reward deprivation (lack of access to, and ability to, experience reward) was related to alcohol problems, and a lack of access to reward was related to PTS symptoms. Furthermore, reward access mediated the relation between PTS symptoms and alcohol problems and craving, after controlling for alcohol use, age, gender, and race. These data provide preliminary support for behavioral economic models of alcohol comorbidity and suggest that treatments for combined PTS and alcohol misuse should attempt to reduce barriers to accessing natural rewards. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Riordan BC, Conner TS, Flett JAM, Droste N, Cody L, Brookie KL, Riordan JK, Scarf D. An intercept study to measure the extent to which New Zealand university students pre-game. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 42:30-34. [PMID: 29281165 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the degree to which students pre-gamed in New Zealand, using self-report and breathalysers. METHODS A total of 569 New Zealand undergraduate students were interviewed (men = 45.2%; first year = 81.4%) entering three university-run concerts. We asked participants to report how many drinks they had consumed, their self-reported intoxication and the duration of their pre-gaming session. We then recorded participants' Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC; µg/L) and the time they arrived at the event. RESULTS The number of participants who reported consuming alcohol before the event was 504 (88.6%) and the number of standard drinks consumed was high (M=6.9; median=6.0). A total of 237 (41.7%) participants could not have their BrAC recorded due to having consumed alcohol ≤10 minutes before the interview. The remaining 332 participants (57.3%) recorded a mean BrAC of 288.8µg/L (median=280.0 µg/L). Gender, off-campus accommodation, length of pre-gaming drinking session, and time of arrival at the event were all associated with increased pre-gaming. Conclusion and implications for public health: Pre-gaming was the norm for students. Universities must take pre-gaming into account; policy implications include earlier start times of events and limiting students' access to alcohol prior to events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nic Droste
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria
| | - Louise Cody
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Kate L Brookie
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Welsh MC, Peterson E, Jameson MM. History of Childhood Maltreatment and College Academic Outcomes: Indirect Effects of Hot Execution Function. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1091. [PMID: 28725204 PMCID: PMC5496945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
College students who report a history of childhood maltreatment may be at risk for poor outcomes. In the current study, we conducted an exploratory analysis to examine potential models that statistically mediate associations between aspects of maltreatment and aspects of academic outcome, with a particular focus on executive functions (EF). Consistent with contemporary EF research, we distinguished between relatively "cool" EF tasks (i.e., performed in a context relatively free of emotional or motivational valence) and "hot" EF tasks that emphasize performance under more emotionally arousing conditions. Sixty-one male and female college undergraduates self-reported childhood maltreatment history (emotional abuse and neglect, physical abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse) on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and were given two EF measures: (1) Go-No-Go (GNG) test that included a Color Condition (cool); Neutral Face Condition (warm); and Emotion Face condition (hot), and (2) Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a measure of risky decision making that reflects hot EF. Academic outcomes were: (1) grade point average (GPA: first-semester, cumulative, and semester concurrent with testing), and (2) Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Correlational patterns suggested two EF scores as potential mediators: GNG reaction time (RT) in the Neutral Face condition, and IGT Block 2 adaptive responding. Indirect effects analyses indicated that IGT Block 2 adaptive responding has an indirect effect on the relationship between CTQ Total score and 1st semester GPA, and between CTQ Emotional Abuse and concurrent GPA. Regarding college adaptation, we identified a consistent indirect effect of GNG Neutral Face RT on the relationship between CTQ Emotional Neglect and SACQ total, academic, social, and personal-emotional adaption scores. Our results demonstrate that higher scores on a child maltreatment history self-report negatively predict college academic outcomes as assessed by GPA and by self-reported adaptation. Further, relatively "hot" EF task performance on the IGT and GNG tasks serves as a link between child maltreatment experiences and college achievement and adaptation, suggesting that hot EF skills may be a fruitful direction for future intervention efforts to improve academic outcomes for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C. Welsh
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, GreeleyCO, United States
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Pedersen ER. Using the Solid Research Base on Pregaming to Begin Intervention Development: An Epilogue to the Special Issue on Pregaming. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1067-73. [PMID: 27232647 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1187533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The pregaming research to date, up to and including the innovative studies included in this special issue, has centered on defining the behavior, learning which students may be most at-risk for pregaming, exploring which contexts may be most risky for pregaming, and quantifying the function of pregaming so that individual-level programs can be developed to target the risky practice. Although there is room for continuing to expand and refine our understanding of pregaming, much of the formative work has been conducted-primarily by the researchers highlighted in this special issue. Now it is time to use the understanding we have of this risky behavior to develop and empirically test programs specifically directed toward reducing or eliminating the behavior, not just at the individual level, but by targeting the social, cultural, economic, environmental, and policy level factors that sustain the behavior in the population. This may include targeting the behavior directly through use of techniques that are shown to be effective for young adult behavior change, but this may also require broadening beyond the psychological literature and utilizing expertise from other domains to affect behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Pedersen
- a Behavioral and Policy Sciences , RAND Corporation , Santa Monica , California , USA
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