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Cittadini A, Isidori AM, Salzano A. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2039-2057. [PMID: 34293112 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first synthesised in 1935, testosterone (T) has been viewed as the mythical Fountain of Youth, promising rejuvenation, restoring sexual appetites, growing stronger muscles, and quicker thinking. T is endowed with direct effects on myocardial and vascular structure and function, as well as on risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Indeed, low serum T levels are a risk factor for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and dyslipidaemia. Moreover, many studies have shown that T deficiency per se is an independent risk factor of CV and all-cause mortality. On this background and due to direct-to-patient marketing by drug companies, we have witnessed to the widespread use of T replacement therapy (TT) without clear indications particularly in late-life onset hypogonadism. The current review will dwell upon current evidence and controversies surrounding the role of T in the pathophysiology of CV diseases, the link between circulating T levels and CV risk, and the use of replacing T as a possible adjuvant treatment in specific CV disorders. Specifically, recent findings suggest that heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus represent two potential targets of T therapy once that a state of hypogonadism is diagnosed. However, only if ongoing studies solve the CV safety issue the T orchid may eventually 'bloom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Salzano
- IRCCS SDN, Diagnostic and Nuclear Research Institute, Naples, Italy
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Environmental Factors-Induced Oxidative Stress: Hormonal and Molecular Pathway Disruptions in Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060837. [PMID: 34073826 PMCID: PMC8225220 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism is an endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate serum testosterone production by the Leydig cells of the testis. It is triggered by alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is another common disorder in men that involves an alteration in erectile response–organic, relational, or psychological. The incidence of hypogonadism and ED is common in men aged over 40 years. Hypogonadism (including late-onset hypogonadism) and ED may be linked to several environmental factors-induced oxidative stresses. The factors mainly include exposure to pesticides, radiation, air pollution, heavy metals and other endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These environmental risk factors may induce oxidative stress and lead to hormonal dysfunctions. To better understand the subject, the study used many keywords, including “hypogonadism”, “late-onset hypogonadism”, “testosterone”, “erectile dysfunction”, “reactive oxygen species”, “oxidative stress”, and “environmental pollution” in major online databases, such as SCOPUS and PUBMED to extract relevant scientific information. Based on these parameters, this review summarizes a comprehensive insight into the important environmental issues that may have a direct or indirect association with hypogonadism and ED in men. The study concludes that environmental factors-induced oxidative stress may cause infertility in men. The hypothesis and outcomes were reviewed critically, and the mechanistic approaches are applied through oxidant-sensitive pathways. This study also provides reccomendations on future therapeutic interventions and protective measures against such adverse environmental factors-induced hypogonadism and ED.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is an important site for storing proteins and providing general physical function. Recent research has shown that muscle strength decreases earlier than muscle mass decreases, as shown during the aging process. Our article aimed to compare the association between testosterone levels and grip strength to provide an earlier biomarker to detect muscle weakness. METHOD We adopted quartile-based analysis by dividing handgrip power into quartiles, with all participants in the lowest quartile serving as the reference group. Linear regression analysis was conducted between handgrip power and testosterone. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the longitudinal correlation between testosterone levels and the presence of low muscle strength. RESULTS Serum testosterone levels had a significant correlation with grip strength in all models (p < .001). In addition, high testosterone levels were negatively associated with low muscle strength in all groups (p < .001). A stronger relationship was observed between testosterone levels and grip strength among non-obese participants than among obese participants. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study highlighted that testosterone levels are related to greater grip strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tse Chiu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Tsun Shih
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chodari L, Smailnejad S, Fallahi M, Khalaji N, Ghorbanzadeh V. OXIDATIVE STRESS IS MARKEDLY REDUCED BY COMBINED VOLUNTARY EXERCISE AND TESTOSTERONE IN THE HEART OF DIABETIC RATS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2019; 15:173-181. [PMID: 31508173 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2019.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cardiovascular disorders in diabetes condition arise from increased oxidative stress. Both regular mild exercise and testosterone influence on body's antioxidant system in diabetes. In this study, we evaluated treatment of testosterone and voluntary exercise, alone or together on oxidative stress in the heart and blood of diabetic rats. Methods Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin in rats. Sixty three rats have been divided into eight groups as follows: Diabetes, diabetes+ testosterone, diabetes+ exercise, diabetes+ testosterone+ exercise, diabetes+ castration, diabetes+ castration+ testosterone, Diabetes+ castration+ exercise, Diabetes+ castration+ exercise+ testosterone. Type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin in the male Wistar rats and after a week, castration was performed. After 42 days of treatment with testosterone (2 mg/kg/day) or voluntary exercise alone or in combination, SOD, GPX and CAT activities and MDA levels were measured in the blood and heart tissue samples in the groups of study. In the end of study, SOD, GPX and CAT activities and MDA levels were measured in blood and heart tissue samples in the groups of study. Results SOD, GPX and CAT activities significantly (p<0.05) increased in groups that treated either testosterone or exercise and MDA level significantly (p<0.01) decreased in the blood and heart tissue of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats. Simultaneously, treatment with testosterone and exercise had a synergistic effect on antioxidant enzymes level in diabetic and diabetic castrated rats. In the castrated animals with diabetes, SOD, GPX and CAT activities significantly decreased (p<0.05) and MDA levels significantly increased (p<0.05) in blood and heart tissue. Conclusion Voluntary exercise and testosterone alone or together heightened body's antioxidant system and were able to reduce the MDA levels in blood and heart of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chodari
- Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - S Smailnejad
- Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - M Fallahi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz, Urmia, Iran
| | - N Khalaji
- Department of Physiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - V Ghorbanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz, Urmia, Iran.,Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Vieira MDCS, Leitão AE, Vieira G, Moratelli J, Boing L, Seemann T, Guimarães ACDA. Concurrent training protocol for men with androgen deficiency in the aging male: a randomized clinical trial. Aging Male 2018; 21:149-157. [PMID: 29575951 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1454421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) affects physical, sexual, and psychological aspects with characteristics symptoms of middle-aged men. The practice of regular physical activity and physical exercise can attenuate these symptoms. The aim of this randomized clinical trial is to propose a physical exercise protocol based on concurrent training for middle-aged men with ADAM. METHOD Randomized clinical trial with a 6-month intervention will randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). Four evaluations will be carried out, (1) pre-intervention; (2) in the first month of intervention; (3) in the third month of intervention; (4) post-intervention, evaluating: physical, psychological, sexual, and hormonal aspects. The intervention protocol with concurrent training will have duration of 6 months; frequency of 3 times weekly, with 60 min per session. The two-way ANOVA test will be used for the inter-group and intra-group comparisons with repeated measurements, and also Sydak's comparison test. CONCLUSION This protocol was developed with the intent of easing the symptoms of ADAM. In addition, it is believed that the concurrent training protocol could be capable to recover hormonal, physical, psychological, and sexual aspect of middle-aged men with ADAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa de Carvalho Souza Vieira
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Alice Erwig Leitão
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vieira
- b Bachelor in Physical Education , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Jéssica Moratelli
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Leonessa Boing
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Taysi Seemann
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães
- a Postgraduate Program in Human Movement, Sciences Center for Health and Sport Sciences , Santa Catarina State University , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil
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Nucci RAB, Teodoro ACDS, Krause Neto W, Silva WDA, de Souza RR, Anaruma CA, Gama EF. Effects of resistance training on liver structure and function of aged rats. Aging Male 2018; 21:60-64. [PMID: 28696823 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1350157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aging process may cause negative physiological changes. However, exercises as resistance training (RT) have been considered an important intervention to attenuate these changes. Additionally, liver plays an important role in blood glucose homeostasis in exercise. AIM This study aimed to analyze the effects of RT on the liver components of aged animals. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: 24 months' group (CONTROL); and group submitted to a progressive RT protocol for 16 weeks (EXERCISE). Both groups were sacrificed at 24 months. RESULTS We observed a decrease in blood flow due to the practice of resistance exercises. Besides, our results showed that hepatic tissue plays an important role in glycemic homeostasis during RT. In addition, RT increased mitogen capacity of hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed many implications for the knowledge about the effects of strength training on old animals' liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Krause Neto
- b Department of Physical Education , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- a Department of Aging Sciences , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
- b Department of Physical Education , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Anaruma
- c Department of Physical Education , "Julio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- a Department of Aging Sciences , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
- b Department of Physical Education , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
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Chodari L, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Ghorbanzadeh V, Dariushnejad H. THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND VOLUNTARY EXERCISE, ALONE OR TOGETHER, ON miRNA-126 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN HEART OF DIABETIC RATS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2017; 13:266-271. [PMID: 31149186 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Methods Ninety Wistar male rats were used in this study. Type 1 diabetes was induced by i.p injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin in all animals. After 42 days of treatment with testosterone (2mg/kg/day) or voluntary exercise alone or in combination, the heart of the rats has been removed and MicroRNA was extracted from the heart using miRCURYTM RNA isolation kit. Results Our results showed that either testosterone or exercise increased miRNA-126 expression levels in the heart of diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise at the same time had a synergistic effect on miRNA-126 levels in the heart. Furthermore, in castrated diabetes group, miRNA-126 levels were significantly decreased in heart, whereas either testosterone treatment or exercise training enhanced expression of this miRNA. Also, simultaneous treatment of castrated diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had an additive effect on miRNA-126 expression levels. Conclusion This study showed that testosterone and exercise promote an increase in the expression of miRNA-126 in the heart tissue and this may be related to cardiac angiogenesis. These results may indicate that testosterone and exercise can help to prevent progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy due to impaired angiogenesis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chodari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - G Mohaddes
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - V Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Dariushnejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nucci RAB, Teodoro ACDS, Krause Neto W, Silva WDA, de Souza RR, Anaruma CA, Gama EF. Effects of testosterone administration on liver structure and function in aging rats. Aging Male 2017; 20:134-137. [PMID: 28590831 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1284779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aging males have a decrease in testosterone levels, by which the testosterone treatment may influence in a negatively fashion the liver. AIM This study aimed to analyze the effects of aging with or without testosterone administration on the liver components of animals. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 20 months' group (G20), 24 months' group (G24), group treated with testosterone for 16 weeks (GT). All groups were sacrificed at 24 months except for G20 that was sacrificed at 20 months. RESULTS Aging and testosterone treatment alters the body weight (BW), liver weight (LW) and relative liver weight. Besides, testosterone increased the mitogen capacity of hepatocytes. Nonetheless, we reinforce the negative effects of testosterone on old animals' liver as chronic hepatic congestion and/or cholestasis. In addition, we observed that testosterone plays an important role on hepatic glycogen stores. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed many implications for the knowledge about the effects of aging with or without testosterone administration on old animals' liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Krause Neto
- b Physical Education Department, São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | | | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- a Department of Aging Sciences , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
- b Physical Education Department, São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | - Carlos Alberto Anaruma
- c Physical Education Department, "Julio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- a Department of Aging Sciences , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
- b Physical Education Department, São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil , and
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Krause Neto W, Gama EF. STRENGTH TRAINING AND ANABOLIC STEROID DO NOT AFFECT MUSCLE CAPILLARIZATION OF MIDDLE-AGED RATS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172302157902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: It is generally accepted that the capillary network decreases with advancing age. The combined effect of resistance training (RT) and testosterone still needs to be elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to measure capillary profile of different skeletal muscles of middle-aged rats undergoing RT and administration of exogenous testosterone. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: control with 13-month-old rats (SC), control with 16-month-old rats (SE), aged rats + anabolic agent (SA), aged rats + RT (T), and aged rats + RT + anabolic agent (TA). Results: For soleus, the SE group presented a decrease in the percentage of capillaries in comparison to SC group. SA, T, and TA groups had increased capillary volume in comparison to SC. As for the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), SA, T, and TA groups demonstrated lower capillary volume and numeric density in comparison to SC and SE. The EDL of the T and TA groups presented 70% less capillaries than soleus. The numerical and volumetric density and capillary ratio by muscle fiber were not statistically altered by any intervention. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the soleus of the SA, T and TA groups was statistically different from SC group. The soleus CSA was greater in the TA and T groups than in the SC, SE and SA groups, and the EDL CSA was greater in the TA compared to all other groups. The TA group had greater values than the SE, SA, and T groups. Conclusion: The type of intervention used did not affect any variables measured in the capillary profile. However, the use of anabolic steroid and/or RT showed a tendency to decrease the density of capillaries in the EDL.
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Chodari L, Mohammadi M, Mohaddes G, Alipour MR, Ghorbanzade V, Dariushnejad H, Mohammadi S. Testosterone and Voluntary Exercise, Alone or Together Increase Cardiac Activation of AKT and ERK1/2 in Diabetic Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:532-541. [PMID: 28558078 PMCID: PMC5210457 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired angiogenesis in cardiac tissue is a major complication of diabetes.
Protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)
signaling pathways play important role during capillary-like network
formation in angiogenesis process. Objectives To determine the effects of testosterone and voluntary exercise on levels of
vascularity, phosphorylated Akt (P- AKT) and phosphorylated ERK (P-ERK) in
heart tissue of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats. Methods Type I diabetes was induced by i.p injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin in
animals. After 42 days of treatment with testosterone (2mg/kg/day) or
voluntary exercise alone or in combination, heart tissue samples were
collected and used for histological evaluation and determination of P-AKT
and P-ERK levels by ELISA method. Results Our results showed that either testosterone or exercise increased
capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels in the heart of diabetic rats.
Treatment of diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had a synergistic
effect on capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels in heart. Furthermore, in the
castrated diabetes group, capillarity, P-AKT, and P-ERK levels significantly
decreased in the heart, whereas either testosterone treatment or exercise
training reversed these effects. Also, simultaneous treatment of castrated
diabetic rats with testosterone and exercise had an additive effect on P-AKT
and P-ERK levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that testosterone and exercise alone or together can
increase angiogenesis in the heart of diabetic and castrated diabetic rats.
The proangiogenesis effects of testosterone and exercise are associated with
the enhanced activation of AKT and ERK1/2 in heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Chodari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mustafa Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vajiheh Ghorbanzade
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dariushnejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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de Bono B, Safaei S, Grenon P, Nickerson DP, Alexander S, Helvensteijn M, Kok JN, Kokash N, Wu A, Yu T, Hunter P, Baldock RA. The Open Physiology workflow: modeling processes over physiology circuitboards of interoperable tissue units. Front Physiol 2015; 6:24. [PMID: 25759670 PMCID: PMC4338662 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge for the physiology modeling community is to enable the searching, objective comparison and, ultimately, re-use of models and associated data that are interoperable in terms of their physiological meaning. In this work, we outline the development of a workflow to modularize the simulation of tissue-level processes in physiology. In particular, we show how, via this approach, we can systematically extract, parcellate and annotate tissue histology data to represent component units of tissue function. These functional units are semantically interoperable, in terms of their physiological meaning. In particular, they are interoperable with respect to [i] each other and with respect to [ii] a circuitboard representation of long-range advective routes of fluid flow over which to model long-range molecular exchange between these units. We exemplify this approach through the combination of models for physiology-based pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to quantitatively depict biological mechanisms across multiple scales. Links to the data, models and software components that constitute this workflow are found at http://open-physiology.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard de Bono
- Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, University College London London, UK ; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Soroush Safaei
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Grenon
- Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, University College London London, UK
| | - David P Nickerson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Alexander
- Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, University College London London, UK
| | - Michiel Helvensteijn
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, University of Leiden Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Joost N Kok
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, University of Leiden Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Natallia Kokash
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, University of Leiden Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alan Wu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tommy Yu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Hunter
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard A Baldock
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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