1
|
Homme RP, George AK, Singh M, Smolenkova I, Zheng Y, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Mechanism of Blood-Heart-Barrier Leakage: Implications for COVID-19 Induced Cardiovascular Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413546. [PMID: 34948342 PMCID: PMC8706694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blood–heart-barrier (BHB) leakage is the hallmark of congestive (cardio-pulmonary) heart failure (CHF), the primary cause of death in elderly, and during viral myocarditis resulting from the novel coronavirus variants such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome novel corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19, the mechanism is unclear. The goal of this project is to determine the mechanism of the BHB in CHF. Endocardial endothelium (EE) is the BHB against leakage of blood from endocardium to the interstitium; however, this BHB is broken during CHF. Previous studies from our laboratory, and others have shown a robust activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) during CHF. MMP-9 degrades the connexins leading to EE dysfunction. We demonstrated juxtacrine coupling of EE with myocyte and mitochondria (Mito) but how it works still remains at large. To test whether activation of MMP-9 causes EE barrier dysfunction, we hypothesized that if that were the case then treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could, in fact, inhibit MMP-9, and thus preserve the EE barrier/juxtacrine signaling, and synchronous endothelial-myocyte coupling. To determine this, CHF was created by aorta-vena cava fistula (AVF) employing the mouse as a model system. The sham, and AVF mice were treated with HCQ. Cardiac hypertrophy, tissue remodeling-induced mitochondrial-myocyte, and endothelial-myocyte contractions were measured. Microvascular leakage was measured using FITC-albumin conjugate. The cardiac function was measured by echocardiography (Echo). Results suggest that MMP-9 activation, endocardial endothelial leakage, endothelial-myocyte (E-M) uncoupling, dyssynchronous mitochondrial fusion-fission (Mfn2/Drp1 ratio), and mito-myocyte uncoupling in the AVF heart failure were found to be rampant; however, treatment with HCQ successfully mitigated some of the deleterious cardiac alterations during CHF. The findings have direct relevance to the gamut of cardiac manifestations, and the resultant phenotypes arising from the ongoing complications of COVID-19 in human subjects.
Collapse
|
2
|
Homme RP, Zheng Y, Smolenkova I, Singh M, Tyagi SC. Remote Hind-Limb Ischemia Mechanism of Preserved Ejection Fraction During Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:745328. [PMID: 34858202 PMCID: PMC8632236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.745328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute heart failure (HF), remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has proven to be beneficial; however, it is currently unclear whether it also extends benefits from chronic congestive, cardiopulmonary heart failure (CHF). Previous studies from our laboratory have shown three phases describing CHF viz. (1) HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), (2) HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and (3) HF with reversed EF. Although reciprocal organ interaction, ablation of sympathetic, and calcium signaling genes are associated with HFpEF to HFrEF, the mechanism is unclear. The HFrEF ensues, in part, due to reduced angiogenesis, coronary reserve, and leakage of endocardial endothelial (EE) and finally breakdown of the blood-heart barrier (BHB) integrity. In fact, our hypothesis states that a change in phenotype from compensatory HFpEF to decompensatory HFrEF is determined by a potential decrease in regenerative, proangiogenic factors along with a concomitant increase in epigenetic memory, inflammation that combinedly causes oxidative, and proteolytic stress response. To test this hypothesis, we created CHF by aorta-vena-cava (AV) fistula in a group of mice that were subsequently treated with that of hind-limb RIC. HFpEF vs. HFrEF transition was determined by serial/longitudinal echo measurements. Results revealed an increase in skeletal muscle musclin contents, bone-marrow (CD71), and sympathetic activation (β2-AR) by RIC. We also observed a decrease in vascular density and attenuation of EE-BHB function due to a corresponding increase in the activity of MMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase, and calpain. This decrease was successfully mitigated by RIC-released skeletal muscle exosomes that contain musclin, the myokine along with bone marrow, and sympathetic activation. In short, based on proteome (omics) analysis, ∼20 proteins that appear to be involved in signaling pathways responsible for the synthesis, contraction, and relaxation of cardiac muscle were found to be the dominant features. Thus, our results support that the CHF phenotype causes dysfunction of cardiac metabolism, its contraction, and relaxation. Interestingly, RIC was able to mitigate many of the deleterious changes, as revealed by our multi-omics findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Homme RP, Sandhu HS, George AK, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:947-964. [PMID: 33640319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2Akita). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harpal S Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stanisic D, George AK, Smolenkova I, Singh M, Tyagi SC. Hyperhomocysteinemia: an instigating factor for periodontal disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:115-123. [PMID: 32721223 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) affects bone remodeling, since a destructive process in cortical alveolar bone has been linked to it; however, the mechanism remains at large. HHcy increases proinflammatory cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8 that leads to a cascade that negatively impacts methionine metabolism and homocysteine cycling. Further, chronic inflammation decreases vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid that are required for methionine homocysteine homeostasis. This study aims to investigate a HHcy mouse model (cystathionine β-synthase deficient, CBS+/-) for studying the potential pathophysiological changes, if any, in the periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cement, and alveolar bone). We compared the periodontium side-by-side in the CBS+/- model with that of the wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice. Histology and histomorphometry of the mandibular bone along with gene expression analyses were carried out. Also, proangiogenic proteins and metalloproteinases were studied. To our knowledge, this research shows, for the first time, a direct connection between periodontal disease during CBS deficiency, thereby suggesting the existence of disease drivers during the hyperhomocysteinemic condition. Our findings offer opportunities to develop diagnostics/therapeutics for people who suffer from chronic metabolic disorders like HHcy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Stanisic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Akash K George
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effect of Moxibustion on Hyperhomocysteinemia and Oxidative Stress Induced by High-Methionine Diet. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3184785. [PMID: 32215035 PMCID: PMC7085384 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3184785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effects of moxibustion on the animal model of oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury induced by high-methionine diet (2% methionine and 3.5% fat on the basis of ordinary maintenance feed) during 12 weeks. Methods 53 mice were divided into four groups: mice in the Control group (n = 8), mice in the Met group (n = 8), mice in the Met group (n = 8), mice in the Met group (n = 8), mice in the Met group ( Results Compared with the Met group, our results indicated that through moxibustion intervention, the content of serum Hcy and its intermediate metabolite SAH can be reduced to a certain extent, and SOD, HO-1, and ox-LDL can be increased. Conclusion This study showed moxibustion's ability to enhance the body's antioxidation and protect vascular endothelial function, thus playing an early role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
George AK, Homme RP, Majumder A, Laha A, Metreveli N, Sandhu HS, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Hydrogen sulfide intervention in cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse helps restore ocular homeostasis. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:754-764. [PMID: 31131233 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the applications of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in eye-specific ailments in mice. METHODS Heterozygous cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS+/-) and wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) mice fed with or without high methionine diet (HMD) were administered either phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or the slow-release H2S donor: GYY4137. Several analyses were performed to study GYY4137 effects by examining retinal lysates for key protein expressions along with plasma glutamate and glutathione estimations. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored during GYY4137 treatment; barium sulfate and bovine serum albumin conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (BSA-FITC) angiographies were performed for examining vasculature and its permeability post-treatment. Vision-guided behavior was also tested employing novel object recognition test (NORT) and light-dark box test (LDBT) recordings. RESULTS CBS deficiency (CBS+/-) coupled with HMD led disruption of methionine/homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism leading to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in CBS+/- mice as reflected by increased Hcy, and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) levels. Unlike CBS, cystathionine-γ lyase (CSE), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) levels which were reduced but compensated by GYY4137 intervention. Heightened oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses were mitigated by GYY4137 effects along with enhanced glutathione (GSH) levels. Increased glutamate levels in CBS+/- strain were prominent than WT mice and these mice also exhibited higher IOP that was lowered by GYY4137 treatment. CBS deficiency also resulted in vision-guided behavioral impairment as revealed by NORT and LDBT findings. Interestingly, GYY4137 was able to improve CBS+/- mice behavior together with lowering their glutamate levels. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) appeared compromised in CBS+/- with vessels' leakage that was mitigated in GYY4137 treated group. This corroborated the results for occludin (an integral plasma membrane protein of the cellular tight junctions) stabilization. CONCLUSION Findings reveal that HHcy-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, ER-stress and vascular permeability alone or together can compromise ocular health and that GYY4137 could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating HHcy induced ocular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Avisek Majumder
- Department of Medicine, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anwesha Laha
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Naira Metreveli
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Harpal S Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mondal NK, Behera J, Kelly KE, George AK, Tyagi PK, Tyagi N. Tetrahydrocurcumin epigenetically mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction in brain vasculature during ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2018; 122:120-138. [PMID: 30472160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to identify the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the therapeutic potential of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental stroke model. In our study, 8-10 weeks old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 40 min, followed by reperfusion for 72 h. THC (25mg/kg-BW/day) was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 3 days after 4 h of ischemia. The experimental groups were: (i) sham, (ii) I/R and (iii) I/R + THC. We noticed that THC treatment in ischemic mice significantly improved the functional capacity and motor co-ordination along with reduced neuroscore, infarct volume, brain edema and microvascular leakage in brain parenchyma. The study revealed that level of total homocysteine (tHcy), homocysteine metabolizing enzymes, mitochondrial oxidative stress were significantly altered in I/R mice compared to sham. We also observed alteration in mitochondrial transition pore, ATP production and O2 consumption in the ischemic brain as compared to sham. Further, elevated matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) activity and reduced tight junction protein expressions intensified the brain vascular impairment in I/R mice compared to sham. Interestingly, we found that levels of mitophagy markers, fusion and fission proteins were significantly altered. However THC treatment in I/R mice almost normalized the above functional and molecular changes. Mechanistic study demonstrated that DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression was higher and was associated with reduced mitochondrial tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2) expression through hyper-methylation of CpG island of TIMP-2 promoter in I/R mice compared to sham. However, administration of epigenetic inhibitor, 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) abrogated I/R induced hyper-methylation of TIMP-2 promoter and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity. In conclusion, this study suggests that THC epigenetically ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in brain vasculature during Ischemic Stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandan K Mondal
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly E Kelly
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Akash K George
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pranav K Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Willson C, Watanabe M, Tsuji-Hosokawa A, Makino A. Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. J Physiol 2018; 597:1121-1141. [PMID: 30125956 DOI: 10.1113/jp275856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a critically important precursor to the onset of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The primary risk factors of metabolic syndrome include hyperglycaemia, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, and high blood pressure. It has been well documented that metabolic syndrome alters vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions in the heart, brain, kidney and peripheral vessels. However, there is less information available regarding how metabolic syndrome can affect pulmonary vascular function and ultimately increase an individual's risk of developing various pulmonary vascular diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension. Here, we review in detail how metabolic syndrome affects pulmonary vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Willson
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Majumder A, Singh M, George AK, Behera J, Tyagi N, Tyagi SC. Hydrogen sulfide improves postischemic neoangiogenesis in the hind limb of cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mice via PPAR-γ/VEGF axis. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13858. [PMID: 30175474 PMCID: PMC6119702 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoangiogenesis is a fundamental process which helps to meet energy requirements, tissue growth, and wound healing. Although previous studies showed that Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) regulates neoangiogenesis via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and both VEGF and PPAR-γ expressions were inhibited during hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy), whether these two processes could trigger pathological effects in skeletal muscle via compromising neoangiogenesis has not been studied yet. Unfortunately, there are no treatment options available to date for ameliorating HHcy-mediated neoangiogenic defects. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a novel gasotransmitter that can induce PPAR-γ levels. However, patients with cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) mutation(s) cannot produce a sufficient amount of H2 S. We hypothesized that exogenous supplementation of H2 S might improve HHcy-mediated poor neoangiogenesis via the PPAR-γ/VEGF axis. To examine this, we created a hind limb femoral artery ligation (FAL) in CBS+/- mouse model and treated them with GYY4137 (a long-acting H2 S donor compound) for 21 days. To evaluate neoangiogenesis, we used barium sulfate angiography and laser Doppler blood flow measurements in the ischemic hind limbs of experimental mice post-FAL to assess blood flow. Proteins and mRNAs levels were studied by Western blots and qPCR analyses. HIF1-α, VEGF, PPAR-γ and p-eNOS expressions were attenuated in skeletal muscle of CBS+/- mice after 21 days of FAL in comparison to wild-type (WT) mice, that were improved via GYY4137 treatment. We also found that the collateral vessel density and blood flow were significantly reduced in post-FAL CBS+/- mice compared to WT mice and these effects were ameliorated by GYY4137. Moreover, we found that plasma nitrite levels were decreased in post-FAL CBS+/- mice compared to WT mice, which were mitigated by GYY4137 supplementation. These results suggest that HHcy can inhibit neoangiogenesis via antagonizing the angiogenic signal pathways encompassing PPAR-γ/VEGF axis and that GYY4137 could serve as a potential therapeutic to alleviate the harmful metabolic effects of HHcy conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Akash K. George
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
George AK, Behera J, Kelly KE, Mondal NK, Richardson KP, Tyagi N. Exercise Mitigates Alcohol Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Mediated Cognitive Impairment through ATF6-Herp Signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5158. [PMID: 29581524 PMCID: PMC5980102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol/alcohol (AL) dosing causes an elevation in homocysteine (Hcy) levels, which leads to the condition known as Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). HHcy enhances oxidative stress and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; in part by epigenetic alternation, leading to cognitive impairment. Clinicians have recommended exercise as a therapy; however, its protective effect on cognitive functions has not been fully explored. The present study was designed to observe the protective effects of exercise (EX) against alcohol-induced epigenetic and molecular alterations leading to cerebrovascular dysfunction. Wild-type mice were subjected to AL administration (1.5 g/kg-bw) and subsequent treadmill EX for 12 weeks (5 day/week@7-11 m/min). AL affected mouse brain through increases in oxidative and ER stress markers, SAHH and DNMTs alternation, while decreases in CBS, CSE, MTHFR, tight-junction proteins and cellular H2S levels. Mechanistic study revealed that AL increased epigenetic DNA hypomethylation of Herp promoter. BBB dysfunction and cognitive impairment were observed in the AL treated mice. AL mediated transcriptional changes were abolished by administration of ER stress inhibitor DTT. In conclusion, exercise restored Hcy and H2S to basal levels while ameliorating AL-induced ER stress, diminishing BBB dysfunction and improving cognitive function via ATF6-Herp-signaling. EX showed its protective efficacy against AL-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash K George
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kimberly E Kelly
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nandan K Mondal
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kennedy P Richardson
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalani A, Kamat PK, Tyagi N. Diabetic Stroke Severity: Epigenetic Remodeling and Neuronal, Glial, and Vascular Dysfunction. Diabetes 2015; 64:4260-71. [PMID: 26470785 PMCID: PMC4876759 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We determined the mechanism of severity during type 1 diabetic (T1D) stroke (ischemia-reperfusion [IR] injury) that affects potential markers associated with epigenetics, neuronal, glial, and vascular components of the brain with regard to nondiabetic stroke. The study used male genetic T1D Ins2(+/-) Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice. The experimental mice groups were 1) sham, 2) IR, 3) sham(Akita), and 4) IR(Akita). Mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 40 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Brain tissues were analyzed for inflammation, neuro-glio-vascular impairments, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, and epigenetic alterations (DNA methyltransferase-3a [DNMT-3a]; DNA methyltransferase-1 [DNMT-1]; 5-methylcytosine [5-mC]; and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine [5-hmC]). Intracarotid fluorescein isothiocyanate-BSA infusion was used to determine pial-venular permeability. IR(Akita) mice showed more infarct volume, edema, inflammation, and vascular MMP-9 expression compared with IR and sham groups. Sham(Akita) mice showed the highest DNMT-1 and DNMT-3a levels compared with the other groups. Reduced tight and adherent junction expressions and severe venular leakage exemplified intense cerebrovascular impairment in IR(Akita) mice compared with the other groups. Interestingly, we found differential regulations (downregulated expression) of epigenetic (5-mC, DNMTs), vascular (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), glial (connexin-43, glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD11b), and neuronal (neuron-specific enolase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase) markers in IR(Akita) compared with the IR group. These findings suggest that IR injury in T1D is more severe because it intensifies differential epigenetic markers and neuro-glio-vascular changes compared with nondiabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Pradip Kumar Kamat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Romaní-Pérez M, Outeiriño-Iglesias V, Moya CM, Santisteban P, González-Matías LC, Vigo E, Mallo F. Activation of the GLP-1 Receptor by Liraglutide Increases ACE2 Expression, Reversing Right Ventricle Hypertrophy, and Improving the Production of SP-A and SP-B in the Lungs of Type 1 Diabetes Rats. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26196539 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes alters microvascular function in the vascular beds of organs, including the lungs. Cardiovascular complications of pulmonary vascular affectation may be a consequence of the overactivation of the vasoconstrictive and proliferative components of the renin-angiotensin system. We previously reported that pulmonary physiology and surfactant production is improved by the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist liraglutide (LIR) in a rat model of lung hypoplasia. Because we hypothesized that streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats would show deficiencies in lung function, including surfactant proteins, and develop an imbalance of the renin-angiotensin system in the lungs. This effect would in turn be prevented by long-acting agonists of the GLP-1R, such as LIR. The induction of diabetes reduced the surfactant protein A and B in the lungs and caused the vasoconstrictor component of the renin-angiotensin system to predominate, which in turn increased angiotensin II levels, and ultimately being associated with right ventricle hypertrophy. LIR restored surfactant protein levels and reversed the imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system in this type 1 diabetes mellitus rat model. Moreover, LIR provoked a strong increase in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in the lungs of both diabetic and control rats, and in the circulating angiotensin(1-7) in diabetic animals. These effects prompted complete reversion of right ventricle hypertrophy. The consequences of LIR administration were independent of glycemic control and of glucocorticoids, and they involved NK2 homeobox 1 signaling. This study demonstrates by first time that GLP-1R agonists, such as LIR, might improve the cardiopulmonary complications associated with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Verónica Outeiriño-Iglesias
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Christian M Moya
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Lucas C González-Matías
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Eva Vigo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Federico Mallo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), Centre for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Faculty of Biology, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Vigo (IBIV) (M.R.-P., V.O.-I., L.C.G.-M., E.V., F.M.), University of Vigo/Sergas, E36310, Vigo, Spain; and Institute Biomedical Research Alberto Sols (C.M.M., P.S.), Spanish Council of Research, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
MMP-9- and NMDA receptor-mediated mechanism of diabetic renovascular remodeling and kidney dysfunction: hydrogen sulfide is a key modulator. Nitric Oxide 2015; 46:172-85. [PMID: 25659756 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in diabetic kidney. Induction of NMDA-R and dysregulation of connexins (Cxs) were also observed. We concluded that this was due to decreased H2S production by downregulation of CBS and CSE enzymes. However, the potential role of H2S to mitigate ECM dysregulation and renal dysfunction was not clearly understood. The present study was undertaken to determine whether H2S supplementation reduces MMP-9-induced ECM remodeling and dysfunction in diabetic kidney. Wild type (C57BL/6J), diabetic (Akita, C57BL/6J-Ins2(Akita)), MMP-9 knockout (MMP-9(-/-), M9KO) and double KO of Akita/MMP-9(-/-) (DKO) mice were treated without or with 0.005 g/l of NaHS (as a source of H2S) in drinking water for 30 days. Decreased tissue production and plasma content of H2S in Akita mice were ameliorated with H2S supplementation. Dysregulated expression of MMP-9, CBS, CSE, NMDA-R1 and Cxs-40, -43 was also normalized in Akita mice treated with H2S. In addition, increased renovascular resistive index (RI), ECM deposition, plasma creatinine, and diminished renal vascular density and cortical blood flow in Akita mice were normalized with H2S treatment. We conclude that diminished H2S production in renal tissue and plasma levels in diabetes mediates adverse renal remodeling, and H2S therapy improves renal function through MMP-9- and NMDA-R1-mediated pathway.
Collapse
|
14
|
Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Hyperhomocysteinemia attenuates angiogenesis through reduction of HIF-1α and PGC-1α levels in muscle fibers during hindlimb ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1116-27. [PMID: 24585779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with elderly frailty, skeletal muscle injury and malfunction, reduced vascular integrity and function, and mortality. Although HHcy has been implicated in the impairment of angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia in murine models, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We hypothesized that HHcy compromises skeletal muscle perfusion, collateral formation, and arteriogenesis by diminishing postischemic vasculogenic responses in muscle fibers. To test this hypothesis, we created femoral artery ligation in wild-type and heterozygous cystathionine β-synthase (CBS(+/-)) mice (a model for HHcy) and assessed tissue perfusion, collateral vessel formation, and skeletal muscle function using laser-Doppler perfusion imaging, barium angiography, and fatigue tests. In addition, we assessed postischemic levels of VEGF and levels of its muscle-specific regulators: hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α. The observations indicated dysregulation of VEGF, HIF-1α, and PGC-1α levels in ischemic skeletal muscles of CBS(+/-) mice. Concomitant with the reduced ischemic angiogenic responses, we also observed diminished leptin expression and attenuated Akt signaling in ischemic muscle fibers of CBS(+/-) mice. Moreover, there was enhanced atrogene, ubiquitin ligases that conjugate proteins for degradation during muscle atrophy, transcription, and reduced muscle function after ischemia in CBS(+/-) mice. These results suggest that HHcy adversely affects muscle-specific ischemic responses and contributes to muscle frailty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kamat PK, Kalani A, Givvimani S, Sathnur PB, Tyagi SC, Tyagi N. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction induced by intracerebral-administered homocysteine in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 252:302-19. [PMID: 23912038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High levels of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia are associated with neurovascular diseases. H2S, a metabolite of Hcy, has potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, the effect of H2S has not been explored in Hcy (IC)-induced neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction in mice. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective role of H2S on Hcy-induced neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis we employed wild-type (WT) males ages 8-10 weeks, WT+artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), WT+Hcy (0.5 μmol/μl) intracerebral injection (IC, one time only prior to NaHS treatment), WT+Hcy+NaHS (sodium hydrogen sulfide, precursor of H2S, 30 μmol/kg, body weight). NaHS was injected i.p. once daily for the period of 7 days after the Hcy (IC) injection. Hcy treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde, nitrite level, acetylcholinestrase activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, glial fibrillary acidic protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased glutathione level indicating oxidative-nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation as compared to control and aCSF-treated groups. Further, increased expression of neuron-specific enolase, S100B and decreased expression of (post-synaptic density-95, synaptosome-associated protein-97) synaptic protein indicated neurodegeneration. Brain sections of Hcy-treated mice showed damage in the cortical area and periventricular cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated, dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells and Fluro Jade-C staining indicated apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP9, MMP2 and decreased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) TIMP-1, TIMP-2, tight junction proteins (zonula occulden 1) in Hcy-treated group indicate neurovascular remodeling. Interestingly, NaHS treatment significantly attenuated Hcy-induced oxidative stress, memory deficit, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular remodeling. The results indicate that H2S is effective in providing protection against neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Kamat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wathen CA, Foje N, van Avermaete T, Miramontes B, Chapaman SE, Sasser TA, Kannan R, Gerstler S, Leevy WM. In vivo X-ray computed tomographic imaging of soft tissue with native, intravenous, or oral contrast. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:6957-80. [PMID: 23711461 PMCID: PMC3715264 DOI: 10.3390/s130606957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most commonly utilized anatomical imaging modalities for both research and clinical purposes. CT combines high-resolution, three-dimensional data with relatively fast acquisition to provide a solid platform for non-invasive human or specimen imaging. The primary limitation of CT is its inability to distinguish many soft tissues based on native contrast. While bone has high contrast within a CT image due to its material density from calcium phosphate, soft tissue is less dense and many are homogenous in density. This presents a challenge in distinguishing one type of soft tissue from another. A couple exceptions include the lungs as well as fat, both of which have unique densities owing to the presence of air or bulk hydrocarbons, respectively. In order to facilitate X-ray CT imaging of other structures, a range of contrast agents have been developed to selectively identify and visualize the anatomical properties of individual tissues. Most agents incorporate atoms like iodine, gold, or barium because of their ability to absorb X-rays, and thus impart contrast to a given organ system. Here we review the strategies available to visualize lung, fat, brain, kidney, liver, spleen, vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, and liver tissues of living mice using either innate contrast, or commercial injectable or ingestible agents with selective perfusion. Further, we demonstrate how each of these approaches will facilitate the non-invasive, longitudinal, in vivo imaging of pre-clinical disease models at each anatomical site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Wathen
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nathan Foje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mails: (N.F.); (T.V.A.); (B.M.); (T.A.S.)
| | - Tony van Avermaete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mails: (N.F.); (T.V.A.); (B.M.); (T.A.S.)
- Penn High School, 55900 Bittersweet Road, Mishawaka, IN 46545, USA
| | - Bernadette Miramontes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mails: (N.F.); (T.V.A.); (B.M.); (T.A.S.)
- Penn High School, 55900 Bittersweet Road, Mishawaka, IN 46545, USA
| | - Sarah E. Chapaman
- Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Todd A. Sasser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mails: (N.F.); (T.V.A.); (B.M.); (T.A.S.)
- Bruker-Biospin Corporation, 4 Research Drive, Woodbridge, CT 06525, USA
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Gerstler
- Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center, Mishawaka, IN 46545, USA; E-Mail:
| | - W. Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mail:
- Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; E-Mail:
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, A200 Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46530, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Givvimani S, Munjal C, Narayanan N, Aqil F, Tyagi G, Metreveli N, Tyagi SC. Hyperhomocysteinemia decreases intestinal motility leading to constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G281-90. [PMID: 22595990 PMCID: PMC3423105 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00423.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) have been implicated in inflammation and remodeling in intestinal vasculature, and HHcy is also known to aggravate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interestingly, colon is the pivotal site that regulates Hcy levels in the plasma. We hypothesize that HHcy decreases intestinal motility through matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-induced intestinal remodeling leading to constipation. To verify this hypothesis, we used C57BL/6J or wild-type (WT), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS(+/-)), MMP-9(-/-), and MMP-9(-/-) + Hcy mice. Intestinal motility was assessed by barium meal studies and daily feces output. Plasma Hcy levels were measured by HPLC. Expression of ICAM-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitors of MMPs was studied by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including super oxide were measured by the Invitrogen molecular probe method. Tissue nitric oxide levels were assessed by a commercially available kit. Plasma Hcy levels in the treated MMP-9 group mice were comparable to CBS(+/-) mice. Barium meal studies suggest that intestinal motility is significantly decreased in CBS(+/-) mice compared with other groups. Fecal output-to-body weight ratio was significantly reduced in CBS(+/-) mice compared with other groups. There was significant upregulation of MMP-9, iNOS, and ICAM-1 expression in the colon from CBS(+/-) mice compared with WT mice. Levels of ROS, superoxide, and inducible nitric oxide were elevated in the CBS(+/-) mice compared with other groups. Results suggest that HHcy decreases intestinal motility due to MMP-9-induced intestinal remodeling leading to constipation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Givvimani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - C. Munjal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - N. Narayanan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - F. Aqil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - G. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - N. Metreveli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - S. C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tyagi N, Kandel M, Munjal C, Qipshidze N, Vacek JC, Pushpakumar SB, Metreveli N, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine mediated decrease in bone blood flow and remodeling: role of folic acid. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1511-6. [PMID: 21469179 PMCID: PMC3583304 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in folate lead to increased serum concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), which is known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is associated with bone disorders. Although, Hcy accumulates collagen in bone and contribute to decrease in bone strength. The mechanism of Hcy induced bone loss and remodeling is unclear. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the role of folic acid (FA) in genetically HHcy-associated decrease in bone blood flow and remodeling. Wild type (WT) and cystathionine-β-synthase heterozygous (CBS+/-) mice were used in this study and supplemented with or without FA (300 mg/kg, Hcy reducing agent) in drinking water for 6 weeks. The tibial bone blood flow was measured by laser Doppler and ultrasonic flow probe method. The tibial bone density (BD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The bone homogenates were analyzed for oxidative stress, NOX-4 as oxidative marker and thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) as anti-oxidant marker, bone remodeling (MMP-9) and bio-availability of nitric oxide (eNOS/iNOS/NO) by Western blot method. The results suggested that there was decrease in tibial blood flow in CBS+/- mice. The BD was also reduced in CBS+/- mice. There was an increase in NOX-4, iNOS, MMP-9 protein as well as MMP-9 activity in CBS+/- mice and decrease in Trx-1, eNOS protein levels, in part by decreasing NO bio-availability in CBS+/- mice. Interestingly, these effects were ameliorated by FA and suggested that FA supplementation may have therapeutic potential against genetically HHcy induced bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|