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Johnson ME, Alejandro AD, Vroom EB. Homegrown: Parent and Sibling Substance Abuse Linked to Opioid Misuse Among Justice-Involved Children. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2023; 32:1495-1503. [PMID: 37605752 PMCID: PMC10441619 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Opioid misuse (OM) is a priority public health concern, especially for those in correctional settings. Understanding the etiology of OM among justice-involved children (JIC) is key to resolving this crisis. On average, 12% of all children and up to 50% of JIC in the United States have experienced household substance misuse (HSM). Theory and empirical research suggest that HSM may increase risk for OM, but these relationships have not been examined among JIC. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sibling and parent substance misuse on OM among JIC. Cross-sectional data on 79,960 JIC from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FLDJJ) were examined. Past 30-day opioid (P30D) OM was indicated by urine analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed. In the total sample, nearly 3% met FLDJJ criteria for P30D OM and nearly 25% lived with a parent/caregiver or sibling who misused substances. Among opioid misusers, one third lived with a parent/caregiver who misused substances and nearly half lived with a parent/caregiver or sibling who misused substances. Compared to JIC without HSM, JIC reporting sibling substance misuse had 1.95 times higher odds of OM (95% CI, 1.63-2.33), JIC with parent substance misuse had over twice the odds of OM (95% CI, 1.89-2.31), and those with both sibling and parent had more than three times higher odds of OM (95% CI, 2.75-3.87). Family-based approaches to OM intervention and prevention initiatives may be more effective than individual-focused approaches. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida, 133301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alysse D. Alejandro
- The Study of Teen Opioid Misuse and Prevention Laboratory, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2401 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Enya B. Vroom
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida, 133301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2401 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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2
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Yockey A, King K, Vidourek R. "Here's the 'kicker': School factors associated with opioid misuse among US African American Youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023; 22:79-88. [PMID: 33522865 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1877231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that African Americans are at higher risk for opioid misuse, compared to their relative counterparts. However, school factors have largely been ignored. Given that the school is an environment for the development of risky behavior sequalae, more research is warranted on the relationship between opioid misuse and school factors. The present data used pooled 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data to investigate the relationship between opioid misuse and school factors among a national sample of African American adolescents ages 12-17 (n = 7,236). Results revealed that a sizeable percentage of adolescents (3.51%) misused opioids in the past year. Adolescents at highest risk were female, older, in high school, participated in violence, and did not like school. Moreover, a greater percentage (∼33%) revealed the lack of drug education in schools. We believe our findings can inform behavioral health messages and harm reduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yockey
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center for Prevention Science, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Keith King
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center for Prevention Science, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca Vidourek
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center for Prevention Science, Cincinnati, Ohio
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3
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Nichols LM, Pedroza JA, Fleming CM, O'Brien KM, Tanner-Smith EE. Social-Ecological Predictors of Opioid Use Among Adolescents With Histories of Substance Use Disorders. Front Psychol 2021; 12:686414. [PMID: 34335400 PMCID: PMC8322761 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent opioid misuse is a public health crisis, particularly among clinical populations of youth with substance misuse histories. Given the negative and often lethal consequences associated with opioid misuse among adolescents, it is essential to identify the risk and protective factors underlying early opioid misuse to inform targeted prevention efforts. Understanding the role of parental risk and protective factors is particularly paramount during the developmental stage of adolescence. Using a social-ecological framework, this study explored the associations between individual, peer, family, community, and school-level risk and protective factors and opioid use among adolescents with histories of substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, we explored the potential moderating role of poor parental monitoring in the associations between the aforementioned risk and protective factors and adolescent opioid use. Participants included 294 adolescents (M age = 16 years; 45% female) who were recently discharged from substance use treatment, and their parents (n = 323). Results indicated that lifetime opioid use was significantly more likely among adolescents endorsing antisocial traits and those whose parents reported histories of substance abuse. Additionally, adolescents reporting more perceived availability of substances were significantly more likely to report lifetime opioid use compared to those reporting lower perceived availability of substances. Results did not indicate any significant moderation effects of parental monitoring on any associations between risk factors and lifetime opioid use. Findings generally did not support social-ecological indicators of opioid use in this high-risk population of adolescents, signaling that the social-ecological variables tested may not be salient risk factors among adolescents with SUD histories. We discuss these findings in terms of continuing care options for adolescents with SUD histories that target adolescents' antisocial traits, perceived availability of substances, and parent histories of substance abuse, including practical implications for working with families of adolescents with SUD histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Nichols
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Jonathan A Pedroza
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | | | - Kaitlin M O'Brien
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Emily E Tanner-Smith
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Mason MJ, Coatsworth JD, Russell M, Khatri P, Bailey S, Moore M, Brown A, Zaharakis N, Trussell M, Stephens CJ, Wallis D, Hale C. Reducing Risk for Adolescent Substance Misuse with Text-Delivered Counseling to Adolescents and Parents. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1247-1257. [PMID: 33985404 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1910709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Text-delivered prevention programs provide unique opportunities to deliver substance use prevention interventions to at-risk populations. Methods: A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a 4-week, automated personalized text-messaging prevention program, designed to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors associated with adolescent substance use and misuse. Sixty-nine adolescents were recruited from a Federally Qualified Health Care clinic and randomized to a text-delivered intervention, or a wait-list control condition. Simultaneously, fifty-two parents of adolescent participants were enrolled into a parenting skills text-delivered intervention. Participants completed a baseline assessment and three follow-up surveys over three-months. Adolescent saliva specimens for drug testing were collected. Results: All intervention-allocated adolescents implemented at least one of the text-based counseling recommendations and 79% indicated that they found the texts helpful. Significant intervention effects were found on risk and protective factors for substance misuse. Adolescents in the intervention group reported reduced depression symptoms (d = -.63) and anxiety symptoms (d = -.57). Relative to controls, adolescents in the intervention group maintained a higher quality of parental relationship (d = .41) and parenting skills (d = .51), suggesting a prophylactic effect. Marginal decrease in the odds of positive drug tests were found for youth in intervention group (77.1% decrease, p = 0.07) but not with controls (54.3% decrease, p = 0.42,). Conclusions: Results provide preliminary evidence in the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of targeting risk and protective factors that are implicated in substance use via text-delivered interventions for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mason
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Douglas Coatsworth
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Russell
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Moore
- University of South Florida, Tampa, South Florida, USA
| | - Aaron Brown
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mikaela Trussell
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chelsea Jewel Stephens
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dorothy Wallis
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher Hale
- Center for Behavioral Health Research, College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Wheeler PB, Stevens-Watkins D, Moody M, Dogan J, Lewis D. Culturally relevant risk and protective factors for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among incarcerated African American men. Addict Behav 2019; 93:46-51. [PMID: 30690415 PMCID: PMC6488416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is a national phenomenon affecting a multitude of subpopulations, including incarcerated African American men. However, there has been little investigation of the correlates of NMUPO among this population. OBJECTIVE Grounded in primary socialization theory, the current study aimed to examine the association between family bonds, family history of prescription drug misuse, and mental health symptoms on NMUPO among African American incarcerated men. METHOD A step-wise logistic regression was conducted to determine whether family and mental health factors affected the likelihood of lifetime NMUPO. RESULTS Prescription drug misuse among immediate family members (p < 0.001) and lifetime experience of serious anxiety (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of NMUPO. Having a close personal relationship with one's father was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of NMUPO (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Risk and protective factors are identified that can be incorporated into interventions aimed at reducing or preventing NMUPO among African American men. Directions for future research on NMUPO among African American incarcerated men are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris B Wheeler
- College of Education, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Dickey Hall, 251 Scott Street, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- College of Education, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Dickey Hall, 251 Scott Street, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
| | - Myles Moody
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, 1515 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506-0027, United States.
| | - Jardin Dogan
- College of Education, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Dickey Hall, 251 Scott Street, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
| | - Dominiqueca Lewis
- College of Education, Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Dickey Hall, 251 Scott Street, Lexington, KY 40508, United States.
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6
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioid misuse (POM) is a significant problem among U.S. adults, including Blacks, as indicated by past research. Despite potential gender differences in POM among Black adults, previous research has yet to examine this possibility. OBJECTIVES This study identified the prevalence and unique correlates of POM among both Black men and Black women. Results were compared to those of Whites. METHODS We used data from 2015-2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 60,133). Weighted logistic regression models stratified by race and gender were estimated. One model was stratified by gender only, with race serving as the primary predictor. RESULTS Findings revealed 3.4% of Black women, 4.9% of Black men, 4.1% of White women, and 5.4% of White men reported past-year POM; although, no significant differences were found. Among Black women only, lower socioeconomic status increased odds of POM. Higher educational attainment, residence in rural areas and older age lowered odds of POM. Encounters with drug dealers, illicit drug, marijuana, and tobacco use, other prescription drug misuse, and poor health were associated with increased odds of POM among Black men. In the gender stratified models, White men were more likely to report POM than Black men. However, White women were not more likely to report POM compared to Black women. CONCLUSIONS Clear gender differences exist in the prevalence and correlates of POM among Black adults. Prevention and intervention strategies must be cognizant of these differences when developing programs to decrease POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- a Department of Sociology , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida , USA
| | - Jolene Vincent
- b Department of Sociology , College of William and Mary , Williamsburg , Virginia , USA
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