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Qin J, Chen H, Qiao Q, Zhang W, Zhu C, Cheng J, Liu X, Song A. Research on the safety risks of microwave irradiation on motion balance perception in electric power environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175936. [PMID: 39218089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
To the microwave irradiation safety hazards caused by the co-construction of towers in smart grids, this paper investigates the effects of microwave irradiation in the power environment on the biological motion balance perception function. Firstly, simulation of microwave signals in the electric power environment, i.e., low-frequency harmonics and high-frequency carriers, were realized by signal modulation and applied in four types of behavior testing scenarios. Then, determining rats as target organisms to replace workers and randomly dividing into groups in proportion: open field, rotating rod fatigue, beam walking and forced swimming. Configuring radar with various parameters to match the electric power irradiation scene and stimulate rats, monitoring the abnormal behavior by image processing module, including posture, motion trajectory, distance, and other features. The experimental result showed that exposed to microwaves induce rats motor ability decline, balance perception imbalance, together with paralysis within long-term exposure, and its locomotor activity, coordination, posture control and reaction time all exhibit varying degrees of weakening. These findings indicate that microwave irradiation in electric power environment may pose significant health and safety risks for worker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfan Qin
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; The State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Han Chen
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; The State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Qinliang Qiao
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Chenglei Zhu
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jiajun Cheng
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Aiguo Song
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; The State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Khira R, Uggini GK. Effects of non-ionizing radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on the development and behavior of early embryos of Danio rerio. Electromagn Biol Med 2024; 43:156-163. [PMID: 38734994 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2352429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in the range of 900-1800 MHz emerging from the mobile phone were investigated and were found to influence the locomotor pattern when exposure was initiated from 1 hour post fertilization (hpf) in zebrafish embryos (ZE), Danio rerio. Mobile phones and other wireless devices offer tremendous advantages. However, on the flipside they are leading to an increased electromagnetic energy in the environment, an excess of which could be termed as electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we tried to understand the effects of RF-EMR emerging from the mobile phone, on the development and behavior of ZE, exposed to RF-EMR (specific absorption rate of 1.13 W/kg and 1800 MHz frequency) 1 hr daily, for 5 days. To understand if there could be any developmental stage-specific vulnerability to RF-EMR, the exposure was initiated at three different time points: 1hpf, 6hpf and 24hpf of ZE development. Observations revealed no significant changes in the survival rate, morphology, oxidative stress or cortisol levels. However, statistically significant variations were observed in the batch where exposure started at 1hpf, with respect to locomotion patterns (distance travelled: 659.1 ± 173.1 mm Vs 963.5 ± 200.4 mm), which could be correlated to anxiety-like behavior; along with a corresponding increase in yolk consumption (yolk sac area: 0.251 ± 0.019 mm2 Vs 0.225 ± 0.018 mm2). Therefore, we conclude that RF-EMR exposure influences the organism maximally during the earliest stage of development, and we also believe that an increase in the time of exposure (corresponding to the patterns of current usage of mobile phones) might reveal added afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Khira
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Gowri K Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Elyasi H, Ghanbari M, Nadri F. Investigation of the Adverse Health Effects of Cell Phone Radiation and Propose Solutions to Minimize Them: A Systematic Review. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2024; 28:18-22. [PMID: 38783888 PMCID: PMC11111148 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_89_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, mobile phones are one of the most common devices emitting electromagnetic radiation and are available to more than seven billion people in different age groups around the world. The effects of electromagnetic radiation on biological systems have been studied for several years. In this systematic review to find relevant articles, international databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane were used since 2007-2022 by selecting appropriate keywords. The result revealed that exposure to cell phone radiation can lead to disturb in the metabolic activity of the cerebellum by increasing the migration of granulosa cells, decrease the water around the fetus in pregnant women, decrease in the number of blood plates, increasing levels of ALT and AST that they are the key biomarkers of liver damage, decrease of phagocytosis and induced apoptosis of neutrophils, changes at the level of glucose and even at the microscopic level of pancreas this may be a predisposing factor for diabetes, increment in tissue temperature in all depth of the brain tissue, EMF increase the volume, weight, and atresia follicles of the ovaries of the children, also it can cause oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, etc. Mobile phone radiation is harmful and depends on its intensity, frequency, wave type, and exposure duration. It can cause different biological effects in humans. Due to the uncertainty of the results and mechanism of the effect of these waves, research in this field is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Elyasi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghanbari
- Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farshad Nadri
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah, Iran
- Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Er H, Akpolat V, Deveci E. Interstitial space between cells in the left and right lobes of rat brains exposed to 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2023.2170828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Dasdag
- Biophysics Department, Medical School, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Hakan Er
- Biophysics Department, Medical School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Veysi Akpolat
- Biophysics Department, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Engin Deveci
- Histology-Embriology Departments, Medical School, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Shirbandi K, Khalafi M, J Bevelacqua J, Sadeghian N, Adiban S, Bahaeddini Zarandi F, Mortazavi SA, Mortazavi SH, Mortazavi SMJ, S Welsh J. Exposure to Low Levels of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cell-phones as a Promising Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review Study. J Biomed Phys Eng 2023; 13:3-16. [PMID: 36818013 PMCID: PMC9923247 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2109-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most significant public health concerns and tremendous economic challenges. Studies conducted over the past decades show that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may relieve AD symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine if exposure to RF-EMFs emitted by cellphones affect the risk of AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this review, all relevant published articles reporting an association of cell phone use with AD were studied. We systematically searched international datasets to identify relevant studies. Finally, 33 studies were included in the review. Our review discusses the effects of RF-EMFs on the amyloid β (Aβ), oxidative stress, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuronal death, and astrocyte responses. Moreover, the role of exposure parameters, including the type of exposure, its duration, and specific absorption rate (SAR), are discussed. RESULTS Progressive factors of AD such as Aβ, myelin basic protein (MBP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) were decreased. While tau protein showed no change, factors affecting brain activity such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain temperature, and neuronal activity were increased. CONCLUSION Exposure to low levels of RF-EMFs can reduce the risk of AD by increasing MAPK and GFAP and decreasing MBP. Considering the role of apoptosis in AD and the effect of RF-EMF on the progression of the process, this review indicates the positive effect of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Shirbandi
- Department of International Affairs (IAD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalafi
- Allied Health Science, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Najmeh Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saina Adiban
- Biotechnology Student, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital Hines, Illinois, USA
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Changes in the histopathology and in the proteins related to the MAPK pathway in the brains of rats exposed to pre and postnatal radiofrequency radiation over four generations. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bektas H, Algul S, Altindag F, Yegin K, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S. Effects of 3.5 GHz radiofrequency radiation on ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin level in diabetic and healthy brains. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 126:102168. [PMID: 36220504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, mobile phone use, and obesity have increased simultaneously in recent years. The radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from mobile phones is largely absorbed in the heads of users. With 5 G, which has started to be used in some countries without the necessary precautions being taken, the amount of RFR to which living things are exposed will increase. In this study, the changes in energy homeostasis and redox balance caused by 5 G (3.5 GHz, GSM-modulated) were explored. The effects of RFR on the brains of diabetic and healthy rats were investigated and histopathological analysis was performed. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into 4 groups as sham, RFR, diabetes, and RFR+diabetes groups (n = 7). The rats in each group were kept in a plexiglass carousel for 2 h a day for 30 days. While the rats in the experimental groups were exposed to RFR for 2 h a day, the rats in the sham group were kept under the same experimental conditions but with the radiofrequency generator turned off. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were collected from euthanized rats. Total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ghrelin, nesfatin-1, and irisin levels were determined. In addition, histopathological analyses of the brain tissues were performed. The specific absorption rate in the gray matter of the brain was calculated as 323 mW/kg and 195 mW/kg for 1 g and 10 g averaging, respectively. After RFR exposure among diabetic and healthy rats, decreased TAS levels and increased TOS and H2O2 levels were observed in brain tissues. RFR caused increases in ghrelin and irisin and a decrease in nesfatin-1 in the brain. It was also observed that RFR increased the number of degenerated neurons in the hippocampus. Our results indicate that 3.5 GHz RFR causes changes in the energy metabolism and appetite of both healthy and diabetic rats. Thus, 5 G may not be innocent in terms of its biological effects, especially in the presence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Sermin Algul
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Fikret Altindag
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Korkut Yegin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Belpomme D, Irigaray P. Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113374. [PMID: 35537497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much of the controversy over the cause of electrohypersensitivity (EHS) lies in the absence of recognized clinical and biological criteria for a widely accepted diagnosis. However, there are presently sufficient data for EHS to be acknowledged as a distinctly well-defined and objectively characterized neurologic pathological disorder. Because we have shown that 1) EHS is frequently associated with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in EHS patients, and 2) that both individualized disorders share a common pathophysiological mechanism for symptom occurrence; it appears that EHS and MCS can be identified as a unique neurologic syndrome, regardless their causal origin. In this overview we distinguish the etiology of EHS itself from the environmental causes that trigger pathophysiological changes and clinical symptoms after EHS has occurred. Contrary to present scientifically unfounded claims, we indubitably refute the hypothesis of a nocebo effect to explain the genesis of EHS and its presentation. We as well refute the erroneous concept that EHS could be reduced to a vague and unproven "functional impairment". To the contrary, we show here there are objective pathophysiological changes and health effects induced by electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in EHS patients and most of all in healthy subjects, meaning that excessive non-thermal anthropogenic EMFs are strongly noxious for health. In this overview and medical assessment we focus on the effects of extremely low frequencies, wireless communications radiofrequencies and microwaves EMF. We discuss how to better define and characterize EHS. Taken into consideration the WHO proposed causality criteria, we show that EHS is in fact causally associated with increased exposure to man-made EMF, and in some cases to marketed environmental chemicals. We therefore appeal to all governments and international health institutions, particularly the WHO, to urgently consider the growing EHS-associated pandemic plague, and to acknowledge EHS as a mainly new real EMF causally-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- Medical Oncology Department, Paris University, Paris, France; European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Irigaray
- European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), Brussels, Belgium
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Singh KV, Arya R, Nirala JP, Sahu D, Nanda RK, Rajamani P. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on rat hippocampus proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:836-847. [PMID: 34984797 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the number of mobile phone users has increased from 5.57 billion in 2011 to 6.8 billion in 2019. However, short- and long-term impact of the electromagnetic radiation emitting from mobile phones on tissue homeostasis with particular to brain proteome composition needs further investigation. In this study, we attempted a global proteome profiling study of rat hippocampus exposed to mobile phone radiation for 20 weeks (for 3 h/day for 5 days/week) to identify deregulated proteins and western blot analysis for validation. As a result, we identified 358 hippocampus proteins, of which 16 showed deregulation (log2 (exposed/sham) ≥ ±1.0, p-value <.05). Majority of these deregulated proteins grouped into three clusters sharing similar molecular pathways. A set of four proteins (Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase: Aldh5a1, Na+ K+ transporting ATPase: Atp1b2, plasma membrane calcium transporting ATPase: PMCA and protein S100B) presenting each functional pathway were selected for validation. Western blot analysis of these proteins, in an independent sample set, corroborated the mass spectrometry findings. Aldh5a1 involve in cellular energy metabolism, both Atp1b2 and PMCA responsible for membrane transport and protein S100B have a neuroprotective role. In conclusion, we present a deregulated hippocampus proteome upon mobile phone radiation exposure, which might influence the healthy functioning of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Odisha, India
| | - Jay Prakash Nirala
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Debasis Sahu
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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L Pall M. Low Intensity Electromagnetic Fields Act via Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) Activation to Cause Very Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease: 18 Distinct Types of Evidence. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:119-132. [PMID: 35114921 PMCID: PMC9189734 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220202114510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electronically generated electromagnetic fields (EMFs) including those used in wireless communication such as cell phones, Wi-Fi and smart meters, are coherent, producing very high electric and magnetic forces which act on the voltage sensor of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. The calcium hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has shown that each of the important AD-specific and nonspecific causal elements are produced by excessive [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i acts in AD via excessive calcium signaling and the peroxynitrite/oxidative stress/inflammation pathway which are each elevated by EMFs. An apparent vicious cycle in AD involves amyloid-beta protein (A) and [Ca2+]i. Three types of epidemiology each suggest EMF causation of AD including early onset AD. Extensive animal model studies show that low intensity EMFs cause neurodegeneration including AD, with AD animals having elevated levels of A, amyloid precursor protein and BACE1. Rats exposed to pulsed EMFs every day are reported to develop universal or near universal very very very early onset neurodegeneration including AD; these findings are superficially similar to humans with digital dementia. EMFs producing modest increases in [Ca2+]i can also produce protective, therapeutic effects. The therapeutic pathway and peroxynitrite pathway inhibit each other. A summary of 18 different findings is provided, which collectively provide powerful evidence for EMF causation of AD. The author is concerned that smarter, more highly pulsed "smart" wireless communication may cause widespread very, very early onset AD in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry & Basic Medical Sciences Washington State University Mailing Address: 638 NE 41stst Ave., Portland OR 97232, USA
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Cao X, Cheng Y, Xu C, Hou Y, Yang H, Li S, Gao Y, Jia P, Wang Y. Risk of Accidents or Chronic Disorders From Improper Use of Mobile Phones: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e21313. [PMID: 35049511 PMCID: PMC8814932 DOI: 10.2196/21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile phone use has brought convenience, but the long or improper use of mobile phones can cause harm to the human body. Objective We aimed to assess the impact of improper mobile phone use on the risks of accidents and chronic disorders. Methods We systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for studies published prior to April 5, 2019; relevant reviews were also searched to identify additional studies. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall pooled estimates. Results Mobile phone users had a higher risk of accidents (relative risk [RR] 1.37, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.55). Long-term use of mobile phones increased accident risk relative to nonuse or short-term use (RR 2.10, 95% CI 1.63 to 2.70). Compared with nonuse, mobile phone use resulted in a higher risk for neoplasms (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14), eye diseases (RR 2.03, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.23), mental health disorders (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.32), and headaches (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.32); the pooled risk of other chronic disorders was 1.20 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.59). Subgroup analyses also confirmed the increased risk of accidents and chronic disorders. Conclusions Improper use of mobile phones can harm the human body. While enjoying the convenience brought by mobile phones, people have to use mobile phones properly and reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- School of Public Administration, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yabing Hou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Jia
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Hu C, Zuo H, Li Y. Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain. Front Public Health 2021; 9:691880. [PMID: 34485223 PMCID: PMC8415840 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of electronic information in the past 30 years, technical achievements based on electromagnetism have been widely used in various fields pertaining to human production and life. Consequently, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) has become a substantial new pollution source in modern civilization. The biological effects of EMR have attracted considerable attention worldwide. The possible interaction of EMR with human organs, especially the brain, is currently where the most attention is focused. Many studies have shown that the nervous system is an important target organ system sensitive to EMR. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the neurobiological effects of EMR, including the metabolism and transport of neurotransmitters. As messengers of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters play critical roles in cognitive and emotional behavior. Here, the effects of EMR on the metabolism and receptors of neurotransmitters in the brain are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Hu
- Anhui Medical University, Academy of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Anhui Medical University, Academy of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Moghadasi N, Alimohammadi I, Safari Variani A, Ashtarinezhad A. The Effect of Mobile Radiation on the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnant Mice. J Family Reprod Health 2021; 15:172-178. [PMID: 34721608 PMCID: PMC8536820 DOI: 10.18502/jfrh.v15i3.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Due to the growing use of communication instruments such as cell phones and wireless devices, there is growing public concern about possible harmful effects, especially in sensitive groups such as pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation and the effect of vitamin C intake on reducing possible changes in pregnant mice. Materials and methods: Twenty-one pregnant mice were divided into three groups (control, mobile radiation-exposed, and mobile radiation plus with vitamin C intake co-exposed (200 mg /kg)). The mice in exposure groups were exposed to 900 MHz, 2 watts, and a power density of 0.045 μw /cm2 mobile radiation for eight hours/day for ten consecutive days. After five days of rest, MDA (Malondialdehyde), 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine), and TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) levels were measured in the blood of animals. The results were analyzed by SPSS.22.0 software. Results: The results showed that exposure to mobile radiation increased MDA (P=0.002), and 8-OHdG (P=0.001) significantly and decreased Total Antioxidant Capacity in the exposed groups (P=0.001). Taking vitamin C inhibited the significant increase in MDA and 8-OHdG levels in exposed groups. Conclusion: Although exposure to mobile radiation can cause oxidative stress in the blood of pregnant mice, vitamin C as an antioxidant can prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Moghadasi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Alimohammadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Safari Variani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Raghu SV, Kudva AK, Rajanikant GK, Baliga MS. Medicinal plants in mitigating electromagnetic radiation-induced neuronal damage: a concise review. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 41:1-14. [PMID: 34382485 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1963762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the evidence is inconclusive, epidemiological studies strongly suggest that increased exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) increases the risk of brain tumors, parotid gland tumors, and seminoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified mobile phone radiofrequency radiation as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Humans being are inadvertently being exposed to EMR as its prevalence increases, mainly through mobile phones. Radiation exposure is unavoidable in the current context, with mobile phones being an inevitable necessity. Prudent usage of medicinal plants with a long history of mention in traditional and folklore medicine and, more importantly, are safe, inexpensive, and easily acceptable for long-term human use would be an appealing and viable option for mitigating the deleterious effects of EMR. Plants with free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties are beneficial in maintaining salubrious health. Green tea polyphenols, Ginkgo biloba, lotus seedpod procyanidins, garlic extract, Loranthus longiflorus, Curcuma amada, and Rosmarinus officinalis have all been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in validated experimental models of study. The purpose of this review is to compile for the first time the protective effects of these plants against mobile phone-induced neuronal damage, as well as to highlight the various mechanisms of action that are elicited to invoke the beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamprasad Varija Raghu
- Neurogenetics Lab, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
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15
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Zosangzuali M, Lalremruati M, Lalmuansangi C, Nghakliana F, Pachuau L, Bandara P, Zothan Siama. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from a mobile phone base station on the redox homeostasis in different organs of Swiss albino mice. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:393-407. [PMID: 33687298 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1895207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of exposure to mobile phone base station (MPBS) emits 1800-MHz RF-EMR on some oxidative stress parameters in the brain, heart, kidney and liver of Swiss albino mice under exposures below thermal levels. Mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups which were exposed to RF-EMR for 6 hr/day, 12 hr/day and 24 hr/day for 45 consecutive days, respectively, and a control group. The glutathione (GSH) levels and activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly reduced in mice brain after exposure to RF-EMR for 12 hr and 24 hr per day. Exposure of mice to RF-EMR for 12 hr and 24 hr per day also led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde (an index of lipid peroxidation) levels in mice brain. On the contrary, exposures used in this study did not induce any significant change in various oxidative stress-related parameters in the heart, kidney and liver of mice. Our findings showed no significant variations in the activities of aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), and on the level of creatinine (CRE) in the exposed mice. This study also revealed a decrease in RBC count with an increase in WBC count in mice subjected to 12 hr/day and 24 hr/day exposures. Exposure to RF-EMR from MPBS may cause adverse effects in mice brain by inducing oxidative stress arising from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as indicated by enhanced lipid peroxidation, and reduced levels and activities of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Lalmuansangi
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - F Nghakliana
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - Lalrinthara Pachuau
- Department of Physics, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
| | - Priyanka Bandara
- Executive Board, Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zothan Siama
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India
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16
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Yavaş MC, Yegin K, Oruç S, Delen K, Sirav B. Analysis of thiol/disulphide homeostasis and oxidant-antioxidant status as a result of exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:84-91. [PMID: 33459076 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1874970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of daily long-term radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMFs) exposure on thiol/disulphide homeostasis and oxidant-antioxidant status in the serum of rats. Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups (n = 7). They were grouped as group 1 (sham-control) and group 2 (2100 MHz exposed). Group 2 rats were exposed to GSM-like signals for 5 h/day, 7 days per week for 14 days. In serum of blood samples, the native, total and native/total thiol levels and antioxidant-oxidant parameters were analyzed. The study revealed that the mean serum total thiol levels of GSM exposure group was rather higher than sham-control group (p = 0,219); the mean serum native thiol levels of GSM exposure group was rather higher than sham-control group (p = 0,416), and the mean serum disulphide levels of GSM exposure group was rather higher than sham-control group (p = 0,566). On the other hand, the mean serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of GSM exposure group were higher than sham-control group. There are no data in the literature, that examine the effects of RF-EMFs on thiol/disulphide homeostasis. The results of this study, indicate that RF-EMFs did not cause oxidative stress and statistically changes in thiol/disulphide homeostasis. More sample sizes and longer-term exposures are needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cihan Yavaş
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University , Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Korkut Yegin
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ege University , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Oruç
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kevser Delen
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahriye Sirav
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Kumar R, Deshmukh PS, Sharma S, Banerjee BD. Effect of mobile phone signal radiation on epigenetic modulation in the hippocampus of Wistar rat. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110297. [PMID: 33035560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exponential increase in mobile phone uses, given rise to public concern regarding the alleged deleterious health hazards as a consequence of prolonged exposure. In 2018, the U.S. National toxicology program reported, two year toxicological studies for potential health hazards from exposure to cell phone radiations. Epigenetic modulations play a critical regulatory role in many cellular functions and pathological conditions. In this study, we assessed the dose-dependent and frequency-dependent epigenetic modulation (DNA and Histone methylation) in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. A Total of 96 male Wistar rats were segregated into 12 groups exposed to 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2450 MHz RF-MW at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 5.84 × 10-4 W/kg, 5.94 × 10-4 W/kg and 6.4 × 10-4 W/kg respectively for 2 h per day for 1-month, 3-month and 6-month periods. At the end of the exposure duration, animals were sacrificed to collect the hippocampus. Global hippocampal DNA methylation and histone methylation were estimated by ELISA. However, DNA methylating enzymes, DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) and histone methylating enzymes euchromatic histone methylthransferase1 (EHMT1) expression was evaluated by real-time PCR, as well as further validated with Western blot. Alteration in epigenetic modulation was observed in the hippocampus. Global DNA methylation was decreased and histone methylation was increased in the hippocampus. We observed that microwave exposure led to significant epigenetic modulations in the hippocampus with increasing frequency and duration of exposure. Microwave exposure with increasing frequency and exposure duration brings significant (p < 0.05) epigenetic modulations which alters gene expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Pravin S Deshmukh
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
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18
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Bouji M, Lecomte A, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Impact of Cerebral Radiofrequency Exposures on Oxidative Stress and Corticosterone in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:467-476. [PMID: 31796670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia. Several studies suggested that mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures modified AD memory deficits in rodent models. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that RF-EMF exposure may modify memory through corticosterone and oxidative stress in the Samaritan rat model of AD. METHODS Long-Evans male rats received intracerebroventricular infusion with ferrous sulphate, amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide, and buthionine-sufloximine (AD rats) or with vehicle (control rats). To mimic cell phone use, RF-EMF were exposed to the head for 1 month (5 days/week, in restraint). To look for hazard thresholds, high brain averaged specific absorption rates (BASAR) were tested: 1.5 W/Kg (15 min), 6 W/Kg (15 min), and 6 W/Kg (45 min). The sham group was in restraint for 45 min. Endpoints were spatial memory in the radial maze, plasmatic corticosterone, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), and amyloid plaques. RESULTS Results indicated similar corticosterone levels but impaired memory performances and increased cerebral staining of thioflavine and of HO1 in the sham AD rats compared to the controls. A correlative increase of cortical HO1 staining was the only effect of RF-EMF in control rats. In AD rats, RF-EMF exposures induced a correlative increase of hippocampal HO1 staining and reduced corticosterone. DISCUSSION According to our data, neither AD nor control rats showed modified memory after RF-EMF exposures. Unlike control rats, AD rats showed higher hippocampal oxidative stress and reduced corticosterone with the higher BASAR. This data suggests more fragility related to neurodegenerative disease toward RF-EMF exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bouji
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,PERITOX UMR I-01 INERIS 01 UFR de médecine, Amiens, France
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19
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Er H, Basaranlar G, Ozen S, Demir N, Kantar D, Yargicoglu P, Derin N. The effects of acute and chronic exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on auditory brainstem response in adult rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:374-386. [PMID: 32865045 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1813159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of short and long-term RFR exposure on ABR by evaluating lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in adult rats. Sixty male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. S1:1 week sham, S10:10 weeks sham, E1:1 week RFR, E10:10 weeks RFR. Experimental group rats were exposed to RFR 2 h/day, 5 days/week during the test period. Sham rats were kept in the same conditions without RFR. After the experiment, ABRs were recorded from the mastoids of rats using tone burst acoustic stimuli. Biochemical investigations in rat brain and ultrastructural analysis in temporal cortex were performed. ABR wave I latency prolonged in E1-group and shortened in E10-group compared to their shams. TBARS level increased in E1-group, decreased in E10-group, on the contrary, SOD and CAT activities and GSH level decreased in E1-group, increased in E10-group compared to their sham groups. Edema was present in the neuron and astrocyte cytoplasms and astrocyte end-feet in both E1 and E10 groups. Our results suggest that 900 MHz RFR may have negative effects on the auditory system in acute exposure and no adverse effects in chronic exposure without weekends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Er
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey.,Electron Microscopy Image Analyzing Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Goksun Basaranlar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necdet Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Dasdag
- Pre-Graduate Internship Department, Medical School, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Adalier
- Pre-Graduate Internship Department, Medical School, Medical School, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Biophysics Department, Medical School, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Fahmy HM, Mohammed FF. Hepatic injury induced by radio frequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices in Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:136-147. [PMID: 32762465 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120946470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the impact of standard 2.45 GHz radio frequency source (averaged whole-body specific absorption rate 0.01 W kg-1 24 h-1 daily for 40 consecutive days) on the liver of Wistar female rats was investigated. The rats were randomly divided into control and Wi-Fi-exposed groups. At the end of the exposure, liver samples were dissected from rats. Rats' livers were inspected through the evaluation of some oxidative stress parameters and the evaluation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels as well as through the molecular investigation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Histopathological examination in addition to ultrastructure examination was also performed. The present data revealed that Wi-Fi exposure leads to severe oxidative stress in the rat liver. Furthermore, Wi-Fi exposure resulted in deleterious effects in the liver function and alters its molecular structure. Moreover, severe histological and ultrastructural alterations are reported in the hepatic tissues points to hepatotoxic effects induced by Wi-Fi exposure. In conclusion, care must be taken when using Wi-Fi emitting devices due to their severe impact on the liver. Public awareness of the need to decrease exposure time and increase the distance from Wi-Fi exposure sources must be raised wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Fahmy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, 63526Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - F F Mohammed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63526Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Bektas H, Dasdag S, Bektas MS. Comparison of effects of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi and mobile phone exposure on human placenta and cord blood. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1725639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Selcuk Bektas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Lokman Hekim Hospital, Van, Turkey
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23
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Zhu S, Zhu Y, Li H, Zhang D, Zhang D. The toxic effect of mobile phone radiation on rabbit organs. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1763481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- Argus Pharmaceuticals, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Xuzhou Health Research Institute Co., LTD., Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Conflicts of Interest and Misleading Statements in Official Reports about the Health Consequences of Radiofrequency Radiation and Some New Measurements of Exposure Levels. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry5020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Official reports to governments throughout the Western world attempt to allay public concern about the increasing inescapability of the microwaves (also known as radiofrequency radiation or RF) emitted by “smart” technologies, by repeating the dogma that the only proven biological effect of RF is acute tissue heating, and assuring us that the levels of radiation to which the public are exposed are significantly less than those needed to cause acute tissue heating. The present paper first shows the origin of this “thermal-only” dogma in the military paranoia of the 1950s. It then reveals how financial conflict of interest and intentionally misleading statements have been powerful factors in preserving that dogma in the face of now overwhelming evidence that it is false, using one 2018 report to ministers of the New Zealand government as an example. Lastly, some new pilot measurements of ambient RF power densities in Auckland city are reported and compared with levels reported in other cities, various international exposure limits, and levels shown scientifically to cause biological harm. It is concluded that politicians in the Western world should stop accepting soothing reports from individuals with blatant conflicts of interest and start taking the health and safety of their communities seriously.
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Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC, Akdag MZ. Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:32-47. [PMID: 30669883 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1567526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous and ever increasing use of mobile phones led to the growing concern about the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by cell phones on biological systems. The aim of this study is to explore whether long-term RFR exposure at different frequencies affects DNA damage and oxidant-antioxidant parameters in the blood and brain tissue of rats. 28 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 7). They were identified as Group 1: sham-control, Group 2: 900 MHz, Group 3: 1800 MHz, and Group 4: 2100 MHz. Experimental groups of rats were exposed to RFR 2 h/day for 6 months. The sham-control group of rats was subjected to the same experimental condition but generator was turned off. Specific absorption rates (SARs) at brain with 1 g average were calculated as 0.0845 W/kg, 0.04563 W/kg, and 0.03957, at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz, respectively. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) analyses were conducted in the brain tissue samples. Results of the study showed that DNA damage and oxidative stress indicators were found higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the sham-control group. In conclusion, 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz RFR emitted from mobile phones may cause oxidative damage, induce increase in lipid peroxidation, and increase oxidative DNA damage formation in the frontal lobe of the rat brain tissues. Furthermore, 2100-MHz RFR may cause formation of DNA single-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Esref Alkis
- a Department of Electronics , Engineering and Architecture Faculty of Mus Alparslan University , Mus , Turkey
| | - Hakki Murat Bilgin
- b Department of Physiology , Medical School of Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Veysi Akpolat
- c Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- d Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Korkut Yegin
- e Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cihan Yavas
- f Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Ahi Evran University , Kirsehir , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- c Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
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26
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Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:643-658. [PMID: 30025338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at low intensities poses a significant health hazard that has not been adequately addressed by national and international organizations such as the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence that excessive exposure to mobile phone-frequencies over long periods of time increases the risk of brain cancer both in humans and animals. The mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic processes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate adverse effects on male and female reproduction, almost certainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence the exposures can result in neurobehavioral decrements and that some individuals develop a syndrome of "electro-hypersensitivity" or "microwave illness", which is one of several syndromes commonly categorized as "idiopathic environmental intolerance". While the symptoms are non-specific, new biochemical indicators and imaging techniques allow diagnosis that excludes the symptoms as being only psychosomatic. Unfortunately standards set by most national and international bodies are not protective of human health. This is a particular concern in children, given the rapid expansion of use of wireless technologies, the greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system, the hyperconductivity of their brain tissue, the greater penetration of radiofrequency radiation relative to head size and their potential for a longer lifetime exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Belpomme
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Paris V University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hardell
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Igor Belyaev
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Laboratory of Radiobiology, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ernesto Burgio
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Instituto Scientifico Biomedico Euro Mediterraneo, Mesagne, Italy
| | - David O Carpenter
- European Cancer Environment Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
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27
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Bektas H, Bektas MS, Dasdag S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on biochemical parameters of cord blood: A preliminary study. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 37:184-191. [PMID: 30156944 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1499033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate foetal impact of radiofrequencies (RFs) emitted from mobile phones in postnatal cord blood. The study carried on 149 pregnant women divided into four groups such as nonusers of mobile phone (n: 37; control group), 2-15 min/d (n: 39; group 1), 15-60 min/d (n: 37; group 2) and participants using mobile phone for more than 60 min/d (n: 36; group 3). Cord blood of the infants was taken in all groups for biochemical analyses immediately after birth. The results of the study showed that the biggest foetal impact was observed in the third study group which was pregnant exposed RFRs (RF radiation) more than 1 h/d (1 hour per day). AST (aspartat aminotransferaz), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK (creatine kinase), CK-MB (creatine kinase-miyocardial band), CRP (c-reactive protein), PCT (procalcitonin), TnT (troponin T), uric acid and lactate levels of third group were found higher than the other groups (p < 0.001). However, Mean platelet volume values of third group were found lower than the other groups (p < 0.001). Finally, this is the first human study which was performed on pregnant and infants because there is no previous work in this area. However, the results of this study revealed that long-term RFR exposure of pregnant may result in some biochemical changes in the infants. Therefore, our suggestion to pregnant is to avoid from RFR exposure emitted from mobile phones at least during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Bektas
- a Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Van Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Selcuk Bektas
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology , Lokman Hekim Hospital , Van , Turkey
| | - Suleyman Dasdag
- c Department of Biophysics , Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Hidisoglu E, Kantar-Gok D, Ozen S, Yargicoglu P. Short-term 2.1 GHz radiofrequency radiation treatment induces significant changes on the auditory evoked potentials in adult rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:858-871. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1492166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enis Hidisoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar-Gok
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozen
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Gupta SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. Electromagnetic radiation 2450 MHz exposure causes cognition deficit with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in rats. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiang-Jun Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Ghatei N, Nabavi AS, Toosi MHB, Azimian H, Homayoun M, Targhi RG, Haghir H. Evaluation of bax, bcl-2, p21 and p53 genes expression variations on cerebellum of BALB/c mice before and after birth under mobile phone radiation exposure. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:1037-1043. [PMID: 29085599 PMCID: PMC5651457 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.9273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasing rate of over using cell phones has been considerable in youths and pregnant women. We examined the effect of mobile phones radiation on genes expression variation on cerebellum of BALB/c mice before and after of the birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a mobile phone jammer, which is an instrument to prevent receiving signals between cellular phones and base transceiver stations (two frequencies 900 and 1800 MHz) for exposure was used and twelve pregnant mice (BALB/c) divided into two groups (n=6), first group irradiated in pregnancy period (19th day), the second group did not irradiate in pregnancy period. After childbirth, offspring were classified into four groups (n=4): Group1: control, Group 2: B1 (Irradiated after birth), Group 3: B2 (Irradiated in pregnancy period and after birth), Group 4: B3 (Irradiated in pregnancy period). When maturity was completed (8-10 weeks old), mice were dissected and cerebellum was isolated. The expression level of bax, bcl-2, p21 and p53 genes examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time RT- PCR). RESULTS The data showed that mobile phone radio waves were ineffective on the expression level of bcl-2 and p53 genes) P>0.05(. Also gene expression level of bax decreased and gene expression level of p21 increased comparing to the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION From the obtained data it could be concluded that the mobile phone radiations did not induce apoptosis in cells of the cerebellum and the injured cells can be repaired by cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ghatei
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr Nabavi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Azimian
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mansour Homayoun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemnezhad Targhi
- Department of Radiation Biology, School of Allied, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Bourdineaud JP, Šrut M, Štambuk A, Tkalec M, Brèthes D, Malarić K, Klobučar GI.V. Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 68:142-152. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to electromagnetic field (EMF) at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) and at field levels ranging from 10 to 120 V m-1 for a period of two hours (corresponding to specific absorption rates ranging from 0.13 to 9.33 mW kg-1). Potential effects of longer exposure (four hours), field modulation, and a recovery period of 24 h after two hours of exposure were addressed at the field level of 23 V m-1. All exposure treatments induced significant DNA modifications as assessed by a quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Even after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, the number of probe hybridisation sites displayed a significant two-fold decrease as compared to untreated control earthworms, implying a loss of hybridisation sites and a persistent genotoxic effect of EMF. Expression of genes involved in the response to general stress (HSP70 encoding the 70 kDa heat shock protein, and MEKK1 involved in signal transduction), oxidative stress (CAT, encoding catalase), and chemical and immune defence (LYS, encoding lysenin, and MYD, encoding a myeloid differentiation factor) were up-regulated after exposure to 10 and modulated 23 V m-1 field levels. Western blots showing an increased quantity of HSP70 and MTCO1 proteins confirmed this stress response. HSP70 and LYS genes were up-regulated after 24 h of recovery following a two hour-exposure, meaning that the effect of EMF exposure lasted for hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, 2, rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Maja Šrut
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Anamaria Štambuk
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Daniel Brèthes
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Krešimir Malarić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Göran I .V. Klobučar
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb , Croatia
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Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:239-247. [PMID: 28458069 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to radiofrequency waves of conventional WiFi devices on postnatal development and behavior of rat offspring. Ten Wistar albino pregnant rats were randomly assigned to two groups (n=5). The experimental group was exposed to a 2.45GHz WiFi signal for 2h a day throughout gestation period. Control females were subjected to the same conditions as treated group without applying WiFi radiations. After delivery, the offspring was tested for physical and neurodevelopment during its 17 postnatal days (PND), then for anxiety (PND 28) and motricity (PND 40-43), as well as for cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum (PND 28 and 43). Our main results showed that the in-utero WiFi exposure impaired offspring neurodevelopment during the first seventeen postnatal days without altering emotional and motor behavior at adult age. Besides, prenatal WiFi exposure induced cerebral oxidative stress imbalance (increase in malondialdehyde level (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) at 28 but not 43days old, also the exposure affected acethylcolinesterase activity at both cerebral and seric levels. Thus, the current study revealed that maternal exposure to WiFi radiofrequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring by affecting neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Othman
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ammari
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kaïs Rtibi
- University of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Physiology, B.P. 382 - 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bensaid
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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Chauhan P, Verma HN, Sisodia R, Kesari KK. Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:20-30. [PMID: 27362544 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1144063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Man-made microwave and radiofrequency (RF) radiation technologies have been steadily increasing with the growing demand of electronic appliances such as microwave oven and cell phones. These appliances affect biological systems by increasing free radicals, thus leading to oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on histology and the level of lipid peroxide (LPO) in Wistar rats. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats with 180 ± 10 g body weight were used for this study. Animals were divided into two groups: sham exposed (control) and microwave exposed. These animals were exposed for 2 h a day for 35 d to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (power density, 0.2 mW/cm2). The whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.14 W/kg. After completion of the exposure period, rats were sacrificed, and brain, liver, kidney, testis and spleen were stored/preserved for determination of LPO and histological parameters. Significantly high level of LPO was observed in the liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004) and spleen (p < 0.006) in samples from rats exposed to microwave radiation. Also histological changes were observed in the brain, liver, testis, kidney and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure, compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, we conclude that exposure to microwave radiation 2 h a day for 35 d can potentially cause histopathology and oxidative changes in Wistar rats. These results indicate possible implications of such exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Chauhan
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
| | - H N Verma
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
| | - Rashmi Sisodia
- b Department of Zoology , University of Rajasthan , Jaipur , India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- a Department of Engineering and Technology , Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India.,c Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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Zeliger HI. Predicting disease onset in clinically healthy people. Interdiscip Toxicol 2016; 9:39-54. [PMID: 28652846 PMCID: PMC5458104 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all human disease is induced by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is caused by toxic environmental exposure, the presence of disease, lifestyle choices, stress, chronic inflammation or combinations of these, is responsible for most disease. Oxidative stress from all sources is additive and it is the total oxidative stress from all sources that induces the onset of most disease. Oxidative stress leads to lipid peroxidation, which in turn produces Malondialdehyde. Serum malondialdehyde level is an additive parameter resulting from all sources of oxidative stress and, therefore, is a reliable indicator of total oxidative stress which can be used to predict the onset of disease in clinically asymptomatic individuals and to suggest the need for treatment that can prevent much human disease.
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Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A. Neurobehavioural Changes and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exposure to GSM900 Mobile Phone Radiations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Res 2016; 32:123-32. [PMID: 27123163 PMCID: PMC4843974 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of mobile phone (MP) radiation on the brain is of specific interest to the scientific community and warrants investigations, as MP is held close to the head. Studies on humans and rodents revealed hazards MP radiation associated such as brain tumors, impairment in cognition, hearing etc. Melatonin (MT) is an important modulator of CNS functioning and is a neural antioxidant hormone. Zebrafish has emerged as a popular model organism for CNS studies. Herein, we evaluated the impact of GSM900MP (GSM900MP) radiation exposure daily for 1 hr for 14 days with the SAR of 1.34W/Kg on neurobehavioral and oxidative stress parameters in zebrafish. Our study revealed that, GSM900MP radiation exposure, significantly decreased time spent near social stimulus zone and increased total distance travelled, in social interaction test. In the novel tank dive test, the GSM900MP radiation exposure elicited anxiety as revealed by significantly increased time spent in bottom half; freezing bouts and duration and decreased distance travelled, average velocity, and number of entries to upper half of the tank. Exposed zebrafish spent less time in the novel arm of the Y-Maze, corroborating significant impairment in learning as compared to the control group. Exposure decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities whereas, increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was encountered showing compromised antioxidant defense. Treatment with MT significantly reversed the above neurobehavioral and oxidative derangements induced by GSM900MP radiation exposure. This study traced GSM900MP radiation exposure induced neurobehavioral aberrations and alterations in brain oxidative status. Furthermore, MT proved to be a promising therapeutic candidate in ameliorating such outcomes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Sridhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Mumbai, India
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Zeng YY, Jiang WD, Liu Y, Wu P, Zhao J, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid ratios modulate intestinal immunity, tight junctions, anti-oxidant status and mRNA levels of NF-κB p65, MLCK and Nrf2 in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:351-364. [PMID: 26615102 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid (ALA/LNA) ratios on the immune response, tight junctions, antioxidant status and immune-related signaling molecules mRNA levels in the intestine of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 1260 juvenile grass carp with an average initial weight of 8.78 ± 0.03 g were fed diets with different ALA/LNA ratios (0.01, 0.34, 0.68, 1.03, 1.41, 1.76 and 2.15) for 60 days. Results indicated that ALA/LNA ratio of 1.03 significantly increased acid phosphatase, lysozyme activities and complement C3 contents, promoted interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1 and κB inhibitor α mRNA abundance, whereas suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ2) and signal molecules (IκB kinase β, IκB kinase γ and nuclear factor κB p65) mRNA levels in the intestine (P < 0.05), suggesting that optimal dietary ALA/LNA ratio improved intestinal immune response of juvenile fish. Additionally, ALA/LNA ratio of 1.03 significantly promoted Claudin-3, Claudin-b, Claudin-c, Occludin and ZO-1 gene transcription, whereas reduced Claudin-15a and myosin light-chain kinase mRNA levels in the intestine, suggesting that appropriate dietary ALA/LNA ratio strengthened tight junctions in the intestine of juvenile fish. Meanwhile, ALA/LNA ratio of 1.03 noticeably elevated glutathione contents, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities and mRNA levels, as well as signaling molecule nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 gene transcriptional abundance in the intestine, suggesting that proper ratio of dietary ALA/LNA ameliorate the intestinal antioxidant status of juvenile fish. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of the complement C3 content in the distal intestine and malondialdehyde content in the whole intestine, optimal ALA/LNA ratio for maximum growth of juvenile grass carp (8.78-72.00 g) were estimated to be 1.13 and 1.12, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Alchalabi AS, Aklilu E, Aziz AR, Malek F, Ronald S, Khan MA. Different periods of intrauterine exposure to electromagnetic field: Influence on female rats' fertility, prenatal and postnatal development. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sahin D, Ozgur E, Guler G, Tomruk A, Unlu I, Sepici-Dinçel A, Seyhan N. The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:94-8. [PMID: 26775761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a 3G-mobile phone on the brain of rats during 10 and 40 days of exposure. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I; exposed to 3G modulated 2100MHz RFR signal for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 2 weeks, group II; control 10 days, were kept in an inactive exposure set-up for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 2 weeks, group III; exposed to 3G modulated 2100MHz RFR signal for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 8 weeks and group IV; control 40 days, were kept in an inactive exposure set-up for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 8 weeks. After the genomic DNA content of brain was extracted, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine, pg/mL) and malondialdehyde (MDA, nmoL/g tissue) levels were determined. Our main finding was the increased oxidative DNA damage to brain after 10 days of exposure with the decreased oxidative DNA damage following 40 days of exposure compared to their control groups. Besides decreased lipid peroxidation end product, MDA, was observed after 40 days of exposure. The measured decreased quantities of damage during the 40 days of exposure could be the means of adapted and increased DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elcin Ozgur
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Goknur Guler
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arın Tomruk
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Unlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sepici-Dinçel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Seyhan
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nisbet HO, Akar A, Nisbet C, Gulbahar MY, Ozak A, Yardimci C, Comlekci S. Effects of electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) exposure on growth plate in growing rats. Res Vet Sci 2015; 104:24-9. [PMID: 26850533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of whole-body electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on growth plates in growing male rats. Two groups of rats were exposed to either 900 MHz EMF or 1800 MHz EMF 2 h/day for 90 days. Sham control rats were kept under similar conditions without exposure to the EMF. The rats in the EMF group experienced a more rapid weight gain and increase in length (p < 0.05). Calcium, growth hormone, estradiol and testosterone levels in the EMF groups were higher (p < 0.05). The Safranin O staining density of femoral growth plate was lowest in the reserve zone of rats exposed to 1800 MHz and was increased in the proliferative zone of the control group (p < 0.05). The trabecular zone was thinnest among all zones and the reserve and proliferative zones were thicker (p < 0.05) than other zones in 1800 MHz group.In conclusion, 1800 MHz and 900 MHz EMF may cause prolong the growth phase in growing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozlem Nisbet
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Akar
- Department of Biophysics, Medicine Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cevat Nisbet
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Yavuz Gulbahar
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozak
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cenk Yardimci
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Comlekci
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Suleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
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Oxidative stress of brain and liver is increased by Wi-Fi (2.45GHz) exposure of rats during pregnancy and the development of newborns. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:134-9. [PMID: 26520617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An excessive production of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) and reduced antioxidant defence systems resulting from electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure may lead to oxidative brain and liver damage and degradation of membranes during pregnancy and development of rat pups. We aimed to investigate the effects of Wi-Fi-induced EMR on the brain and liver antioxidant redox systems in the rat during pregnancy and development. Sixteen pregnant rats and their 48 newborns were equally divided into control and EMR groups. The EMR groups were exposed to 2.45GHz EMR (1h/day for 5 days/week) from pregnancy to 3 weeks of age. Brain cortex and liver samples were taken from the newborns between the first and third weeks. In the EMR groups, lipid peroxidation levels in the brain and liver were increased following EMR exposure; however, the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, and vitamin A, vitamin E and β-carotene concentrations were decreased in the brain and liver. Glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C concentrations in the brain were also lower in the EMR groups than in the controls; however, their concentrations did not change in the liver. In conclusion, Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in the brain and liver of developing rats was the result of reduced GSH-Px, GSH and antioxidant vitamin concentrations. Moreover, the brain seemed to be more sensitive to oxidative injury compared to the liver in the development of newborns.
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Durgun M, Dasdag S, Erbatur S, Yegin K, Durgun SO, Uzun C, Ogucu G, Alabalik U, Akdag MZ. Effect of 2100 MHz mobile phone radiation on healing of mandibular fractures: an experimental study in rabbits. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ. The link between radiofrequencies emitted from wireless technologies and oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:85-93. [PMID: 26371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wireless communication such as cellular telephones and other types of handheld phones working with frequencies of 900MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz, 2450MHz have been increasing rapidly. Therefore, public opinion concern about the potential human health hazards of short and long-term effect of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation. Oxidative stress is a biochemical condition, which is defined by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the anti-oxidative defense. In this review, we evaluated available in vitro and in vivo studies carried out on the relation between RF emitted from mobile phones and oxidative stress. The results of the studies we reviewed here indicated that mobile phones and similar equipment or radars can be thought as a factor, which cause oxidative stress. Even some of them claimed that oxidative stress originated from radiofrequencies can be resulted with DNA damage. For this reason one of the points to think on is relation between mobile phones and oxidative stress. However, more performance is necessary especially on human exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Dasdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Marjanovic AM, Pavicic I, Trosic I. Cell oxidation-reduction imbalance after modulated radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 34:381-6. [PMID: 25119294 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.948184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to evaluate an influence of modulated radiofrequency field (RF) of 1800 MHz, strength of 30 V/m on oxidation-reduction processes within the cell. The assigned RF field was generated within Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic Mode cell equipped by signal generator, modulator, and amplifier. Cell line V79, was irradiated for 10, 30, and 60 min, specific absorption rate was calculated to be 1.6 W/kg. Cell metabolic activity and viability was determined by MTT assay. In order to define total protein content, colorimetric method was used. Concentration of oxidised proteins was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) marked with fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate were measured by means of plate reader device. In comparison with control cell samples, metabolic activity and total protein content in exposed cells did not differ significantly. Concentrations of carbonyl derivates, a product of protein oxidation, insignificantly but continuously increase with duration of exposure. In exposed samples, ROS level significantly (p < 0.05) increased after 10 min of exposure. Decrease in ROS level was observed after 30-min treatment indicating antioxidant defence mechanism activation. In conclusion, under the given laboratory conditions, modulated RF radiation might cause impairment in cell oxidation-reduction equilibrium within the growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Marjanovic
- a Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavicic
- a Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivancica Trosic
- a Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
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46
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Pall ML. Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:43-51. [PMID: 26300312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-thermal microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Calcium channel blockers block EMF effects and several types of additional evidence confirm this mechanism. Low intensity microwave EMFs have been proposed to produce neuropsychiatric effects, sometimes called microwave syndrome, and the focus of this review is whether these are indeed well documented and consistent with the known mechanism(s) of action of such EMFs. VGCCs occur in very high densities throughout the nervous system and have near universal roles in release of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. Soviet and Western literature shows that much of the impact of non-thermal microwave exposures in experimental animals occurs in the brain and peripheral nervous system, such that nervous system histology and function show diverse and substantial changes. These may be generated through roles of VGCC activation, producing excessive neurotransmitter/neuroendocrine release as well as oxidative/nitrosative stress and other responses. Excessive VGCC activity has been shown from genetic polymorphism studies to have roles in producing neuropsychiatric changes in humans. Two U.S. government reports from the 1970s to 1980s provide evidence for many neuropsychiatric effects of non-thermal microwave EMFs, based on occupational exposure studies. 18 more recent epidemiological studies, provide substantial evidence that microwave EMFs from cell/mobile phone base stations, excessive cell/mobile phone usage and from wireless smart meters can each produce similar patterns of neuropsychiatric effects, with several of these studies showing clear dose-response relationships. Lesser evidence from 6 additional studies suggests that short wave, radio station, occupational and digital TV antenna exposures may produce similar neuropsychiatric effects. Among the more commonly reported changes are sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, depression/depressive symptoms, fatigue/tiredness, dysesthesia, concentration/attention dysfunction, memory changes, dizziness, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, restlessness/anxiety, nausea, skin burning/tingling/dermographism and EEG changes. In summary, then, the mechanism of action of microwave EMFs, the role of the VGCCs in the brain, the impact of non-thermal EMFs on the brain, extensive epidemiological studies performed over the past 50 years, and five criteria testing for causality, all collectively show that various non-thermal microwave EMF exposures produce diverse neuropsychiatric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Washington State University, 638 NE 41st Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-3312, USA.
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Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kyrylenko S. Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2015; 35:186-202. [PMID: 26151230 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to cover experimental data on oxidative effects of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in living cells. Analysis of the currently available peer-reviewed scientific literature reveals molecular effects induced by low-intensity RFR in living cells; this includes significant activation of key pathways generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of peroxidation, oxidative damage of DNA and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It indicates that among 100 currently available peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-intensity RFR, in general, 93 confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems. A wide pathogenic potential of the induced ROS and their involvement in cell signaling pathways explains a range of biological/health effects of low-intensity RFR, which include both cancer and non-cancer pathologies. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that low-intensity RFR is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential and that the oxidative stress induced by RFR exposure should be recognized as one of the primary mechanisms of the biological activity of this kind of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakymenko
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Tsybulin
- b Department of Biophysics , Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University , Bila Tserkva , Ukraine
| | - Evgeniy Sidorik
- a Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
| | - Diane Henshel
- c School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Olga Kyrylenko
- d A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- e Department of Structural and Functional Biology , University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, Yilmaz SG, Tasdelen B, Yegin K. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:555-61. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1028599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shivashankara AR, Joy J, Sunitha V, Rai MP, Rao S, Nambranathayil S, Baliga MS. Effect of cell phone use on salivary total protein, enzymes and oxidative stress markers in young adults: a pilot study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BC19-22. [PMID: 25859446 PMCID: PMC4378728 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/10872.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to assess the levels of salivary enzymes, protein and oxidant-antioxidant system in young college-going cell phone users. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell users (students) were categorized in to two groups - less mobile users and high mobile users, based on the duration and frequency of cell use. Unstimulated whole saliva samples of the volunteers were analysed for amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehdye (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). RESULTS High mobile users had significantly higher levels of amylase (p = 0.001), LDH (p = 0.002) and MDA (p = 0.002) in saliva, when compared to less mobile users. The marginal decrease in salivary total proteins, GSH and flow rate were statistically not significant (p >0.05). CONCLUSION Significant changes in salivary enzymes and MDA suggest adverse effect of high use of cell phones on cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmi Joy
- Research Scholar, Father Muller Research Centre, Kankanady, Mangalore, India
| | - Venkatesh Sunitha
- Research Scholar, Father Muller Research Centre, Kankanady, Mangalore, India
| | - Manoj P. Rai
- Resident Doctor, Department of Oncology, Father Muller Research Center, Kankanady, Mangalore, India: Presently, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, India
| | - Suresh Rao
- Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore; Presently, Executive Director and Head, Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Pumpwell, Mangalore, India
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Ozgur E, Sahin D, Tomruk A, Guler G, Sepici Dinçel A, Altan N, Seyhan N. The effects of N-acetylcysteine and epigallocatechin-3-gallate on liver tissue protein oxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels after the exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:187-93. [PMID: 25249432 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.966210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The widespread and sustained use of mobile and cordless phones causes unprecedented increase of radiofrequency radiation (RFR). The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of 900 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated RFR (average whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg, 10 or 20 min daily for consecutive 7 days) to the liver tissue of guinea pigs and the protective effects of antioxidant treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male guinea pigs were randomly divided into nine groups as: Group I (sham/saline), Group II (sham/EGCG), Group III (sham/NAC), Group IV (10-min RF-exposure/saline), Group V (20-min RF-exposure/saline), Group VI (10-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VII (20-min RF-exposure/EGCG), Group VIII (10-min RF-exposure/NAC), and Group IX (20-min RF-exposure/NAC). Protein oxidation (PCO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated after the exposure and the treatments with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant decreases in the activities of SOD were observed in the liver of guinea pigs after RFR exposure. Protein damage did not change due to RFR exposure. On the other hand, only NAC treatment induced increased PCO levels, whereas EGCG treatment alone elevated the level of AOPP. Due to antioxidants having pro-oxidant behavior, the well decided doses and treatment timetables of NAC and ECGC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcin Ozgur
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center , Ankara
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