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Kontoghiorghes GJ. The Puzzle of Aspirin and Iron Deficiency: The Vital Missing Link of the Iron-Chelating Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5150. [PMID: 38791185 PMCID: PMC11121054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin is the most commonly used drug in the world and is taken daily by millions of people. There is increasing evidence that chronic administration of low-dose aspirin of about 75-100 mg/day can cause iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in the absence of major gastric bleeding; this is found in a large number of about 20% otherwise healthy elderly (>65 years) individuals. The mechanisms of the cause of IDA in this category of individuals are still largely unknown. Evidence is presented suggesting that a likely cause of IDA in this category of aspirin users is the chelation activity and increased excretion of iron caused by aspirin chelating metabolites (ACMs). It is estimated that 90% of oral aspirin is metabolized into about 70% of the ACMs salicyluric acid, salicylic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. All ACMs have a high affinity for binding iron and ability to mobilize iron from different iron pools, causing an overall net increase in iron excretion and altering iron balance. Interestingly, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid has been previously tested in iron-loaded thalassaemia patients, leading to substantial increases in iron excretion. The daily administration of low-dose aspirin for long-term periods is likely to enhance the overall iron excretion in small increments each time due to the combined iron mobilization effect of the ACM. In particular, IDA is likely to occur mainly in populations such as elderly vegetarian adults with meals low in iron content. Furthermore, IDA may be exacerbated by the combinations of ACM with other dietary components, which can prevent iron absorption and enhance iron excretion. Overall, aspirin is acting as a chelating pro-drug similar to dexrazoxane, and the ACM as combination chelation therapy. Iron balance, pharmacological, and other studies on the interaction of iron and aspirin, as well as ACM, are likely to shed more light on the mechanism of IDA. Similar mechanisms of iron chelation through ACM may also be implicated in patient improvements observed in cancer, neurodegenerative, and other disease categories when treated long-term with daily aspirin. In particular, the role of aspirin and ACM in iron metabolism and free radical pathology includes ferroptosis, and may identify other missing links in the therapeutic effects of aspirin in many more diseases. It is suggested that aspirin is the first non-chelating drug described to cause IDA through its ACM metabolites. The therapeutic, pharmacological, toxicological and other implications of aspirin are incomplete without taking into consideration the iron binding and other effects of the ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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Kontoghiorghes GJ. The Importance and Essentiality of Natural and Synthetic Chelators in Medicine: Increased Prospects for the Effective Treatment of Iron Overload and Iron Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4654. [PMID: 38731873 PMCID: PMC11083551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The supply and control of iron is essential for all cells and vital for many physiological processes. All functions and activities of iron are expressed in conjunction with iron-binding molecules. For example, natural chelators such as transferrin and chelator-iron complexes such as haem play major roles in iron metabolism and human physiology. Similarly, the mainstay treatments of the most common diseases of iron metabolism, namely iron deficiency anaemia and iron overload, involve many iron-chelator complexes and the iron-chelating drugs deferiprone (L1), deferoxamine (DF) and deferasirox. Endogenous chelators such as citric acid and glutathione and exogenous chelators such as ascorbic acid also play important roles in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. Recent advances in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia with effective iron complexes such as the ferric iron tri-maltol complex (feraccru or accrufer) and the effective treatment of transfusional iron overload using L1 and L1/DF combinations have decreased associated mortality and morbidity and also improved the quality of life of millions of patients. Many other chelating drugs such as ciclopirox, dexrazoxane and EDTA are used daily by millions of patients in other diseases. Similarly, many other drugs or their metabolites with iron-chelation capacity such as hydroxyurea, tetracyclines, anthracyclines and aspirin, as well as dietary molecules such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, maltol and many other phytochelators, are known to interact with iron and affect iron metabolism and related diseases. Different interactions are also observed in the presence of essential, xenobiotic, diagnostic and theranostic metal ions competing with iron. Clinical trials using L1 in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, as well as HIV and other infections, cancer, diabetic nephropathy and anaemia of inflammation, highlight the importance of chelation therapy in many other clinical conditions. The proposed use of iron chelators for modulating ferroptosis signifies a new era in the design of new therapeutic chelation strategies in many other diseases. The introduction of artificial intelligence guidance for optimal chelation therapeutic outcomes in personalised medicine is expected to increase further the impact of chelation in medicine, as well as the survival and quality of life of millions of patients with iron metabolic disorders and also other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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Wang J, Fang Z, Li Y, Sun L, Liu Y, Deng Q, Zhong S. Ameliorative Effects of Oyster Protein Hydrolysates on Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120758. [PMID: 36547905 PMCID: PMC9784078 DOI: 10.3390/md20120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental toxicant that can cause severe hepatic injury. Oyster protein hydrolysates (OPs) have potential effects on preventing liver disease. In this study, thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control, Cd, Cd + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 100 mg/kg), and low/high dose of OPs-treatment groups (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). After continuous administration for 7 days, the ameliorative effect of OPs on Cd-induced acute hepatic injury in Cd-exposed mice was assessed. The results showed that OPs significantly improved the liver function profiles (serum ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP) in Cd-exposed mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OPs decreased apoptotic bodies, hemorrhage, lymphocyte accumulation, and inflammatory cell infiltration around central veins. OPs significantly retained the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and decreased the elevated hepatic MDA content in Cd-exposed mice. In addition, OPs exhibited a reductive effect on the inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammation-related proteins (MIP-2 and COX-2) and the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. OPs suppressed the development of hepatocyte apoptosis (Bax, caspase-3, and Blc-2) and the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Cd-exposed mice. In conclusion, OPs ameliorated the Cd-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammatory responses, as well as the development of hepatocyte apoptosis via regulating the ERK/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhijia Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-759-2396027 (Z.F.)
| | - Yongbin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Food, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (S.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-759-2396027 (Z.F.)
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Long X, Wu H, Zhou Y, Wan Y, Kan X, Gong J, Zhao X. Preventive Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum SCHY34 on Lead Acetate-Induced Neurological Damage in SD Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:852012. [PMID: 35571929 PMCID: PMC9094495 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.852012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead poisoning caused by lead pollution seriously affects people's health. Lactic acid bacteria has been shown to be useful for biological scavenging of lead. In this experiment, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 200 mg/L of lead acetate solution daily to induce chronic lead poisoning, and oral Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) SCHY34 to study its mitigation effects and mechanisms on rat neurotoxicity. The L. fermentum SCHY34 showed competent results on in vitro survival rate and the lead ion adsorption rate. Animal experiments showed that L. fermentum SCHY34 maintained the morphology of rat liver, kidney, and hippocampi, reduced the accumulation of lead in the blood, liver, kidney, and brain tissue. Further, L. fermentum SCHY34 alleviated the lead-induced decline in spatial memory and response capacity of SD rats, and also regulated the secretion of neurotransmitters and related enzyme activities in the brain tissue of rats, such as glutamate (Glu), monoamine oxidase (MAO), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and adenylate cyclase (AC). In addition, the expression of genes related to cognitive capacity, antioxidation, and anti-apoptotic in rat brain tissues were increased L. fermentum SCHY34 treatment, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, c-jun, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1/2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and so on. L. fermentum SCHY34 showed a great biological scavenging and potential effect on alleviating the toxicity of lead ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxiao Wan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Kan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Gong
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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Ravalli F, Vela Parada X, Ujueta F, Pinotti R, Anstrom KJ, Lamas GA, Navas‐Acien A. Chelation Therapy in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024648. [PMID: 35229619 PMCID: PMC9075296 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background EDTA is an intravenous chelating agent with high affinity to divalent cations (lead, cadmium, and calcium) that may be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although a large randomized clinical trial showed benefit, smaller studies were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review of published studies to examine the effect of repeated EDTA on clinical outcomes in adults with CVD. Methods and Results We searched 3 databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane) from database inception to October 2021 to identify all studies involving EDTA treatment in patients with CVD. Predetermined outcomes included mortality, disease severity, plasma biomarkers of disease chronicity, and quality of life. Twenty-four studies (4 randomized clinical trials, 15 prospective before/after studies, and 5 retrospective case series) assessed the use of repeated EDTA chelation treatment in patients with preexistent CVD. Of these, 17 studies (1 randomized clinical trial) found improvement in their respective outcomes following EDTA treatment. The largest improvements were observed in studies with high prevalence of participants with diabetes and/or severe occlusive arterial disease. A meta-analysis conducted with 4 studies reporting ankle-brachial index indicated an improvement of 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06-0.09) from baseline. Conclusions Overall, 17 studies suggested improved outcomes, 5 reported no statistically significant effect of treatment, and 2 reported no qualitative benefit. Repeated EDTA for CVD treatment may provide more benefit to patients with diabetes and severe peripheral arterial disease. Differences across infusion regimens, including dosage, solution components, and number of infusions, limit comparisons across studies. Additional research is necessary to confirm these findings and to evaluate the potential mediating role of metals. Registration URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/; Unique identifier: CRD42020166505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ravalli
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNY
| | | | - Francisco Ujueta
- Department of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical CenterMiami BeachFL
| | - Rachel Pinotti
- Levy LibraryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY
| | | | - Gervasio A. Lamas
- Department of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical CenterMiami BeachFL
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology at Mount Sinai Medical CenterMiami BeachFL
| | - Ana Navas‐Acien
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNY
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Kontoghiorghes GJ. Questioning Established Theories and Treatment Methods Related to Iron and Other Metal Metabolic Changes, Affecting All Major Diseases and Billions of Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1364. [PMID: 35163288 PMCID: PMC8836132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The medical and scientific literature is dominated by highly cited historical theories and findings [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus
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7
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Petteruti S. Reduction of Lead Levels in Patients Following a Long-Term, Intermittent Calcium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)-Based Intravenous Chelation Infusions: A Prospective Experimental Cohort. Cureus 2020; 12:e11685. [PMID: 33262921 PMCID: PMC7689946 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to and the accumulation of lead has been associated with cardiovascular and all-cause morbidity and mortality. It has also been associated with accelerated declines in cognitive function and has been theorized as a contributor to essential hypertension. This study demonstrates the capacity of intermittent infusions of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to reduce the amount of lead measured by provocative urinary testing, which is considered a marker for total body lead stores. Since lead is a known toxic substance with no safe levels, reducing the amount of accumulated lead in an individual has the possibility of decreasing the risk of heart disease, dementia, and other chronic illnesses associated with lead exposure. This study population was 15 healthy, asymptomatic patients who were evaluated for accumulated total body lead stores as part of a routine health screening. Total body lead was estimated by measuring urinary output after the patients had received intravenous (IV) calcium EDTA as a chelating agent. After establishing their baseline stored lead levels, patients received a series of intravenous chelation infusions to reduce body lead. The average number of infusions given was 14, over an average period of 24 months. After the series of chelations, there was an average reduction in the lead of 39.16% (range of 16% to 40%). All 15 subjects had a reduction in the amount of excreted lead after the series of chelation infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Petteruti
- Physician Assistant (PA) Program, Bryant University, Smithfield, USA
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Hypersensitivity to IV Ustekinumab but Tolerance to Subcutaneous Ustekinumab in a Patient With Crohn's Disease. ACG Case Rep J 2020; 7:e00449. [PMID: 32904020 PMCID: PMC7449253 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody against the p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 and is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for plaque psoriasis, moderately to severely active Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. We describe a case of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to ustekinumab infusion with no reaction to subsequent ustekinumab subcutaneous maintenance therapy. We identify ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as a unique excipient found in the intravenous formulation compared with the prefilled syringe used for subcutaneous injections, which is likely to account for this observation. No similar cases have been reported in the literature.
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9
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Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES 2020; 7:medicines7080045. [PMID: 32751493 PMCID: PMC7460366 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.
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Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kontoghiorghe CN. Iron and Chelation in Biochemistry and Medicine: New Approaches to Controlling Iron Metabolism and Treating Related Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E1456. [PMID: 32545424 PMCID: PMC7349684 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all living organisms. Many iron-containing proteins and metabolic pathways play a key role in almost all cellular and physiological functions. The diversity of the activity and function of iron and its associated pathologies is based on bond formation with adjacent ligands and the overall structure of the iron complex in proteins or with other biomolecules. The control of the metabolic pathways of iron absorption, utilization, recycling and excretion by iron-containing proteins ensures normal biologic and physiological activity. Abnormalities in iron-containing proteins, iron metabolic pathways and also other associated processes can lead to an array of diseases. These include iron deficiency, which affects more than a quarter of the world's population; hemoglobinopathies, which are the most common of the genetic disorders and idiopathic hemochromatosis. Iron is the most common catalyst of free radical production and oxidative stress which are implicated in tissue damage in most pathologic conditions, cancer initiation and progression, neurodegeneration and many other diseases. The interaction of iron and iron-containing proteins with dietary and xenobiotic molecules, including drugs, may affect iron metabolic and disease processes. Deferiprone, deferoxamine, deferasirox and other chelating drugs can offer therapeutic solutions for most diseases associated with iron metabolism including iron overload and deficiency, neurodegeneration and cancer, the detoxification of xenobiotic metals and most diseases associated with free radical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus;
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11
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Removal of Mercury (II) by EDTA-Functionalized Magnetic CoFe 2O 4@SiO 2 Nanomaterial with Core-Shell Structure. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111532. [PMID: 31671771 PMCID: PMC6915675 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce the difficulty and risk of operation, decrease the preparation time and improve the adsorption performance of magnetic nano-silicon adsorbent with core-shell structure, a carboxylated CoFe2O4@SiO2 was prepared by EDTA-functionalized method using a safe, mild and simple hydrothermal method. The results show that the prepared material of CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has a maximum adsorption capacity of 103.3 mg/g for mercury ions (Hg(II)) at pH = 7. The adsorption process of Hg(II) is a chemical reaction involving chelation and single-layer adsorption, and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, the removal of Hg(II) is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. The material characterization, before and after adsorption, shows that CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has excellent recyclability, hydrothermal stability and fully biodegradable properties. To summarize, it is a potential adsorption material for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions in practical applications.
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12
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Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kontoghiorghe CN. Prospects for the introduction of targeted antioxidant drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to free radical pathology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:593-603. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1631284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol, Cyprus
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13
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Elsayed R, Abraham P, Awad ME, Kurago Z, Baladhandayutham B, Whitford GM, Pashley DH, McKenna CE, Elsalanty ME. Removal of matrix-bound zoledronate prevents post-extraction osteonecrosis of the jaw by rescuing osteoclast function. Bone 2018; 110:141-149. [PMID: 29408511 PMCID: PMC5878730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other antiresorptive medications, bisphosphonate molecules accumulate in the bone matrix. Previous studies of side-effects of anti-resorptive treatment focused mainly on systemic effects. We hypothesize that matrix-bound bisphosphonate molecules contribute to the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). In this study, we examined the effect of matrix-bound bisphosphonates on osteoclast differentiation in vitro using TRAP staining and resorption assay, with and without pretreatment with EDTA. We also tested the effect of zoledronate chelation on the healing of post-extraction defect in rats. Our results confirmed that bisphosphonates bind to, and can be chelated from, mineralized matrix in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Matrix-bound bisphosphonates impaired the differentiation of osteoclasts, evidenced by TRAP activity and resorption assay. Zoledronate-treated rats that underwent bilateral dental extraction with unilateral EDTA treatment showed significant improvement in mucosal healing and micro-CT analysis on the chelated sides. The results suggest that matrix-bound bisphosphonates are accessible to osteoclasts and chelating agents and contribute to the pathogenesis of BRONJ. The use of topical chelating agents is a promising strategy for the prevention of BRONJ following dental procedures in bisphosphonate-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pheba Abraham
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed E Awad
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zoya Kurago
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Gary M Whitford
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed E Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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14
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Walsh LJ, George R. Activation of Alkaline Irrigation Fluids in Endodontics. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101214. [PMID: 29065540 PMCID: PMC5667020 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In conventional endodontic treatment, alkaline solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used in combination to disinfect the root canal system and to eliminate debris and smear layers. An important concept that has emerged over recent years is the use of active physical methods for agitating these fluids to improve their penetration within areas that are not reached by endodontic instruments and to accelerate the chemical actions of these alkaline fluids against planktonic microorganisms, biofilms, soft tissue remnants and smear layers. Ultrasonic agitation and more recently pulsed lasers have emerged as two promising methods for activating endodontic irrigation fluids. Ultrasonic agitation with piezoelectric devices employs a moving tip, while laser agitation uses a stationary tip. Both methods cause cavitation, followed by implosions and shear forces which assist with debridement. Fluid streaming further enhances the activity of the fluids. While agitation enhances performance of irrigants, extrusion of fluids from the root canal during activation is a hazard that must be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Roy George
- Griffith University School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Southport QLD 4215, Australia.
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15
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The Semi-Synthetic Peptide Lin-SB056-1 in Combination with EDTA Exerts Strong Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions Mimicking Cystic Fibrosis Sputum. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091994. [PMID: 28926942 PMCID: PMC5618643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The ability of the bacterium to form biofilms and the presence of a thick and stagnant mucus in the airways of CF patients largely contribute to antibiotic therapy failure and demand for new antimicrobial agents able to act in the CF environment. The present study investigated the anti-P. aeruginosa activity of lin-SB056-1, a recently described semi-synthetic antimicrobial peptide, used alone and in combination with the cation chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Bactericidal assays were carried out in standard culture conditions and in an artificial sputum medium (ASM) closely resembling the CF environment. Peptide’s structure and interaction with large unilamellar vesicles in media with different ionic strengths were also investigated through infrared spectroscopy. Lin-SB056-1 demonstrated fast and strong bactericidal activity against both mucoid and non-mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa in planktonic form and, in combination with EDTA, caused significant reduction of the biomass of P. aeruginosa mature biofilms. In ASM, the peptide/EDTA combination exerted a strong bactericidal effect and inhibited the formation of biofilm-like structures of P. aeruginosa. Overall, the results obtained highlight the potential of the lin-SB056-1/EDTA combination for the treatment of P. aeruginosa lung infections in CF patients.
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16
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Perez-Benito JF. Two Rate Constant Kinetic Model for the Chromium(III)-EDTA Complexation Reaction by Numerical Simulations. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin F. Perez-Benito
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales y Quimica Fisica; Sección de Quimica Fisica; Facultad de Quimica; Universidad de Barcelona; Marti i Franques, 1 08028 Barcelona Spain
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17
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Tan EM, Smolen JS. Historical observations contributing insights on etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and role of rheumatoid factor. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1937-50. [PMID: 27621417 PMCID: PMC5030811 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When studies on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that were made many decades ago and could be considered "historical" in nature are analyzed in the context of recent observations, important insights on RA and on the function of rheumatoid factor (RF) become apparent. RF in the role of antibody to immune complexes (ICs) appears to be involved in activation of the complement system and in the production of chemotactic and inflammatory mediators, creating a condition that can be sustained and reinitiated. In the synovial cavity, a state of nonresolving inflammation is produced with the formation of citrullinated protein antigen-antibody complexes or other forms of ICs. This is followed by a second wave of IC production in the form of RF acting as antibody reactive with the initial ICs. Both of these processes are associated with complement consumption and production of inflammatory mediators. We present a model of an initiation phase of RA that might represent an example of repetitive formation of ICs and complement-mediated inflammation. Targeting therapy at this phase of RA to break the cycles of recurrent inflammation might be a novel approach to aid in further control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng M Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Kontoghiorghe CN, Kontoghiorghes GJ. New developments and controversies in iron metabolism and iron chelation therapy. World J Methodol 2016; 6:1-19. [PMID: 27019793 PMCID: PMC4804243 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all organisms including microbial, cancer and human cells. More than a quarter of the human population is affected by abnormalities of iron metabolism, mainly from iron deficiency and iron overload. Iron also plays an important role in free radical pathology and oxidative damage which is observed in almost all major diseases, cancer and ageing. New developments include the complete treatment of iron overload and reduction of morbidity and mortality in thalassaemia using deferiprone and selected deferiprone/deferoxamine combinations and also the use of the maltol iron complex in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. There is also a prospect of using deferiprone as a universal antioxidant in non iron overloaded diseases such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, renal, infectious diseases and cancer. New regulatory molecules of iron metabolism such as endogenous and dietary chelating molecules, hepcidin, mitochondrial ferritin and their role in health and disease is under evaluation. Similarly, new mechanisms of iron deposition, removal, distribution and toxicity have been identified using new techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging increasing our understanding of iron metabolic processes and the targeted treatment of related diseases. The uniform distribution of iron in iron overload between organs and within each organ is no longer valid. Several other controversies such as the toxicity impact of non transferrin bound iron vs injected iron, the excess levels of iron in tissues causing toxicity and the role of chelation on iron absorption need further investigation. Commercial interests of pharmaceutical companies and connections to leading journals are playing a crucial role in shaping worldwide medical opinion on drug sales and use but also patients' therapeutic outcome and safety. Major controversies include the selection criteria and risk/benefit assessment in the use of deferasirox in thalassaemia and more so in idiopathic haemochromatosis, thalassaemia intermedia and ex-thalassaemia transplanted patients who are safely treated with venesection. Iron chelating drugs can override normal regulatory pathways, correct iron imbalance and minimise iron toxicity. The use of iron chelating drugs as main, alternative or adjuvant therapy is in progress in many conditions, especially those with non established or effective therapies.
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19
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Kontoghiorghe CN, Kolnagou A, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Phytochelators Intended for Clinical Use in Iron Overload, Other Diseases of Iron Imbalance and Free Radical Pathology. Molecules 2015; 20:20841-72. [PMID: 26610453 PMCID: PMC6332094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron chelating drugs are primarily and widely used in the treatment of transfusional iron overload in thalassaemia and similar conditions. Recent in vivo and clinical studies have also shown that chelators, and in particular deferiprone, can be used effectively in many conditions involving free radical damage and pathology including neurodegenerative, renal, hepatic, cardiac conditions and cancer. Many classes of phytochelators (Greek: phyto (φυτό)—plant, chele (χηλή)—claw of the crab) with differing chelating properties, including plant polyphenols resembling chelating drugs, can be developed for clinical use. The phytochelators mimosine and tropolone have been identified to be orally active and effective in animal models for the treatment of iron overload and maltol for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia. Many critical parameters are required for the development of phytochelators for clinical use including the characterization of the therapeutic targets, ADMET, identification of the therapeutic index and risk/benefit assessment by comparison to existing therapies. Phytochelators can be developed and used as main, alternative or adjuvant therapies including combination therapies with synthetic chelators for synergistic and or complimentary therapeutic effects. The development of phytochelators is a challenging area for the introduction of new pharmaceuticals which can be used in many diseases and also in ageing. The commercial and other considerations for such development have great advantages in comparison to synthetic drugs and could also benefit millions of patients in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Kontoghiorghe
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
| | - Annita Kolnagou
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
| | - George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3 Ammochostou Street, Limassol 3021, Cyprus.
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20
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Kontoghiorghe CN, Andreou N, Constantinou K, Kontoghiorghes GJ. World health dilemmas: Orphan and rare diseases, orphan drugs and orphan patients. World J Methodol 2014; 4:163-188. [PMID: 25332915 PMCID: PMC4202455 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v4.i3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
According to global annual estimates hunger/malnutrition is the major cause of death (36 of 62 million). Cardiovascular diseases and cancer (5.44 of 13.43 million) are the major causes of death in developed countries, while lower respiratory tract infections, human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, diarrhoeal disease, malaria and tuberculosis (10.88 of 27.12 million) are the major causes of death in developing countries with more than 70% of deaths occurring in children. The majority of approximately 800 million people with other rare diseases, including 100000 children born with thalassaemia annually receive no treatment. There are major ethical dilemmas in dealing with global health issues such as poverty and the treatment of orphan and rare diseases. Of approximately 50000 drugs about 10% are orphan drugs, with annual sales of the latter approaching 100 billion USD. In comparison, the annual revenue in 2009 from the top 12 pharmaceutical companies in Western countries was 445 billion USD and the top drug, atorvastatin, reached 100 billion USD. In the same year, the total government expenditure for health in the developing countries was 410 billion USD with only 6%-7% having been received as aid from developed countries. Drugs cost the National Health Service in the United Kingdom more than 20 billion USD or 10% of the annual health budget. Uncontrollable drug prices and marketing policies affect global health budgets, clinical practice, patient safety and survival. Fines of 5.3 billion USD were imposed on two pharmaceutical companies in the United States, the regulatory authority in France was replaced and clinicians were charged with bribery in order to overcome recent illegal practises affecting patient care. High expenditure for drug development is mainly related to marketing costs. However, only 2 million USD was spent developing the drug deferiprone (L1) for thalassaemia up to the stage of multicentre clinical trials. The criteria for drug development, price levels and use needs to be readdressed to improve drug safety and minimise costs. New global health policies based on cheaper drugs can help the treatment of many categories of orphan and rare diseases and millions of orphan patients in developing and developed countries.
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21
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Song Y, Huang Z, Song Y, Tian Q, Liu X, She Z, Jiao J, Lu E, Deng Y. The application of EDTA in drug delivery systems: doxorubicin liposomes loaded via NH4EDTA gradient. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3611-21. [PMID: 25120359 PMCID: PMC4128794 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s64602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been expanded from the treatment of heavy metal poisoning to chelation therapies for atherosclerosis, heart disease, and cancers, in which EDTA reduces morbidity and mortality by chelating toxic metal ions. In this study, EDTA was used in a drug delivery system by adopting an NH4EDTA gradient method to load doxorubicin into liposomes with the goal of increasing therapeutic effects and decreasing drug-related cytotoxicity. The particle size of the optimum NH4EDTA gradient liposomes was 79.4±1.87 nm, and the entrapment efficiency was 95.54%±0.59%. In vitro studies revealed that liposomes prepared using an NH4EDTA gradient possessed long-term stability and delayed drug release. The in vivo studies also showed the superiority of the new doxorubicin formulation. Compared with an equivalent drug dose (5 mg/kg) prepared by (NH4)2SO4 gradient, NH4EDTA gradient liposomes showed no significant differences in tumor inhibition ratio, but cardiotoxicity and liposome-related immune organ damage were lower, and no drug-related deaths were observed. These results show that use of the NH4EDTA gradient method to load doxorubicin into liposomes could significantly reduce drug toxicity without influencing antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjing Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan She
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Eliza Lu
- Livzon Mabpharm Inc., Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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22
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Drilling A, Morales S, Boase S, Jervis-Bardy J, James C, Jardeleza C, Tan NCW, Cleland E, Speck P, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ. Safety and efficacy of topical bacteriophage and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment ofStaphylococcus aureusinfection in a sheep model of sinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:176-86. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Drilling
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- Special Phage Services Pty Ltd; Brookvale New South Wales Australia
| | - Samuel Boase
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Joshua Jervis-Bardy
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Craig James
- Adelaide Pathology Partners; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Camille Jardeleza
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Neil Cheng-Wen Tan
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Edward Cleland
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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23
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Chelation therapy: overlooked in the treatment and prevention of diabetes complications? Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1075-8. [PMID: 23795964 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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24
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Embi AA, Menes M. In vivo Technique for Cellular Calcium Waves Documentation: A Light Microscopy Method. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:440-2. [PMID: 24020057 PMCID: PMC3759075 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: We are introducing a novel in vivo technique to document cellular calcium deposits, which reflect a snapshot of the effect of calcium wave propagation. This technique however is not advocated enough to replace the accuracy and resolution of the confocal laser technique. Light microscopy equipment, calcium chelators and a histological calcium staining kit are essential. Aims: The purpose of this study is to introduce the use of standard light microscopy to display in vivo ionic cellular calcium deposits. Materials and Methods: Oxalic Acid (OA) (100 millimol) was the calcium chelator used in the study. This substance was injected into the dog right atrial tissue in vivo in an area of 1 cm2. Samples were fixed and stained by the calcium specific von Kossa protocol. Results and Conclusions: Histological slides demarcated the intracellular calcium as black dots. Heterogeneity of calcium deposits mimicked images of both, the calcium sparks and calcium waves theories. This light microscopy technique could expand the number of experimental studies in the function of cellular calcium physiology.
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