Fabrication of an Fe-Doped ZIF-67 Derived Magnetic Fe/Co/C Composite for Effective Removal of Congo Red

The dyes in printing and dyeing wastewater are harmful to the human body and the environment. It is essential to develop practical and effective adsorbents to deal with them. In this study, an Fe-doped, ZIF-67 derived Fe/Co/C composite material with strong magnetism was successfully synthesized. The effects of pH, initial concentration, and adsorption time on the properties of the adsorbent were investigated. To further improve the removal efficiency and enhance the practicality, potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was added to the system due to its Fenton-like effect. Then, an Fe/Co/C composite was used with PMS to remove Congo red (CR) with a 98% removal of 250 mg·L-1. Moreover, for its high saturation magnetization of 85.4 emu·g-1, the Fe/Co/C composite can be easily recovered by applying a magnetic field, solving the problem that powdery functional materials are difficult to recover and, thus, avoiding secondary pollution. Furthermore, since the composite material was doped before carbonization, this synthetic strategy is flexible and the required metal elements can be added at will to achieve different purposes. This study demonstrates that this Fe-doped, ZIF-67 derived magnetic material has potential application prospects for dye adsorption.

2D Heterostructure of CoCl2 /Co3 O4 Built for Strong Enhanced Magnetism

As a remarkable structure, 2D magnetic heterojunctions have attracted researchers' attention owing to their controlled manipulation in the electronic device. However, successful fabrication as well as modulation of their structure and compound remain challenging. Herein, a novel method is designed to obtain a CoCl2 /Co3 O4 heterojunction on Si/SiO2 substrate with the assistance of supercritical CO2 (SC CO2 ), and the as-fabricated sample has significantly increased coercivity and saturation magnetization, which is 11 times higher than pure Co3 O4 . Further, it can be found that the CO2 pressure has the decisive effect on the saturation magnetization of the sample. Therefore, it suggests that the tunable electronic-magnetic device can be anticipated to be obtained in the future.

Magnetic Tactile Sensor with Bionic Hair Array for Sliding Sensing and Object Recognition

Due to the high application value in intelligent robots, tactile sensors with large sensing area and multi-dimensional sensing ability have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Inspired by bionics of hairs on human skin, a flexible tactile sensor based on magnetic cilia array is developed, showing extremely high sensitivity and stability. The upper layers of the sensor are multiple magnetic cilia containing magnetic particles, while the lower layer is a serpentine flexible circuit board with a magnetic sensor array. When magnetic cilia are bent under force, the magnetic sensor array can detect changes in the magnetic field, thereby the magnitude and direction of external force can be obtained. The proposed sensor has a resolution of 0.2 mN with a working range of 0-19.5 mN and can distinguish the direction of external force. The large sensing area and short response time make this sensor suitable for sliding tactile detection, and experiments show that the sensor can be also applied in object recognition with a success accuracy of 97%. In addition to the shape of objects, the sensor can identify whether there is magnetism inside objects, making it of significant value in intelligent robots and modern medicine.

A new type of stable borophene with flat-band-induced magnetism

Based on first-principles calculations, we propose a new type of thermally and dynamically stable magnetic borophene (B11) with a tetragonal lattice. The magnetism is found coming from spin polarization of one bonding flat band located at the Fermi level. Despite of the 'anti-molecular' behavior in the monolayer, the interactions between thepzorbitals of the B atoms in the double-octahedron structural unit lead to the formation of the flat bands with localization behaviors. One tight binding model is built to comprehend the magnetic mechanism, which can guide us to tune other nonmagnetic borophene becoming magnetic. Biaxial tensile strain (>2.1%) is found triggering a phase transition from a semimetal to a semiconductor in the B11monolayer. The mechanism is analyzed based on the orbital-resolved crystal field effect. Our work provides a new route for designing and achieving two-dimensional magnetic materials with light elements.

Exploring the Enhancement of Exchange Bias in Innovative Core/Shell/Shell Structures: Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Co-Oxide/Co and Co-Oxide/Co/Co-Oxide Inverted Nanostructures

In this study, we investigate the enhancement of exchange bias in core/shell/shell structures by synthesizing single inverted core/shell (Co-oxide/Co) and core/shell/shell (Co-oxide/Co/Co-oxide) nanostructures through a two-step reduction and oxidation method. We evaluate the magnetic properties of the structures and study the effect of shell thickness on the exchange bias by synthesizing various shell thicknesses of Co-oxide/Co/Co-oxide nanostructures. The extra exchange coupling formed at the shell-shell interface in the core/shell/shell structure leads to a remarkable increase in the coercivity and the strength of the exchange bias by three and four orders, respectively. The strongest exchange bias is achieved for the sample comprising the thinnest outer Co-oxide shell. Despite the general declining trend of the exchange bias with Co-oxide shell thickness, we also observe a nonmonotonic behavior in which the exchange bias oscillates slightly as the shell thickness increases. This phenomenon is ascribed to the dependence of the antiferromagnetic outer shell thickness variation at the expense of the simultaneous opposite variation in the ferromagnetic inner shell.

Modern Advances in Magnetic Materials of Wireless Power Transfer Systems: A Review and New Perspectives

The magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) system is considered to be the most promising wireless power transfer (WPT) method because of its considerable transmission power, high transmission efficiency, and acceptable transmission distance. For achieving magnetic concentration, magnetic cores made of magnetic materials are usually added to MCR-WPT systems to enhance the coupling performance. However, with the rapid progress of WPT technology, the traditional magnetic materials gradually become the bottleneck that restricts the system power density enhancement. In order to meet the electromagnetic characteristics requirements of WPT systems, high-performance Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn ferrites, amorphous, nanocrystalline, and metamaterials have been developed rapidly in recent years. This paper introduces an extensive review of the magnetic materials of WPT systems, concluding with the state-of-the-art WPT technology and the development and application of high-performance magnetic materials. In addition, this study offers an exclusive reference to researchers and engineers who are interested in learning about the technology and highlights critical issues to be addressed. Finally, the potential challenges and opportunities of WPT magnetic materials are presented, and the future development directions of the technology are foreseen and discussed.

Magnetic phase diagram of (Mo2/3RE1/3)2AlC, RETb and Dy, studied by magnetization, specific heat, and neutron diffraction analysis

We report the results of magnetization, heat capacity, and neutron diffraction measurements on (Mo_2/3RE_1/3)₂AlC with RE = Dy and Tb. Temperature and field-dependent magnetization as well as heat capacity were measured on a powder sample and on a single crystal allowing the construction of the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram. To study the magnetic structure of each magnetic phase, we applied neutron diffraction in a magnetic field up to 6 T. For (Mo_2/3Dy_1/3)₂AlC in zero field, a spin density wave is stabilized at 16 K, with antiferromagnetic ordering at 13 K. Furthermore, we identify the coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases induced by magnetic fields for both RE = Tb and Dy. The origin of the field induced phases is resulting from the competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.

Two-dimensional Dirac half-metal in porous carbon nitride C6N7monolayer via atomic doping

Motivated by the recent experimental discovery of C₆N₇monolayer (Zhaoet al2021Science Bulletin66, 1764), we show that C₆N₇monolayer co-doped with C atom is a Dirac half-metal by employing first-principle density functional theory calculations. The structural, mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties of the co-doped C₆N₇are investigated by both the PBE and HSE06 functionals. Pristine C₆N₇monolayer is a semiconductor with almost isotropic electronic dispersion around the Γ point. As the doping of the C₆N₇takes place, the substitution of an N atom with a C atom transforms the monolayer into a dilute magnetic semiconductor, with the spin-up channel showing a band gap of 2.3 eV, while the spin-down channel exhibits a semimetallic phase with multiple Dirac points. The thermodynamic stability of the system is also checked out via AIMD simulations, showing the monolayer to be free of distortion at 500 K. The emergence of Dirac half-metal in carbon nitride monolayer via atomic doping reveals an exciting material platform for designing novel nanoelectronics and spintronics devices.

Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Amino-functionalized Magnetic Starch for Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides

A magnetic starch modified with 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Fe-starch@DABA-APTES) was synthesized and applied as adsorbent for the extraction of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Magnetic solid-phase extraction was developed using 75 mg of the sorbent and 15 mL of a sample solution. Extraction was conducted on a vortex mixer for 40 s. The adsorbent was collected using an external magnet before eluting the analytes using 0.5 mL of methanol. Quantification of the analytes was performed using gas chromatography with a micro-electron capture detector. The linearity was obtained for the studied OCPs in the range between 0.01 - 2.00 μg L^-1. The detection and quantification limits were obtained in ranges of 0.5 - 4.0 and 1.5 - 15.0 ng L^-1, respectively, with enrichment factors of up to 39. The precision in terms of the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 4.75, and 9.25%, respectively. The developed method has been applied in natural water and agricultural product samples. The recoveries ranged between 59.83 - 132.67% (RSDs < 10.73%).

The "Lab4treat" Outreach Experience: Preparation of Sustainable Magnetic Nanomaterials for Remediation of Model Wastewater

The Lab4treat experience has been developed to demonstrate the use of magnetic materials in environmental applications. It was projected in the frame of the European project Mat4Treat, and it was tested several times in front of different audiences ranging from school students to the general public in training and/or divulgation events. The experience lends itself to discuss several aspects of actuality, physics and chemistry, which can be explained by modulating the discussion depth level, in order to meet the interests of younger or more experienced people and expand their knowledge. The topic is relevant, dealing with the recycling of urban waste and water depollution. The paper is placed within the field of water treatment for contaminant removal; therefore, a rich collection of recent (and less recent) papers dealing with magnetic materials and environmental issues is described in the Introduction section. In addition, the paper contains a detailed description of the experiment and a list of the possible topics which can be developed during the activity. The experimental approach makes the comprehension of scientific phenomena effective, and, from this perspective, the paper can be considered to be an example of interactive teaching.

Recyclable and Magnetically Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework Catalyst: IL/Fe3O4@HKUST-1 for the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 with Epoxides

A recyclable and magnetic nanocomposite catalyst (IL/Fe₃O₄@HKUST-1) was synthesized via grafting ionic liquid (IL) [AEMIm]BF₄ into magnetically functionalized metal-organic framework Fe₃O₄@HKUST-1 in a water-ethanol media. The properties of IL/Fe₃O₄@HKUST-1 were fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, density-functional theory, and a magnetic property measurement system. IL/Fe₃O₄@HKUST-1 showed high activity in the solvent-free cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides under mild conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture, and the recycled catalyst maintained high performance for several cycles. The synergistic effect of the Lewis acid and base sites in IL/Fe₃O₄@HKUST-1 contributes to its greater reactivity than individual IL or HKUST-1.

Transport phenomena in spin caloritronics

The interconversion between spin, charge, and heat currents is being actively studied from the viewpoints of both fundamental physics and thermoelectric applications in the field of spin caloritronics. This field is a branch of spintronics, which has developed rapidly since the discovery of the thermo-spin conversion phenomenon called the spin Seebeck effect. In spin caloritronics, various thermo-spin conversion phenomena and principles have subsequently been discovered and magneto-thermoelectric effects, thermoelectric effects unique to magnetic materials, have received renewed attention with the advances in physical understanding and thermal/thermoelectric measurement techniques. However, the existence of various thermo-spin and magneto-thermoelectric conversion phenomena with similar names may confuse non-specialists. Thus, in this Review, the basic behaviors, spin-charge-heat current conversion symmetries, and functionalities of spin-caloritronic phenomena are summarized, which will help new entrants to learn fundamental physics, materials science, and application studies in spin caloritronics.

Removal of Hg2+ with Polypyrrole-Functionalized Fe3O4/Kaolin: Synthesis, Performance and Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin was prepared with polypyrrole functionalized magnetic Kaolin by a simple, green, and low cost method to improve the agglomeration and low adsorption capacity of Kaolin. PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin was employed to remove Hg²⁺ and the results were characterized by various methods. Relevant factors, including solution pH, dosage of adsorbent, concentration (C₀), and temperature (T), were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Designs (CCD). The optimal results show that the importance for adsorption factors is pH > T > C₀ > dosage, and the optimal adsorption conditions of PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin are pH = 7.2, T = 315 K, C₀ = 50 mg/L, dosage of 0.05 g/L, and the capacity is 317.1 mg/g. The adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. Dubinin-Radushkevich model shows that adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. Moreover, the adsorption of mercury by PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin was achieved mainly through electrostatic attraction, pore diffusion, and chelation between amino functional groups and Hg²⁺. PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin has excellent reproducibility, dispersity, and chemical stability, and it is easy to be separated from solution through an external magnetic field. The experiments show that PPy-Fe₃O₄/Kaolin is an efficient and economical adsorbent towards mercury.

Development of a Rigidity Tunable Flexible Joint Using Magneto-Rheological Compounds-Toward a Multijoint Manipulator for Laparoscopic Surgery

Laparoscopic surgery is a representative operative method of minimally invasive surgery. However, most laparoscopic hand instruments consist of rigid and straight structures, which have serious limitations such as interference by the instruments and limited field of view of the endoscope. To improve the flexibility and dexterity of these instruments, we propose a new concept of a multijoint manipulator using a variable stiffness mechanism. The manipulator uses a magneto-rheological compound (MRC) whose rheological properties can be tuned by an external magnetic field. In this study, we changed the shape of the electromagnet and MRC to improve the performance of the variable stiffness joint we previously fabricated; further, we fabricated a prototype and performed basic evaluation of the joint using this prototype. The MRC was fabricated by mixing carbonyl iron particles and glycerol. The prototype single joint was assembled by combining MRC and electromagnets. The configuration of the joint indicates that it has a closed magnetic circuit. To examine the basic properties of the joint, we conducted preliminary experiments such as elastic modulus measurement and rigidity evaluation. We confirmed that the elastic modulus increased when a magnetic field was applied. The rigidity of the joint was also verified under bending conditions. Our results confirmed that the stiffness of the new joint changed significantly compared with the old joint depending on the presence or absence of a magnetic field, and the performance of the new joint also improved.

[Degradation of AO7 with Magnetic Fe3O4-CuO Heterogeneous Catalyzed Sodium Percarbonate System]

Magnetically recyclable Fe₃O₄-CuO was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The degradation of azo dye acid orange 7 (AO7) by percarbonate (SPC) activated with Fe₃O₄-CuO was studied. The effects of Fe₃O₄-CuO catalyst loading, SPC concentration, pH value, and common chloride ions on AO7 degradation in the Fe₃O₄-CuO/SPC system were evaluated. The main reaction mechanism of AO7 degradation was analyzed. The results show that Fe₃O₄-CuO could effectively activate SPC to degrade AO7 and the reaction was accelerated with the increase of Fe₃O₄-CuO dosage. The increase of SPC dosage was favorable for the degradation of AO7, but excessive SPC dosage inhibited the degradation of AO7. Common ions (e.g., Cl^-) in dye wastewater could promote the degradation of AO7, and the degradation rate increased with increasing concentration of Cl^-. The reaction mainly occurred on the surface of the catalyst, and·OH was identified as the main active species for the degradation of AO7. The catalyst Fe₃O₄-CuO showed excellent stability owing to the high catalytic activity remaining after 4 cycles of repeated use. The Fe₃O₄-CuO/SPC system achieved a high mineralization rate in the process of decolorization of AO7.

Removal of Mercury (II) by EDTA-Functionalized Magnetic CoFe2O4@SiO2 Nanomaterial with Core-Shell Structure

In order to reduce the difficulty and risk of operation, decrease the preparation time and improve the adsorption performance of magnetic nano-silicon adsorbent with core-shell structure, a carboxylated CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂ was prepared by EDTA-functionalized method using a safe, mild and simple hydrothermal method. The results show that the prepared material of CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂-EDTA has a maximum adsorption capacity of 103.3 mg/g for mercury ions (Hg(II)) at pH = 7. The adsorption process of Hg(II) is a chemical reaction involving chelation and single-layer adsorption, and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, the removal of Hg(II) is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. The material characterization, before and after adsorption, shows that CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂-EDTA has excellent recyclability, hydrothermal stability and fully biodegradable properties. To summarize, it is a potential adsorption material for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions in practical applications.

Supramolecular Complexes of Graphene Oxide with Porphyrins: An Interplay between Electronic and Magnetic Properties

Graphene oxide (GO) was modified by two modified porphyrins (THPP and TCPP) to form GO–porphyrin hybrids. Spectroscopic measurements demonstrated the formation of stable supramolecular aggregates when mixing two components in solution. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman scattering measurements confirm π-stacking between hydrophobic regions of GO nanoflakes and porphyrin molecules. On the number and the kind of paramagnetic centers generated in pristine GO samples, which originate from spin anomalies at the edges of aromatic domains within GO nanoflakes. More significant changes in electronic properties have been observed in hybrid materials. This is particularly evident in the drastic increase in the number of unpaired electrons for the THPP-GO sample and the decrease in the number of unpaired electrons for the TCPP-GO. The difference of paramagnetic properties of hybrid materials is a consequence of π-stacking between GO and porphyrin rings. An interesting interplay between modifiers and the surface of GO leads to a significant change in electronic structure and magnetic properties of the designed hybrid materials. Based on the selection of molecular counterpart we can affect the behavior of hybrids upon light irradiation in a different manner, which may be useful for the applications in photovoltaics, optoelectronics, and spintronics.

A Two-Dimensional Wireless and Passive Sensor for Stress Monitoring

A new two-dimensional wireless and passive stress sensor using the inverse magnetostrictive effect is proposed, designed, analyzed, fabricated, and tested in this work. Three pieces of magnetostrictive material are bonded on the surface of a smart elastomer structure base to form the sensor. Using the external load, an amplitude change in the higher-order harmonic signal of the magnetic material is detected (as a result of the passive variation of the magnetic permeability wirelessly). The finite element method (FEM) is used to accomplish the design and analysis process. The strain-sensitive regions of the tension and torque are distributed at different locations, following the FEM analysis. After the fabrication of a sensor prototype, the mechanical output performance is measured. The effective measurement range is 0–40 N and 0–4 N·M under tension and torque, respectively. Finally, the error of the sensor after calibration and decoupling for F_x is 3.4% and for T_x is 4.2% under a compound test load (35 N and 3.5 N·M). The proposed sensor exhibits the merits of being passive and wireless, and has an ingenious structure. This passive and wireless sensor is useful for the long-term detection of mechanical loading within a moving object, and can even potentially be used for tracing dangerous overloads and for preventing implant failures by monitoring the deformation of implants in the human body.

Thermal-Flow Characteristics of Ferrofluids in a Rotating Eccentric Cylinder under External Magnetic Force

Heat dissipation has become an important issue due to the miniaturization of various electronic devices. Various methods such as spray and nozzle coolers, heat sinks and so on are used for heat dissipation. However, the emergence of ferrofluids drastically improves the operating characteristics of electromagnetic systems and devices. A ferrofluid is a suspension containing 10-nm magnetic particles in a colloidal solution. This material exhibits paramagnetic behavior and is sensitive to magnetic field and temperature. In this study, heat transfer characteristics of ferrofluids in a rotating eccentric cylinder were investigated using the commercial code, COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical results of the local Nusselt number, magnetophoretic force and velocity distributions were obtained from various eccentricities of the cylinder, and the results were graphically depicted with various flow conditions.

Weyl nodes in periodic structures of superconductors and spin-active materials

Motivated by recent progress in epitaxial growth of proximity structures of s-wave superconductors (S) and spin-active materials (M), in this paper we show that certain periodic structures of S and M can behave effectively as superconductors with pairs of point nodes, near which the low-energy excitations are Weyl fermions. A simple model, where M is described by a Kronig-Penney potential with both spin-orbit coupling and exchange field, is proposed and solved to obtain the phase diagram of the nodal structure, the spin texture of the Weyl fermions, as well as the zero-energy surface states in the form of open Fermi lines (Fermi arcs). As a second example, a lattice model with alternating layers of S and magnetic Z₂ topological insulators is solved. The calculated spectrum confirms previous predictions of Weyl nodes based on the tunnelling Hamiltonian of Dirac electrons. Our results provide further evidence that periodic structures of S and M are well suited for engineering gapless topological superconductors.This article is part of the theme issue 'Andreev bound states'.

A Passive and Wireless Sensor for Bone Plate Strain Monitoring

This paper reports on a sensor for monitoring bone plate strain in real time. The detected bone plate strain could be used for judging the healing state of fractures in patients. The sensor consists of a magnetoelastic material, which can be wirelessly connected and passively embedded. In order to verify the effectiveness of the sensor, a tibia-bone plate-screw (TBS) model was established using the finite element analysis method. A variation of the bone plate strain was obtained via this model. A goat hindquarter tibia was selected as the bone fracture model in the experiment. The tibia was fixed on a high precision load platform and an external force was applied. Bone plate strain variation during the bone fracture healing process was acquired with sensing coils. Simulation results indicated that bone plate strain decreases as the bone gradually heals, which is consistent with the finite element analysis results. This validated the soundness of the sensor reported here. This sensor has wireless connections, no in vivo battery requirement, and long-term embedding. These results can be used not only for clinical practices of bone fracture healing, but also for bone fracture treatment and rehabilitation equipment design.

Magnetic Material Assessment of a Novel Ultra-High Step-Up Converter with Single Semiconductor Switch and Galvanic Isolation for Fuel-Cell Power System

In this paper, a novel step-up converter is proposed, which has the particular features of single semiconductor switch, ultra-high conversion ratio, galvanic isolation, and easy control. Therefore, the proposed converter is suitable for the applications of fuel-cell power system. Coupled inductors and switched capacitors are incorporated in the converter to obtain an ultra-high voltage ratio that is much higher than that of a conventional high step-up converter. Even if the turns ratio of coupled inductor and duty ratio are only to be 1 and 0.5, respectively, the converter can readily achieve a voltage gain of up to 18. Owing to this outstanding performance, it can also be applied to any other low voltage source for voltage boosting. In the power stage, only one active switch is used to handle the converter operation. In addition, the leakage energy of the two couple inductors can be totally recycled without any snubber, which simplifies the control mechanism and improves the conversion efficiency. Magnetic material dominates the conversion performance of the converter. Different types of iron cores are discussed for the possibility to serve as a coupled inductor. A 200 W prototype with 400 V output voltage is built to validate the proposed converter. In measurement, it indicates that the highest efficiency can be up to 94%.

Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 µm, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phase-matching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N4,5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform.

Classification of Magnetic Nanoparticle Systems--Synthesis, Standardization and Analysis Methods in the NanoMag Project

This study presents classification of different magnetic single- and multi-core particle systems using their measured dynamic magnetic properties together with their nanocrystal and particle sizes. The dynamic magnetic properties are measured with AC (dynamical) susceptometry and magnetorelaxometry and the size parameters are determined from electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Using these methods, we also show that the nanocrystal size and particle morphology determines the dynamic magnetic properties for both single- and multi-core particles. The presented results are obtained from the four year EU NMP FP7 project, NanoMag, which is focused on standardization of analysis methods for magnetic nanoparticles.