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Ye M, Warner M, Mocarelli P, Brambilla P, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to TCDD and atopic conditions in the Seveso second generation: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health 2018; 17:22. [PMID: 29482571 PMCID: PMC5827999 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a toxic environmental contaminant that can bioaccumulate in humans, cross the placenta, and cause immunological effects in children, including altering their risk of developing allergies. On July 10, 1976, a chemical explosion in Seveso, Italy, exposed nearby residents to a high amount of TCDD. In 1996, the Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS) was established to study the effects of TCDD on women's health. Using data from the Seveso Second Generation Health Study, we aim to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to TCDD on the risk of atopic conditions in SWHS children born after the explosion. METHODS Individual-level TCDD was measured in maternal serum collected soon after the accident. In 2014, we initiated the Seveso Second Generation Health Study to follow-up the children of the SWHS cohort who were born after the explosion or who were exposed in utero to TCDD. We enrolled 677 children, and cases of atopic conditions, including eczema, asthma, and hay fever, were identified by self-report during personal interviews with the mothers and children. Log-binomial and Poisson regressions were used to determine the association between prenatal TCDD and atopic conditions. RESULTS A 10-fold increase in 1976 maternal serum TCDD (log10TCDD) was not significantly associated with asthma (adjusted relative risk (RR) = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.61, 1.40) or hay fever (adjusted RR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.27), but was significantly inversely associated with eczema (adjusted RR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.99). Maternal TCDD estimated at pregnancy was not significantly associated with eczema, asthma, or hay fever. There was no strong evidence of effect modification by child sex. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal serum TCDD near the time of explosion is associated with lower risk of eczema, which supports other evidence pointing to the dysregulated immune effects of TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ye
- Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392 USA
| | - Marcella Warner
- Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392 USA
| | - Paolo Mocarelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca and Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca and Hospital of Desio, Desio-Milano, Italy
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research & Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7392 USA
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Miyashita C, Bamai YA, Araki A, Itoh S, Minatoya M, Kobayashi S, Kajiwara J, Hori T, Kishi R. Prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds is associated with decreased cord blood IgE and increased risk of wheezing in children aged up to 7years: The Hokkaido study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:191-199. [PMID: 28803196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In utero exposure to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) may cause imbalance of immune development in early infancy. However, there are few epidemiological studies into the effects of in utero exposure to DLCs on allergies and infections during childhood. This study evaluates associations between concentrations of maternal DLCs and cord blood immunoglobulin (Ig) E, as well as allergies and infections during childhood. METHOD We recruited 514 pregnant women in a maternity hospital in Sapporo, Japan, and measured concentrations of DLCs in 426 maternal blood samples using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. We examined the relationship between concentrations of maternal DLCs and cord blood IgE at birth (n=239), as well as for allergies and infections in children at 3.5 (n=327) and 7 (n=264) years, using regression analysis adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS We found a positive association between maternal DLC concentrations and frequency of wheezing in children aged up to 7years [odds ratio (OR); 7.81 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.42 to 42.9)]. At 3.5years, boys showed inverse associations between maternal DLC concentrations and cord blood IgE [partial regression coefficient; -0.87 (95% CI), -1.68 to -0.06], and frequency of wheezing [OR; 0.03 (95% CI), 0.00 to 0.94] but girls did not. DISCUSSION As one reason for the significant association observed at 7 but absent at 3.5years, we suggest that allergic symptoms are more obvious in older children due to matured immune function. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that prenatal exposure to DLCs may modify offspring immune responses and result in increased risk of allergy among children of school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Machiko Minatoya
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Dazaifu, Japan
| | - Tsuguhide Hori
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Dazaifu, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Parker-Lalomio M, McCann K, Piorkowski J, Freels S, Persky VW. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and asthma, eczema/hay fever, and frequent ear infections. J Asthma 2017; 55:1105-1115. [PMID: 29211547 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1396470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of prenatal exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the development of asthma, frequent ear infections, and eczema/hay fever are not well understood. We aim to investigate associations between prenatal PCB exposure and these health outcomes in the offspring of women who worked at the LaSalle Electrical Utilities Company (EUC). METHODS A retrospective cohort with at least one live birth and known employment time at EUC was eligible for this analysis. Exposure was defined and categorized by the number of fiscal quarters worked during the PCB era (1952-1981). A total of 288 women with 800 live births were included. A Chi-Square test was used to compare maternal and child characteristics across exposure groups and repeated measures logistic regression, controlling for clustering among siblings, was used to assess the associations between prenatal PCB exposure and these outcomes. RESULTS After adjustment for confounding and independent maternal predictors, 1-4 quarters of prenatal exposure to PCBs increased the odds for asthma (OR 3.24[1.30-8.09]), eczema/hay fever (OR 3.29[1.54-7.04]), and frequent ear infections (OR 2.24[1.19-4.22]) when compared with persons unexposed/exposed only to naphthalenes. The significance of the associations varied by exposure period and level of exposure, with the strongest associations in those employed exclusively after 1952 when PCBs were introduced. CONCLUSIONS These results support previous findings of associations of prenatal exposure to PCBs with asthma, eczema/hay fever, and frequent ear infections. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. Also required are more precise PCB exposures to separate them from other exposures in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Parker-Lalomio
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Kenneth McCann
- b Division of Environmental Health, Illinois Department of Public Health , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Julie Piorkowski
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sally Freels
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Victoria W Persky
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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Hansen S, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Dahl R, Hoffmann HJ, Granström C, Rytter D, Bech BH, Linneberg A, Maslova E, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Halldorsson TI. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and offspring allergic sensitization and lung function at 20 years of age. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:329-36. [PMID: 26333063 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with asthma medication use and self-reported symptoms, but associations with lung function and allergic sensitization have been minimally explored. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between prenatal exposures to POPs and allergic sensitization and lung function in 20-year-old offspring. METHODS In a Danish cohort of 965 pregnant women established in 1988-1989, six polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were quantified in archived maternal serum drawn in gestational week 30 (n = 872). Among those with available maternal exposure information, at age 20, 421 offspring attended attended a clinical examination including measurements of allergic sensitization (serum-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA /L) (n = 418) and lung function [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC)] (n = 414). RESULTS There were no associations between maternal concentrations of POPs and offspring allergic sensitization at 20 years of age. Maternal concentrations of POPs were, however, positively associated with offspring airway obstruction (FEV1 /FVC < 75%). Compared to offspring in the first tertile of exposure, offspring in the third tertile of dioxin-like PCB exposure had an OR of 2.96 (95% CI: 1.14-7.70). Similar associations for non-dioxin-like PCBs, HCB, and p,p'-DDE were 2.68 (1.06-6.81), 2.63 (1.07, 6.46), and 2.87 (1.09, 7.57), respectively. No associations were observed with reduced lung function (FEV1 % of predicted value < 90%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data indicate that prenatal exposure to POPs appears to be associated with airway obstruction but not allergic sensitization at 20 years of age. The findings support that chronic obstructive lung diseases may have at least part of their origins in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Strøm
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Dahl
- The Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H J Hoffmann
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Granström
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Rytter
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B H Bech
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Maslova
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Kiviranta
- Chemicals and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Rantakokko
- Chemicals and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T I Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jusko TA, De Roos AJ, Lee SY, Thevenet-Morrison K, Schwartz SM, Verner MA, Murinova LP, Drobná B, Kočan A, Fabišiková A, Čonka K, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I, Lawrence BP. A Birth Cohort Study of Maternal and Infant Serum PCB-153 and DDE Concentrations and Responses to Infant Tuberculosis Vaccination. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:813-21. [PMID: 26649893 PMCID: PMC4892928 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reasons for the highly variable and often poor protection conferred by the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine are multifaceted and poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether early-life exposure to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] reduces 6-month infant BCG vaccine response. METHODS Data came from families participating in a prospective birth cohort in eastern Slovakia. At birth, maternal and cord blood were collected for chemical analyses, and infants were immunized with BCG. Blood was collected from infants for chemical analyses and to determine 6-month BCG-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA levels. Multivariable linear regression models were fit to examine chemical-BCG associations among approximately 500 mother-infant pairs, with adjustment for confounders. RESULTS The median 6-month infant concentration of the prevalent congener PCB-153 was 113 ng/g lipid [interquartile range (IQR): 37-248], and 388 ng/g lipid (IQR: 115-847) for DDE. Higher 6-month infant concentrations of PCB-153 and DDE were strongly associated with lower 6-month BCG-specific antibody levels. For instance, BCG-specific IgG levels were 37% lower for infants with PCB-153 concentrations at the 75th percentile compared to the 25th percentile (95% CI: -42, -32; p < 0.001). Results were similar in magnitude and precision for DDE. There was also evidence of PCB-DDE additivity, where exposure to both compounds reduced anti-BCG levels more than exposure to either compound alone. CONCLUSIONS The associations observed in this study indicate that environmental exposures may be overlooked contributors to poorer responses to BCG vaccine. The overall association between these exposures and tuberculosis incidence is unknown. CITATION Jusko TA, De Roos AJ, Lee SY, Thevenet-Morrison K, Schwartz SM, Verner MA, Palkovicova Murinova L, Drobná B, Kočan A, Fabišiková A, Čonka K, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I, Lawrence BP. 2016. A birth cohort study of maternal and infant serum PCB-153 and DDE concentrations and responses to infant tuberculosis vaccination. Environ Health Perspect 124:813-821; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Jusko
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to T.A. Jusko, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU420644, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Telephone: (585) 273-2849. E-mail:
| | - Anneclaire J. De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Y. Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Beata Drobná
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anton Kočan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fabišiková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kamil Čonka
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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6
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Prenatal exposure to bisphenol-A is associated with Toll-like receptor-induced cytokine suppression in neonates. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:438-44. [PMID: 26571221 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite widespread human exposure to biphenol A (BPA), limited studies exist on the association of BPA with adverse health outcomes in young children. This study aims to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to BPA on toll-like receptor-induced cytokine responses in neonates and its association with infectious diseases later in life. METHODS Cord bloods were collected from 275 full-term neonates. Production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were evaluated after stimulating mononuclear cells with toll-like receptor ligands (TLR1-4 and 7-8). Serum BPA concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bacteria from nasopharyngeal specimens were identified with multiplex PCR and culture method. RESULT Result showed significant association between cord BPA concentration and TLR3- and TLR4-stimulated TNF-α response (P = 0.001) and that of TLR78-stimulated IL-6 response (P = 0.03). Clinical analysis did not show prenatal BPA exposure to be correlated with infection or bacterial colonization during the first year of life. CONCLUSION This is the first cohort study that indicated prenatal BPA exposure to play a part in TLR-related innate immune response of neonatal infants. However, despite an altered immune homeostasis, result did not show such exposure to be associated with increased risk of infection during early infancy.
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Cao J, Xu X, Hylkema MN, Zeng EY, Sly PD, Suk WA, Bergman Å, Huo X. Early-life Exposure to Widespread Environmental Toxicants and Health Risk: A Focus on the Immune and Respiratory Systems. Ann Glob Health 2016; 82:119-31. [PMID: 27325070 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that exposure to widespread environmental toxicants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and tobacco smoke adversely affect fetal development and organ maturation, even after birth. The developing immune and respiratory systems are more sensitive to environmental toxicants due to their long-term physical development, starting from the early embryonic stage and persisting into early postnatal life, which requires complex signaling pathways that control proliferation and differentiation of highly heterogeneous cell types. In this review, we summarize the effect of early-life exposure to several widespread environmental toxicants on immune and lung development before and after birth, including the effects on immune cell counts, baseline characteristics of cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and alteration of lung structure and function in offspring. We also review evidence supporting the association between early-life exposure to environmental toxicants and risk for immune-related diseases and lung dysfunction in offspring in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Cao
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - William A Suk
- Hazardous Substances Research Branch, Superfund Research Program, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Sisto R, Moleti A, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Wimmerová S, Lancz K, Tihányi J, Čonka K, Šovčíková E, Hertz-Picciotto I, Jusko TA, Trnovec T. Environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides and deficits in cochlear status in children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14570-8. [PMID: 25989860 PMCID: PMC4592791 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolite 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'- DDE) are ototoxic to humans. A multivariate general linear model was designed, in which the statistical relation between blood serum concentrations of HCB, β-HCH, p,p'-DDT, or p,p'-DDE at different ages (at birth, 6, 16, and 45 months) and the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) was treated as multivariate outcome variables. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and OCPs were strongly correlated in serum of children from our cohort. To ascertain that the association between DPOAEs at a given frequency and concentration of a pesticide is not influenced by PCBs or other OCP also present in serum, we calculated benchmark concentrations (BMCs) relating DPOAEs to a serum pesticide alone and in presence of confounding PCB-153 or other OCPs. We found that BMCs relating DPOAEs to serum pesticides are not affected by confounders. DPOAE amplitudes were associated with serum OCPs at all investigated time intervals, however, in a positive way with prenatal exposure and in a negative way with all postnatal exposures. We observed tonotopicity in the association of pesticides with amplitude of DPOAEs as its strength was frequency dependent. We conclude that exposure to OCPs in infancy at environmental concentrations may be associated with hearing deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Arturo Moleti
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Institute of Biophysics, Informatics and Biostatistics, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kinga Lancz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Tihányi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Čonka
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Šovčíková
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd, CU420644, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Lancz K, Hertz-Picciotto I, Jusko TA, Murínová L, Wimmerová S, Sovčíková E, Dedík L, Strémy M, Drobná B, Farkašová D, Trnovec T. Duration of breastfeeding and serum PCB 153 concentrations in children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:35-9. [PMID: 25460618 PMCID: PMC4263313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative chemicals which, because of their lipophilic properties, are abundant in human breast milk. Breastfed infants are therefore at risk of being exposed to considerable amounts of PCBs. The commonly used exposure estimations, based solely on breast milk PCB levels and duration of breastfeeding, may lead to exposure misclassification. To improve assessments of exposure to PCBs, we determined PCB 153 serum concentration, as a model substance for PCBs, at the critical time of weaning for each child in 305 breastfed infants from 5 single time point concentration measurements spread over 7 years and data on duration of breastfeeding, using an earlier developed model of the system type. We approximated the dependence of PCB 153 serum concentration, Ctbf, adjusted to cord serum concentration, C0, on nursing period, by a polynomial function Ctbf/C0=0.596+0.278t-0.0047t(2) which reliably predicts exposure to PCB 153 of breastfed infants, important for assessment of dose-outcome relationships. Adjustment of current serum concentrations to cord serum concentration improved validity of exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lancz
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Lubica Murínová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Soňa Wimmerová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Eva Sovčíková
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ladislav Dedík
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava I, Slovakia.
| | - Maximilián Strémy
- Research Centre of Progressive Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Hajdóczyho 1, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Beata Drobná
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Dana Farkašová
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Slovak Medical University, Limbová 14, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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10
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Hansen S, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Maslova E, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Rytter D, Bech BH, Hansen LV, Halldorsson TI. Maternal concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of asthma in offspring: results from a prospective cohort with 20 years of follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:93-9. [PMID: 24162035 PMCID: PMC3888563 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that developmental exposures to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) may be detrimental for the development of the immune system in the offspring. Whether these suspected immunoregulatory effects persist beyond early childhood remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum concentrations of POPs and the risk of asthma in offspring after 20 years of follow-up. METHODS A birth cohort with 965 women was formed in 1988-1989 in Aarhus, Denmark. Concentrations of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (congeners 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) were quantified in maternal serum (n=872) collected in gestation week 30. Information about offspring use of asthma medications was obtained from the Danish Registry of Medicinal Product Statistics. RESULTS Maternal serum concentrations of HCB and dioxin-like PCB-118 were positively associated with offspring asthma medication use after 20 years of follow-up (p for trend<0.05). Compared with subjects in the first tertile of maternal concentration, those in the third tertile of PCB-118 had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.23). For HCB the HR for the third versus the first tertile of maternal concentration was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.15, 3.21). Weak positive associations were also estimated for PCB-156 and the non-dioxin-like PCBs (PCBs 138, 153, 170, 180). No associations were found for p,p´-DDE. CONCLUSIONS Maternal concentrations of PCB-118 and HCB were associated with increased risk of asthma in offspring followed through 20 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Hansen S, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Maslova E, Rantakokko P, Kiviranta H, Rytter D, Bech BH, Hansen LV, Halldorsson TI. Maternal concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of asthma in offspring: results from a prospective cohort with 20 years of follow-up. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:93-99. [PMID: 24162035 PMCID: PMC3984214 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that developmental exposures to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) may be detrimental for the development of the immune system in the offspring. Whether these suspected immunoregulatory effects persist beyond early childhood remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum concentrations of POPs and the risk of asthma in offspring after 20 years of follow-up. METHODS A birth cohort with 965 women was formed in 1988-1989 in Aarhus, Denmark. Concentrations of six polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (congeners 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) were quantified in maternal serum (n=872) collected in gestation week 30. Information about offspring use of asthma medications was obtained from the Danish Registry of Medicinal Product Statistics. RESULTS Maternal serum concentrations of HCB and dioxin-like PCB-118 were positively associated with offspring asthma medication use after 20 years of follow-up (p for trend<0.05). Compared with subjects in the first tertile of maternal concentration, those in the third tertile of PCB-118 had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.90 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.23). For HCB the HR for the third versus the first tertile of maternal concentration was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.15, 3.21). Weak positive associations were also estimated for PCB-156 and the non-dioxin-like PCBs (PCBs 138, 153, 170, 180). No associations were found for p,p´-DDE. CONCLUSIONS Maternal concentrations of PCB-118 and HCB were associated with increased risk of asthma in offspring followed through 20 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Prenatal environmental factors influencing IgE levels, atopy and early asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13:187-92. [PMID: 23385288 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e82d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is increasing evidence that the prenatal window represents a critical period in which the developing immune system may be primed toward an allergic phenotype. Studies have investigated the role of a number of maternal environmental exposures on subsequent allergic disorders in the offspring. We summarize findings from recent studies on prenatal environmental factors influencing IgE levels, atopy, and early asthma. RECENT FINDINGS A building literature supports the influence of maternal exposure to environmental pollutants, such as allergens, traffic-related air pollution, tobacco smoke, and organochlorine compounds and social factors on allergic outcomes. More novel associations have been investigated, such as the effect of prenatal exposures to phthalates, bisphenol A, and magnetic fields. There is also rising interest in epigenetics as a pathway of action by which maternal exposure affect immune health. SUMMARY Emerging research highlights the challenges of investigating in-utero exposures and of relating exposures to such a heterogeneous and complex outcome as allergic disease. Further research is needed on the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure influences allergic response in childhood and how postnatal, familial and social factors, and sex can modify disease outcomes. Epigenetics is a promising new frontier, and likely one of several explanatory factors.
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13
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Gascon M, Morales E, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M. Effects of persistent organic pollutants on the developing respiratory and immune systems: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 52:51-65. [PMID: 23291098 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of developing immune and respiratory systems by early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) could result into reduced capacity to fight infections and increased risk to develop allergic manifestations later in life. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the epidemiologic literature on the adverse effects of early-life exposure to POPs on respiratory health, allergy and the immune system in infancy, childhood and adolescence. METHODS Based on published guidelines for systematic reviews, two independent researchers searched for published articles in MEDLINE and SCOPUS using defined keywords on POPs and respiratory health, immune function and allergy. Study eligibility criteria were defined to select the articles. RESULTS This review of 41 studies finds limited evidence for prenatal exposure to DDE, PCBs and dioxins and risk of respiratory infections. Evidence was limited also for postnatal exposure to PCBs, specifically ndl-PCBs, and reduced immune response after vaccination in childhood. The review indicates lack of association between postnatal exposure to PCBs/ndl-PCBs and risk of asthma-related symptoms. For the other exposure-outcome associations reviewed evidence was inadequate. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Current epidemiological evidence suggests that early-life exposure to POPs can adversely influence immune and respiratory systems development. Heterogeneity between studies in exposure and outcome assessment and the small number of studies for any given exposure-outcome relationship currently make comparisons difficult and meta-analyses impossible. Also, mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Recommendations for significantly improving our understanding thus include harmonization of exposure and outcome assessment between studies, conduct of larger studies, long-term assessment of respiratory infections and asthma symptoms in order to identify critical periods of susceptibility, integration of the potential immunotoxic mechanisms of POPs, and use of new statistical tools to detangle the role of multiple exposures on multiple outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gascon
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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14
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Horváthová M, Jahnová E, Palkovičová L, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I. The kinetics of cell surface receptor expression in children perinatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 8:367-80. [PMID: 22047017 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.620037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during pre-natal and early life can alter normal immune system development. Blood specimens from newborns, 6-, and 16-month-old infants were collected in the Michalovce and Svidnik/Stropkov districts, areas with, respectively, high and low environmental PCB contamination, and lymphocyte receptor expression was evaluated by multi-color flow cytometry. The results indicate that the percentage of lymphoid dendritic cells (DC) and naïve/resting T-lymphocytes were significantly increased at 6-months in Michalovce as compared to the same cell types in cord blood samples (p < 0.001), whereas natural regulatory T-lymphocytes and suppressor inducer T-lymphocytes were reduced (p < 0.001). Overall, a positive linear correlation of terminally differentiated effector memory (TEM) T-lymphocyte population with age, but a negative linear correlation for myeloid DC from birth to 6-months in both regions were found. Michalovce samples indicated significantly higher expression of memory T-lymphocytes (birth, 6(th), and 16(th) month), TEM T-lymphocytes (birth and 6(th) month), and lymphoid DC (6(th) month) compared to the Svidnik/Stropkov regions. After adjustment for relevant covariates, such as maternal age, parity, season of birth, breastfeeding, birth weight, and gender, the myeloid DC, suppressor inducer T-lymphocytes, truly naïve helper/inducer T-lymphocytes, and TEM T-lymphocytes remained significantly different between districts in cord blood samples. The multivariate analysis models for 6- and 16-month samples showed district differences in all cellular determinants, except for lymphoid DC and macrophage-like cells. This study provides the first evidence that pre-natal and early post-natal exposure to PCBs affects the dynamics of cell surface receptor expression on lymphoid DC and DC-like cells, suggesting impaired immunologic development following pre-natal and early post-natal PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horváthová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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15
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Horváthová M, Jahnová E, Palkovičová L, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I. Dynamics of lymphocyte subsets in children living in an area polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:333-45. [PMID: 22013978 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.615767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system development, particularly in the pre-natal and early post-natal periods, has far-reaching health consequences during childhood, as well as throughout life. Exposure to poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during pre-natal and early life has been previously associated with changes in the incidence of infectious and allergic diseases in children, and humoral immunity alterations. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping is an important tool in the diagnosis of immunologic and hematologic disorders. This study used a lysed whole blood method for analysis of lymphocyte sub-populations in samples from children born and living in two districts: a highly-contaminated area (Michalovce) and one (Svidnik/Stropkov) with ≈ 2-fold lower environmental PCB levels. The percentages of B-lymphocytes (CD19(+)), activated HLADR(+)CD19(+) cells, and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes significantly increased at 6- and 16-months-of-age in both selected regions as compared to in cord blood values (p < 0.001). Levels of CD3(+) cells increased significantly (from 61 to 65%) in samples from Michalovce (p < 0.01). Levels of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes declined 10% among 16-month-olds in both regions (Michalovce at p < 0.001 and Svidnik/Stropkov at p < 0.01). Natural killer (NK) cell levels decreased 50% in Michalovce 6- and 16-month-old children and 42% among 6-month-olds in Svidnik/Stropkov (p < 0.001). Compared with the less-contaminated region, Michalovce samples showed significantly higher expression of CD3(+) T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and activated B-lymphocytes, whereas NK cells were less expressed. Even after adjustment for selected covariates, e.g., maternal cigarette smoking, age, parity, ethnicity, birth weight, and gender of infant, the levels of CD19(+), HLADR(+)CD19(+), and CD3(-)CD(16 + 56)(+) cells were seen to remain significantly different between the districts. These results showed that early-life environmental PCB exposure was associated with fluctuations in major lymphocyte subsets in children, suggesting that there is a post-natal immune system response to PCB exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horváthová
- Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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