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Malvandi AM, Shahba S, Mehrzad J, Lombardi G. Metabolic Disruption by Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins in Circulation: A Focus on Vascular and Bone Homeostasis Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2022; 9:915681. [PMID: 35811967 PMCID: PMC9263741 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.915681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring food/feed contaminants have become a significant global issue due to animal and human health implications. Despite risk assessments and legislation setpoints on the mycotoxins' levels, exposure to lower amounts occurs, and it might affect cell homeostasis. However, the inflammatory consequences of this possible everyday exposure to toxins on the vascular microenvironment and arterial dysfunction are unexplored in detail. Circulation is the most accessible path for food-borne toxins, and the consequent metabolic and immune shifts affect systemic health, both on vascular apparatus and bone homeostasis. Their oxidative nature makes mycotoxins a plausible underlying source of low-level toxicity in the bone marrow microenvironment and arterial dysfunction. Mycotoxins could also influence the function of cardiomyocytes with possible injury to the heart. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins can modulate the metabolic pathways favoring osteoblast dysfunction and bone health losses. This review provides a novel insight into understanding the complex events of coexposure to mixed (low levels) mycotoxicosis and subsequent metabolic/immune disruptions contributing to chronic alterations in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Amir Mohammad Malvandi ; orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-2372
| | - Sara Shahba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Mehrzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Sun Y, Huang K, Long M, Yang S, Zhang Y. An update on immunotoxicity and mechanisms of action of six environmental mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112895. [PMID: 35219766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Paradoxically, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and zearalenone (ZEA) have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The immunotoxicity of six mycotoxins exhibits immune suppression or stimulation, which depends on multiple factors. Low doses of mycotoxins can induce an inflammatory response, but elevated levels of ones can induce immunosuppression; long-term instead of short-term mycotoxin exposure is immunosuppressive. These six mycotoxins play anti-inflammatory roles when the immunologic stimulants are present but pro-inflammatory roles when the immunologic stimulants are absent. Pigs are most sensitive animals to mycotoxins, followed by humans and poultry, rodent, and marine organism, and ruminants are the least susceptible. Female animals are more susceptible to mycotoxins than male ones. The immunosuppresion mechanism of mycotoxins are mainly in, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, as well as inhibits the immunity-related signal pathways; and AFB1, OTA, DON, and T-2 induce immunostimulation via directly activating the TLRs/NF-κB pathway and other crossing pathways including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This review strongly dispels the viewpoint that "immunotoxicity is equivalent to immunosuppression", clearly demonstrates the mechanistic pathway and how it contributes to immunosuppression or immunostimulation, thereby providing reliable references for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Sun
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Miao Long
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Shuhua Yang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Sun J, Yan Y. The toxicity mechanisms of DON to humans and animals and potential biological treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:790-812. [PMID: 34520302 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, also known as vomitotoxin, is produced by Fusarium, belonging to the group B of the trichothecene family. DON is widely polluted, mainly polluting cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oats, corn and related cereal products, which are closely related to lives of people and animals. At present, there have been articles summarizing DON induced toxicity, biological detoxification and the protective effect of natural products, but there is no systematic summary of this information. In addition to ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum, recent investigations support that mitochondrion is also organelles that DON can damage. DON can't directly act on mitochondria, but can indirectly cause mitochondrial damage and changes through other means. DON can indirectly inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, ATP production, and mitochondrial transcription and translation. This review will provide the latest progress on mitochondria as the research object, and systematically summarizes all the toxic mechanisms of DON. Here, we discuss DON induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and various mitochondrial toxicity. For the toxicity of DON, many methods have been derived to prevent or reduce the toxicity. Biological detoxification and the antioxidant effect of natural products are potentially effective treatments for DON toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Li N, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Cheng Y, Qiao M, Song L, Huang X. Protective effects of folic acid on oxidative damage of rat spleen induced by lead acetate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111917. [PMID: 33497860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal environmental pollutant that can cause functional damage and anemia of immune organs. More and more evidence indicate that the toxicity of lead was related to apoptosis driven by oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This article mainly discusses the protective effect and mechanism of folic acid intervention on lead-induced spleen injury and apoptosis. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, lead exposure group (0.2% lead acetate), folic acid + lead group (0.4 mg/kg folic acid and 0.2% lead acetate), and folic acid group (0.4 mg/kg folic acid). By recording and calculating the rat's initial body weight, final body weight, net weight gain, daily weight gain, and spleen index, observe the rat's weight change and spleen weight. And adopt the immunofluorescence staining method to determine the expression level of NrF2, HO-1, GRP78, CHOP protein in the spleen. The results showed that The 0.4 mg/kg folic acid diet did not significantly improve in the body weight and spleen index of lead-exposed rats (P > 0.05). While compared with the control group, the expression levels of HO-1 and CHOP protein were significantly increased in the lead exposure group (P < 0.05), and the expression levels of HO-1 and CHOP protein were significantly reduced in the folic acid intervention group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lead exposure increased the expression levels of HO-1 and CHOP in the spleen of rats, and caused damage to the spleen. Folic acid down-regulated the expression levels of HO-1 and CHOP proteins through the two pathways of NrF2/HO-1 and GRP78/CHOP, thereby exerting a certain protective effect and alleviating the spleen caused by lead-induced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China.
| | - Yali Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Yue Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Yongxia Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Lianjun Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Xianqing Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China.
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Kozieł MJ, Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Nrf2: a main responsive element in cells to mycotoxin-induced toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1521-1533. [PMID: 33554281 PMCID: PMC8113212 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor participating in response to cellular oxidative stress to maintain the redox balance. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in consequence, oxidative stress, are physiological as well as pathological processes which take place in almost all types of cells. Nrf2, in response to oxidative stress, activates expression and production of antioxidant enzymes to remove free radicals. However, the role of Nrf2 seems to be more sophisticated and its increased expression observed in cancer cells allows to draw a conclusion that its role is tissue—and condition—dependent. Interestingly, Nrf2 might also play a crucial role in response to environmental factors like mycotoxins. Thus, the aim of the study is to review the role of Nrf2 in cells exposed to most common mycotoxins to check if the Nrf2 signaling pathway serves as the main response element to mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress in human and animal cells and if it can be a target of detoxifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Justyna Kozieł
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
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Woelflingseder L, Adam G, Marko D. Suppression of Trichothecene-Mediated Immune Response by the Fusarium Secondary Metabolite Butenolide in Human Colon Epithelial Cells. Front Nutr 2020; 7:127. [PMID: 32850941 PMCID: PMC7423873 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butenolide (BUT, 4-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone) is a secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species and is co-produced with the major trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on cereal grains throughout the world. BUT has low acute toxicity and only very limited occurrence and exposure data are available. The intestinal epithelium represents the first physiological barrier against food contaminants. We aimed to elucidate the intestinal inflammatory response of the human, non-cancer epithelial HCEC-1CT cells to BUT and to characterize potential combinatory interactions with co-occurring trichothecenes, such as DON and NX-3. Using a reporter gene approach, BUT (≥5 μM, 20 h) was found to decrease lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL) induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in a dose-dependent manner, and in combinatory treatments BUT represses trichothecene-induced enhancement of this important inflammatory pathway. Analysis of transcription and secretion levels of NF-κB-dependent, pro-inflammatory cytokines, revealed a significant down-regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in IL-1β-stimulated (25 ng/mL) HCEC-1CT cells after BUT exposure (10 μM). Trichothecene-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the presence of 1 μM DON or NX-3 was substantially suppressed in the presence of 10 μM BUT. The emerging mycotoxin BUT has the ability to suppress NF-κB-induced intestinal inflammatory response mechanisms and to modulate substantially the immune responsiveness of HCEC-1CT cells after trichothecene treatment. Our results suggest that BUT, present in naturally occurring mixtures of Fusarium fungal metabolites, should be increasingly monitored, and the mechanism of inhibition of NF-κB that might affect the pathogenesis or progression of intestinal inflammatory disorders, should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Crop Science, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wang X, Chen X, Cao L, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Chu X, Zhu D, Rahman SU, Peng C, Feng S, Li Y, Wu J. Mechanism of deoxynivalenol-induced neurotoxicity in weaned piglets is linked to lipid peroxidation, dampened neurotransmitter levels, and interference with calcium signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110382. [PMID: 32146195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol(DON) has broad toxicity in livestock, but we know little about its neurotoxic mechanisms. We investigated DON neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of "Duroc × Landrace × Yokshire" piglets. Control piglets were fed a basal diet, while those in low- and high-treatment groups were fed diets with 1.3 mg/kg and 2.2 mg/kg DON, respectively. After a 60 d trial, scanning electron microscopy revealed the destruction of hippocampal cell ultrastructure. As DON concentrations increased, oxidative damage also increased in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations tended to increase, whereas dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations decreased. We also observed an increase in calcium concentration, relative mRNA expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and CaMKII phosphorylation. However, calmodulin (CaM) mRNA and protein content decreased. Overall, our results suggest that DON acts through the Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII signaling pathway to influence cerebral lipid peroxidation and neurotransmitter levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Li Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Dianfeng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Chenglu Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Pro-Inflammatory Effects of NX-3 Toxin Are Comparable to Deoxynivalenol and not Modulated by the Co-Occurring Pro-Oxidant Aurofusarin. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040603. [PMID: 32326355 PMCID: PMC7232499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The type A trichothecene NX-3, produced by certain Fusarium graminearum strains, is similar to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), with the exception that it lacks the carbonyl moiety at the C-8 position. NX-3 inhibits protein biosynthesis and induces cytotoxicity to a similar extent as DON, but so far, immunomodulatory effects have not been assessed. In the present study, we investigated the impact of NX-3 on the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in direct comparison to DON. Under pro-inflammatory conditions (IL-1β treatment), the impact on cytokine mRNA levels of NF-κB downstream genes was studied in human colon cell lines, comparing noncancer (HCEC-1CT) and cancer cells (HT-29). In addition, potential combinatory effects with the co-occurring Fusarium secondary metabolite aurofusarin (AURO), a dimeric naphthoquinone known to induce oxidative stress, were investigated. NX-3 and DON (1 μM, 20 h) significantly activated a NF-κB regulated reporter gene to a similar extent. Both trichothecenes also enhanced transcript levels of the known NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. Comparing the colon cancer HT-29 and noncancer HCEC-1CT cells, significant differences in cytokine signaling were identified. In contrast, AURO did not affect NF-κB pathway activity and respective cytokine expression levels at the tested concentration. Despite its pro-oxidant potency, the combination with AURO did not significantly affect the immunomodulatory effects of the tested trichothecenes. Taken together, the present study reveals comparable potency of DON and NX-3 with respect to immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory potential. Consequently, not only DON but also NX-3 should be considered as factors contributing to intestinal inflammatory processes.
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Deoxynivalenol-induced alterations in the redox status of HepG2 cells: identification of lipid hydroperoxides, the role of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling, and protective effects of zinc. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:287-299. [PMID: 32076947 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecenes that is widely contaminating human and animal foods, leading to several toxicological implications if ingested. Induction of oxidative stress and production of lipid peroxides were suggested to be the reasons for DON-induced cytotoxicity. However, detailed and comprehensive profiling of DON-related lipid hydroperoxides was not identified. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress have received less attention. Zinc (Zn) is an essential element that has antioxidant activities; however, the protective effects of Zn against DON-induced adverse effects were not examined. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage to human HepG2 cell lines. Furthermore, a quantitative estimation for the formed lipid hydroperoxides was conducted using LC-MS/MS. In addition, DON-induced transcriptomic changes on the inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymes were quantitatively examined using qPCR. The protective effects of Zn against DON-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, the formation of lipid hydroperoxides (LPOOH), and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells were investigated. Finally, the effects of DON and Zn on the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway were further explored. The achieved results indicated that DON caused significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells accompanied by significant oxidative damage and induction of the inflammatory markers. Identification of DON-related LPOOH revealed the formation of 22 LPOOH species including 14 phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides, 5 triacylglycerol hydroperoxides, and 3 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides. DON caused significant downregulation of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes. Zn administration led to significant protection of HepG2 cells against DON-induced adverse effects, probably via activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.
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Perez Gaudio D, Mozo J, Martínez G, Fernández Paggi M, Decundo J, Romanelli A, Dieguez S, Soraci A. Fosfomycin protects intestinal cells from nuclear changes suggestive of deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_124_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Zhao Y, Cheng C, Jiang T, Xu H, Chen Y, Ma Z, Qian G, Liu F. Control of Wheat Fusarium Head Blight by Heat-Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF) from Lysobacter enzymogenes. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1286-1292. [PMID: 30995421 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1517-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), which belongs to the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam family, was isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes fermentations and exhibited inhibitory activities against a wide range of fungal pathogens. In this study, the antifungal activity of HSAF against Fusarium graminearum in vitro and in vivo was investigated. A total of 50% of mycelial growth of F. graminearum was suppressed with 4.1 μg/ml of HSAF (EC50 value). HSAF treatment resulted in abnormal morphology of the hyphae, such as curling, apical swelling, and depolarized growth. Furthermore, HSAF adequately inhibited conidial germination and conidiation of F. graminearum with an inhibition rate of 100% when 1 and 6 μg/ml of HSAF were applied, respectively. HSAF caused ultrastructural changes of F. graminearum, including cell wall thickening and plasmolysis. Moreover, the application of HSAF significantly controlled Fusarium head blight in wheat caused by F. graminearum in the field. Overall, these results indicate that HSAF has potential for development as a fungicide against F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- 1 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Chao Cheng
- 2 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tianping Jiang
- 1 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- 4 College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Xu
- 1 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- 5 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China; and
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- 5 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China; and
| | - Guoliang Qian
- 2 College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Nanjing Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- 1 Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- 6 Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
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13
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Aupanun S, Poapolathep S, Phuektes P, Giorgi M, Zhang Z, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual and combined mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X induced apoptosis in lymphoid tissues of mice after oral exposure. Toxicon 2019; 165:83-94. [PMID: 31054920 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are involved in the adaptive immune response and are highly sensitive to type B trichothecenes. In grains and their products, deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most widely distributed trichothecene. It usually co-occurs with other type B members, such as nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FX), because they are all produced by the same Fusarium fungi. However, the combined effects of mycotoxins are complex and cannot be predicted based on individual toxicity. Thus, the adverse effects of combined toxins are of increasing concern. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity to lymphoid tissues of mice of DON alone or mixed with NIV or FX. Forty, 3-week-old male ICR mice were given a single oral administration of a vehicle control, one toxin, binary, or ternary mixtures and then sacrificed at 12 h after exposure. Mice treated with FX alone showed marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of lymphocytes in the cortical thymus and germinal center of Peyer's patches and spleen. Similarly, these animals clearly displayed TUNEL- and Caspase-3-positive cells in the regions. In contrast, minimal changes were noticed in the lymphoid tissues of mice receiving combined toxins when compared to this toxin alone. In addition, oral exposure to FX alone significantly up-regulated the relative expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Trp53. These data increase our understanding of the toxic actions of DON, NIV, and FX alone or in combination to lymphocytes and can be used to assess the possible risk associated with their co-occurrences in foodstuffs to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawinee Aupanun
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khonkaen University, Khonkaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- .Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, CASAF, NRU-KU, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Aupanun S, Phuektes P, Poapolathep S, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP, Poapolathep A. Individual and combined cytotoxicity of major trichothecenes type B, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon-X on Jurkat human T cells. Toxicon 2019; 160:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Del Favero G, Woelflingseder L, Braun D, Puntscher H, Kütt ML, Dellafiora L, Warth B, Pahlke G, Dall’Asta C, Adam G, Marko D. Response of intestinal HT-29 cells to the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its sulfated conjugates. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:424-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Woelflingseder L, Del Favero G, Blažević T, Heiss EH, Haider M, Warth B, Adam G, Marko D. Impact of glutathione modulation on the toxicity of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), NX-3 and butenolide in human liver cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:104-117. [PMID: 30244016 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DON, NX-3 and butenolide (BUT) are secondary metabolites formed by Fusarium graminearum. Evidence for formation of DON-glutathione adducts exists in plants, and also in human liver (HepG2) cells mass spectrometric evidence for GSH-adduct formation was reported. NX-3 is a DON derivative lacking structural features for Thiol-Michael addition, while BUT has the structural requirements (conjugated double bond and keto group). In the present study, we addressed whether these structural differences affect levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells, and if intracellular GSH levels influence toxic effects induced by DON, NX-3 and BUT. Pre-treatment with an inhibitor of GSH bio-synthesis, L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, aggravated substantially BUT-induced cytotoxicity (≥50 μM, 24 h), but only marginally affected the cytotoxicity of DON and NX-3 indicating that GSH-mediated detoxification is of minor importance in HepG2 cells. We further investigated whether BUT, a compound inducing alone low oral toxicity, might affect the toxicity of DON. Under different experimental designs with respect to pre- and/or co-incubations, BUT was found to contribute to the combinatorial cytotoxicity, exceeding the toxic effect of DON alone. The observed combinatorial effects underline the potential contribution of secondary metabolites like BUT, considered to be alone of low toxicological relevance, to the toxicity of DON or structurally related trichothecenes, arguing for further studies on the toxicological relevance of naturally occurring mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tina Blažević
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Haider
- Institute for Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Oxidative Damage and Nrf2 Translocation Induced by Toxicities of Deoxynivalenol on the Placental and Embryo on Gestation Day 12.5 d and 18.5 d. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090370. [PMID: 30216983 PMCID: PMC6162513 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of natural pollutant belonging to the trichothecenes family. The aim of this study is to use diverse assays to evaluate oxidative damage as well as translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and to investigate their mechanisms in DON-induced toxicities on a placenta and embryo. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to three groups with different doses of DON: 0, 1.0, 2.5 mg/(kg·day). In gestation day (GD) 12.5 d and 18.5 d, DON induced an elevated resorption rate of the embryos as well as structural and functional damage of the placenta. In the placenta, altered levels of the antioxidant enzymes malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione indicated remarkable oxidative stress. Furthermore, an elevated level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the translocation of Nrf2 from nucleus to cytoplasm indicated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation in DON-L group (1.0 mg/(kg·day)). It is noteworthy that the results in this experiment in GD 12.5 d were similar to those in GD 18.5 d. In conclusion, DON-induced placental oxidative damage and Nrf2 translocation were similar in GD 12.5 d and GD 18.5 d. Oxidative stress is one of the most important molecular mechanisms for embryotoxicity induced by DON, and Nrf2 translocation may play a substantial role against it.
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18
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Manyes L, Escrivá L, Ruiz M, Juan-García A. Beauvericin and enniatin B effects on a human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T-cell model. Food Chem Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Liao Y, Peng Z, Chen L, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Deoxynivalenol, gut microbiota and immunotoxicity: A potential approach? Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:342-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Li W, Sang Y, Zhang G. Combined cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol to hepatoma HepG2/C3A cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminations in cereal crops and food ingredients. However, the mechanism of their combined toxicity is poorly understood. In the current investigation, the hepatoma HepG2/C3A cell line was used to explore the combined cytotoxicity of AFB1 and DON. The values of IC50, based on a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, were 4.5 mM and 18.7 mM for DON and AFB1, respectively. The analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints using the combination index (CI) theory revealed that the changes of mitochondrial membrane permeability and ATP resulted from an additive cytotoxic effect (CI≈1) of AFB1 and DON. However, the endpoints of double strand DNA (ds-DNA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability (SRB) were synergistically (CI<1) affected in a dose-dependent manner. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated a number of uniquely expressed genes in their combination (AFB1: 2.5 mM, DON: 0.56 mM), indicating a synergistic interaction between AFB1 and DON at a molecular level. Additional transcriptomics analysis showed that the endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated JNK/p38/MAPK pathway was induced by DON, whereas the p53 signalling pathway was activated by AFB1. The expression profiles of apoptosis-related genes caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 suggested a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway that was shared between AFB1 and DON. Thus, different cytotoxicity pathways and their converging at the apoptotic process might be the mechanism of the additive/synergistic cytotoxicity of AFB1 and DON to HepG2/C3A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China P.R
| | - Y. Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China P.R
| | - G. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China P.R
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21
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Wu Q, Wang X, Nepovimova E, Miron A, Liu Q, Wang Y, Su D, Yang H, Li L, Kuca K. Trichothecenes: immunomodulatory effects, mechanisms, and anti-cancer potential. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3737-3785. [PMID: 29152681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, trichothecenes have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects. The underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. Early studies show that dose, exposure timing, and the time at which immune function is assessed influence whether trichothecenes act in an immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory fashion. Recent studies suggest that the immunomodulatory function of trichothecenes is also actively shaped by competing cell-survival and death-signaling pathways. Autophagy may also promote trichothecene immunosuppression, although the mechanism may be complicated. Moreover, trichothecenes may generate an "immune evasion" milieu that allows pathogens to escape host and vaccine immune defenses. Some trichothecenes, especially macrocyclic trichothecenes, also potently kill cancer cells. T-2 toxin conjugated with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies significantly suppresses the growth of thymoma EL-4 cells and colon cancer cells. The type B trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol specifically inhibits the tumor-promoting factor HIF-1 in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Trichothecin markedly inhibits the growth of multiple cancer cells with constitutively activated NF-κB. The type D macrocyclic toxin Verrucarin A is also a promising therapeutic candidate for leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The anti-cancer activities of trichothecenes have not been comprehensively summarized. Here, we first summarize the data on the immunomodulatory effects of trichothecenes and discuss recent studies that shed light on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include autophagy and major signaling pathways and their crosstalk. Second, the anti-cancer potential of trichothecenes and the underlying mechanisms will be discussed. We hope that this review will show how trichothecene bioactivities can be exploited to generate therapies against pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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22
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Warth B, Del Favero G, Wiesenberger G, Puntscher H, Woelflingseder L, Fruhmann P, Sarkanj B, Krska R, Schuhmacher R, Adam G, Marko D. Identification of a novel human deoxynivalenol metabolite enhancing proliferation of intestinal and urinary bladder cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33854. [PMID: 27659167 PMCID: PMC5034337 DOI: 10.1038/srep33854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is an abundant contaminant of cereal based food and a severe issue for global food safety. We report the discovery of DON-3-sulfate as a novel human metabolite and potential new biomarker of DON exposure. The conjugate was detectable in 70% of urine samples obtained from pregnant women in Croatia. For the measurement of urinary metabolites, a highly sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. The method was also used to investigate samples from a duplicate diet survey for studying the toxicokinetics of DON-3-sulfate. To get a preliminary insight into the biological relevance of the newly discovered DON-sulfates, in vitroexperiments were performed. In contrast to DON, sulfate conjugates lacked potency to suppress protein translation. However, surprisingly we found that DON-sulfates enhanced proliferation of human HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, primary human colon epithelial cells (HCEC-1CT) and, to some extent, also T24 bladder cancer cells. A proliferative stimulus, especially in tumorigenic cells raises concern on the potential impact of DON-sulfates on consumer health. Thus, a further characterization of their toxicological relevance should be of high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Hannes Puntscher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Fruhmann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Ribosome quality control is a central protection mechanism for yeast exposed to deoxynivalenol and trichothecin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:417. [PMID: 27245696 PMCID: PMC4888481 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and trichothecin (TTC) are inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Their effect on cellular homeostasis is poorly understood. We report a systematic functional investigation of the effect of DON and TTC on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using genetic array, network and microarray analysis. To focus the genetic analysis on intracellular consequences of toxin action we eliminated the PDR5 gene coding for a potent pleiotropic drug efflux protein potentially confounding results. We therefore used a knockout library with a pdr5Δ strain background. Results DON or TTC treatment creates a fitness bottleneck connected to ribosome efficiency. Genes isolated by systematic genetic array analysis as contributing to toxin resistance function in ribosome quality control, translation fidelity, and in transcription. Mutants in the E3 ligase Hel2, involved in ribosome quality control, and several members of the Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex were highly sensitive to DON. DON and TTC have similar genetic profiles despite their different toxic potency. Network analysis shows a coherent and tight network of genetic interactions among the DON and TTC resistance conferring gene products. The networks exhibited topological properties commonly associated with efficient processing of information. Many sensitive mutants have a "slow growth" gene expression signature. DON-exposed yeast cells increase transcripts of ribosomal protein and histone genes indicating an internal signal for growth enhancement. Conclusions The combination of gene expression profiling and analysis of mutants reveals cellular pathways which become bottlenecks under DON and TTC stress. These are generally directly or indirectly connected to ribosome biosynthesis such as the general secretory pathway, cytoskeleton, cell cycle delay, ribosome synthesis and translation quality control. Gene expression profiling points to an increased demand of ribosomal components and does not reveal activation of stress pathways. Our analysis highlights ribosome quality control and a contribution of a histone deacetylase complex as main sources of resistance against DON and TTC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2718-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Jarolim K, Del Favero G, Pahlke G, Dostal V, Zimmermann K, Heiss E, Ellmer D, Stark TD, Hofmann T, Marko D. Activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway by the Alternaria alternata mycotoxins altertoxin I and II. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:203-216. [PMID: 27178040 PMCID: PMC5225202 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxins altertoxin I and II (ATX I and II) are secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata fungi and may occur as food and feed contaminants, especially after long storage periods. Although the toxic potential of altertoxins has been previously investigated, little is known about the pathways that play a role in their intracellular metabolism. In order to identify potential targets of ATX I and ATX II, the two toxins were tested for interaction with the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway in mammalian cells. This pathway can be activated by various stressors resulting in the expression of enzymes important for metabolism and detoxification. In the present study, only ATX II triggered a concentration-dependent increase in Nrf2-ARE-dependent luciferase expression. Consistently, confocal microscopy revealed an ATX II-induced increase in Nrf2 signal in HT29 intestinal cells. In agreement with these data, ATX II induced the transcription of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase, the key enzyme in catalyzing GSH synthesis of the cells and which is regulated by Nrf2. Further investigations demonstrated that ATX II induced a concentration-dependent depletion of the cellular GSH levels after short incubation time (3 h) and an increase after longer incubation time (24 h). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that ATX II can interact at several levels of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in mammalian cells and that ATX I does not share the same mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jarolim
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Pahlke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Dostal
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Ellmer
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TU München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TU München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TU München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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