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Park HE, Lee W, Choi S, Jung M, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Modulating macrophage function to reinforce host innate resistance against Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931876. [PMID: 36505429 PMCID: PMC9730288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the main causative agent of infectious diseases in humans among nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that are ubiquitous organisms found in environmental media such as soil as well as in domestic and natural waters. MAC is a primary causative agent of NTM-lung disease that threaten immunocompromised or structural lung disease patients. The incidence and the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection have been reduced, while MAC infections and mortality rates have increased, making it a cause of global health concern. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of long-term drug use have led to a poor outcome of treatment regimens against MAC infections. Therefore, the development of host-directed therapy (HDT) has recently gained interest, aiming to accelerate mycobacterial clearance and reversing lung damage by employing the immune system using a novel adjuvant strategy to improve the clinical outcome of MAC infection. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the innate immune responses that contribute to MAC infection focusing on macrophages, chief innate immune cells, and host susceptibility factors in patients. We also discuss potential HDTs that can act on the signaling pathway of macrophages, thereby contributing to antimycobacterial activity as a part of the innate immune response during MAC infection. Furthermore, this review provides new insights into MAC infection control that modulates and enhances macrophage function, promoting host antimicrobial activity in response to potential HDTs and thus presenting a deeper understanding of the interactions between macrophages and MACs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Min-Kyoung Shin, ; Sung Jae Shin,
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Rawat A, Vignesh P, Sudhakar M, Sharma M, Suri D, Jindal A, Gupta A, Shandilya JK, Loganathan SK, Kaur G, Chawla S, Patra PK, Khadwal A, Saikia B, Minz RW, Aggarwal V, Taur P, Pandrowala A, Gowri V, Desai M, Kulkarni M, Hule G, Bargir U, Kambli P, Madkaikar M, Bhattad S, Ginigeri C, Kumar H, Jayaram A, Munirathnam D, Sivasankaran M, Raj R, Uppuluri R, Na F, George B, Lashkari HP, Kalra M, Sachdeva A, Seth S, Sabui T, Gupta A, van Leeuwen K, de Boer M, Chan KW, Imai K, Ohara O, Nonoyama S, Lau YL, Singh S. Clinical, Immunological, and Molecular Profile of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Multi-Centric Study of 236 Patients From India. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625320. [PMID: 33717137 PMCID: PMC7946827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited defect in phagocytic respiratory burst that results in severe and life-threatening infections in affected children. Single center studies from India have shown that proportion of autosomal recessive (AR) CGD is more than that reported from the West. Further, affected patients have high mortality rates due to late referrals and difficulties in accessing appropriate treatment. However, there is lack of multicentric collaborative data on CGD from India. Objective To describe infection patterns, immunological, and molecular features of CGD from multiple centers in India. Methods A detailed proforma that included clinical and laboratory details was prepared and sent to multiple centers in India that are involved in the care and management of patients with inborn errors of immunity. Twelve centers have provided data which were later pooled together and analyzed. Results Of the 236 patients analyzed in our study, X-linked and AR-CGD was seen in 77 and 97, respectively. Male female ratio was 172:64. Median age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 8 and 24 months, respectively. Common infections documented include pneumonia (71.6%), lymphadenitis (31.6%), skin and subcutaneous abscess (23.7%), blood-stream infection (13.6%), osteomyelitis (8.6%), liver abscess (7.2%), lung abscess (2.9%), meningoencephalitis (2.5%), splenic abscess (1.7%), and brain abscess (0.9%). Forty-four patients (18.6%) had evidence of mycobacterial infection. Results of molecular assay were available for 141 patients (59.7%)—CYBB (44.7%) gene defect was most common, followed by NCF1 (31.9%), NCF2 (14.9%), and CYBA (8.5%). While CYBA variants were documented only in Southern and Western parts of India, a common dinucleotide deletion in NCF2 (c.835_836delAC) was noted only in North Indian population. Of the 174 patients with available outcome data, 67 (38.5%) had expired. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was carried out in 23 patients, and 12 are doing well on follow-up. Conclusions In India, proportion of patients with AR-CGD is higher as compared to Western cohorts, though regional differences in types of AR-CGD exist. Clinical profile and mortality rates are similar in both X-linked and AR-CGD. However, this may be a reflection of the fact that milder forms of AR-CGD are probably being missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Murugan Sudhakar
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Shandilya
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Loganathan
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchi Chawla
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Patra
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambreen Pandrowala
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Gowri
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Gauri Hule
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Umair Bargir
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Sagar Bhattad
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chetan Ginigeri
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Deenadayalan Munirathnam
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Kanchi Kamakoti Child Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Meena Sivasankaran
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Kanchi Kamakoti Child Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Fouzia Na
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Manas Kalra
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shishir Seth
- Apollo Cancer Institute, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Savita Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aman Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, MEDENS Hospital, Panchkula, India
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Community Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Gupta K, Rawat A, Agrawal P, Jindal A, Nada R, Saikia B, Chan KW, Lau YL, Minz RW, Singh S. Infectious and non-infectious complications in primary immunodeficiency disorders: an autopsy study from North India. J Clin Pathol 2017; 71:425-435. [PMID: 28970295 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) include a wide spectrum of inherited disorders characterised by functional abnormalities of one or more components of the immune system. Recent updates from the genomic data have contributed significantly to its better understanding with identification of new entities. Diagnosis is always challenging due to their variable clinical presentation. With the evolution of molecular diagnosis, many of these children are being diagnosed early and offered appropriate therapy. However, in developing countries, early diagnosis is still not being made: as a result these patients succumb to their disease. Autopsy data on PID is notably lacking in the literature with histopathological evaluation of PID being limited to rare case reports. OBJECTIVE To analyse the clinical, immunologic (including mutational) and morphologic features at autopsy in 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders diagnosed at our Institute over the past decade. METHODS Study includes a detailed clinico-pathological analysis of 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders. RESULTS A varied spectrum of infectious and non-infectious complications were identified in these cases of which fungal infections were found to be more frequent compared with viral or bacterial infections. Rare and novel morphological findings, like granulomatous involvement of the heart in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, systemic amyloidosis in a teenage girl with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, are highlighted which is distinctly lacking in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The present study is perhaps the first autopsy series on PID. Even in the molecular era, such analysis is still important, as correlation of pathological features with clinical symptoms provides clues for a timely diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Parimal Agrawal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common symptomatic phagocytic defect. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding protein subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. CGD is characterized by a defective intracellular killing of phagocytosed organisms due to a defective oxidative burst in the neutrophils and macrophages. It is inherited in either X-linked recessive or autosomal recessive pattern. Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus species are the most common organisms reported. Infections with Burkholderia, Serratia, and Nocardia warrant a screen for CGD. Suppurative lymphadenitis, cutaneous abscesses, pneumonia and diarrhea constitute the most common problems in children with CGD. A small percentage of children develop autoimmune manifestations (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, colitis, autoimmune hepatitis) and warrant immunosuppression. X-linked carriers of CGD are at an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Nitroblue-tetrazolium dye reduction test and dihydro-rhodamine assay by flow cytometry are the screening tests for this disorder. While most children do well on long term antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis, those with severe forms warrant hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The role of regular interferon-γ injections is debatable. Evidence for white cell transfusions is sparse, and gene therapy is under trial.This current review highlights various aspects and studies in CGD. X-linked form of CGD has been noted to carry a poorer prognosis compared to autosomal recessive variants. However, recent evidence suggests that outcome in CGD is determined by the amount of residual NADPH oxidase activity irrespective of mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology; and Pediatric Allergy-Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics; PGIMER, Chandigarh. India. Correspondence to: Dr Kirti Gupta, Additional Professor, Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Dotis J, Pana ZD, Roilides E. Non-Aspergillus fungal infections in chronic granulomatous disease. Mycoses 2013; 56:449-62. [PMID: 23369076 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a congenital immunodeficiency, characterised by significant infections due to an inability of phagocyte to kill catalase-positive organisms including certain fungi such as Aspergillus spp. Nevertheless, other more rare fungi can cause significant diseases. This report is a systematic review of all published cases of non-Aspergillus fungal infections in CGD patients. Analysis of 68 cases of non-Aspergillus fungal infections in 65 CGD patients (10 females) published in the English literature. The median age of CGD patients was 15.2 years (range 0.1-69), 60% of whom had the X-linked recessive defect. The most prevalent non-Aspergillus fungal infections were associated with Rhizopus spp. and Trichosporon spp. found in nine cases each (13.2%). The most commonly affected organs were the lungs in 69.9%. In 63.2% of cases first line antifungal treatment was monotherapy, with amphotericin B formulations being the most frequently used antifungal agents in 45.6% of cases. The overall mortality rate was 26.2%. Clinicians should take into account the occurrence of non-Aspergillus infections in this patient group, as well as the possibility of a changing epidemiology in fungal pathogens. Better awareness and knowledge of these pathogens can optimise antifungal treatment and improve outcome in CGD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dotis
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Watkins CE, Litchfield J, Song E, Jaishankar GB, Misra N, Holla N, Duffourc M, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease, the McLeod phenotype and the contiguous gene deletion syndrome-a review. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:13. [PMID: 22111908 PMCID: PMC3267648 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD), a disorder of the NADPH oxidase system, results in phagocyte functional defects and subsequent infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens (such as Aspergillus species and Candida albicans). Deletions and missense, frameshift, or nonsense mutations in the gp91phox gene (also termed CYBB), located in the Xp21.1 region of the X chromosome, are associated with the most common form of CGD. When larger X-chromosomal deletions occur, including the XK gene deletion, a so-called "Contiguous Gene Deletion Syndrome" may result. The contiguous gene deletion syndrome is known to associate the Kell phenotype/McLeod syndrome with diseases such as X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. These patients are often complicated and management requires special attention to the various facets of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Watkins
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
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Song E, Jaishankar GB, Saleh H, Jithpratuck W, Sahni R, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21624140 PMCID: PMC3128843 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is the most commonly encountered immunodeficiency involving the phagocyte, and is characterized by repeated infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as the formation of granulomas in tissue. The disease is the result of a disorder of the NADPH oxidase system, culminating in an inability of the phagocyte to generate superoxide, leading to the defective killing of pathogenic organisms. This can lead to infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Psedomonas species, Nocardia species, and fungi (such as Aspergillus species and Candida albicans). Involvement of vital or large organs can contribute to morbidity and/or mortality in the affected patients. Major advances have occurred in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, with the potential for gene therapy or stem cell transplantation looming on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, USA.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rinaldi M, Moroni P, Paape MJ, Bannerman DD. Differential alterations in the ability of bovine neutrophils to generate extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species during the periparturient period. Vet J 2008; 178:208-13. [PMID: 17869554 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The periparturient period of a dairy cow is associated with increased incidence and/or severity of certain infectious diseases, including mastitis. It is believed that the heightened physiological demands of calving and initiation of milk production contribute to a state of immunosuppression during this period. Previous studies have indicated that neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a critical element of the host innate immune response to bacterial infection, is impaired in the 1-2week period following calving. However, whether there is comprehensive inhibition of ROS production or selective inhibition of particular ROS remains unknown. The present study provides evidence that neutrophils isolated from cows (n=20) after calving have an increased capacity to generate intracellular ROS and an impaired ability to release extracellular superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, 20133, Italy
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Rinaldi M, Ceciliani F, Lecchi C, Moroni P, Bannerman DD. Differential effects of alpha1-acid glycoprotein on bovine neutrophil respiratory burst activity and IL-8 production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:199-210. [PMID: 18692908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During bacterial-mediated diseases, neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in defending the host against invading pathogens. PMN production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the bactericidal capabilities of these cells. ROS are produced intracellularly and can be released extracellularly. The aberrant extracellular release of ROS, however, has been reported to induce injury to host tissues during mastitis and other inflammatory-mediated diseases of cattle. The acute phase response, which occurs shortly after infection or tissue injury, is characterized by the induction of a large number of plasma proteins referred to as acute phase proteins (APP). alpha1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an APP that increases in response to infection or injury in cattle and humans. The precise function of AGP is unknown, but it has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of bovine AGP on PMN pro-inflammatory responses, including respiratory burst activity and cytokine production. Bovine AGP dose-dependently inhibited zymosan-induced PMN extracellular release of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide without affecting the capacity of PMN to engulf and kill Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, AGP exerted its effect on ROS production regardless of whether PMNs were exposed to AGP prior to or after activation. In contrast to respiratory burst activity, AGP enhanced PMN production of IL-8. The precise mechanism by which AGP regulates PMN functions remains unknown, but data presented in this study suggest that AGP may have a complex role by differentially regulating PMN pro-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rinaldi
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Rinaldi M, Moroni P, Leino L, Laihia J, Paape MJ, Bannerman DD. Effect of cis-urocanic acid on bovine neutrophil generation of reactive oxygen species. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4188-201. [PMID: 17033005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a fundamental role in the host innate immune response during mastitis and other bacterial-mediated diseases of cattle. One of the critical mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host innate immune defenses is through their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. The ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the extracellular release of ROS can be deleterious to the host because ROS induce tissue injury. Thus, in diseases such as mastitis that are accompanied by the influx of neutrophils, the generation of large quantities of ROS may result in significant injury to the mammary epithelium. cis-Urocanic acid (cis-UCA), which is formed from the UV photoisomerization of the trans isoform found naturally in human and animal skin, is an immunosuppressive molecule with anti-inflammatory properties. Little is known about the effect of cis-UCA on neutrophils, although one report demonstrated that it inhibits human neutrophil respiratory burst activity. However, the nature of this inhibition remains unknown. Because of the potential therapeutic use that a molecule such as cis-UCA may have in blocking excessive respiratory burst activity that may be deleterious to the host, the ability of cis-UCA to inhibit bovine neutrophil production of ROS was studied. Further, because neutrophil generation of ROS is necessary for optimal neutrophil bactericidal activity, a response which is critical for the host innate immune defense against infection, the effects of cis-UCA on bovine neutrophil phagocytosis and bacterial killing were assayed. cis-Urocanic acid dose-dependently inhibited the respiratory burst activity of bovine neutrophils as measured by luminol chemiluminescence. Subsequently, the effect of cis-UCA on the production of specific oxygen radicals was investigated using more selective assays. Using 2 distinct assays, we established that cis-UCA inhibited the generation of extracellular superoxide. In contrast, cis-UCA had no effect on the generation of intracellular levels of superoxide or other ROS. At concentrations that inhibited generation of extracellular superoxide, bovine neutrophil phagocytosis and bacterial activity remained intact. Together, these data suggest that cis-UCA inhibits the tissue-damaging generation of extracellular ROS while preserving neutrophil bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy 20133
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Rinaldi M, Moroni P, Paape MJ, Bannerman DD. Evaluation of assays for the measurement of bovine neutrophil reactive oxygen species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 115:107-25. [PMID: 17067684 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
During mastitis and other bacterial-mediated diseases of cattle, neutrophils play a critical role in the host innate immune response to infection. Neutrophils are among the earliest leukocytes recruited to the site of infection and contribute to host innate immune defenses through their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. The bactericidal activity of neutrophils is mediated, in part, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extracellular release of ROS can induce injury to host tissue as well, and aberrant release of ROS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory-mediated diseases. Due to their essential role in bacterial clearance and implicated involvement in the pathogenesis of other diseases, there is much interest in the study of neutrophil-generated ROS. Several assays have been developed to measure ROS production, however, many of these have not been evaluated with bovine neutrophils. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate different assays capable of measuring bovine neutrophil ROS, and to compare the results of assays never previously tested with bovine neutrophils to those obtained from more well-established assays frequently used with these cells. Eight different assays were evaluated, including: luminol, isoluminol, and methyl cypridina luciferin analog (MCLA) chemiluminescence assays; Amplex Red, dihydroethidium (DHE), dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H(2)DCFDA), and dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescence assays; and the cytochrome c absorbance assay. The assays were evaluated in the context of their abilities to detect ROS produced in response to two agonists commonly used to induce neutrophil activation, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) and opsonized zymosan. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, was used to assess the specificity of the assays to detect ROS. The ability of these assays to discriminate between intra- and extracellular ROS and to specifically detect distinct ROS was evaluated using superoxide dismutase and catalase, which scavenge extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. With the exception of the DHE assay, all assays detected bovine neutrophil ROS generation elicited by PMA and zymosan. PMA, but not zymosan, was able to stimulate neutrophil generation of ROS at levels that were detectable with DHE. The MCLA chemiluminescence assay was the only assay that detected ROS produced in response to each of the lowest concentrations of PMA and zymosan tested. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate DHE-, MCLA-, Amplex Red-, and isoluminol-based assays for the measurement of bovine neutrophil ROS, and the most comprehensive comparative study of ROS assays under similar experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
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14
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Lavastre V, Chiasson S, Cavalli H, Girard D. Viscum album agglutinin-I (VAA-I) induces apoptosis and degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in human leukemia PLB-985 and X-CGD cells via caspases: Lamin B1 is a novel target of VAA-I. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1443-53. [PMID: 16242777 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viscum album agglutinin-I (VAA-I) is a potent inducer of cell apoptosis and possesses anti-tumoral activity. Using PLB-985 and chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) cells, which lack expression of gp91(phox), VAA-I was found to induce apoptosis in both cell lines as assessed by cytology, DNA laddering and degradation of the cytoskeletal protein gelsolin. Both cell lines expressed caspase-3 and -8 and VAA-I activated these caspases. We demonstrated that lamin B(1) is a novel target to VAA-I and its degradation was reversed by a pan-caspase inhibitor and by a caspase-6, but not a caspase-8, inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lavastre
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Pointe-Claire, Canada
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15
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Levine S, Smith VV, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Histopathological features of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in childhood. Histopathology 2005; 47:508-16. [PMID: 16241999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the spectrum of histopathological features encountered in children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) at a specialist centre. METHODS AND RESULTS The histopathological findings of 88 surgical pathology requests from a range of organ systems including upper and lower gastrointestinal tract biopsy series, liver, bladder, bone, lung, skin, soft tissue, bone marrow and lymph node biopsy specimens, in 32 patients aged 4 months to 18 years (median 7 years) with CGD were reviewed. In most tissues the features were those of active chronic inflammation, with or without abscess or granuloma formation, often associated with fungal infection. In some tissues, more characteristic findings were identified, including the presence of pigmented macrophages, especially in hepatic sinusoids and colonic mucosa, where active chronic eosinophil predominant colitis was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Chronic granulomatous disease may present to histopathologists in a wide range of tissue specimens most often demonstrating features of active chronic inflammation with or without granuloma formation. The presence of numerous pigmented macrophages in association with such inflammation should raise suspicion of the diagnosis. In addition, diffuse granulomatous inflammation of the lung and hepatic abscess formation should be regarded as suggestive of the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levine
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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16
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Korzenik JR, Dieckgraefe BK. An open-labelled study of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of active Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:391-400. [PMID: 15709989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunodeficiency syndromes associated with a Crohn's-like illness suggest innate immune defects may lead to Crohn's disease. Anecdotal cases using haemopoietic colony-stimulating factors report improvement in intestinal disease associated with these syndromes. AIM To test the safety and efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in active Crohn's disease. METHODS In an open-labelled 12-week trial, patients with a Crohn's Disease Activity Index between 220 and 450 were treated with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim, Neupogen). Concomitant immunosuppressants were prohibited except prednisone < or =20 mg/day. Patient's received recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 300 mcg daily subcutaneously adjusted to achieve an absolute neutrophil count between 25 and 35 x 10(9)/L. RESULTS Twenty patients were enrolled with a mean initial Crohn's Disease Activity Index of 307 (range: 234-428). Fifteen patients (75%) completed 8 weeks; 13 patients (65%) completed 12 weeks with the mean Crohn's Disease Activity Index for patients continuing through those times of 196 (range: 36-343) and 162 (range: 20-308), respectively. At week 12, 11 patients (55%) demonstrated a decrease of at least 70 points; five (25%) achieved a sustained remission. The mean decrease was statistically significant at each assessment time-point. Three of four patients with fistulae had a positive response. Adverse effects included bone pain, mostly mild resolving with continued treatment. One patient was hospitalized with a viral-like syndrome but it is uncertain if this was treatment related. CONCLUSION Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is safe and potentially effective therapy for active Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Korzenik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Kharfi M, Benmously R, Khaled A, Daoued B, Kamoun MR. Granulomatose septique chronique à révélation cutanée tardive. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2004; 131:375-8. [PMID: 15258513 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(04)93618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic septic granulomatosis is a disease characterized by an impaired bactericidal potential of the neutrophilic polynuclear. The cutaneous manifestations rarely reveal the disease, but are of considerable interest in the diagnosis, notably during the late onset forms. We report such a case. CASE REPORT A 15 year-old girl, born of consanguine parents, had a history of visceral leishmaniasis and hepatic hydatidosis. For the past 3 years she had developed dermatitis lesion on the face and skin folds, chronic folliculitis and suppurating axillary and inguinal lymphoadenitis. The absence of a reduction in tetrazolium nitro blue led to the diagnosis of chronic septic granulomatosis. Prophylactic treatment stabilized the cutaneous lesions. DISCUSSION Chronic septic granulomatosis regroups various severe and recurrent manifestations. Its transmission is usually X-linked recessive or, on rare occasions, autosomal recessive. The clinical manifestations leading to the diagnosis are often of very early onset. They are principally pneumonia due to apergillus fumigatus and lymphoadenitis. Cutaneous involvement, although less common, must not be neglected because it can lead to the diagnosis of late onset forms, as in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kharfi
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the frequency and clinical characteristics of chorioretinal lesions as a complication of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). METHODS Seventeen patients with CGD examined at Seoul National University Children's Hospital between 1996 and 1999 were recruited for this study. A review of their historical, clinical, and fluorescein angiographic features was performed, and the prevalence and demographic and clinical features of the chorioretinal lesions were summarized. RESULTS Chorioretinal lesions were identified in 11 eyes of six patients with CGD, an overall prevalence of 35.3%. Patients' ages ranged from 6 months to 10 years, with a median of 47.0 months. Three of the six patients were boys. The lesions included RPE atrophy or pigment clumping, chorioretinal atrophy. Among the six patients, two had vision loss because of ischemia in the peripheral retina, neovascular membrane, and macular edema, which had not been previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Chorioretinal lesions are not uncommon in patients with CGD and they may affect vision. Regular screening of patients with CGD and long-term follow-up of CGD chorioretinopathy patients should be performed to define the lesion, natural history, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- Departments of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine and the Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Herman TE, Siegel MJ. Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood: neonatal serratia, hepatic abscesses, and pulmonary aspergillosis. J Perinatol 2002; 22:255-6. [PMID: 11948393 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Herman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Kosmala D, Janner D. Persistent fever, Pseudomonas pneumonia and gram-negative septicemia in a three-year-old male child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:263-4; 269-70. [PMID: 9535264 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199803000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Kosmala
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA, USA
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22
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Dohil M, Prendiville JS, Crawford RI, Speert DP. Cutaneous manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. A report of four cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:899-907. [PMID: 9204051 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease represents a group of genetic disorders in which impaired intracellular microbial killing by phagocytes leads to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and granuloma formation. Cutaneous disease occurs in 60% to 70% of cases. The characteristic histologic finding of pigmented lipid macrophages in visceral granulomas has not been described previously in the skin. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to review our experience of skin disorders in chronic granulomatous disease. METHODS We studied the clinical and histologic findings in four patients with chronic granulomatous disease and unusual skin lesions. We reviewed the skin disorders seen in five additional patients with chronic granulomatous disease referred to the pediatric dermatology clinic. The literature was reviewed for previously reported cutaneous manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. RESULTS A teenage boy with chronic granulomatous colitis had nonulcerating cutaneous granulomas from which no organisms were isolated. Histologic examination of both skin and bowel revealed the characteristic golden-yellow granular pigment in macrophages. A second boy had cutaneous aspergillosis involving the left foot; histologic examination revealed macrophages containing yellow-brown pigment at the periphery of the granulomatous inflammation. Two children had vesicular skin lesions. These lesions were recurrent in one boy for several years. In the second child they were associated with fatal intracranial and pulmonary infection. Histologic examination in both cases revealed a subcorneal polymorphonuclear infiltrate and perivascular macrophages containing yellow-brown pigment. Cultures were either negative or revealed organisms that are normally nonpathogenic skin commensals, such as coagulase-negative staphylococci. CONCLUSION The cutaneous manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease encompass a variety of infections and inflammatory lesions. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems may arise because of difficulty in isolating a causative organism. The characteristic pigmented macrophages of visceral granulomas can also be found in skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dohil
- Division of Dermatology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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23
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Sloan JM, Cameron CH, Maxwell RJ, McCluskey DR, Collins JS. Colitis complicating chronic granulomatous disease. A clinicopathological case report. Gut 1996; 38:619-22. [PMID: 8707099 PMCID: PMC1383126 DOI: 10.1136/gut.38.4.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report concerns a female patient now aged 24 years, diagnosed at the age of 7 years as suffering from chronic granulomatous disease. At age 20 she developed diarrhoea accompanied by rectal bleeding. Endoscopy showed extensive colitis. She failed to respond to medical treatment and underwent total colectomy two years later. AIMS To discuss the histological changes in the colon in chronic granulomatous disease. RESULTS There was extensive mucosal inflammation throughout colon and rectum resembling ulcerative colitis. In addition characteristic large pigmented macrophages were distributed in the basal mucosa and superficial submucosa. Similar cells accompanied by granulomata were present in mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Colitis is an unusual clinical manifestation of chronic granulomatous disease but the presence and characteristic distribution of such pigmented macrophages in colonic biopsy in children and young adults may suggest the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sloan
- Department of Pathology, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust, Belfast
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24
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Valluri S, Chu FC, Smith ME. Ocular pathologic findings of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 120:120-3. [PMID: 7611321 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/METHODS To demonstrate ocular histopathologic findings of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. The histopathologic results of two enucleated eyes from two patients with chronic granulomatous disease were studied using light microscopy. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Histopathologic changes in the eye specimens in patients with chronic granulomatous disease included multiple foci of granulomatous inflammation of choroid and sclera.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valluri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 35-1993. A two-year-old boy with recurrent infections, cervical lymphadenopathy, and fever. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:714-21. [PMID: 8345858 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199309023291008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Roberts RL, Ank BJ, Fanger MW, Shen L, Stiehm ER. Role of oxygen intermediates in cytotoxicity: studies in chronic granulomatous disease. Inflammation 1993; 17:77-92. [PMID: 8432564 DOI: 10.1007/bf00916393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human neutrophils to lyse various target cells was investigated using cells from normal individuals and from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) whose cells lack the ability to form reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). Cytolysis was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), rabbit antiserum, and a heteroantibody that binds to both the FcRII receptor of neutrophils and to the target. The PMA-activated CGD neutrophils were deficient compared to controls in killing both tumor and chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) targets at all effector-target ratios in 18-h assays. When CRBC were sensitized with rabbit antiserum, the normal cells still killed slightly more. When killing of CRBC was mediated by the heteroantibody, however, cytotoxicity of CGD neutrophils exceeded that of normal cells. CGD mononuclear cells (MNC) killed tumor cell targets as well as or better than normal MNC. Thus, PMA-mediated cytolysis appears to depend primarily upon the ability of the cell to generate ROI whereas antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and MNC-mediated lysis of tumor cells do not require ROI formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine 90024-1752
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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Park SH, Chi JG. Chronic granulomatous disease: an ultrastructural study of the pigment laden histiocytes. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY 1992; 12:839-47. [PMID: 1448392 DOI: 10.3109/15513819209024241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the ultrastructural characteristics of the pigments in the macrophages of liver and lymph nodes from three children with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The pigments represent lipofuscin bodies and appear to be formed from lysosomes. Characteristic structures are believed to represent transitional stages between lysosomes and mature pigment granules. It is thought that the residual lipids undergo progressive oxidation secondary to deficient lipolytic activity, overloading the lysosomes. It was also noted that liver biopsy can be a valuable tool in confirming the diagnosis of CGD, particularly when the disease is clinically suspected but the results of the nitroblue tetrazolium test are equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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29
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Schapiro BL, Newburger PE, Klempner MS, Dinauer MC. Chronic granulomatous disease presenting in a 69-year-old man. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1786-90. [PMID: 1719419 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199112193252506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Schapiro
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Disease, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
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