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Hua JPY, Loewy RL, Stuart B, Fryer SL, Niendam TA, Carter CS, Vinogradov S, Mathalon DH. Cortical and subcortical brain morphometry abnormalities in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis and individuals with early illness schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111653. [PMID: 37121090 PMCID: PMC10362971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have documented morphometric brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, but less is known about them in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P), including how they compare with those observed in early schizophrenia (ESZ). Accordingly, we implemented multivariate profile analysis of regional morphometric profiles in CHR-P (n = 89), ESZ (n = 93) and healthy controls (HC; n = 122). ESZ profiles differed from HC and CHR-P profiles, including 1) cortical thickness: significant level reduction and regional non-parallelism reflecting widespread thinning, except for entorhinal and pericalcarine cortex, 2) basal ganglia volume: significant level increase and regional non-parallelism reflecting larger caudate and pallidum, and 3) ventricular volume: significant level increase with parallel regional profiles. CHR-P and ESZ cerebellar profiles showed significant non-parallelism with HC profiles. Regional profiles did not significantly differ between groups for cortical surface area or subcortical volume. Compared to CHR-P followed for ≥18 months without psychosis conversion (n = 31), CHR-P converters (n = 17) showed significant non-parallel ventricular volume expansion reflecting specific enlargement of lateral and inferolateral regions. Antipsychotic dosage in ESZ was significantly correlated with frontal cortical thinning. Results suggest that morphometric abnormalities in ESZ are not present in CHR-P, except for ventricular enlargement, which was evident in CHR-P who developed psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Y Hua
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, San Francisco VA Medical Center, and the University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, MO, United States
| | - Rachel L Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States
| | - Susanna L Fryer
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, CA, United States
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, United States
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, 94121, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, United States.
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2
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N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody and the choroid plexus in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:290-298. [PMID: 34411812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune disturbance has been postulated to be one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia (TD). Recently, the role of autoimmune abnormality in TD has been increasingly recognized. Autoantibodies against neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may be cross-reactive in the brain in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the choroid plexus (CP) is a crucial immune barrier in the central nervous system (CNS). We supposed that NMDAR antibodies might underlie the pathophysiological process of TD through the mediation of CP. METHODS Serum NMDAR antibody levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CP and ventricle volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia patients with TD (n = 61), without TD (NTD, n = 61), and in healthy controls (n = 74). Psychopathology and TD severity were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTS NMDAR antibody levels were significantly higher, CP volumes were larger in the TD group than in the NTD group (p = 0.022; p = 0.019, respectively). In the TD group, higher NMDAR antibody level was correlated with larger CP volume (β = 0.406, p = 0.002). An elevated NMDAR antibody level and enlarged CP volume were correlated with orofacial AIMS score (β = 0.331, p = 0.011; β = 0.459, p = 3.34 × 10-4, respectively). In a mediation model, the effect of NMDAR antibody level on the orofacial AIMS score was mediated by the CP volume (indirect effect: β = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.002-0.225; direct effect: β = 0.14, p = 0.154). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight a potential NMDAR antibody-associated mechanism in orofacial TD, which may be mediated by increased CP volume.
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Gallardo-Ruiz R, Crespo-Facorro B, Setién-Suero E, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D. Long-Term Grey Matter Changes in First Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:336-345. [PMID: 31132837 PMCID: PMC6539265 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.02.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine possible progressive changes of the grey matter at the first stages of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and to determine what regions are involved in these changes. METHODS We searched the literature concerning studies on longitudinal changes in grey matter in first-episode psychosis using magnetic resonance imaging, especially studies with an interval between scans of more than a year. Only articles published before 2018 were searched. We selected 19 magnetic resonance imaging longitudinal studies that used different neuroimaging analysis techniques to study changes in cerebral grey matter in a group of patients with a first episode of psychosis. RESULTS Patients with first episode of psychosis showed a decrease over time in cortical grey matter compared with a group of control subjects in frontal, temporal (specifically in superior regions), parietal, and subcortical regions. In addition to the above, studies indicate that patients showed a grey matter decrease in cerebellum and lateral ventricles volume. CONCLUSION The results suggest a decrease in grey matter in the years after the first episode of psychosis. Furthermore, the results of the studies showed consistency, regardless of the methods used in their analyses, as well as the time intervals between image collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gallardo-Ruiz
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities,Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Setién-Suero
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutierrez
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities,Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Konishi J, Del Re EC, Bouix S, Blokland GAM, Mesholam-Gately R, Woodberry K, Niznikiewicz M, Goldstein J, Hirayasu Y, Petryshen TL, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Abnormal relationships between local and global brain measures in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis: a pilot study. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:974-988. [PMID: 28815390 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether abnormal volumes of several brain regions as well as their mutual associations that have been observed in patients with schizophrenia, are also present in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for developing psychosis. 3T magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 19 CHR and 20 age- and handedness-matched controls. Volumes were measured for the body and temporal horns of the lateral ventricles, hippocampus and amygdala as well as total brain, cortical gray matter, white matter, and subcortical gray matter volumes. Relationships between volumes as well as correlations between volumes and cognitive and clinical measures were explored. Ratios of lateral ventricular volume to total brain volume and temporal horn volume to total brain volume were calculated. Volumetric abnormalities were lateralized to the left hemisphere. Volumes of the left temporal horn, and marginally, of the body of the left lateral ventricle were larger, while left amygdala but not hippocampal volume was significantly smaller in CHR participants compared to controls. Total brain volume was also significantly smaller and the ratio of the temporal horn/total brain volume was significantly higher in CHR than in controls. White matter volume correlated positively with higher verbal fluency score while temporal horn volume correlated positively with a greater number of perseverative errors. Together with the finding of larger temporal horns and smaller amygdala volumes in the left hemisphere, these results indicate that the ratio of temporal horns volume to brain volume is abnormal in CHR compared to controls. These abnormalities present in CHR individuals may constitute the biological basis for at least some of the CHR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Konishi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Elisabetta C Del Re
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriëlla A M Blokland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raquelle Mesholam-Gately
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Woodberry
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Niznikiewicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill Goldstein
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Health and Gender Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoshio Hirayasu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Huhtaniska S, Korkala I, Heikka T, Björnholm L, Lehtiniemi H, Hulkko AP, Moilanen J, Tohka J, Manjón J, Coupé P, Kiviniemi V, Isohanni M, Koponen H, Murray GK, Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E. Antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use and brain morphology in schizophrenia and affective psychoses - Systematic reviews and birth cohort study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 281:43-52. [PMID: 30219591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate differences in brain structure volumes between schizophrenia and affective psychoses, and whether cumulative lifetime antipsychotic or benzodiazepine doses relate to brain morphology in these groups. We conducted two systematic reviews on the topic and investigated 44 schizophrenia cases and 19 with affective psychoses from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. The association between lifetime antipsychotic and benzodiazepine dose and brain MRI scans at the age of 43 was investigated using linear regression. Intracranial volume, sex, illness severity, and antipsychotic/benzodiazepine doses were used as covariates. There were no differences between the groups in brain structure volumes. In schizophrenia, after adjusting for benzodiazepine dose and symptoms, a negative association between lifetime antipsychotic dose and the nucleus accumbens volume remained. In affective psychoses, higher lifetime benzodiazepine dose associated with larger volumes of total gray matter and hippocampal volume after controlling for antipsychotic use and symptoms. It seems that in addition to antipsychotics, the severity of symptoms and benzodiazepine dose are also associated with brain structure volumes. These results suggest, that benzodiazepine effects should also be investigated also independently and not only as a confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Huhtaniska
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Iikka Korkala
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomas Heikka
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Björnholm
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Lehtiniemi
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja P Hulkko
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jani Moilanen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - José Manjón
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Pierrick Coupé
- Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS (UMR 5800), PICTURA Research Group, France
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Matti Isohanni
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Hannu Koponen
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Graham K Murray
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, United Kingdom
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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Arumugham SS, Torres IJ, Lang DJ, Su W, Lam RW, Honer WG, Yatham LN. Subcortical structural volumes in recently remitted first episode mania. J Affect Disord 2017; 222:23-27. [PMID: 28667890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have yielded inconsistent findings with regard to subcortical volumetric abnormalities in patients with bipolar I disorder. Duration of illness and long term medication intake could have confounded the findings. METHOD Volumes of nine subcortical structures were compared between 63 patients who recently remitted from their first manic episode and 77 healthy volunteers. The volumetric segmentation was performed with the automated segmentation algorithm Freesurfer version 5.1. RESULTS There were no significant volumetric differences between the two groups in any of the structures examined including caudate, putamen, globus pallidum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus and lateral ventricles (q > 0.05-false discovery rate corrected). LIMITATIONS All patients were on psychotropic medications at the time of scanning, which might have confounded the results. Sample size may not be large enough to detect small volumetric changes. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bipolar I disorder do not appear to have any significant subcortical volumetric abnormalities during the early stage of the disease. Thus, early stage bipolar disorder may present an opportunity for intervention to arrest neuroprogression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna J Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wayne Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lakshmi N Yatham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Liu H, Zhai J, Wang B, Fang M. Olig2 Silence Ameliorates Cuprizone-Induced Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms in Mice. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4834-4840. [PMID: 28989170 PMCID: PMC5644458 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is complex and oligodendrocyte abnormality is an important component of the pathogenesis found in schizophrenia. This study was designed to evaluate the function of olig2 in cuprizone-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in a mouse model, and to assess the related mechanisms. Material/Methods The schizophrenia-like symptoms were modeled by administration of cuprizone in mice. Open-field and elevated-plus maze tests were applied to detect behavioral changes. Adenovirus encoding olig2 siRNA was designed to silence olig2 expression. Real-time PCR and western blotting were applied to detect myelin basic protein (MBP), 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and olig2 expressions. Results Open field test showed that the distance and time spent in the center area were significantly decreased in cuprizone mice (model mice) when compared with control mice (p<0.05). By contrast, olig2 silence could significantly increase the time and distance spent in the center area compared with the model mice (p<0.05). As revealed by elevated-plus maze test, the mice in the model group preferred the open arm and spent more time and distance in the open arm compared with control mice (p<0.05), while olig2 silence significantly reversed the abnormalities (p<0.05). Mechanically, MBP and CNPase expression were reduced in the model group compared with the control (p<0.05). However, olig2 silence reversed the reduction caused by cuprizone modeling (p<0.05). In addition, GFAP was elevated after cuprizone modeling compared with control (p<0.05), and was significantly inhibited by olig2 silence compared with model (p<0.05). Conclusions Cuprizone-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms involved olig2 upregulation. The silence of olig2 could prevent changes, likely through regulating MBP, CNPase, and GFAP expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Jining Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jinguo Zhai
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Bin Wang
- Jining Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Maosheng Fang
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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8
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Multi-center MRI prediction models: Predicting sex and illness course in first episode psychosis patients. Neuroimage 2016; 145:246-253. [PMID: 27421184 PMCID: PMC5193177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies have attempted to use brain measures obtained at the first-episode of psychosis to predict subsequent outcome, with inconsistent results. Thus, there is a real need to validate the utility of brain measures in the prediction of outcome using large datasets, from independent samples, obtained with different protocols and from different MRI scanners. This study had three main aims: 1) to investigate whether structural MRI data from multiple centers can be combined to create a machine-learning model able to predict a strong biological variable like sex; 2) to replicate our previous finding that an MRI scan obtained at first episode significantly predicts subsequent illness course in other independent datasets; and finally, 3) to test whether these datasets can be combined to generate multicenter models with better accuracy in the prediction of illness course. The multi-center sample included brain structural MRI scans from 256 males and 133 females patients with first episode psychosis, acquired in five centers: University Medical Center Utrecht (The Netherlands) (n=67); Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London (United Kingdom) (n=97); University of São Paulo (Brazil) (n=64); University of Cantabria, Santander (Spain) (n=107); and University of Melbourne (Australia) (n=54). All images were acquired on 1.5-Tesla scanners and all centers provided information on illness course during a follow-up period ranging 3 to 7years. We only included in the analyses of outcome prediction patients for whom illness course was categorized as either "continuous" (n=94) or "remitting" (n=118). Using structural brain scans from all centers, sex was predicted with significant accuracy (89%; p<0.001). In the single- or multi-center models, illness course could not be predicted with significant accuracy. However, when reducing heterogeneity by restricting the analyses to male patients only, classification accuracy improved in some samples. This study provides proof of concept that combining multi-center MRI data to create a well performing classification model is possible. However, to create complex multi-center models that perform accurately, each center should contribute a sample either large or homogeneous enough to first allow accurate classification within the single-center.
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9
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Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Cumerlato Melter C, Serati M, de Nijs J, Altamura AC. Biological aspects and candidate biomarkers for psychotic bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:227-44. [PMID: 26969211 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM We carried out a systematic review of the available literature about potential biomarkers of psychotic bipolar disorder (BD-P), a specific subset presenting worse outcome and greater risk of relapse than non-psychotic bipolar disorder (BD-NP). METHODS We searched the main psychiatric databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo). Only original articles with the main topic of BD-P compared to schizophrenia/BD-NP/healthy controls (HC) written in English from 1994 to 2015 were included. RESULTS BD-P patients presented higher kynurenic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, elevated anti- S accharomyces cerevisiae antibodies levels, and lower serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and progesterone than BD-NP/HC. Event-related potentials abnormalities have been identified in BD-P with respect to BD-NP. BD-P patients also presented bigger ventricles but similar hippocampal volumes compared to BD-NP/HC. Although the results are contrasting, some cognitive deficits seemed to be related to the psychotic dimension of bipolar affective disorder, such as impairment in verbal/logical memory, working memory, verbal and semantic fluency and executive functioning. Finally, polymorphisms of genes, such as NRG1, 5HTTLPR (s), COMT, DAOA and some chromosome regions (16p12 and 13q), were positively associated with BD-P. CONCLUSION Data about the identification of specific biomarkers for BD-P are promising, but most of them have not yet been replicated. They could lead the clinicians to an early diagnosis and proper treatment, thus ameliorating outcome of BD-P and reducing the biological changes associated with a long duration of illness. Further studies with bigger samples are needed to detect more specific biological markers of the psychotic dimension of bipolar affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht - Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Caldiroli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cumerlato Melter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Serati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica de Nijs
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht - Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Carlo Altamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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10
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Conrad MS, Sutton BP, Larsen R, Van Alstine WG, Johnson RW. Early postnatal respiratory viral infection induces structural and neurochemical changes in the neonatal piglet brain. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:326-35. [PMID: 25967923 PMCID: PMC4508213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections that cause inflammation during the postnatal period are common, yet little is known about their impact on brain development in gyrencephalic species. To address this issue, we investigated brain development in domestic piglets which have brain growth and morphology similar to human infants, after experimentally infecting them with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to induce an interstitial pneumonia Piglets were inoculated with PRRSV on postnatal day (PD) 7 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess brain macrostructure (voxel-based morphometry), microstructure (diffusion tensor imaging) and neurochemistry (MR-spectroscopy) at PD 29 or 30. PRRSV piglets exhibited signs of infection throughout the post-inoculation period and had elevated plasma levels of TNFα at the end of the study. PRRSV infection increased the volume of several components of the ventricular system including the cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and the lateral ventricles. Group comparisons between control and PRRSV piglets defined 8 areas where PRRSV piglets had less gray matter volume; 5 areas where PRRSV piglets had less white matter volume; and 4 relatively small areas where PRRSV piglets had more white matter. Of particular interest was a bilateral reduction in gray and white matter in the primary visual cortex. PRRSV piglets tended to have reduced fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Additionally, N-acetylaspartate, creatine, and myo-inositol were decreased in the hippocampus of PRRSV piglets suggesting disrupted neuronal and glial health and energy imbalances. These findings show in a gyrencephalic species that early-life infection can affect brain growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Conrad
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley P. Sutton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed during refereeing: Matthew S. Conrad, 227 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, Tel: (217) 333-8811,
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11
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Rosa PGP, Zanetti MV, Duran FLS, Santos LC, Menezes PR, Scazufca M, Murray RM, Busatto GF, Schaufelberger MS. What determines continuing grey matter changes in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis? Psychol Med 2015; 45:817-828. [PMID: 25180801 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that brain abnormalities in psychosis might be progressive during the first years of illness. We sought to determine whether first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects show progressive regional grey matter (GM) changes compared with controls, and whether those changes are associated with diagnosis, illness course or antipsychotic (AP) use. METHOD Thirty-two subjects with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FESZ), 24 patients with first-episode affective psychoses (FEAP) and 34 controls recruited using a population-based design underwent structural MRI scanning at baseline and at a 5-year follow-up. Regional GM volumes were assessed with voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Patients were treated at community settings, and about half of them remained mainly untreated. RESULTS No significant progressive changes in GM regional volumes were observed in either the FESZ or FEAP group overall. However, FESZ subjects with a non-remitting course showed GM decrements in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and insula relative to remitted FESZ subjects. Non-remitted FEAP subjects exhibited a GM decrease in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) bilaterally in comparison to remitted FEAP subjects. Among FESZ subjects, AP use was associated with regional GM decrements in the right insula and increments in the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the progression of brain abnormalities in FEP subjects is restricted to those with a poor outcome and differs between diagnosis subgroups. AP intake is associated with a different pattern of GM reductions over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G P Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - M V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - F L S Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - L C Santos
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - P R Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - M Scazufca
- Laboratory of Psychopharmacology and Clinical Psychophysiology (LIM-23), Faculty of Medicine,Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - R M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London,UK
| | - G F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
| | - M S Schaufelberger
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,University of São Paulo,Brazil
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12
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Busatto GF. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder with psychotic features: a critical review. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:776-86. [PMID: 23615813 PMCID: PMC3686460 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between major depressive disorder with psychotic (MDDP) features and schizophrenia has long been recognized, and the neurobiological boundaries between these disorders can nowadays be investigated using neuroimaging techniques. This article provides a critical review of such studies, addressing how they support a dimensional approach to the nosology and pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. A proportion of neuroimaging studies carried out to date indicate that MDDP subjects display structural and functional abnormalities in some brain regions specifically implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, such as the subgenual cingulate cortex. This reinforces the validity of the classification of MDDP in proximity to major depression without psychosis. There is some neuroimaging evidence that MDDP may be associated with additional brain abnormalities relative to nonpsychotic major depression although less prominently in comparison with findings from the neuroimaging literature on schizophrenia. Brain regions seen as critical both to emotional processing and to models of psychotic symptoms, such as the hippocampus, insula, and lateral prefrontal cortex, have been implicated in separate neuroimaging investigations of either schizophrenia or major depression, as well as in some studies that directly compared depressed patients with and without psychotic features. These brain regions are key targets for future studies designed to validate imaging phenotypes more firmly associated with MDDP, as well as to investigate the relationship between these phenotypes and possible etiological influences for MDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo F. Busatto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; ,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Rua Ovidio Pires Campos s/n, CEP 05403-010, São Paulo–SP, Brasil; tel: -55-11-26618132, fax: -55-11-30821015, e-mail:
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13
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Cunha PJ, Rosa PGP, Ayres ADM, Duran FLS, Santos LC, Scazufca M, Menezes PR, dos Santos B, Murray RM, Crippa JAS, Busatto GF, Schaufelberger MS. Cannabis use, cognition and brain structure in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2013; 147:209-15. [PMID: 23672820 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent worldwide and it is associated with psychosis, but its effects on brain structure and cognition are still controversial. The aim of this paper is to investigate cognitive functioning and brain structure in patients with their first episode of psychosis who used Cannabis. We examined gray matter and lateral ventricle volumes in 28 patients with first-episode psychosis and a history of Cannabis use, 78 patients without a history of Cannabis use and 80 healthy controls who had not used Cannabis. Cognition was assessed using forward and backwards digit span tests, from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III) and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Patients with a history of Cannabis use had less brain abnormalities, characterized by gray matter and lateral ventricle volume preservation, as well as less attentional and executive impairments compared to patients without a history of Cannabis use. Cannabis-using patients who develop psychosis have less neurodevelopmental impairment and better cognitive reserve than other psychotic patients; perhaps reflecting different etiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr Ovídio Pires de Campos, s/n, 05403-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Ohtsuka N, Badurek S, Busslinger M, Benes FM, Minichiello L, Rudolph U. GABAergic neurons regulate lateral ventricular development via transcription factor Pax5. Genesis 2013; 51:234-45. [PMID: 23349049 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem studies have revealed a downregulation of the transcription factor Pax5 in GABAergic neurons in bipolar disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder, raising the question whether Pax5 in GABAergic neurons has a role in normal brain development. In a genetic approach to study functions of Pax5 in GABAergic neurons, Pax5 was specifically deleted in GABAergic neurons from Pax5 floxed mice using a novel Gad1-Cre transgenic mouse line expressing Cre recombinase in Gad1-positive, that is, GABAergic neurons. Surprisingly, these mice developed a marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles at approximately 7 weeks of age, which was lethal within 1-2 weeks of its appearance. This hydrocephalus phenotype was observed in mice homozygous or heterozygous for the Pax5 conditional knockout, with a gene dosage-dependent penetrance. By QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping, a 3.5 Mb segment on mouse chromosome 4 flanked by markers D4Mit237 and D4Mit214 containing approximately 92 genes including Pax5 has previously been linked to differences in lateral ventricular size. Our findings are consistent with Pax5 being a relevant gene underlying this QTL phenotype and demonstrate that Pax5 in GABAergic neurons is essential for normal ventricular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Ohtsuka
- Program in Structural and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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15
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Palha JA, Santos NC, Marques F, Sousa J, Bessa J, Miguelote R, Sousa N, Belmonte-de-Abreu P. Do genes and environment meet to regulate cerebrospinal fluid dynamics? Relevance for schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:31. [PMID: 22891052 PMCID: PMC3413907 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopment disorder in which the interplay of genes and environment contributes to disease onset and establishment. The most consistent pathological feature in schizophrenic patients is an enlargement of the brain ventricles. Yet, so far, no study has related this finding with dysfunction of the choroid plexus (CP), the epithelial cell monolayer located within the brain ventricles that is responsible for the production of most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Enlarged brain ventricles are already present at the time of disease onset (young adulthood) and, of notice, isolated mild ventriculomegaly detected in utero is associated with subsequent mild neurodevelopmental abnormalities similar to those observed in children at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Here we propose that altered CP/CSF dynamics during neurodevelopment may be considered a risk, causative and/or participating factor for development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
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16
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Hafeman DM, Chang KD, Garrett AS, Sanders EM, Phillips ML. Effects of medication on neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder: an updated review. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:375-410. [PMID: 22631621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging is an important tool for better understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD). However, potential study participants are often receiving psychotropic medications which can possibly confound imaging data. To better interpret the results of neuroimaging studies in BD, it is important to understand the impact of medications on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS To better understand the impact of medications on imaging data, we conducted a literature review and searched MEDLINE for papers that included the key words bipolar disorder and fMRI, sMRI, or DTI. The search was limited to papers that assessed medication effects and had not been included in a previous review by Phillips et al. (Medication effects in neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 313-320). This search yielded 74 sMRI studies, 46 fMRI studies, and 15 DTI studies. RESULTS Medication appeared to influence many sMRI studies, but had limited impact on fMRI and DTI findings. From the structural studies, the most robust finding (20/45 studies) was that lithium was associated with increased volumes in areas important for mood regulation, while antipsychotic agents and anticonvulsants were generally not. Regarding secondary analysis of the medication effects of fMRI and DTI studies, few showed significant effects of medication, although rigorous analyses were typically not possible when the majority of subjects were medicated. Medication effects were more frequently observed in longitudinal studies designed to assess the impact of particular medications on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. With a few exceptions, the observed effects were normalizing, meaning that the medicated individuals with BD were more similar than their unmedicated counterparts to healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The effects of psychotropic medications, when present, are predominantly normalizing and thus do not seem to provide an alternative explanation for differences in volume, white matter tracts, or BOLD signal between BD participants and healthy subjects. However, the normalizing effects of medication could obfuscate differences between BD and healthy subjects, and thus might lead to type II errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danella M Hafeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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17
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Edmiston EE, Wang F, Kalmar JH, Womer FY, Chepenik LG, Pittman B, Gueorguieva R, Hur E, Spencer L, Staib LH, Constable RT, Fulbright RK, Papademetris X, Blumberg HP. Lateral ventricle volume and psychotic features in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194:400-402. [PMID: 22041535 PMCID: PMC3225709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrates increased lateral ventricle volume (LVV) in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder (BD) with psychotic symptoms, but not without psychosis, compared to healthy adolescents and adults. This suggests LVV is a morphologic feature associated with psychosis in BD, present by adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Edmiston
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica H. Kalmar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fay Y. Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lara G. Chepenik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Esther Hur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linda Spencer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Staib
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert K. Fulbright
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Hilary P. Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Hilary Blumberg, M.D., Yale Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, 203-785-6180,
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18
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Rosenthal R. Of schizophrenia, pruning, and epigenetics: a hypothesis and suggestion. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:106-8. [PMID: 21477930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One area of relative agreement in schizophrenic research is that there is grey matter volume deficit in various cortical areas associated with this illness. One theory attempting to explain this involves an exaggerated action of the normal CNS pruning process. Various aspects of this process were discussed along with indirect supporting evidence for this hypothesis. A test of this hypothesis was proposed involving whole genome epigenetic scanning of discordant monozygotic twins to see if differences were present associated with transcription sites of proteins involved in the pruning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Rosenthal
- Southern Nevada Adult Mental Health, 6161 W Charleston, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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