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Yin F, Ma W, Xu Q, Song Z, Jiang J, Tang Z, Liu Y, Zhang S, Bai Y, Liu M. Cercospora polygonatum, a New Species Causing Gray Leaf Spot Disease in Polygonatum cyrtonema. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2264-2271. [PMID: 38386296 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-24-0327-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study identified a new species (Cercospora polygonatum) that causes gray leaf spot (GLS) disease in cultivated Polygonatum cyrtonema. This fungal species was isolated from the affected region of GLS on P. cyrtonema leaves. Pathogenicity bioassays were conducted based on Koch's postulates. Morphology was examined based on the features of conidiomata, conidiogenous loci, conidia/conidiophores, and conidiogenous cells. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and histone genes were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the MrBayes tool in Phylosuite. Bootstrap support analysis for phylogenetic placement confirmed the new species, which was significantly different from the closely related species C. senecionis-walkeri and C. zeae-maydis. The morphological characteristics also supported this finding, with the conidiogenous cells of C. polygonatum being considerably shorter than those of C. senecionis-walkeri or C. zeae-maydis. In addition, C. polygonatum was distinguished by its cultural characteristics. As this fungus was isolated from P. cyrtonema, it was named C. polygonatum F.Q. Yin, M. Liu & W.L. Ma, sp. nov. The type specimen (H8-2) was preserved at the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center. This is the first report of GLS caused by C. polygonatum on P. cyrtonema leaves in China. The current study enriches the knowledge regarding Cercospora sp., contributes to the identification of a species causing GLS in P. cyrtonema, and provides useful information for the effective management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yin
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
- The Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Green Cultivation and Deep Processing of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area's Medicinal Herbs, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Zhen Song
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Jiamin Jiang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Zixuan Tang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Shaotian Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Yu Bai
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Ming Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
- The Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Green Cultivation and Deep Processing of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area's Medicinal Herbs, Chongqing 404120, China
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2
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Nsibo DL, Barnes I, Berger DK. Recent advances in the population biology and management of maize foliar fungal pathogens Exserohilum turcicum, Cercospora zeina and Bipolaris maydis in Africa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1404483. [PMID: 39148617 PMCID: PMC11324496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1404483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Maize is the most widely cultivated and major security crop in sub-Saharan Africa. Three foliar diseases threaten maize production on the continent, namely northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern corn leaf blight. These are caused by the fungi Exserohilum turcicum, Cercospora zeina, and Bipolaris maydis, respectively. Yield losses of more than 10% can occur if these pathogens are diagnosed inaccurately or managed ineffectively. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the population biology and management of the three pathogens, which are present in Africa and thrive under similar environmental conditions during a single growing season. To effectively manage these pathogens, there is an increasing adoption of breeding for resistance at the small-scale level combined with cultural practices. Fungicide usage in African cropping systems is limited due to high costs and avoidance of chemical control. Currently, there is limited knowledge available on the population biology and genetics of these pathogens in Africa. The evolutionary potential of these pathogens to overcome host resistance has not been fully established. There is a need to conduct large-scale sampling of isolates to study their diversity and trace their migration patterns across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Nsibo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Dai Z, Pi Q, Liu Y, Hu L, Li B, Zhang B, Wang Y, Jiang M, Qi X, Li W, Gui S, Llaca V, Fengler K, Thatcher S, Li Z, Liu X, Fan X, Lai Z. ZmWAK02 encoding an RD-WAK protein confers maize resistance against gray leaf spot. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1780-1793. [PMID: 38058244 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS) caused by Cercospora zeina or C. zeae-maydis is a major maize disease throughout the world. Although more than 100 QTLs resistant against GLS have been identified, very few of them have been cloned. Here, we identified a major resistance QTL against GLS, qRglsSB, explaining 58.42% phenotypic variation in SB12×SA101 BC1 F1 population. By fine-mapping, it was narrowed down into a 928 kb region. By using transgenic lines, mutants and complementation lines, it was confirmed that the ZmWAK02 gene, encoding an RD wall-associated kinase, is the responsible gene in qRglsSB resistant against GLS. The introgression of the ZmWAK02 gene into hybrid lines significantly improves their grain yield in the presence of GLS pressure and does not reduce their grain yield in the absence of GLS. In summary, we cloned a gene, ZmWAK02, conferring large effect of GLS resistance and confirmed its great value in maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianyu Pi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingchen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 110161, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 110161, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 110161, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Songtao Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | - Ziwei Li
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, 678699, Ruili, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institue of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Zhibing Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, 430070, Wuhan, China
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4
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Zhong T, Zhu M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Deng S, Guo C, Xu L, Liu T, Li Y, Bi Y, Fan X, Balint-Kurti P, Xu M. The ZmWAKL-ZmWIK-ZmBLK1-ZmRBOH4 module provides quantitative resistance to gray leaf spot in maize. Nat Genet 2024; 56:315-326. [PMID: 38238629 PMCID: PMC10864183 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungal pathogens Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina, is a major foliar disease of maize worldwide (Zea mays L.). Here we demonstrate that ZmWAKL encoding cell-wall-associated receptor kinase-like protein is the causative gene at the major quantitative disease resistance locus against GLS. The ZmWAKLY protein, encoded by the resistance allele, can self-associate and interact with a leucine-rich repeat immune-related kinase ZmWIK on the plasma membrane. The ZmWAKLY/ZmWIK receptor complex interacts with and phosphorylates the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) ZmBLK1, which in turn phosphorylates its downstream NADPH oxidase ZmRBOH4. Upon pathogen infection, ZmWAKLY phosphorylation activity is transiently increased, initiating immune signaling from ZmWAKLY, ZmWIK, ZmBLK1 to ZmRBOH4, ultimately triggering a reactive oxygen species burst. Our study thus uncovers the role of the maize ZmWAKL-ZmWIK-ZmBLK1-ZmRBOH4 receptor/signaling/executor module in perceiving the pathogen invasion, transducing immune signals, activating defense responses and conferring increased resistance to GLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Suining Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Baoshan Institute of Agricultural Science, Baoshan, P.R. China
| | - Yancong Li
- Baoshan Institute of Agricultural Science, Baoshan, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Bi
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh NC and Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mingliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/National Maize Improvement Center/Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
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5
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Hu C, Kuang T, Shaw RK, Zhang Y, Fan J, Bi Y, Jiang F, Guo R, Fan X. Genetic dissection of resistance to gray leaf spot by genome-wide association study in a multi-parent maize population. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:10. [PMID: 38163896 PMCID: PMC10759574 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying gray leaf spot (GLS) resistance in maize is crucial for breeding GLS-resistant inbred lines and commercial hybrids. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene functional annotation are valuable methods for identifying potential SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) and candidate genes associated with GLS resistance in maize. RESULTS In this study, a total of 757 lines from five recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations of maize at the F7 generation were used to construct an association mapping panel. SNPs obtained through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) were used to perform GWAS for GLS resistance using a linear mixture model in GEMMA. Candidate gene screening was performed by analyzing the 10 kb region upstream and downstream of the significantly associated SNPs linked to GLS resistance. Through GWAS analysis of multi-location phenotypic data, we identified ten candidate genes that were consistently detected in two locations or from one location along with best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE). One of these candidate genes, Zm00001d003257 that might impact GLS resistance by regulating gibberellin content, was further identified through haplotype-based association analysis, candidate gene expression analysis, and previous reports. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of the novel candidate gene provides valuable genomic resources for elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying GLS resistance in maize. Additionally, these findings will contribute to the development of new genetic resources by utilizing molecular markers to facilitate the genetic improvement and breeding of maize for GLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hu
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Tianhui Kuang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ranjan K Shaw
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaqi Bi
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fuyan Jiang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ruijia Guo
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xingming Fan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.
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6
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Yan C, Han W, Zhou Q, Niwa K, Tang MJ, Burch JE, Zhang Y, Delgadillo DA, Sun Z, Wu Z, Jacobsen SE, Nelson H, Houk KN, Tang Y. Genome Mining from Agriculturally Relevant Fungi Led to a d-Glucose Esterified Polyketide with a Terpene-like Core Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25080-25085. [PMID: 37948671 PMCID: PMC10682982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) found in devastating plant pathogens and biocontrol fungi revealed an uncharacterized and conserved polyketide BGC. Genome mining identified the associated metabolite to be treconorin, which has a terpene-like, trans-fused 5,7-bicyclic core that is proposed to derive from a (4 + 3) cycloaddition. The core is esterified with d-glucose, which derives from the glycosidic cleavage of a trehalose ester precursor. This glycomodification strategy is different from the commonly observed glycosylation of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Yan
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wenyu Han
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kanji Niwa
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Melody J. Tang
- Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jessica E. Burch
- Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yalong Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David A. Delgadillo
- Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zuodong Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E. Jacobsen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hosea Nelson
- Division of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular,
Cell, and Developmental Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Omondi DO, Dida MM, Berger DK, Beyene Y, Nsibo DL, Juma C, Mahabaleswara SL, Gowda M. Combination of linkage and association mapping with genomic prediction to infer QTL regions associated with gray leaf spot and northern corn leaf blight resistance in tropical maize. Front Genet 2023; 14:1282673. [PMID: 38028598 PMCID: PMC10661943 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1282673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the diseases threatening maize production in Africa are gray leaf spot (GLS) caused by Cercospora zeina and northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum. The two pathogens, which have high genetic diversity, reduce the photosynthesizing ability of susceptible genotypes and, hence, reduce the grain yield. To identify population-based quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for GLS and NCLB resistance, a biparental population of 230 lines derived from the tropical maize parents CML511 and CML546 and an association mapping panel of 239 tropical and sub-tropical inbred lines were phenotyped across multi-environments in western Kenya. Based on 1,264 high-quality polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the biparental population, we identified 10 and 18 QTLs, which explained 64.2% and 64.9% of the total phenotypic variance for GLS and NCLB resistance, respectively. A major QTL for GLS, qGLS1_186 accounted for 15.2% of the phenotypic variance, while qNCLB3_50 explained the most phenotypic variance at 8.8% for NCLB resistance. Association mapping with 230,743 markers revealed 11 and 16 SNPs significantly associated with GLS and NCLB resistance, respectively. Several of the SNPs detected in the association panel were co-localized with QTLs identified in the biparental population, suggesting some consistent genomic regions across genetic backgrounds. These would be more relevant to use in field breeding to improve resistance to both diseases. Genomic prediction models trained on the biparental population data yielded average prediction accuracies of 0.66-0.75 for the disease traits when validated in the same population. Applying these prediction models to the association panel produced accuracies of 0.49 and 0.75 for GLS and NCLB, respectively. This research conducted in maize fields relevant to farmers in western Kenya has combined linkage and association mapping to identify new QTLs and confirm previous QTLs for GLS and NCLB resistance. Overall, our findings imply that genetic gain can be improved in maize breeding for resistance to multiple diseases including GLS and NCLB by using genomic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis O. Omondi
- Department of Crops and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food Security and Environmental Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
- Crop Science Division Bayer East Africa Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathews M. Dida
- Department of Crops and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food Security and Environmental Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- The Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David L. Nsibo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Collins Juma
- Crop Science Division Bayer East Africa Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Suresh L. Mahabaleswara
- The Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- The Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
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8
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Welgemoed T, Duong TA, Barnes I, Stukenbrock EH, Berger DK. Population genomic analyses suggest recent dispersal events of the pathogen Cercospora zeina into East and Southern African maize cropping systems. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad214. [PMID: 37738420 PMCID: PMC10627275 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A serious factor hampering global maize production is gray leaf spot disease. Cercospora zeina is one of the causative pathogens, but population genomics analysis of C. zeina is lacking. We conducted whole-genome Illumina sequencing of a representative set of 30 C. zeina isolates from Kenya and Uganda (East Africa) and Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (Southern Africa). Selection of the diverse set was based on microsatellite data from a larger collection of the pathogen. Pangenome analysis of the C. zeina isolates was done by (1) de novo assembly of the reads with SPAdes, (2) annotation with BRAKER, and (3) protein clustering with OrthoFinder. A published long-read assembly of C. zeina (CMW25467) from Zambia was included and annotated using the same pipeline. This analysis revealed 790 non-shared accessory and 10,677 shared core orthogroups (genes) between the 31 isolates. Accessory gene content was largely shared between isolates from all countries, with a few genes unique to populations from Southern Africa (32) or East Africa (6). There was a significantly higher proportion of effector genes in the accessory secretome (44%) compared to the core secretome (24%). PCA, ADMIXTURE, and phylogenetic analysis using a neighbor-net network indicated a population structure with a geographical subdivision between the East African isolates and the Southern African isolates, although gene flow was also evident. The small pangenome and partial population differentiation indicated recent dispersal of C. zeina into Africa, possibly from 2 regional founder populations, followed by recurrent gene flow owing to widespread maize production across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Welgemoed
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Eva H Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-11, Kiel 24118, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Yadav S, Singh R, Verma SK, Singh G, Kushwaha P. Addition of three new lineages in Mycosphaerellaceae: Neoacervuloseptoria gen. nov., Neocercosporella gen. nov. and Neoramulariopsis gen. nov. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Cheng Z, Lv X, Duan C, Zhu H, Wang J, Xu Z, Yin H, Zhou X, Li M, Hao Z, Li F, Li X, Weng J. Pathogenicity Variation in Two Genomes of Cercospora Species Causing Gray Leaf Spot in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:14-25. [PMID: 36251001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The gray leaf spots caused by Cercospora spp. severely affect the yield and quality of maize. However, the evolutionary relation and pathogenicity variation between species of the Cercospora genus is largely unknown. In this study, we constructed high-quality reference genomes by nanopore sequencing two Cercospora species, namely, C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina, with differing pathogenicity, collected from northeast (Liaoning [LN]) and southeast (Yunnan [YN]) China, respectively. The genome size of C. zeae-maydis-LN is 45.08 Mb, containing 10,839 annotated genes, whereas that of Cercospora zeina-YN is 42.18 Mb, containing 10,867 annotated genes, of which approximately 86.58% are common in the two species. The difference in their genome size is largely attributed to increased long terminal repeat retrotransposons of 3.8 Mb in total length in C. zeae-maydis-LN. There are 41 and 30 carbohydrate-binding gene subfamilies identified in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. A higher number of carbohydrate-binding families found in C. zeae-maydis-LN, and its unique CBM4, CBM37, and CBM66, in particular, may contribute to variation in pathogenicity between the two species, as the carbohydrate-binding genes are known to encode cell wall-degrading enzymes. Moreover, there are 114 and 107 effectors predicted, with 47 and 46 having unique potential pathogenicity in C. zeae-maydis-LN and C. zeina-YN, respectively. Of eight effectors randomly selected for pathogenic testing, five were found to inhibit cell apoptosis induced by Bcl-2-associated X. Taken together, our results provide genomic insights into variation in pathogenicity between C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangling Lv
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hanyong Zhu
- Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan, Yunnan, 663000, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Corn Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 030600, China
| | - Zhennan Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huifei Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuafang Hao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110161, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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11
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Wingfield BD, Berger DK, Coetzee MPA, Duong TA, Martin A, Pham NQ, van den Berg N, Wilken PM, Arun-Chinnappa KS, Barnes I, Buthelezi S, Dahanayaka BA, Durán A, Engelbrecht J, Feurtey A, Fourie A, Fourie G, Hartley J, Kabwe ENK, Maphosa M, Narh Mensah DL, Nsibo DL, Potgieter L, Poudel B, Stukenbrock EH, Thomas C, Vaghefi N, Welgemoed T, Wingfield MJ. IMA genome‑F17 : Draft genome sequences of an Armillaria species from Zimbabwe, Ceratocystis colombiana, Elsinoë necatrix, Rosellinia necatrix, two genomes of Sclerotinia minor, short‑read genome assemblies and annotations of four Pyrenophora teres isolates from barley grass, and a long-read genome assembly of Cercospora zeina. IMA Fungus 2022; 13:19. [PMID: 36411457 PMCID: PMC9677705 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K. Berger
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Martin P. A. Coetzee
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anke Martin
- grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Nam Q. Pham
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Noelani van den Berg
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kiruba Shankari Arun-Chinnappa
- grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia ,PerkinElmer Pty Ltd., Level 2, Building 5, Brandon Business Park, 530‑540, Springvale Road, Glen Waverley, VIC 3150 Australia
| | - Irene Barnes
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sikelela Buthelezi
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Alvaro Durán
- Plant Health Program, Research and Development, Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd. (APRIL), Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau 28300 Indonesia
| | - Juanita Engelbrecht
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alice Feurtey
- grid.419520.b0000 0001 2222 4708Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arista Fourie
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gerda Fourie
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jesse Hartley
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eugene N. K. Kabwe
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mkhululi Maphosa
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deborah L. Narh Mensah
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.423756.10000 0004 1764 1672CSIR, Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - David L. Nsibo
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Lizel Potgieter
- grid.419520.b0000 0001 2222 4708Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Barsha Poudel
- grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- grid.419520.b0000 0001 2222 4708Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Chanel Thomas
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Tanya Welgemoed
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
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12
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Chen Q, Bakhshi M, Balci Y, Broders K, Cheewangkoon R, Chen S, Fan X, Gramaje D, Halleen F, Jung MH, Jiang N, Jung T, Májek T, Marincowitz S, Milenković I, Mostert L, Nakashima C, Nurul Faziha I, Pan M, Raza M, Scanu B, Spies C, Suhaizan L, Suzuki H, Tian C, Tomšovský M, Úrbez-Torres J, Wang W, Wingfield B, Wingfield M, Yang Q, Yang X, Zare R, Zhao P, Groenewald J, Cai L, Crous P. Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. Stud Mycol 2022; 101:417-564. [PMID: 36059898 PMCID: PMC9365048 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is the fourth contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms, as well as DNA barcodes for the taxa covered. Moreover, 12 whole-genome sequences for the type or new species in the treated genera are provided. The fourth paper in the GOPHY series covers 19 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives, including Ascochyta, Cadophora, Celoporthe, Cercospora, Coleophoma, Cytospora, Dendrostoma, Didymella, Endothia, Heterophaeomoniella, Leptosphaerulina, Melampsora, Nigrospora, Pezicula, Phaeomoniella, Pseudocercospora, Pteridopassalora, Zymoseptoria, and one genus of oomycetes, Phytophthora. This study includes two new genera, 30 new species, five new combinations, and 43 typifications of older names. Taxonomic novelties: New genera: Heterophaeomoniella L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, Pteridopassalora C. Nakash. & Crous; New species: Ascochyta flava Qian Chen & L. Cai, Cadophora domestica L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, Cadophora rotunda L. Mostert, R. van der Merwe, Halleen & Gramaje, Cadophora vinacea J.R. Úrbez-Torres, D.T. O'Gorman & Gramaje, Cadophora vivarii L. Mostert, Havenga, Halleen & Gramaje, Celoporthe foliorum H. Suzuki, Marinc. & M.J. Wingf., Cercospora alyssopsidis M. Bakhshi, Zare & Crous, Dendrostoma elaeocarpi C.M. Tian & Q. Yang, Didymella chlamydospora Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella gei Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella ligulariae Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella qilianensis Qian Chen & L. Cai, Didymella uniseptata Qian Chen & L. Cai, Endothia cerciana W. Wang. & S.F. Chen, Leptosphaerulina miscanthi Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora covidalis M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora globospora M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Nigrospora philosophiae-doctoris M. Raza, Qian Chen & L. Cai, Phytophthora transitoria I. Milenković, T. Májek & T. Jung, Phytophthora panamensis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora variabilis T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, Pseudocercospora delonicicola C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora farfugii C. Nakash., I. Araki, & Ai Ito, Pseudocercospora hardenbergiae Crous & C. Nakash., Pseudocercospora kenyirana C. Nakash., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora perrottetiae Crous, C. Nakash. & C.Y. Chen, Pseudocercospora platyceriicola C. Nakash., Y. Hatt, L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora stemonicola C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora terengganuensis C. Nakash., Y. Hatt., L. Suhaizan & I. Nurul Faziha, Pseudocercospora xenopunicae Crous & C. Nakash.; New combinations: Heterophaeomoniella pinifoliorum (Hyang B. Lee et al.) L. Mostert, C.F.J. Spies, Halleen & Gramaje, Pseudocercospora pruni-grayanae (Sawada) C. Nakash. & Motohashi., Pseudocercospora togashiana (K. Ito & Tak. Kobay.) C. Nakash. & Tak. Kobay., Pteridopassalora nephrolepidicola (Crous & R.G. Shivas) C. Nakash. & Crous, Pteridopassalora lygodii (Goh & W.H. Hsieh) C. Nakash. & Crous; Typification: Epitypification: Botrytis infestans Mont., Cercospora abeliae Katsuki, Cercospora ceratoniae Pat. & Trab., Cercospora cladrastidis Jacz., Cercospora cryptomeriicola Sawada, Cercospora dalbergiae S.H. Sun, Cercospora ebulicola W. Yamam., Cercospora formosana W. Yamam., Cercospora fukuii W. Yamam., Cercospora glochidionis Sawada, Cercospora ixorana J.M. Yen & Lim, Cercospora liquidambaricola J.M. Yen, Cercospora pancratii Ellis & Everh., Cercospora pini-densiflorae Hori & Nambu, Cercospora profusa Syd. & P. Syd., Cercospora pyracanthae Katsuki, Cercospora horiana Togashi & Katsuki, Cercospora tabernaemontanae Syd. & P. Syd., Cercospora trinidadensis F. Stevens & Solheim, Melampsora laricis-urbanianae Tak. Matsumoto, Melampsora salicis-cupularis Wang, Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae Sawada, Pseudocercospora angiopteridis Goh & W.H. Hsieh, Pseudocercospora basitruncata Crous, Pseudocercospora boehmeriigena U. Braun, Pseudocercospora coprosmae U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Pseudocercospora cratevicola C. Nakash. & U. Braun, Pseudocercospora cymbidiicola U. Braun & C.F. Hill, Pseudocercospora dodonaeae Boesew., Pseudocercospora euphorbiacearum U. Braun, Pseudocercospora lygodii Goh & W.H. Hsieh, Pseudocercospora metrosideri U. Braun, Pseudocercospora paraexosporioides C. Nakash. & U. Braun, Pseudocercospora symploci Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous, Septogloeum punctatum Wakef.; Neotypification: Cercospora aleuritis I. Miyake; Lectotypification: Cercospora dalbergiae S.H. Sun, Cercospora formosana W. Yamam., Cercospora fukuii W. Yamam., Cercospora glochidionis Sawada, Cercospora profusa Syd. & P. Syd., Melampsora laricis-urbanianae Tak. Matsumoto, Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae Sawada, Pseudocercospora symploci Katsuki & Tak. Kobay. ex U. Braun & Crous. Citation: Chen Q, Bakhshi M, Balci Y, Broders KD, Cheewangkoon R, Chen SF, Fan XL, Gramaje D, Halleen F, Horta Jung M, Jiang N, Jung T, Májek T, Marincowitz S, Milenković T, Mostert L, Nakashima C, Nurul Faziha I, Pan M, Raza M, Scanu B, Spies CFJ, Suhaizan L, Suzuki H, Tian CM, Tomšovský M, Úrbez-Torres JR, Wang W, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Yang Q, Yang X, Zare R, Zhao P, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Crous PW (2022). Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4. Studies in Mycology 101: 417-564. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - M. Bakhshi
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Y. Balci
- USDA-APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine, 4700 River Road, Riverdale, Maryland, 20737 USA
| | - K.D. Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - R. Cheewangkoon
- Entomology and Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200
| | - S.F. Chen
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong Province, China
| | - X.L. Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - D. Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja. Ctra. LO-20 Salida 13, 26007 Logroño. Spain
| | - F. Halleen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Plant Protection Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenboscvh, 7599, South Africa
| | - M. Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N. Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - T. Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Májek
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S. Marincowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - I. Milenković
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L. Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - C. Nakashima
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurima-machiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - I. Nurul Faziha
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - M. Pan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - M. Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - B. Scanu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - C.F.J. Spies
- ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - L. Suhaizan
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - H. Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - C.M. Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - M. Tomšovský
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J.R. Úrbez-Torres
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - W. Wang
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, Guangdong Province, China
| | - B.D. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - M.J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Q. Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - X. Yang
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, Maryland, 21702 USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ARS Research Participation Program, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831 USA
| | - R. Zare
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Forecasting the number of species of asexually reproducing fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Back to the wild: mining maize (Zea mays L.) disease resistance using advanced breeding tools. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5787-5803. [PMID: 35064401 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated modern maize (Zea mays L.) originated through the continuous process of domestication from its wild progenitors. Today, maize is considered as the most important cereal crop which is extensively cultivated in all parts of the world. Maize shows remarkable genotypic and phenotypic diversity which makes it an ideal model species for crop genetic research. However, intensive breeding and artificial selection of desired agronomic traits greatly narrow down the genetic bases of maize. This reduction in genetic diversity among cultivated maize led to increase the chance of more attack of biotic stress as climate changes hampering the maize grain production globally. Maize germplasm requires to integrate both durable multiple-diseases and multiple insect-pathogen resistance through tapping the unexplored resources of maize landraces. Revisiting the landraces seed banks will provide effective opportunities to transfer the resistant genes into the modern cultivars. Here, we describe the maize domestication process and discuss the unique genes from wild progenitors which potentially can be utilized for disease resistant in maize. We also focus on the genetics and disease resistance mechanism of various genes against maize biotic stresses and then considered the different molecular breeding tools for gene transfer and advanced high resolution mapping for gene pyramiding in maize lines. At last, we provide an insight for targeting identified key genes through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to enhance the maize resilience towards biotic stress.
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15
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Qiu H, Li C, Yang W, Tan K, Yi Q, Yang M, Bai G. Fine Mapping of a New Major QTL- qGLS8 for Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:743869. [PMID: 34603363 PMCID: PMC8484643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by different species of Cercospora, is a fungal, non-soil-borne disease that causes serious reductions in maize yield worldwide. The identification of major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for GLS resistance in maize is essential for developing marker-assisted selection strategies in maize breeding. Previous research found a significant difference (P < 0.01) in GLS resistance between T32 (highly resistant) and J51 (highly susceptible) genotypes of maize. Initial QTL analysis was conducted in an F2 : 3 population of 189 individuals utilizing genetic maps that were constructed using 181 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. One QTL (qGLS8) was detected, defined by the markers umc1130 and umc2354 in three environments. The qGLS8 QTL detected in the initial analysis was located in a 51.96-Mb genomic region of chromosome 8 and explained 7.89-14.71% of the phenotypic variation in GLS resistance in different environments. We also developed a near isogenic line (NIL) BC3F2 population with 1,468 individuals and a BC3F2-Micro population with 180 individuals for fine mapping. High-resolution genetic and physical maps were constructed using six newly developed SSRs. The QTL-qGLS8 was narrowed down to a 124-kb region flanked by the markers ym20 and ym51 and explained up to 17.46% of the phenotypic variation in GLS resistance. The QTL-qGLS8 contained seven candidate genes, such as an MYB-related transcription factor 24 and a C 3 H transcription factor 347), and long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs). The present study aimed to provide a foundation for the identification of candidate genes for GLS resistance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Qiu
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Qiu ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-1738
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16
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Sun B, Xia Y, Davison S, Gomez A, Garber PA, Amato KR, Xu X, Xia DP, Wang X, Li JH. Assessing the Influence of Environmental Sources on the Gut Mycobiome of Tibetan Macaques. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730477. [PMID: 34421885 PMCID: PMC8372991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and availability of microbes in the environment has an important effect on the composition of the gut microbiome of wild vertebrates. However, our current knowledge of gut-environmental interactions is based principally on data from the host bacterial microbiome, rather than on links that establish how and where hosts acquire their gut mycobiome. This complex interaction needs to be clarified. Here, we explored the relationship between the gut fungal communities of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) and the presence of environmental (plant and soil) fungi at two study sites using the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and next generation sequencing. Our findings demonstrate that the gut, plant and soil fungal communities in their natural habitat were distinct. We found that at both study sites, the core abundant taxa and ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variants) of Tibetan macaques’ gut mycobiome were present in environmental samples (plant, soil or both). However, the majority of these fungi were characterized by a relatively low abundance in the environment. This pattern implies that the ecology of the gut may select for diverse but rare environmental fungi. Moreover, our data indicates that the gut mycobiome of Tibetan macaques was more similar to the mycobiome of their plant diet than that present in the soil. For example, we found three abundant ASVs (Didymella rosea, Cercospora, and Cladosporium) that were present in the gut and on plants, but not in the soil. Our results highlight a relationship between the gut mycobiome of wild primates and environmental fungi, with plants diets possibly contributing more to seeding the macaque’s gut mycobiome than soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Sun
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingna Xia
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Samuel Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Dong-Po Xia
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
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17
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Addison CK, Angira B, Cerioli T, Groth DE, Richards JK, Linscombe SD, Famoso AN. Identification and mapping of a novel resistance gene to the rice pathogen, Cercospora janseana. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2221-2234. [PMID: 33825949 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of resistance to Cercospora janseana was examined, and a single resistance locus was identified. A SNP marker was identified and validated for utilization in U.S. breeding germplasm Cercospora janseana (Racib.) is a fungal pathogen that causes narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in rice. Although NBLS is a major disease in the southern United States and variation in resistance among U.S. rice germplasm exists, little is known about the genetic architecture underlying the trait. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population was evaluated for NBLS resistance under natural disease infestation in the field across three years. A single, large-effect QTL, CRSP-2.1, was identified that explained 81.4% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL was defined to a 532 kb physical interval and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified across the region to characterize the haplotype diversity present in U.S. rice germplasm. A panel of 387 U.S. rice germplasm was genotyped with the 13 haplotype SNPs and phenotyped over two years for NBLS resistance. Fourteen haplotypes were identified, with six haplotypes accounting for 94% of the panel. The susceptible haplotype from the RIL population was the only susceptible haplotype observed in the U.S. germplasm. A single SNP was identified that distinguished the susceptible haplotype from all resistant haplotypes, explaining 52.7% of the phenotypic variation for NBLS resistance. Pedigree analysis and haplotype characterization of historical germplasm demonstrated that the susceptible haplotype was introduced into Southern U.S. germplasm through the California line L-202 into the Louisiana variety Cypress. Cypress was extensively used as a parent over the last 25 years, resulting in the susceptible CRSP-2.1 allele increasing in frequency from zero to 44% in the modern U.S. germplasm panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Addison
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Brijesh Angira
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Tommaso Cerioli
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Donald E Groth
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Jonathan K Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Steven D Linscombe
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA
| | - Adam N Famoso
- H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd, Rayne, LA, 70578, USA.
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Zhou T, Yu S, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Song Y, Chu J, Liu C, Rao Y. Enhanced cercosporin production by co-culturing Cercospora sp. JNU001 with leaf-spot-disease-related endophytic bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:100. [PMID: 33992112 PMCID: PMC8126151 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the excellent properties of photosensitization, cercosporin, one of naturally occurring perylenequinonoid pigments, has been widely used in photodynamic therapy, or as an antimicrobial agent and an organophotocatalyst. However, because of low efficiency of total chemical synthesis and low yield of current microbial fermentation, the limited production restricts its broad applications. Thus, the strategies to improve the production of cercosporin were highly desired. Besides traditional optimization methods, here we screened leaf-spot-disease-related endophytic bacteria to co-culture with our previous identified Cercospora sp. JNU001 to increase cercosporin production. RESULTS Bacillus velezensis B04 and Lysinibacillus sp. B15 isolated from leaves with leaf spot diseases were found to facilitate cercosporin secretion into the broth and then enhance the production of cercosporin. After 4 days of co-culture, Bacillus velezensis B04 allowed to increase the production of cercosporin from 128.2 mg/L to 984.4 mg/L, which was 7.68-fold of the previously reported one. Lysinibacillus sp. B15 could also enhance the production of cercosporin with a yield of 626.3 mg/L, which was 4.89-fold higher than the starting condition. More importantly, we found that bacteria B04 and B15 employed two different mechanisms to improve the production of cercosporin, in which B04 facilitated cercosporin secretion into the broth by loosening and damaging the hyphae surface of Cercospora sp. JNU001 while B15 could adsorb cercosporin to improve its secretion. CONCLUSIONS We here established a novel and effective co-culture method to improve the production of cercosporin by increasing its secretion ability from Cercospora sp. JNU001, allowing to develop more potential applications of cercosporin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechen Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Chu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Nsibo DL, Barnes I, Omondi DO, Dida MM, Berger DK. Population genetic structure and migration patterns of the maize pathogenic fungus, Cercospora zeina in East and Southern Africa. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 149:103527. [PMID: 33524555 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cercospora zeina is a causal pathogen of gray leaf spot (GLS) disease of maize in Africa. This fungal pathogen exhibits a high genetic diversity in South Africa. However, little is known about the pathogen's population structure in the rest of Africa. In this study, we aimed to assess the diversity and gene flow of the pathogen between major maize producing countries in East and Southern Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa). A total of 964 single-spore isolates were made from GLS lesions and confirmed as C.zeina using PCR diagnostics. The other causal agent of GLS, Cercospora zeae-maydis, was absent. Genotyping all the C.zeina isolates with 11 microsatellite markers and a mating-type gene diagnostic revealed (i) high genetic diversity with some population structure between the five African countries, (ii) cryptic sexual recombination, (iii) that South Africa and Kenya were the greatest donors of migrants, and (iv) that Zambia had a distinct population. We noted evidence of human-mediated long-distance dispersal, since four haplotypes from one South African site were also present at five sites in Kenya and Uganda. There was no evidence for a single-entry point of the pathogen into Africa. South Africa was the most probable origin of the populations in Kenya, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Continuous annual maize production in the tropics (Kenya and Uganda) did not result in greater genetic diversity than a single maize season (Southern Africa). Our results will underpin future management of GLS in Africa through effective monitoring of virulent C.zeina strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Nsibo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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20
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Berger DK, Mokgobu T, de Ridder K, Christie N, Aveling TA. Benefits of maize resistance breeding and chemical control against northern leaf blight in smallholder farms in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2020/8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize underpins food security in South Africa. An annual production of more than 10 million tons is a combination of the output of large-scale commercial farms plus an estimated 250 000 ha cultivated by smallholder farmers. Maize leaves are a rich source of nutrients for fungal pathogens. Farmers must limit leaf blighting by fungi to prevent sugars captured by photosynthesis being ‘stolen’ instead of filling the grain. This study aimed to fill the knowledge gap on the prevalence and impact of fungal foliar diseases in local smallholder maize fields. A survey with 1124 plant observations from diverse maize hybrids was conducted over three seasons from 2015 to 2017 in five farming communities in KwaZulu-Natal Province (Hlanganani, Ntabamhlophe, KwaNxamalala) and Eastern Cape Province (Bizana, Tabankulu). Northern leaf blight (NLB), common rust, Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, and grey leaf spot had overall disease incidences of 75%, 77%, 68% and 56%, respectively, indicating high disease pressure in smallholder farming environments. NLB had the highest disease severity (LSD test, p<0.05). A yield trial focused on NLB in KwaZulu-Natal showed that this disease reduced yields in the three most susceptible maize hybrids by 36%, 71% and 72%, respectively. Eighteen other hybrids in this trial did not show significant yield reductions due to NLB, which illustrates the progress made by local maize breeders in disease resistance breeding. This work highlights the risk to smallholder farmers of planting disease-susceptible varieties, and makes recommendations on how to exploit the advances of hybrid maize disease resistance breeding to develop farmer-preferred varieties for smallholder production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tumisang Mokgobu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Katrien de Ridder
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nanette Christie
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa A.S. Aveling
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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21
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Kibe M, Nair SK, Das B, Bright JM, Makumbi D, Kinyua J, Suresh LM, Beyene Y, Olsen MS, Prasanna BM, Gowda M. Genetic Dissection of Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot by Combining Genome-Wide Association, Linkage Mapping, and Genomic Prediction in Tropical Maize Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572027. [PMID: 33224163 PMCID: PMC7667048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS) is one of the major maize foliar diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to GLS is controlled by multiple genes with additive effect and is influenced by both genotype and environment. The objectives of the study were to dissect the genetic architecture of GLS resistance through linkage mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) and assessing the potential of genomic prediction (GP). We used both biparental populations and an association mapping panel of 410 diverse tropical/subtropical inbred lines that were genotyped using genotype by sequencing. Phenotypic evaluation in two to four environments revealed significant genotypic variation and moderate to high heritability estimates ranging from 0.43 to 0.69. GLS was negatively and significantly correlated with grain yield, anthesis date, and plant height. Linkage mapping in five populations revealed 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for GLS resistance. A QTL on chromosome 7 (qGLS7-105) is a major-effect QTL that explained 28.2% of phenotypic variance. Together, all the detected QTLs explained 10.50, 49.70, 23.67, 18.05, and 28.71% of phenotypic variance in doubled haploid (DH) populations 1, 2, 3, and F3 populations 4 and 5, respectively. Joint linkage association mapping across three DH populations detected 14 QTLs that individually explained 0.10-15.7% of phenotypic variance. GWAS revealed 10 significantly (p < 9.5 × 10-6) associated SNPs distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8, which individually explained 6-8% of phenotypic variance. A set of nine candidate genes co-located or in physical proximity to the significant SNPs with roles in plant defense against pathogens were identified. GP revealed low to moderate prediction correlations of 0.39, 0.37, 0.56, 0.30, 0.29, and 0.38 for within IMAS association panel, DH pop1, DH pop2, DH pop3, F3 pop4, and F3 po5, respectively, and accuracy was increased substantially to 0.84 for prediction across three DH populations. When the diversity panel was used as training set to predict the accuracy of GLS resistance in biparental population, there was 20-50% reduction compared to prediction within populations. Overall, the study revealed that resistance to GLS is quantitative in nature and is controlled by many loci with a few major and many minor effects. The SNPs/QTLs identified by GWAS and linkage mapping can be potential targets in improving GLS resistance in breeding programs, while GP further consolidates the development of high GLS-resistant lines by incorporating most of the major- and minor-effect genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maguta Kibe
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sudha K. Nair
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Hyderabad, India
| | - Biswanath Das
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jumbo M. Bright
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Makumbi
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnson Kinyua
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L. M. Suresh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yoseph Beyene
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael S. Olsen
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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22
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Nyanapah JO, Ayiecho PO, Nyabundi JO, Otieno W, Ojiambo PS. Field Characterization of Partial Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot in Elite Maize Germplasm. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1668-1679. [PMID: 32441590 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0446-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forty-eight inbred lines of maize with varying levels of resistance to gray leaf spot (GLS) were artificially inoculated with Cercospora zeina and evaluated to characterize partial disease resistance in maize under field conditions from 2012 to 2014 across 12 environments in western Kenya. Eight measures of disease epidemic-that is, final percent diseased leaf area (FPDLA), standardized area under the disease progress curve (SAUDPC), weighted mean absolute rate of disease increase (ρ), disease severity scale (CDSG), percent diseased leaf area at the inflection point (PDLAIP), SAUDPC at the inflection point (SAUDPCIP), time from inoculation to transition of disease progress from the increasing to the decreasing phase of epidemic increase (TIP), and latent period (LP)-were examined. Inbred lines significantly (P < 0.05) affected all measures of disease epidemic except ρ. However, the proportion of the variation attributed to the analysis of variance model was most strongly associated with SAUDPC (R2 = 89.4%). Inbred lines were also most consistently ranked for disease resistance based on SAUDPC. Although SAUDPC was deemed the most useful variable for quantifying partial resistance in the test genotypes, the proportion of the variation in SAUDPC in each plot was most strongly (R2 = 93.9%) explained by disease ratings taken between the VT and R4 stages of plant development. Individual disease ratings at the R4 stage of plant development were nearly as effective as SAUDPC in discerning the differential reaction of test genotypes. Thus, GLS rankings of inbred lines based on disease ratings at these plant developmental stages should be useful in prebreeding nurseries and preliminary evaluation trials involving large germplasm populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Nyanapah
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Security, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Patrick O Ayiecho
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Security, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Julius O Nyabundi
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food Security, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | | | - Peter S Ojiambo
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A
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23
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Du L, Yu F, Zhang H, Wang B, Ma K, Yu C, Xin W, Huang X, Liu Y, Liu K. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci and a major locus for resistance to grey leaf spot in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2521-2533. [PMID: 32468093 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of GLS resistance was dissected using two DH populations sharing a common resistant parent. A major QTL repeatedly detected in multiple developmental stages and environments was fine mapped in a backcross population. Grey leaf spot (GLS), caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis or Cercospora zeina, is a highly destructive foliar disease worldwide. However, the mechanism of resistance against GLS is not well understood. To study the inheritance of this resistance, we developed two doubled haploid (DH) populations sharing a common resistant parent. The two DH populations were grown in two locations representing the typical maize-growing mountain area in Southwest China for 2 years. GLS disease severity was investigated 2 or 3 times until maturity in the 2 years, and the area under the disease progress curve was calculated. Two high-density linkage maps were constructed by genotyping-by-sequencing. A total of 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected for GLS resistance, with most QTLs being repeatedly detected in different stages, locations and years. The confidence intervals of two major QTLs (qGLS_Y2-2 and qGLS_Z2-1) on chromosome 2 from the two DH populations overlapped with each other and were integrated into one consensus QTL (qGLS_YZ2-1). Using highly resistant and highly susceptible plants from a BC3 population, we fine mapped this genetic locus to a genomic region of 2.4 Mb. Using a panel of 255 inbred lines from breeding programmes, we detected associations between markers in the qGLS_YZ2-1 region and GLS resistance. The peak marker (ID-B1) will be very useful for marker-assisted breeding for GLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Wuhan Genoseq Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kejun Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changping Yu
- Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Wangsen Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yongzhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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24
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Bakhshi M. Epitypification of Cercospora rautensis, the causal agent of leaf spot disease on Securigera varia, and its first report from Iran. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 3:157-163. [PMID: 32467900 PMCID: PMC7235981 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.03.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercospora is a well-studied and important genus of plant pathogenic species responsible for leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The lack of useful morphological traits and the high degree of variation therein complicate species identifications in Cercospora. Recent studies have revealed multi-gene DNA sequence data to be highly informative for species identification in Cercospora. During the present study, Cercospora isolates obtained from Crownvetch (Securigera varia) in Iran and Romania were subjected to an eight-gene (ITS, tef1, actA, cmdA, his3, tub2, rpb2 and gapdh) analysis. By applying a polyphasic approach including morphological characteristics, host data, and molecular analyses, these isolates were identified as C. rautensis. To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. rautensis from Iran (Asia). In addition, an epitype is designated here for C. rautensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bakhshi
- Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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Nsibo DL, Barnes I, Kunene NT, Berger DK. Influence of farming practices on the population genetics of the maize pathogen Cercospora zeina in South Africa. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 125:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yu Y, Shi J, Li X, Liu J, Geng Q, Shi H, Ke Y, Sun Q. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of the defense response to gray leaf spot disease in maize. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:742. [PMID: 30305015 PMCID: PMC6180411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray leaf spot (GLS), which is caused by the necrotrophic fungi Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina, is one of the most impactful diseases in maize worldwide. The aim of the present study is to identify the resistance genes and understand the molecular mechanisms for GLS resistance. RESULTS Two cultivars, 'Yayu889' and 'Zhenghong532,' which are distinguished as resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively, were challenged with the GLS disease and a RNA-seq experiment was conducted on infected plants at 81, 89, 91, and 93 days post planting (dap). Compared with the beginning stage at 81 dap, 4666, 1733, and 1166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 89, 91, and 93 dap, respectively, in 'Yayu889,' while relatively fewer, i.e., 4713, 881, and 722 DEGs, were identified in 'Zhenghong532.' Multiple pathways involved in the response of maize to GLS, including 'response to salicylic acid,' 'protein phosphorylation,' 'oxidation-reduction process,' and 'carotenoid biosynthetic process,' were enriched by combining differential expression analysis and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The expression of 12 candidate resistance proteins in these pathways were quantified by the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. This approach identified two candidate resistance proteins, a calmodulin-like protein and a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase with SNPs that were located in QTL regions for GLS resistance. Metabolic analysis showed that, compared with 'Zhenghong532,' the amount of salicylic acid (SA) and total carotenoids in 'Yayu889' increased, while peroxidase activity decreased during the early infection stages, suggesting that increased levels of SA, carotenoids, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may enhance the defense response of 'Yayu889' to GLS. CONCLUSION By combining transcriptome and proteome analyses with comparisons of resistance QTL regions, calmodulin-like protein and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase were identified as candidate GLS resistance proteins. Moreover, we found that the metabolic pathways for ROS, SA, and carotenoids are especially active in the resistant cultivar. These findings could lead to a better understanding of the GLS resistance mechanisms and facilitate the breeding of GLS-resistant maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haichun Shi
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongpei Ke
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Kuki MC, Scapim CA, Rossi ES, Mangolin CA, do Amaral Júnior AT, Pinto RJB. Genome wide association study for gray leaf spot resistance in tropical maize core. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199539. [PMID: 29953466 PMCID: PMC6023161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray leaf spot is a maize foliar disease with worldwide distribution and can drastically reduce the production in susceptible genotypes. Published works indicate that resistance to gray leaf spot is a complex trait controlled by multiple genes, with additive effect and influenced by environment. The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions, including putative genes, associated with resistance to gray leaf spot under natural conditions of disease occurrence. A genome wide association study was conducted with 355,972 single nucleotide polymorphism markers on a phenotypic data composed by 157 tropical maize inbred lines, evaluated at Maringá -Brazil. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with gray leaf spot, some of which were localized to previously reported quantitative trait loci regions. Three gene models linked to the associated single nucleotide polymorphism were expressed at flowering time and tissue related with gray leaf spot infection, explaining a considerable proportion of the phenotypic variance, ranging from 0.34 to 0.38. The gene model GRMZM2G073465 (bin 10.07) encodes a cysteine protease3 protein, gene model GRMZM2G007188 (bin 1.02) expresses a rybosylation factor-like protein and the gene model GRMZM2G476902 (bin 4.08) encodes an armadillo repeat protein. These three proteins are related with plant defense pathway. Once these genes are validated in next studies, they will be useful for marker-assisted selection and can help improve the understanding of maize resistance to gray leaf spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Carlos Kuki
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scapim
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Evandrei Santos Rossi
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | - Antônio Teixeira do Amaral Júnior
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cryptic diversity, pathogenicity, and evolutionary species boundaries in Cercospora populations associated with Cercospora leaf spot of Beta vulgaris. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:264-282. [PMID: 29551200 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy and evolutionary species boundaries in a global collection of Cercospora isolates from Beta vulgaris was investigated based on sequences of six loci. Species boundaries were assessed using concatenated multi-locus phylogenies, Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Poisson Tree Processes (PTP), and Bayes factor delimitation (BFD) framework. Cercospora beticola was confirmed as the primary cause of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii, C. cf. flagellaris, Cercospora sp. G, and C. zebrina were also identified in association with CLS on B. vulgaris. Cercospora apii and C. cf. flagellaris were pathogenic to table beet but Cercospora sp. G and C. zebrina did not cause disease. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, GMYC and PTP methods failed to differentiate C. apii and C. beticola as separate species. On the other hand, multi-species coalescent analysis based on BFD supported separation of C. apii and C. beticola into distinct species; and provided evidence of evolutionary independent lineages within C. beticola. Extensive intra- and intergenic recombination, incomplete lineage sorting and dominance of clonal reproduction complicate evolutionary species recognition in the genus Cercospora. The results warrant morphological and phylogenetic studies to disentangle cryptic speciation within C. beticola.
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Wingfield BD, Berger DK, Steenkamp ET, Lim HJ, Duong TA, Bluhm BH, de Beer ZW, De Vos L, Fourie G, Naidoo K, Olivier N, Lin YC, Van de Peer Y, Joubert F, Crampton BG, Swart V, Soal N, Tatham C, van der Nest MA, van der Merwe NA, van Wyk S, Wilken PM, Wingfield MJ. IMA Genome-F 8: Draft genome of Cercospora zeina, Fusarium pininemorale, Hawksworthiomyces lignivorus, Huntiella decipiens and Ophiostoma ips. IMA Fungus 2017; 8:385-396. [PMID: 29242781 PMCID: PMC5729718 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of Cercospora zeina, Fusarium pininemorale, Hawksworthiomyces lignivorus, Huntiella decipiens, and Ophiostoma ips are presented in this genome announcement. Three of these genomes are from plant pathogens and otherwise economically important fungal species. Fusarium pininemorale and H. decipiens are not known to cause significant disease but are closely related to species of economic importance. The genome sizes range from 25.99 Mb in the case of O. ips to 4.82 Mb for H. lignivorus. These genomes include the first reports of a genome from the genus Hawksworthiomyces. The availability of these genome data will allow the resolution of longstanding questions regarding the taxonomy of these species. In addition these genome sequences through comparative studies with closely related organisms will increase our understanding of how these species or close relatives cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Hye-Jin Lim
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Burton H. Bluhm
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - G. Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Nicky Olivier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yao-Cheng Lin
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fourie Joubert
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bridget G. Crampton
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Velushka Swart
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicole Soal
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Catherine Tatham
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Magriet A. van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Stephanie van Wyk
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Swart V, Crampton BG, Ridenour JB, Bluhm BH, Olivier NA, Meyer JJM, Berger DK. Complementation of CTB7 in the Maize Pathogen Cercospora zeina Overcomes the Lack of In Vitro Cercosporin Production. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:710-724. [PMID: 28535078 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-17-0054-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the sibling species Cercospora zeina or Cercospora zeae-maydis, is cited as one of the most important diseases threatening global maize production. C. zeina fails to produce cercosporin in vitro and, in most cases, causes large coalescing lesions during maize infection, a symptom generally absent from cercosporin-deficient mutants in other Cercospora spp. Here, we describe the C. zeina cercosporin toxin biosynthetic (CTB) gene cluster. The oxidoreductase gene CTB7 contained several insertions and deletions as compared with the C. zeae-maydis ortholog. We set out to determine whether complementing the defective CTB7 gene with the full-length gene from C. zeae-maydis could confer in vitro cercosporin production. C. zeina transformants containing C. zeae-maydis CTB7 were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and were evaluated for in vitro cercosporin production. When grown on nitrogen-limited medium in the light-conditions conducive to cercosporin production in other Cercospora spp.-one transformant accumulated a red pigment that was confirmed to be cercosporin by the KOH assay, thin-layer chromatography, and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that C. zeina has a defective CTB7, but all other necessary machinery required for synthesizing cercosporin-like molecules and, thus, C. zeina may produce a structural variant of cercosporin during maize infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velushka Swart
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Bridget G Crampton
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - John B Ridenour
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.; and
| | - Burt H Bluhm
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.; and
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Dave K Berger
- 1 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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31
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Zhang X, Yang Q, Rucker E, Thomason W, Balint-Kurti P. Fine mapping of a quantitative resistance gene for gray leaf spot of maize (Zea mays L.) derived from teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1285-1295. [PMID: 28342108 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study we mapped the QTL Qgls8 for gray leaf spot (GLS) resistance in maize to a ~130 kb region on chromosome 8 including five predicted genes. In previous work, using near isogenic line (NIL) populations in which segments of the teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) genome had been introgressed into the background of the maize line B73, we had identified a QTL on chromosome 8, here called Qgls8, for gray leaf spot (GLS) resistance. We identified alternate teosinte alleles at this QTL, one conferring increased GLS resistance and one increased susceptibility relative to the B73 allele. Using segregating populations derived from NIL parents carrying these contrasting alleles, we were able to delimit the QTL region to a ~130 kb (based on the B73 genome) which encompassed five predicted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rucker
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wade Thomason
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Albu S, Schneider RW, Price PP, Doyle VP. Cercospora cf. flagellaris and Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae Are Associated with Cercospora Leaf Blight and Purple Seed Stain on Soybean in North America. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1376-1385. [PMID: 27183302 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0332-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora kikuchii has long been considered the causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) on soybean, but a recent study found C. cf. flagellaris associated with CLB and PSS in Arkansas (United States) and Argentina. Here, we provide a broader perspective on the distribution of C. cf. flagellaris on soybean and alternate hosts within the United States (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Kansas). We used a multilocus phylogenetic approach with data from actin, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-α, histone 3, the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA and the mating-type locus to determine that two species, C. cf. flagellaris (200 of 205 isolates) and C. cf. sigesbeckiae (five of 205 isolates), are associated with CLB and PSS in the United States. In our phylogenetic analyses, species-level lineages were generally well-supported, though deeper-level evolutionary relationships remained unresolved, indicating that these genes do not possess sufficient phylogenetic signal to resolve the evolutionary history of Cercospora. We also investigated the potential for sexual reproduction in C. cf. flagellaris in Louisiana by determining the frequency of MAT1-1/MAT1-2 mating-type idiomorphs within the Louisiana population of C. cf. flagellaris. Though the MAT 1-2 idiomorph was significantly more common in our collection, the presence of both mating types suggests the potential for sexual reproduction exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albu
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - R W Schneider
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - P P Price
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
| | - V P Doyle
- First, second, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge
- and third author: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Macon Ridge Research Station, Winnsboro
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Muller MF, Barnes I, Kunene NT, Crampton BG, Bluhm BH, Phillips SM, Olivier NA, Berger DK. Cercospora zeina from Maize in South Africa Exhibits High Genetic Diversity and Lack of Regional Population Differentiation. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1194-1205. [PMID: 27392176 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0084-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
South Africa is one of the leading maize-producing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the 1980s, Cercospora zeina, a causal agent of gray leaf spot of maize, has become endemic in South Africa, and is responsible for substantial yield reductions. To assess genetic diversity and population structure of C. zeina in South Africa, 369 isolates were collected from commercial maize farms in three provinces (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and North West). These isolates were evaluated with 14 microsatellite markers and species-specific mating type markers that were designed from draft genome sequences of C. zeina isolates from Africa (CMW 25467) and the United States (USPA-4). Sixty alleles were identified across 14 loci, and gene diversity values within each province ranged from 0.18 to 0.35. High levels of gene flow were observed (Nm = 5.51), and in a few cases, identical multilocus haplotypes were found in different provinces. Overall, 242 unique multilocus haplotypes were identified with a low clonal fraction of 34%. No distinct population clusters were identified using STRUCTURE, principal coordinate analysis, or Weir's theta θ statistic. The lack of population differentiation was supported by analysis of molecular variance tests, which indicated that only 2% of the variation was attributed to variability between populations from each province. Mating type ratios of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs from 335 isolates were not significantly different from a 1:1 ratio in all provinces, which provided evidence for sexual reproduction. The draft genome of C. zeina CMW 25467 exhibited a complete genomic copy of the MAT1-1 idiomorph as well as exonic fragments of MAT genes from both idiomorphs. The high level of gene diversity, shared haplotypes at different geographical locations within South Africa, and presence of both MAT idiomorphs at all sites indicates widespread dispersal of C. zeina between maize fields in the country as well as evidence for sexual recombination. The outcomes of this genome-enabled study are important for disease management since the high diversity has implications for dispersal of fungicide resistance should it emerge and the need for diversified resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa F Muller
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Ncobile T Kunene
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Bridget G Crampton
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Burton H Bluhm
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Sonia M Phillips
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Dave K Berger
- First, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; second author: Department of Genetics, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas; and seventh author: Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Braun U, Crous PW, Nakashima C. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 5. Species on dicots (Anacardiaceae to Annonaceae). IMA Fungus 2016; 7:161-216. [PMID: 27433446 PMCID: PMC4941684 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper is a continuation of a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). This fifth contribution of this series proceeds with treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging to the families Anacardiaceae and Annonaceae, which are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora cotini sp. nov., P. guoana nom. nov., P. rhois-aromaticae sp. nov., and Pseudocercospora rhoicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pedro W Crous
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chiharu Nakashima
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Liu L, Zhang YD, Li HY, Bi YQ, Yu LJ, Fan XM, Tan J, Jeffers DP, Kang MS. QTL Mapping for Gray Leaf Spot Resistance in a Tropical Maize Population. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:304-312. [PMID: 30694127 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-14-0825-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A tropical gray leaf spot (GLS)-resistant line, YML 32, was crossed to a temperate GLS-susceptible line, Ye 478, to produce an F2:3 population for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to GLS. The population was evaluated for GLS disease resistance and flowering time at two locations in Yunnan province. Seven QTL using GLS disease scores and six QTL using flowering time were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 in the YML 32 × Ye 478 maize population. All QTL, except one identified on chromosome 2 using flowering time, were overlapped with the QTL for GLS disease scores. The results indicated that QTL for flowering time in this population strongly corresponded to QTL for GLS resistance. Among the QTL, qRgls.yaas-8-1/qFt.yaas-8 with the largest genetic effect accounted for 17.9 to 18.1 and 11.0 to 21.42% of variations for GLS disease scores and flowering time, respectively, and these should be very useful for improving resistance to GLS, especially in subtropical maize breeding programs. The QTL effects for resistance to GLS were predominantly additive in nature, with a dominance effect having been found for two QTL on the basis of joint segregation genetic analysis and QTL analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Y D Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - H Y Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Y Q Bi
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - L J Yu
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - X M Fan
- Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Yunnan TianRui Seed Company, Ltd., Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - J Tan
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - D P Jeffers
- CIMMYT Yunnan Office/Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, Yunnan Province, China
| | - M S Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS 66506-5502
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Nam MH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim TI, Kim HG. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum Cause Blossom Blight in Strawberry in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:354-9. [PMID: 26539056 PMCID: PMC4630446 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.3.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Blossom blight in strawberry was first observed in a green house in Nonsan, Damyang, and Geochang areas of Korea, between early January to April of 2012. Disease symptoms started as a grey fungus formed on the stigma, which led to the blossom blight and eventually to black rot and necrosis of the entire flower. We isolated the fungi purely from the infected pistils and maintained them on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants. To test Koch's postulates, we inoculated the fungi and found that all of the isolates caused disease symptoms in the flower of strawberry cultivars (Seolhyang, Maehyang, and Kumhyang). The isolates on PDA had a velvet-like appearance, and their color ranged between olivaceous-brown and smoky-grey to olive and almost black. The intercalary conidia of the isolates were elliptical to limoniform, with sizes ranging from 5.0~10.5 × 2.5~3.0 µm to 4.0~7.5 × 2.0~3.0 µm, respectively. The secondary ramoconidia of these isolates were 0- or 1-septate, with sizes ranging betweem 10.0~15.0 × 2.5~3.7 µm and 8.7~11.2 × 2.5~3.2 µm, respectively. A combined sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions, partial actin (ACT), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) genes revealed that the strawberry isolates belonged to two groups of authentic strains, Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum. Based on these results, we identified the pathogens causing blossom blight in strawberries in Korea as being C. cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Hyeon Nam
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Myung Soo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Kim
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Center, Chungnam ARES, Nonsan 32914, Korea
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Soares APG, Guillin EA, Borges LL, da Silva ACT, de Almeida ÁMR, Grijalba PE, Gottlieb AM, Bluhm BH, de Oliveira LO. More Cercospora Species Infect Soybeans across the Americas than Meets the Eye. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133495. [PMID: 26252018 PMCID: PMC4529236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of soybean caused by Cercospora spp. are endemic throughout the world's soybean production regions. Species diversity in the genus Cercospora has been underestimated due to overdependence on morphological characteristics, symptoms, and host associations. Currently, only two species (Cercospora kikuchii and C. sojina) are recognized to infect soybean; C. kikuchii causes Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas C. sojina causes frogeye leaf spot. To assess cryptic speciation among pathogens causing CLB and PSS, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed with isolates from the top three soybean producing countries (USA, Brazil, and Argentina; collectively accounting for ~80% of global production). Eight nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene were partially sequenced and analyzed. Additionally, amino acid substitutions conferring fungicide resistance were surveyed, and the production of cercosporin (a polyketide toxin produced by many Cercospora spp.) was assessed. From these analyses, the long-held assumption of C. kikuchii as the single causal agent of CLB and PSS was rejected experimentally. Four cercosporin-producing lineages were uncovered with origins (about 1 Mya) predicted to predate agriculture. Some of the Cercospora spp. newly associated with CLB and PSS appear to represent undescribed species; others were not previously reported to infect soybeans. Lineage 1, which contained the ex-type strain of C. kikuchii, was monophyletic and occurred in Argentina and Brazil. In contrast, lineages 2 and 3 were polyphyletic and contained wide-host range species complexes. Lineage 4 was monophyletic, thrived in Argentina and the USA, and included the generalist Cercospora cf. flagellaris. Interlineage recombination was detected, along with a high frequency of mutations linked to fungicide resistance in lineages 2 and 3. These findings point to cryptic Cercospora species as underappreciated global considerations for soybean production and phytosanitary vigilance, and urge a reassessment of host-specificity as a diagnostic tool for Cercospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Gomes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. Guillin
- Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret, CNIA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Luiz Borges
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | - Amanda C. T. da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
| | | | - Pablo E. Grijalba
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexandra M. Gottlieb
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Burton H. Bluhm
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Luiz Orlando de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
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Braun U, Crous PW, Nakashima C. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 3. Species on monocots (Poaceae, true grasses). IMA Fungus 2015; 6:25-97. [PMID: 26203414 PMCID: PMC4500088 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The third part of a series of monographic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota) continues with a treatment of taxa on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), covering asexual and holomorph species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs on true grasses (Poaceae), which were excluded from the second part. The species concerned are keyed out, alphabetically listed, described, illustrated and supplemented by references to previously published descriptions, illustrations, and exsiccatae. A key to the recognised genera and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters was published in the first part of this series. Several species are lecto- or neotypified. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora barretoana comb. nov., C. cymbopogonicola nom. nov., Cladosporium elymi comb. nov., Passalora agrostidicola sp. nov., P. brachyelytri comb. nov., and P. dichanthii-annulati comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pedro W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Chiharu Nakashima
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-ahari A, Groenewald J, Braun U, Crous P. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from Iran. PERSOONIA 2015; 34:65-86. [PMID: 26240446 PMCID: PMC4510272 DOI: 10.3767/003158515x685698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogenic fungi associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of hosts. The mainland of Iran covers various climatic regions with a great biodiversity of vascular plants, and a correspondingly high diversity of cercosporoid fungi. However, most of the cercosporoid species found to date have been identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and there are no cultures that support these identifications. In this study the Consolidated Species Concept was applied to differentiate Cercospora species collected from Iran. A total of 161 Cercospora isolates recovered from 74 host species in northern Iran were studied by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Our results revealed a rich diversity of Cercospora species in northern Iran. Twenty species were identified based on sequence data of five genomic loci (ITS, TEF1-α, actin, calmodulin and histone H3), host, cultural and morphological data. Six novel species, viz. C. convolvulicola, C. conyzae-canadensis, C. cylindracea, C. iranica, C. pseudochenopodii and C. sorghicola, are introduced. The most common taxon was Cercospora cf. flagellaris, which remains an unresolved species complex with a wide host range. New hosts were recorded for previously known Cercospora species, including C. apii, C. armoraciae, C. beticola, C. cf. richardiicola, C. rumicis, Cercospora sp. G and C. zebrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bakhshi
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Arzanlou
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Babai-ahari
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Benson JM, Poland JA, Benson BM, Stromberg EL, Nelson RJ. Resistance to gray leaf spot of maize: genetic architecture and mechanisms elucidated through nested association mapping and near-isogenic line analysis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005045. [PMID: 25764179 PMCID: PMC4357430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina, is one of the most important diseases of maize worldwide. The pathogen has a necrotrophic lifestyle and no major genes are known for GLS. Quantitative resistance, although poorly understood, is important for GLS management. We used genetic mapping to refine understanding of the genetic architecture of GLS resistance and to develop hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying quantitative disease resistance (QDR) loci. Nested association mapping (NAM) was used to identify 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for QDR to GLS, including seven novel QTL, each of which demonstrated allelic series with significant effects above and below the magnitude of the B73 reference allele. Alleles at three QTL, qGLS1.04, qGLS2.09, and qGLS4.05, conferred disease reductions of greater than 10%. Interactions between loci were detected for three pairs of loci, including an interaction between iqGLS4.05 and qGLS7.03. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) were developed to confirm and fine-map three of the 16 QTL, and to develop hypotheses regarding mechanisms of resistance. qGLS1.04 was fine-mapped from an interval of 27.0 Mb to two intervals of 6.5 Mb and 5.2 Mb, consistent with the hypothesis that multiple genes underlie highly significant QTL identified by NAM. qGLS2.09, which was also associated with maturity (days to anthesis) and with resistance to southern leaf blight, was narrowed to a 4-Mb interval. The distance between major leaf veins was strongly associated with resistance to GLS at qGLS4.05. NILs for qGLS1.04 were treated with the C. zeae-maydis toxin cercosporin to test the role of host-specific toxin in QDR. Cercosporin exposure increased expression of a putative flavin-monooxygenase (FMO) gene, a candidate detoxification-related gene underlying qGLS1.04. This integrated approach to confirming QTL and characterizing the potential underlying mechanisms advances the understanding of QDR and will facilitate the development of resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Benson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse A. Poland
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Brent M. Benson
- 203 Solutions LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik L. Stromberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Berger DK, Carstens M, Korsman JN, Middleton F, Kloppers FJ, Tongoona P, Myburg AA. Mapping QTL conferring resistance in maize to gray leaf spot disease caused by Cercospora zeina. BMC Genet 2014; 15:60. [PMID: 24885661 PMCID: PMC4059882 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray leaf spot (GLS) is a globally important foliar disease of maize. Cercospora zeina, one of the two fungal species that cause the disease, is prevalent in southern Africa, China, Brazil and the eastern corn belt of the USA. Identification of QTL for GLS resistance in subtropical germplasm is important to support breeding programmes in developing countries where C. zeina limits production of this staple food crop. RESULTS A maize RIL population (F7:S6) from a cross between CML444 and SC Malawi was field-tested under GLS disease pressure at five field sites over three seasons in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Thirty QTL identified from eleven field trials (environments) were consolidated to seven QTL for GLS resistance based on their expression in at least two environments and location in the same core maize bins. Four GLS resistance alleles were derived from the more resistant parent CML444 (bin 1.10, 4.08, 9.04/9.05, 10.06/10.07), whereas the remainder were from SC Malawi (bin 6.06/6.07, 7.02/7.03, 9.06). QTLs in bin 4.08 and bin 6.06/6.07 were also detected as joint QTLs, each explained more than 11% of the phenotypic variation, and were identified in four and seven environments, respectively. Common markers were used to allocate GLS QTL from eleven previous studies to bins on the IBM2005 map, and GLS QTL "hotspots" were noted. Bin 4.08 and 7.02/7.03 GLS QTL from this study overlapped with hotspots, whereas the bin 6.06/6.07 and bin 9.06 QTLs appeared to be unique. QTL for flowering time (bin 1.07, 4.09) in this population did not correspond to QTL for GLS resistance. CONCLUSIONS QTL mapping of a RIL population from the subtropical maize parents CML444 and SC Malawi identified seven QTL for resistance to gray leaf spot disease caused by C. zeina. These QTL together with QTL from eleven studies were allocated to bins on the IBM2005 map to provide a basis for comparison. Hotspots of GLS QTL were identified on chromosomes one, two, four, five and seven, with QTL in the current study overlapping with two of these. Two QTL from this study did not overlap with previously reported QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave K Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Maryke Carstens
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Jeanne N Korsman
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Plant Sciences Complex, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | - Pangirayi Tongoona
- African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kim H, Newell AD, Cota-Sieckmeyer RG, Rupe JC, Fakhoury AM, Bluhm BH. Mating-type distribution and genetic diversity of Cercospora sojina populations on soybean from Arkansas: evidence for potential sexual reproduction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:1045-51. [PMID: 23721180 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-12-0229-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora sojina causes frogeye leaf spot of soybean, which can cause serious economic losses in the United States. In this study, 132 C. sojina isolates were collected from six fields (from two counties, Cross and Crawford) in Arkansas. To determine mating type, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with primers specific for C. sojina. Of the 132 isolates, 68 isolates had the MAT1-1-1 idiomorph and 64 isolates had the MAT1-2 idiomorph; no isolates possessed both idiomorphs. Both mating types were present in a variety of spatial scales, including separate lesions on individual leaves. Clone-corrected data from eight microsatellites indicated that mating-type loci were present in approximately equal proportions in all populations analyzed, which suggests that Arkansas populations of C. sojina are undergoing cryptic sexual reproduction. All six populations evaluated had high genotypic diversity of 26 to 79%. In addition, among strains isolated from a single leaf, multiple and distinct haplotypes were associated with both mating types, supporting the hypothesis that sexual reproduction occurs within the populations. Most populations showed significant gametic disequilibrium but levels of disequilibrium were relatively low, particularly in populations from Crawford County. A low differentiation index (GST) was observed for all simple-sequence repeat markers across all populations. Furthermore, the value of G statistics between populations suggests that significant genetic exchange exists among the populations. Taken together, these results demonstrate that C. sojina populations from Arkansas are genetically diverse and most likely undergoing sexual reproduction.
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Groenewald JZ, Nakashima C, Nishikawa J, Shin HD, Park JH, Jama AN, Groenewald M, Braun U, Crous PW. Species concepts in Cercospora: spotting the weeds among the roses. Stud Mycol 2013; 75:115-70. [PMID: 24014899 PMCID: PMC3713887 DOI: 10.3114/sim0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cercospora contains numerous important plant pathogenic fungi from a diverse range of hosts. Most species of Cercospora are known only from their morphological characters in vivo. Although the genus contains more than 5 000 names, very few cultures and associated DNA sequence data are available. In this study, 360 Cercospora isolates, obtained from 161 host species, 49 host families and 39 countries, were used to compile a molecular phylogeny. Partial sequences were derived from the internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrRNA, actin, calmodulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes. The resulting phylogenetic clades were evaluated for application of existing species names and five novel species are introduced. Eleven species are epi-, lecto- or neotypified in this study. Although existing species names were available for several clades, it was not always possible to apply North American or European names to African or Asian strains and vice versa. Some species were found to be limited to a specific host genus, whereas others were isolated from a wide host range. No single locus was found to be the ideal DNA barcode gene for the genus, and species identification needs to be based on a combination of gene loci and morphological characters. Additional primers were developed to supplement those previously published for amplification of the loci used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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DNA barcoding of Mycosphaerella species of quarantine importance to Europe. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2012; 29:101-15. [PMID: 23606768 PMCID: PMC3589787 DOI: 10.3767/003158512x661282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The EU 7th Framework Program provided funds for Quarantine Barcoding of Life (QBOL) to develop a quick, reliable and accurate DNA barcode-based diagnostic tool for selected species on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A1/A2 quarantine lists. Seven nuclear genomic loci were evaluated to determine those best suited for identifying species of Mycosphaerella and/or its associated anamorphs. These genes included β-tubulin (Btub), internal transcribed spacer regions of the nrDNA operon (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), Actin (Act), Calmodulin (Cal), Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Loci were tested on their Kimura-2-parameter-based inter- and intraspecific variation, PCR amplification success rate and ability to distinguish between quarantine species and closely related taxa. Results showed that none of these loci was solely suited as a reliable barcoding locus for the tested fungi. A combination of a primary and secondary barcoding locus was found to compensate for individual weaknesses and provide reliable identification. A combination of ITS with either EF-1α or Btub was reliable as barcoding loci for EPPO A1/A2-listed Mycosphaerella species. Furthermore, Lecanosticta acicola was shown to represent a species complex, revealing two novel species described here, namely L. brevispora sp. nov. on Pinus sp. from Mexico and L. guatemalensis sp. nov. on Pinus oocarpa from Guatemala. Epitypes were also designated for L. acicola and L. longispora to resolve the genetic application of these names.
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Udayanga D, Liu X, Crous PW, McKenzie EHC, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD. A multi-locus phylogenetic evaluation of Diaporthe (Phomopsis). FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Barros R. ESTUDO SOBRE A APLICAÇÃO FOLIAR DE ACIBENZOLAR-S-METIL PARA INDUÇÃO DE RESISTENCIA À FERRUGEM ASIÁTICA EM SOJA E CERCOSPORIOSE EM MILHO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v78p5192011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A resistência sistêmica adquira pode apresentar benefícios promissores para o manejo de diversas enfermidades de plantas. Nas culturas da soja e milho esta tática poderia trazer benefícios como a redução de danos e também de custos de produção. Com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) em plantas de soja e milho sobre o controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & P. Sydow e de Cercospora spp. (C. zeae-maydis Tehon & Daniels, C. zeina Crous & U. Braun e C. sorghi var. maydis Ellis & Everh), foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em campo com estas culturas. Em soja, foi realizado um experimento em Maracaju, MS, na variedade CD 219 RR com a aplicação de cinco tratamentos em diferentes programas de pulverização de herbicida, inseticidas e fungicidas com e sem a associação do ASM em diferentes estádios da cultura. Em milho, dois experimentos foram conduzidos na safrinha 2008 em Aral Moreira, MS, (híbrido Somma) e Maracaju, MS, (híbrido 2B710) com a aplicação de ASM isolado e em associação com azoxistrobina + ciproconazole em dois diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas. Outro ensaio com milho foi conduzido no verão de 2008/2009 com o híbrido AG 9040, em Maracaju, MS, também com a aplicação de ASM isoladamente e em mistura com azoxistrobina + ciproconazole com pulverizações em até três estádios diferentes das plantas de milho. Em nenhum dos experimentos conduzidos detectou-se benefícios da utilização do ASM tanto isoladamente quanto em mistura com fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem asiática em soja e da cercosporiose do milho, tendo havido controle apenas quando da utilização de fungicida químico independentemente da adição do ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Barros
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brasil
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Molecular identification of two strains of Cercospora rodmanii isolated from water hyacinth present in Yuriria lagoon, Guanajuato, Mexico and identification of new hosts for several other strains. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:1151-62. [PMID: 22036293 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Water hyacinth is a beautiful monocotyledon plant that has been dispersed all over the world by humans. The plant has been present in Mexico since 1907, and many water bodies have become infested with it since then. In 2001, we initiated a survey in Yuriria lagoon in southern Guanajuato state to isolate fungi able to biocontrol the plant. We isolated 25 morphologically distinct fungal cultures, of which two were identified as members of the genus Cercospora. Cercospora species are among the most prevalent and destructive of plant pathogens and can be found on leaves, pedicels, stems, fruits, and bracts. Only two species of Cercospora, Cercospora piaropi, and Cercospora rodmanii, have been described on water hyacinth; however, the classification of these species has been controversial. Several molecular approaches have been used for Cercospora identification, and some candidate genes have been identified for use in Cercospora species determination. Although the nrRNA genes alone do not show sufficient resolution for species determination, histone H3, translation elongation factor1-α, β-tubulin, actin, and calmodulin have been shown in previous studies to have an adequate number of nucleotide changes to allow species identification. In the present study, we used partial sequences of the histone H3, actin, and calmodulin genes to identify our two isolates as C. rodmanii. Our two strains are not specific to water hyacinth, as they are also pathogenic to beet and sugar beet. Similar host ranges were found for C. rodmanii strains isolated from Tabasco in México, Zambia, and Brazil, however, the specificity for water hyacinth persists in Cercospora piaropi Tharp and C. rodmanii Conway, the latter being the most pathogenic.
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Arzanlou M, Groenewald JZ, Gams W, Braun U, Shin HD, Crous PW. Phylogenetic and morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium and allied genera. Stud Mycol 2011; 58:57-93. [PMID: 18490996 PMCID: PMC2104745 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of the genera Periconiella, Ramichloridium,
Rhinocladiella and Veronaea was explored by means of partial
sequences of the 28S (LSU) rRNA gene and the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and
ITS2). Based on the LSU sequence data, ramichloridium-like species segregate
into eight distinct clusters. These include the Capnodiales
(Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae), the
Chaetothyriales (Herpotrichiellaceae), the Pleosporales, and
five ascomycete clades with uncertain affinities. The type species of
Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum, together with R. musae,
R. biverticillatum, R. cerophilum, R. verrucosum, R. pini, and three new
species isolated from Strelitzia, Musa and forest soil,
respectively, reside in the Capnodiales clade. The human-pathogenic
species R. mackenziei and R. basitonum, together with R.
fasciculatum and R. anceps, cluster with Rhinocladiella
(type species: Rh. atrovirens, Herpotrichiellaceae,
Chaetothyriales), and are allocated to this genus. Veronaea
botryosa, the type species of the genus Veronaea, also resides
in the Chaetothyriales clade, whereas Veronaea simplex
clusters as a sister taxon to the Venturiaceae (Pleosporales), and is
placed in a new genus, Veronaeopsis. Ramichloridium
obovoideum clusters with Carpoligna pleurothecii (anamorph:
Pleurothecium sp., Chaetosphaeriales), and a new combination
is proposed in Pleurothecium. Other ramichloridium-like clades
include R. subulatum and R. epichloës (incertae sedis,
Sordariomycetes), for which a new genus, Radulidium is
erected. Ramichloridium schulzeri and its varieties are placed in a
new genus, Myrmecridium (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes).
The genus Pseudovirgaria (incertae sedis) is introduced to
accommodate ramichloridium-like isolates occurring on various species of rust
fungi. A veronaea-like isolate from Bertia moriformis with
phylogenetic affinity to the Annulatascaceae (Sordariomycetidae) is
placed in a new genus, Rhodoveronaea. Besides
Ramichloridium, Periconiella is also polyphyletic.
Thysanorea is introduced to accommodate Periconiella papuana
(Herpotrichiellaceae), which is unrelated to the type species, P.
velutina (Mycosphaerellaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arzanlou
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schubert K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Dijksterhuis J, Starink M, Hill CF, Zalar P, de Hoog GS, Crous PW. Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Stud Mycol 2011; 58:105-56. [PMID: 18490998 PMCID: PMC2104742 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cladosporium herbarum complex comprises five species for which Davidiella teleomorphs are known. Cladosporium herbarum s. str. (D. tassiana), C. macrocarpum (D. macrocarpa) and C. bruhnei (D. allicina) are distinguishable by having conidia of different width, and by teleomorph characters. Davidiella variabile is introduced as teleomorph of C. variabile, a homothallic species occurring on Spinacia, and D. macrospora is known to be the teleomorph of C. iridis on Iris spp. The C. herbarum complex combines low molecular distance with a high degree of clonal or inbreeding diversity. Entities differ from each other by multilocus sequence data and by phenetic differences, and thus can be interpreted to represent individual taxa. Isolates of the C. herbarum complex that were formerly associated with opportunistic human infections, cluster with C. bruhnei. Several species are newly described from hypersaline water, namely C. ramotenellum, C. tenellum, C. subinflatum, and C. herbaroides. Cladosporium pseudiridis collected from Iris sp. in New Zealand, is also a member of this species complex and shown to be distinct from C. iridis that occurs on this host elsewhere in the world. A further new species from New Zealand is C. sinuosum on Fuchsia excorticata. Cladosporium antarcticum is newly described from a lichen, Caloplaca regalis, collected in Antarctica, and C. subtilissimum from grape berries in the U.S.A., while the new combination C. ossifragi, the oldest valid name of the Cladosporium known from Narthecium in Europe, is proposed. Standard protocols and media are herewith proposed to facilitate future morphological examination of Cladosporium spp. in culture, and neotypes or epitypes are proposed for all species treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schubert
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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