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Motteran F, Varesche MBA, Lara-Martin PA. Assessment of the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of contaminants of emerging concern in sludge using batch reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84946-84961. [PMID: 35789461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the degradation of xenobiotic compounds in aerobic and anaerobic batch reactors. Different inoculums were spiked with nine emerging contaminants at nominal concentrations ranging between 1 to 2 mg/L (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, acesulfame, sucralose, aspartame, cyclamate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, and secondary alkyl sulfonates). Ethanol was used as co-substrate in the anaerobic reactors. We found that the kinetic decay was faster in the aerobic reactors inoculated with a Spanish (Spn) inoculum compared to a Brazilian (Brz) inoculum, resulting in rection rates for LAS and SAS of 2.67 ± 3.6 h-1 and 5.09 ± 6 h-1 for the Brz reactors, and 1.3 ± 0.1 h-1 and 1.5 ± 0.2 h-1 for the Spn reactors, respectively. There was no evidence of LAS and SAS degradation under anaerobic conditions within 72 days; nonetheless, under aerobic conditions, these surfactants were removed by both the Brz and Spn inoculums (up to 86.2 ± 9.4% and 74.3 ± 0.7%, respectively) within 10 days. The artificial sweeteners were not removed under aerobic conditions, whereas we could observe a steady decrease in the anaerobic reactors containing the Spn inoculum. Ethanol aided in the degradation of surfactants in anaerobic environments. Proteiniphilum, Paraclostridium, Arcobacter, Proteiniclasticum, Acinetobacter, Roseomonas, Aquamicrobium, Moheibacter, Leucobacter, Synergistes, Cyanobacteria, Serratia, and Desulfobulbus were the main microorganisms identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Motteran
- Geosciences Technology Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sanitation Laboratory and Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Environmental Technology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Ave. Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PA, Zipcode 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ave Trabalhador São-Carlense, n°. 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, Zipcode 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cadiz (UCA), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Andalusia, Spain
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Stubbs S, Yousaf S, Khan I. A review on the synthesis of bio-based surfactants using green chemistry principles. Daru 2022; 30:407-426. [PMID: 36190619 PMCID: PMC9715898 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With increasing awareness of the potential adverse impact of conventional surfactants on the environment and human health, there is mounting interest in the development of bio-based surfactants (which are deemed to be safer, more affordable, are in abundance, are biodegradable, biocompatible and possess scalability, mildness and performance in formulation) in personal care products. METHOD A comprehensive literature review around alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) and sucrose esters (SEs) as bio-based surfactants, through the lens of the 12 green chemistry principles was conducted. An overview of the use of bio-based surfactants in personal care products was also provided. RESULTS Bio-based surfactants are derived primarily from natural sources (i.e. both the head and tail molecular group). One of the more common types of bio-based surfactants are those with carbohydrate head groups, where alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) and sucrose esters (SEs) lead this sub-category. As global regulations and user mandate for sustainability and safety increase, evidence to further support these bio-based surfactants as alternatives to their petrochemical counterparts is advantageous. Use of the green chemistry framework is a suitable way to do this. While many of the discussed principles are enforced industrially, others have only yet been applied at a laboratory scale or are not apparent in literature. CONCLUSION Many of the principles of green chemistry are currently used in the synthesis of APGs and SEs. These and other bio-based surfactants should, therefore, be considered suitable and sustainable alternatives to conventional surfactants. To further encourage the use of these novel surfactants, industry must make an effort to implement and improve the use of the remaining principles at a commercial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Stubbs
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sakib Yousaf
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Iftikhar Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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Schinkel L, Lara-Martín PA, Giger W, Hollender J, Berg M. Synthetic surfactants in Swiss sewage sludges: Analytical challenges, concentrations and per capita loads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151361. [PMID: 34808174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are high-production-volume chemicals that are among the most abundant organic pollutants in municipal wastewater. In this study, sewage sludge samples of 36 Swiss wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), serving 32% of the country's population, were analyzed for major surfactant classes by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The analyses required a variety of complementary approaches due to different analytical challenges, including matrix effects (which can affect adduct ion formation) and the lack of reference standards. The most abundant contaminants were linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS; weighted mean [WM] concentration of 3700 μg g-1 dry weight), followed by secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS; 190 μg g-1). Alcohol polyethoxylates (AEO; 8.3 μg g-1), nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEO; 16 μg g-1), nonylphenol (NP; 3.1 μg g-1), nonylphenol ethoxy carboxylates (NPEC; 0.35 μg g-1) and tert-octylphenol (tert-OP, 1.8 μg g-1) were present at much lower concentrations. This concentration pattern agrees with the production volumes of the surfactants and their fates in WWTPs. Branched AEO homologues dominated over linear homologues, probably due to higher persistence. Sludge concentrations of LAS, SAS, and NP were positively correlated with the residence time in the anaerobic digester. Derivation of the per capita loads successfully revealed potential industrial/commercial emission sources. Comparison of recent versus historic data showed a decrease in NPEO and NP levels by one or two orders of magnitude since their ban in the 1980s. By contrast, LAS still exhibit similar concentrations compared to 30 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schinkel
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real 11510, Spain
| | - Walter Giger
- Giger Research Consulting, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Kim NK, Lee SH, Yoon H, Jeong G, Jung YJ, Hur M, Lee BH, Park HD. Microbiome degrading linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in activated sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126365. [PMID: 34329019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely used anionic surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) requires biological alkane degradation when it is treated using an activated sludge (AS) process in a wastewater treatment plant because of its structural carboxylic unavailability. As consumption of LAS is gradually increasing, LAS loading into the WWTP is accordingly increasing. However, fewer studies have examined the involvement of the AS microbial community in the LAS degradation. In this study, metagenomic approaches were used to define microbiomes involved in LAS degradation in AS, with a particular focus on ω-hydroxylation. The abundance and diversity of alkane-degrading genes were investigated, and these genes were integrated with reconstructed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Additionally, the association of functional genes and MAGs with respect to LAS degradation was investigated. The results showed that alkB and cytochrome P450 genes were only shared within specific MAGs. Unique sets of genes with diverse abundances were detected in each sample. The MAGs with the alkB and cytochrome P450 genes were strongly associated with the other MAGs and involved in positive commensal interactions. The findings provided significant insights into how the AS microbiomes, which have continuously treated anionic surfactants for decades, potentially metabolize LAS and interact with commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Kim
- Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Garam Jeong
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - You-Jung Jung
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Moonsuk Hur
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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5
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Surfactants-based remediation as an effective approach for removal of environmental pollutants—A review. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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García RA, Chiaia-Hernández AC, Lara-Martin PA, Loos M, Hollender J, Oetjen K, Higgins CP, Field JA. Suspect Screening of Hydrocarbon Surfactants in AFFFs and AFFF-Contaminated Groundwater by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8068-8077. [PMID: 31269393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are proprietary mixtures containing hydrocarbon surfactants and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are used to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fuel fires. There is limited information on hydrocarbon surfactants in AFFFs and AFFF-contaminated groundwater even though hydrocarbon surfactants are more abundant (5-10% w/w) than PFASs (0.9-1.5% w/w) in AFFFs. Eight commercial AFFFs manufactured between 1988 and 2012 and 10 AFFF-contaminated groundwaters collected from near source zones of fire-fighter training areas were analyzed for suspect hydrocarbon surfactants by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A suspect list and a homologous series detection computational tool, enviMass, were combined to screen for hydrocarbon surfactants. Nine classes of hydrocarbon surfactants were detected in AFFFs including octylphenol polyethoxylates, linear alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylated cocoamines, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl amido dipropionates, linear alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and polyethylene glycols. Of those, six were also found in groundwater along with diethanolamines and alkyl amido betaines, which were not found in the eight archived AFFFs. This indicates that although aerobically biodegradable, hydrocarbon surfactants likely persist in groundwater due to anaerobic aquifer conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first screening for hydrocarbon surfactants in AFFFs and in AFFF-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurea C Chiaia-Hernández
- Institute of Geography and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Cadiz, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences , Campus Rio San Pedro, CEI-MAR, Puerto Real , 11510 Cadiz , Spain
| | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Eawag , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP) , ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Karl Oetjen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Colorado School of Mines , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
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Motteran F, Nadai BM, Braga JK, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Metabolic routes involved in the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) employing linear alcohol ethoxylated and ethanol as co-substrates in enlarged scale fluidized bed reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1411-1423. [PMID: 30021307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microbial community characterization and metabolic pathway identification involved in the linear alkylbenzene sulfonated (LAS) degradation from commercial laundry wastewater in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) on an increased scale were performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Ethanol and non-ionic surfactant (LAE, Genapol C-100) were used as co-substrates. The FBR was operated in five operational phases: (I) synthetic substrate for inoculation; (II) 7.9 ± 4.7 mg/L LAS and 11.7 ± 6.9 mg/L LAE; (III) 19.4 ± 12.9 mg/L LAS, 19.6 ± 9.2 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol; (IV) 25.9 ± 11 mg/L LAS, 19.5 ± 9.1 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol and (V) 43.9 ± 18 mg/L LAS, 25 ± 9.8 mg/L LAE and 205 mg/L ethanol. At all operation phases, organic matter was removed from 40.4 to 85.1% and LAS removal was from 24.7 to 56%. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were identified in the biofilm of FBR in all operational phases. Although the LAS promoted a toxic effect on the microbiota, this effect can be reduced when using biodegradable co-substrates, such as ethanol and LAE, which was observed in Phase IV. In this phase, there was a greater microbial diversity (Shannon index) and higher microorganism richness (Chao 1 index), both for the Domain Bacteria, and for the Domain Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Motteran
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Marques Nadai
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Kawanishi Braga
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, SP 310, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Motteran F, Lima Gomes PCF, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Simultaneous determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants in commercial laundry wastewater and anaerobic fluidized bed reactor effluent by online column-switching liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1120-1128. [PMID: 28040218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a new method developed for the simultaneous determination of anionic surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate - LAS, 4 homologs) and nonionic surfactant (linear alcohol ethoxylate - LAE) in commercial laundry wastewater. The surfactants were identified and quantified using online column-switching solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ten and three transitions (m/z) were identified for LAS and LAE, respectively. The detection and quantification limits were 75 and 200μg/L for LAS, respectively, and 75μg/L for LAE. This method was applied to the determination of the surfactants in the influent and effluent of an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor that was used for the treatment of commercial laundry wastewater. After 480days of operation with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18h, the removal of 45.9±5.6% LAS and 99.2±4.3% LAE from an influent with surfactant concentrations of 26.1±12.9mg/L and 23.8±6.8mg/L, respectively, was obtained. Under these conditions, the breakage of longer-chain LAS homologs with the release of carbon units was observed with an increase in the number of shorter homolog chains. This SPE online sample treatment method is simple, fast and effective for the analysis of both surfactants. This technique is pioneering in its simultaneous measurement of two surfactant categories in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Motteran
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering, São Carlos, Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C F Lima Gomes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson L Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, SP 310, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernadete A Varesche
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Environmental Engineering, São Carlos, Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shah A, Shahzad S, Munir A, Nadagouda MN, Khan GS, Shams DF, Dionysiou DD, Rana UA. Micelles as Soil and Water Decontamination Agents. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6042-74. [PMID: 27136750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated soil and water pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystem. For the treatment of industrial effluents or minimizing their detrimental effects, preventive and remedial approaches must be adopted prior to the occurrence of any severe environmental, health, or safety hazard. Conventional treatment methods of wastewater are insufficient, complicated, and expensive. Therefore, a method that could use environmentally friendly surfactants for the simultaneous removal of both organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater is deemed a smart approach. Surfactants containing potential donor ligands can coordinate with metal ions, and thus such compounds can be used for the removal of toxic metals and organometallic compounds from aqueous systems. Surfactants form host-guest complexes with the hydrophobic contaminants of water and soil by a mechanism involving the encapsulation of hydrophobes into the self-assembled aggregates (micelles) of surfactants. However, because undefined amounts of surfactants may be released into the aqueous systems, attention must be paid to their own environmental risks as well. Moreover, surfactant remediation methods must be carefully analyzed in the laboratory before field implementation. The use of biosurfactants is the best choice for the removal of water toxins as such surfactants are associated with the characteristics of biodegradability, versatility, recovery, and reuse. This Review is focused on the currently employed surfactant-based soil and wastewater treatment technologies owing to their critical role in the implementation of certain solutions for controlling pollution level, which is necessary to protect human health and ensure the quality standard of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Suniya Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Azeema Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio 45324, United States
| | - Gul Shahzada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University , Sheringal, Dir (Upper), 18000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Farhan Shams
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan , 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0012, United States
| | - Usman Ali Rana
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University , PO Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Ríos F, Fernández-Arteaga A, Lechuga M, Jurado E, Fernández-Serrano M. Kinetic study of the anaerobic biodegradation of alkyl polyglucosides and the influence of their structural parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8286-8293. [PMID: 26820643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a study of the anaerobic biodegradation of non-ionic surfactants alkyl polyglucosides applying the method by measurement of the biogas production in digested sludge. Three alkyl polyglucosides with different length alkyl chain and degree of polymerization of the glucose units were tested. The influence of their structural parameters was evaluated, and the characteristics parameters of the anaerobic biodegradation were determined. Results show that alkyl polyglucosides, at the standard initial concentration of 100 mgC L(-1), are not completely biodegradable in anaerobic conditions because they inhibit the biogas production. The alkyl polyglucoside having the shortest alkyl chain showed the fastest biodegradability and reached the higher percentage of final mineralization. The anaerobic process was well adjusted to a pseudo first-order equation using the carbon produced as gas during the test; also, kinetics parameters and a global rate constant for all the involved metabolic process were determined. This modeling is helpful to evaluate the biodegradation or the persistence of alkyl polyglucosides under anaerobic conditions in the environment and in the wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ríos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuela Lechuga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Encarnación Jurado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Cowan-Ellsberry C, Belanger S, Dorn P, Dyer S, McAvoy D, Sanderson H, Versteeg D, Ferrer D, Stanton K. Environmental Safety of the Use of Major Surfactant Classes in North America. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1893-1993. [PMID: 25170243 PMCID: PMC4130171 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2013.803777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper brings together over 250 published and unpublished studies on the environmental properties, fate, and toxicity of the four major, high-volume surfactant classes and relevant feedstocks. The surfactants and feedstocks covered include alcohol sulfate or alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE), and long-chain alcohol (LCOH). These chemicals are used in a wide range of personal care and cleaning products. To date, this is the most comprehensive report on these substance's chemical structures, use, and volume information, physical/chemical properties, environmental fate properties such as biodegradation and sorption, monitoring studies through sewers, wastewater treatment plants and eventual release to the environment, aquatic and sediment toxicity, and bioaccumulation information. These data are used to illustrate the process for conducting both prospective and retrospective risk assessments for large-volume chemicals and categories of chemicals with wide dispersive use. Prospective risk assessments of AS, AES, AE, LAS, and LCOH demonstrate that these substances, although used in very high volume and widely released to the aquatic environment, have no adverse impact on the aquatic or sediment environments at current levels of use. The retrospective risk assessments of these same substances have clearly demonstrated that the conclusions of the prospective risk assessments are valid and confirm that these substances do not pose a risk to the aquatic or sediment environments. This paper also highlights the many years of research that the surfactant and cleaning products industry has supported, as part of their environmental sustainability commitment, to improve environmental tools, approaches, and develop innovative methods appropriate to address environmental properties of personal care and cleaning product chemicals, many of which have become approved international standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Dyer
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Drew McAvoy
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Darci Ferrer
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Motteran F, Braga JK, Sakamoto IK, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Degradation of high concentrations of nonionic surfactant (linear alcohol ethoxylate) in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:121-128. [PMID: 24594741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The removal and degradation of the nonionic surfactant linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE)Genapol® C-100 in an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor were evaluated with 4.7 mg LAE/L to 107.4 mg LAE/L added to the synthetic substrate (535 ± 121 mg/L to 882 ± 126 mg/L of organic matter). High removal efficiencies of the COD (chemical oxygen demand) (88%) and LAE (98%) were observed even at high surfactant concentrations during the 492 days of operation. The absence of sucrose in the synthetic substrate modified the microbial community. Similarity coefficients between the phases with sucrose and without sucrose were 74% and 59% for the Archaea and Bacteria domains, respectively. The higher LAE removal (98%) was obtained for the 97.9 mg LAE/L influent in the absence of the co-substrate, as well as the greater diversity of volatile fatty acid. At the end of the reactor operation 2.05 mg of LAE was adsorbed in the biomass and 98.5% was biodegraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Motteran
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Kawanishi Braga
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel Kimiko Sakamoto
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod Washington Luiz, Km 235, SP 310, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil..
| | - Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Lee KH, Park KY, Khanal SK, Lee JW. Effects of household detergent on anaerobic fermentation of kitchen wastewater from food waste disposer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 244-245:39-45. [PMID: 23246938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of household detergent on anaerobic methane fermentation of wastewater from food waste disposers (FWDs). Anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) demonstrated that methane production substantially decreased at a higher detergent concentration. The Gompertz three-parameter model fitted well with the ATA results, and both the extent of methane production (M) and methane production rate (R(m)) obtained from the model were strongly affected by the concentration of the detergent. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of the detergent was 603 mg/L based on R(m). Results from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analysis of microbial culture revealed that deterioration of methane fermentation was attributed to impaired structure of anaerobic microbial membrane due to detergent. This study suggests that wastewater from FWD could be used for methane production, but it is necessary to reduce the concentration of detergent prior to anaerobic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong city 339-700, South Korea
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14
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Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
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15
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Chikkali S, Stempfle F, Mecking S. Long-Chain Polyacetals From Plant Oils. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1126-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Wei YT, Wu SC, Yang SW, Che CH, Lien HL, Huang DH. Biodegradable surfactant stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron for in situ treatment of vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 211-212:373-380. [PMID: 22118849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) stabilized with dispersants is a promising technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. In this study, we demonstrated the use of biodegradable surfactant stabilized NZVI slurry for successful treatment of vinyl chloride (VC) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) in a contaminated site in Taiwan. The biodegradable surfactant stabilized NZVI was coated with palladium and synthesized on-site. From monitoring the iron concentration breakthrough and distribution, it was found that the stabilized NZVI is capable of transporting in the aquifer at the test plot (200 m(2)). VC was effectively degraded by NZVI while the 1,2-DCA degradation was relatively sluggish during the 3-month field test. Nevertheless, as 1,2-DCA is known to resist abiotic reduction by NZVI, the observation of 1,2-DCA degradation and hydrocarbon production suggested a bioremediation took place. ORP and pH results revealed that a reducing condition was achieved at the testing area facilitating the biodegradation of chlorinated organic hydrocarbons. The bioremediation may be attributed to the production of hydrogen gas as electron donor from the corrosion of NZVI in the presence of water or the added biodegradable surfactant serving as the carbon source as well as electron donor to stimulate microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wei
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Cantarero S, Prieto CA, López I. Occurrence of high-tonnage anionic surfactants in Spanish sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 95 Suppl:S149-S153. [PMID: 21652141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural application has become the most widespread method of sewage sludge disposal, being the most economical outlet for sludge and also recycling beneficial plant nutrients and organic matter to soil for crop production. As a matter of fact, the European Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC seeks to encourage the disposal of sewage sludge in agriculture applications and regulate its use to prevent harmful effects on the soil environment. At the present time, the sewage sludge Directive is under revision and a possible cut-off limit for some organic chemicals may be implemented. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), the main synthetic anionic surfactant, has been included in the draft list of chemicals to be limited. The present research work deals with the monitoring of LAS and soap in Spanish sewage sludge. The average concentration of LAS found in anaerobic sewage sludge samples was 8.06 g/kg, higher than the average values for European sludge. Besides, it has been also found that more than 55% of Spanish anaerobic sludge would not fulfil the limit proposed by the 3rd European Working paper on sludge. As a consequence, the implementation of the limit for LAS would make the disposal of most Spanish biosolids for agricultural applications almost impossible. Regarding the mechanisms why anionic surfactants are found in sludge, two surfactants are compared: LAS and soap, both readily biodegraded in aerobic conditions. Irrespective of the anaerobic biodegradability of soap, its concentration found in sludge is higher than LAS (only anaerobically biodegradable under particular conditions). The relevance of anaerobic biodegradation to assure environmental protection is discussed for this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cantarero
- Dpto. Química Analítica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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18
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Biodegradability of bacterial surfactants. Biodegradation 2010; 22:585-92. [PMID: 21053055 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at evaluating the biodegradability of different bacterial surfactants in liquid medium and in soil microcosms. The biodegradability of biosurfactants by pure and mixed bacterial cultures was evaluated through CO(2) evolution. Three bacterial strains, Acinetobacter baumanni LBBMA ES11, Acinetobacter haemolyticus LBBMA 53 and Pseudomonas sp. LBBMA 101B, used the biosurfactants produced by Bacillus sp. LBBMA 111A (mixed lipopeptide), Bacillus subtilis LBBMA 155 (lipopeptide), Flavobacterium sp. LBBMA 168 (mixture of flavolipids), Dietzia Maris LBBMA 191(glycolipid) and Arthrobacter oxydans LBBMA 201(lipopeptide) as carbon sources in minimal medium. The synthetic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was also mineralized by these microorganisms, but at a lower rate. CO(2) emitted by a mixed bacterial culture in soil microcosms with biosurfactants was higher than in the microcosm containing SDS. Biosurfactant mineralization in soil was confirmed by the increase in surface tension of the soil aqueous extracts after incubation with the mixed bacterial culture. It can be concluded that, in terms of biodegradability and environmental security, these compounds are more suitable for applications in remediation technologies in comparison to synthetic surfactants. However, more information is needed on structure of biosurfactants, their interaction with soil and contaminants and scale up and cost for biosurfactant production.
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Elsgaard L. Toxicity of xenobiotics during sulfate, iron, and nitrate reduction in primary sewage sludge suspensions. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:1003-1009. [PMID: 20378150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect and persistence of six organic xenobiotics was tested under sulfate-, iron-, and nitrate-reducing conditions in primary sewage sludge suspensions. The xenobiotics tested were acenaphthene, phenanthrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) added to initial analytical concentrations of 54-117 mgL(-1). The suspensions were incubated at 30 degrees C for 15 weeks and rates of sulfate, iron, and nitrate reduction were estimated from the time course of hydrogen sulfide accumulation, Fe(II) accumulation, and nitrate depletion, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the xenobiotics were persistent under the different electron acceptor regimes for the duration of the experiment. This was partly attributed to low bioavailability and microbial toxicity of the xenobiotics. Rates of anaerobic respiration in control suspensions (without added xenobiotics) showed a weekly reduction potential of 0.84 mM SO(4)(2-), 0.92 mM Fe(III), and 9.25 mM NO(3)(-). All three processes were completely inhibited by 1,2,4-TCB (54 mgL(-1)) whereas there was no significant (P<0.05) toxicity of phenanthrene (109 mgL(-1)) and DEHP (105 mgL(-1)). Sulfate reduction was inhibited completely by LAS (105 mgL(-1)), 76% by acenaphthene (54 mgL(-1)) and 57% by 4-NP (117 mgL(-1)), and likewise iron reduction was inhibited 62% by LAS and 55% by 4-NP (the latter though at P<0.10). Nitrate reduction was not significantly inhibited by acenaphthene and 4-NP and furthermore was resistant to LAS toxicity (105 mgL(-1)). Nitrate reduction also had the highest potential for mineralization of organic matter and thus was the most robust of the tested anaerobic processes in the sewage sludge suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Elsgaard
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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de Oliveira DS, Prinholato AC, Ratusznei SM, Rodrigues JAD, Zaiat M, Foresti E. AnSBBR applied to the treatment of wastewater from a personal care industry: effect of organic load and fill time. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 90:3070-3081. [PMID: 19497659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the technological feasibility of treating wastewater from a personal care industry (PCI-WW) in a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam. An assessment was made on how system efficiency and stability would be affected by: increasing organic load; supplementation of nutrients and alkalinity; and different feed strategies. The AnSBBR operated with 8-h cycles, stirring speed of 400 rpm, temperature of 30 degrees C, and treated with 2.0 L wastewater per cycle. First the efficiency and stability of the AnSBBR were studied when submitted to an organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.1-9.4 gCOD/(L d), and when the PCI-WW was supplemented with nutrients (sucrose, urea, trace metals) and alkalinity. The AnSBBR was shown to be robust and presented stability and removal efficiency exceeding 90%. At an OLR of 12.0 gCOD/(L d) efficiency became difficult to maintain due to the presence of commercial cleansers and disinfectants in the wastewater lots. In a subsequent stage the AnSBBR treated the wastewater supplemented with alkalinity, but with no nutrients at varying feed strategies and maintaining an OLR of approximately 9.0 gCOD/(L d). The first strategy consists of feeding 2.0 L of the influent batchwise [OLR of 9.4 gCOD/(L d)]. In the second 1.0 L of influent was fed-batchwise and an additional 1.0 L was fed fed-batchwise [OLR of 9.2 gCOD/(L d)], i.e., in relation to the first strategy the feed volume was maintained but supplied in different periods. In the third strategy 1.0 L of treated effluent was maintained in the reactor and 1.0 L of influent was fed fed-batchwise [OLR of 9.0 gCOD/(L d)], i.e., in relation to the first strategy the feed volume was different but the feed period was the same and the OLR was maintained by increasing the influent concentration. Comparison of the first and second strategies revealed that organic matter removal efficiency was unaffected (exceeding 90%). The third strategy resulted in a reduction in average removal efficiency from 91 to 83% when compared to the first one. A kinetic study resulted in first order kinetic parameters ranges from 0.42 to 1.46 h(-1) at OLRs from 3.1 to 12.0 gCOD/(L d), respectively, and the second feed strategy [OLR of 9.2 gCOD/(L d)] was shown to be the most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sotirchos de Oliveira
- Escola de Engenharia Mauá, Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia (EEM/IMT), Departamento de Engenharia Quimica e de Alimentos, Praça Mauá 1, CEP 09 580-900, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Detergent surfactants can be found in wastewater in relevant concentrations. Most of them are known as ready degradable under aerobic conditions, as required by European legislation. Far fewer surfactants have been tested so far for biodegradability under anaerobic conditions. The natural environment is predominantly aerobic, but there are some environmental compartments such as river sediments, sub-surface soil layer and anaerobic sludge digesters of wastewater treatment plants which have strictly anaerobic conditions. This review gives an overview on anaerobic biodegradation processes, the methods for testing anaerobic biodegradability, and the anaerobic biodegradability of different detergent surfactant types (anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactants).
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