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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Production and characterization of starch-lignin based materials: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108281. [PMID: 37956796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In their pristine state, starch and lignin are abundant and inexpensive natural polymers frequently considered green alternatives to oil-based and synthetic polymers. Despite their availability and owing to their physicochemical properties; starch and lignin are not often utilized in their pristine forms for high-performance applications. Generally, chemical and physical modifications transform them into starch- and lignin-based materials with broadened properties and functionality. In the last decade, the combination of starch and lignin for producing reinforced materials has gained significant attention. The reinforcing of starch matrices with lignin has received primary focus because of the enhanced water sensitivity, UV protection, and mechanical and thermal resistance that lignin introduces to starch-based materials. This review paper aims to assess starch-lignin materials' production and characterization technologies, highlighting their physicochemical properties, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities. First, this paper describes the current status, sources, and chemical modifications of lignin and starch. Next, the discussion is oriented toward starch-lignin materials and their production approaches, such as blends, composites, plasticized/crosslinked films, and coupled polymers. Special attention is given to the characterization methods of starch-lignin materials, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, and expected outcomes. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in developing starch-lignin materials, such as adhesives, coatings, films, and controlled delivery systems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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2
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Vasile C, Baican M. Lignins as Promising Renewable Biopolymers and Bioactive Compounds for High-Performance Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3177. [PMID: 37571069 PMCID: PMC10420922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of biomass into high-value-added materials requires important developments in research and technology to create a sustainable circular economy. Lignin, as a component of biomass, is a multipurpose aromatic polymer with a significant potential to be used as a renewable bioresource in many fields in which it acts both as promising biopolymer and bioactive compound. This comprehensive review gives brief insights into the recent research and technological trends on the potential of lignin development and utilization. It is divided into ten main sections, starting with an outlook on its diversity; main properties and possibilities to be used as a raw material for fuels, aromatic chemicals, plastics, or thermoset substitutes; and new developments in the use of lignin as a bioactive compound and in nanoparticles, hydrogels, 3D-printing-based lignin biomaterials, new sustainable biomaterials, and energy production and storage. In each section are presented recent developments in the preparation of lignin-based biomaterials, especially the green approaches to obtaining nanoparticles, hydrogels, and multifunctional materials as blends and bio(nano)composites; most suitable lignin type for each category of the envisaged products; main properties of the obtained lignin-based materials, etc. Different application categories of lignin within various sectors, which could provide completely sustainable energy conversion, such as in agriculture and environment protection, food packaging, biomedicine, and cosmetics, are also described. The medical and therapeutic potential of lignin-derived materials is evidenced in applications such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor agents; carriers for drug delivery systems with controlled/targeting drug release; tissue engineering and wound healing; and coatings, natural sunscreen, and surfactants. Lignin is mainly used for fuel, and, recently, studies highlighted more sustainable bioenergy production technologies, such as the supercapacitor electrode, photocatalysts, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Romanian Academy, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baican
- “Grigore T. Popa” Medicine and Pharmacy University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences I Department, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physics, 16 University Street, RO700115 Iaşi, Romania;
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3
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Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
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Abe MM, Martins JR, Sanvezzo PB, Macedo JV, Branciforti MC, Halley P, Botaro VR, Brienzo M. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioplastics Production from Starch and Lignocellulosic Components. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2484. [PMID: 34372086 PMCID: PMC8348970 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of plastic wastes in different environments has become a topic of major concern over the past decades; therefore, technologies and strategies aimed at mitigating the environmental impacts of petroleum products have gained worldwide relevance. In this scenario, the production of bioplastics mainly from polysaccharides such as starch is a growing strategy and a field of intense research. The use of plasticizers, the preparation of blends, and the reinforcement of bioplastics with lignocellulosic components have shown promising and environmentally safe alternatives for overcoming the limitations of bioplastics, mainly due to the availability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of such resources. This review addresses the production of bioplastics composed of polysaccharides from plant biomass and its advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Manabu Abe
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-230, SP, Brazil; (M.M.A.); (J.R.M.); (J.V.M.)
| | - Júlia Ribeiro Martins
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-230, SP, Brazil; (M.M.A.); (J.R.M.); (J.V.M.)
| | - Paula Bertolino Sanvezzo
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil; (P.B.S.); (M.C.B.)
| | - João Vitor Macedo
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-230, SP, Brazil; (M.M.A.); (J.R.M.); (J.V.M.)
| | - Marcia Cristina Branciforti
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil; (P.B.S.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Peter Halley
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Don Nicklin Building (74), St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Vagner Roberto Botaro
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability—CCTS, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, Km 110, Sorocaba 18052-780, SP, Brazil;
| | - Michel Brienzo
- Institute for Research in Bioenergy (IPBEN), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-230, SP, Brazil; (M.M.A.); (J.R.M.); (J.V.M.)
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Cheng XH, Wang K, Cheng NQ, Mi SY, Sun LS, Yeh JT. The control of expansion ratios and cellular structure of supercritical CO2-aid thermoplastic starch foams using crosslinking agents and nano-silica particles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The problems linked to plastic wastes have led to the development of biodegradable plastics. More specifically, biodegradable bioplastics are the polymers that are mineralized into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass through the enzymatic action of specific microorganisms. They could, therefore, be a suitable and environmentally friendly substitute to conventional petrochemical plastics. The physico-chemical structure of the biopolymers, the environmental conditions, as well as the microbial populations to which the bioplastics are exposed to are the most influential factors to biodegradation. This process can occur in both natural and industrial environments, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with the latter being the least researched. The examined aerobic environments include compost, soil, and some aquatic environments, whereas the anaerobic environments include anaerobic digestion plants and a few aquatic habitats. This review investigates both the extent and the biodegradation rates under different environments and explores the state-of-the-art knowledge of the environmental and biological factors involved in biodegradation. Moreover, the review demonstrates the need for more research on the long-term fate of bioplastics under natural and industrial (engineered) environments. However, bioplastics cannot be considered a panacea when dealing with the elimination of plastic pollution.
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Gupta S, Dey M, Javaid S, Ji Y, Payne S. On the Design of Novel Biofoams Using Lignin, Wheat Straw, and Sugar Beet Pulp as Precursor Material. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17078-17089. [PMID: 32715193 PMCID: PMC7376692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of pyrolyzed lignin compacts reinforced with 50 wt % wheat straw (WS) or sugar beet pulp (SBP) fibers. The compacts were pyrolyzed at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C in an Ar atmosphere. Detailed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and microstructure analysis were performed on these samples. FTIR analysis showed that pyrolysis of lignin-WS and lignin-SBP resulted in aromatic char. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that foams obtained by pyrolyzing both lignin-50 wt % SBP and lignin-50 wt % WS composites have a cellular structure. X-ray tomography and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) studies showed that pyrolysis of wheat straw caused the formation of mineral-rich nodules in the pyrolyzed lignin matrix, which was responsible for the denser and uniform microstructure of the lignin-WS composites. Due to this reason, the lignin-WS composites were denser and had a better mechanical strength as compared to the lignin-SBP composites. Both the compositions also showed temperature-dependent wettability behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Gupta
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
North Dakota, Grand
Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Maharshi Dey
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
North Dakota, Grand
Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Sabah Javaid
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Yun Ji
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of North
Dakota, Grand
Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Scott Payne
- NDSU
Electron Microscopy Center, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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8
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Zhang CW, Nair SS, Chen H, Yan N, Farnood R, Li FY. Thermally stable, enhanced water barrier, high strength starch bio-composite reinforced with lignin containing cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Unmodified kraft lignin was used to create a starch-based adhesive via the Stein Hall process. Lignin up to 35 wt% was used in several formulations. Lignin was incorporated in both the carrier and slurry portions of the formulations and the effect on adhesive strength and water resistance was studied. The addition of lignin resulted in a significant increase in adhesive strength when the lignin was added solely to the slurry portion. When lignin was added solely to the carrier portion, the adhesive strength decreased. Other formulations, where lignin was present in both the carrier and slurry portions, showed moderate increases in adhesive strength. Finally, the addition of lignin increased the water-resistance of the adhesive bond in the paperboard.
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11
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Spiridon I, Anghel NC, Darie-Nita RN, Iwańczuk A, Ursu RG, Spiridon IA. New composites based on starch/Ecoflex®/biomass wastes: Mechanical, thermal, morphological and antimicrobial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 156:1435-1444. [PMID: 31770560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Different biomass wastes were successfully blended with starch and Ecoflex® viz. poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), without glycerol addition, to obtain biocomposite materials. The mechanical properties, as well as thermal and surface properties, of the developed composites were evaluated. It was found that the tensile strength and impact strength improved upon the addition of lignin, while the water uptake capacity decreased. The presence of 5% lignin determined an increase in tensile strength of 125.4% for materials comprising celery (CEL), 109.6% for materials comprising poplar seed hair fibers (PSH), 92.9% for materials comprising pomace (POM) and 127.7% for materials comprising Asclepias syriaca fibers (ASF), compared with a reference sample. The addition of lignin to all the formulations conferred good antimicrobial properties against different microorganisms, S. aureus and especially E. coli. The good mechanical properties, water resistance and antimicrobial activity against pathogens recommend these composites to be used in the manufacture of packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Spiridon
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley no. 41, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Narcis Catalin Anghel
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley no. 41, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Nita
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley no. 41, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrzej Iwańczuk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Collins MN, Nechifor M, Tanasă F, Zănoagă M, McLoughlin A, Stróżyk MA, Culebras M, Teacă CA. Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:828-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH. Applications of Lignocellulosic Fibers and Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E751. [PMID: 31035331 PMCID: PMC6572173 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fibers and lignin are two of the most important natural bioresources in the world. They show tremendous potential to decrease energy utilization/pollution and improve biodegradability by replacing synthetic fibers in bioplastics. The compatibility between the fiber-matrix plays an important part in the properties of the bioplastics. The improvement of lignocellulosic fiber properties by most surface treatments generally removes lignin. Due to the environmental pollution and high cost of cellulose modification, focus has been directed toward the use of lignocellulosic fibers in bioplastics. In addition, lignin-reinforced bioplastics are fabricated with varying success. These applications confirm there is no need to remove lignin from lignocellulosic fibers when preparing the bioplastics from a technical point of view. In this review, characterizations of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin related to their applications in bioplastics are covered. Then, we generalize the developments and problems of lignin-reinforced bioplastics and modification of lignin to improve the interaction of lignin-matrix. As for lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced bioplastics, we place importance on the low compatibility of the lignocellulosic fiber-matrix. The applications of lignin-containing cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers without delignification in the bioplastics are reviewed. A comparison between lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in the bioplastics is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Younas M, Noreen A, Sharif A, Majeed A, Hassan A, Tabasum S, Mohammadi A, Zia KM. A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of CNC with natural and synthetic polymers with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:591-626. [PMID: 30447361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is world's most abundant, renewable and recyclable polysaccharide on earth. Cellulose is composed of both amorphous and crystalline regions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are extracted from crystalline region of cellulose. The most attractive feature of CNC is that it can be used as nanofiller to reinforce several synthetic and natural polymers. In this article, a comprehensive overview of modification of several natural and synthetic polymers using CNCs as reinforcer in respective polymer matrix is given. The immense activities of CNCs are successfully utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and to broaden the field of application of respective polymer. All the technical scientific issues have been discussed highlighting the recent advancement in biomedical and packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Majeed
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abida Hassan
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
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Chiarathanakrit C, Mayakun J, Prathep A, Kaewtatip K. Comparison of the effects of calcified green macroalga (Halimeda macroloba Decaisne) and commercial CaCO 3 on the properties of composite starch foam trays. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:71-76. [PMID: 30282014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The calcified green macroalga, Halimeda macroloba, is a source of bio-based calcium carbonate which can be used as a filler in starch foam tray. In the first part of this study, the composition and structure of calcium carbonate of this species were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning election microscopy (SEM). The morphology of the macroalgal powder particles was rod-like and organic materials (e.g. polysaccharide) and calcium carbonate (aragonite form) were present. The second part of the study investigated the effects of calcium carbonate from H. macroloba on the properties of starch foam tray and compared them with the properties of starch foam tray filled with commercial CaCO3. Interestingly, the composites starch foam trays with macroalgal powder had better impact strength than starch/commercial CaCO3 composite foam trays. Moreover, the macroalgal powder affected the thermal properties of the starch foam tray equally as well as commercial CaCO3. However, the macroalgal powder caused more significant changes in the color parameters and the whiteness values of starch foam tray than commercial CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaliga Chiarathanakrit
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Mayakun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Anchana Prathep
- Seaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Excellence Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Corn Starch with Crosslinked Starch/Chitosan Microparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090985. [PMID: 30960910 PMCID: PMC6403725 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles of corn starch and chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, produced by the solvent exchange technique, are studied as reinforcement fillers for thermoplastic corn starch plasticized with glycerol. The presence of 10% w/w chitosan in the microparticles is shown to be essential to guaranteeing effective crosslinking, as demonstrated by water solubility assays. Crosslinked chitosan forms an interpenetrating polymer network with starch chains, producing microparticles with a very low solubility. The thermal stability of the microparticles is in agreement with their polysaccharide composition. An XRD analysis showed that they have crystalline fraction of 32% with Va-type structure, and have no tendency to undergo retrogradation. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness of thermoplastic starch increased by the incorporation of the crosslinked starch/chitosan microparticles by melt-mixing. Toughness increased 360% in relation to unfilled thermoplastic starch.
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17
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Peng JL, Peng XL, Runt J, Huang CM, Huang KS, Yeh JT. Thermoplastic starch and glutaraldehyde modified thermoplastic starch foams prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid as a blowing agent. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-li Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - Xuan-long Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
| | - James Runt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
| | - Chao-ming Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering; Kun Shan University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Kuo-shien Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering; Kun Shan University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Jen-taut Yeh
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Hubei University; Wuhan China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA USA
- Department of Materials Engineering; Kun Shan University; Tainan Taiwan
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Sarwono A, Man Z, Bustam MA, Subbarao D, Idris A, Muhammad N, Khan AS, Ullah Z. Swelling mechanism of urea cross-linked starch-lignin films in water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1522-1532. [PMID: 28524800 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1332108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coating fertilizer particles with thin films is a possibility to control fertilizer release rates. It is observed that novel urea cross-linked starch-lignin composite thin films, prepared by solution casting, swell on coming into contact with water due to the increase in volume by water uptake by diffusion. The effect of lignin content, varied from 0% to 20% in steps of 5% at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C and 45°C), on swelling of the film was investigated. By gravimetric analysis, the equilibrium water uptake and diffusion coefficient decrease with lignin content, indicating that the addition of lignin increases the hydrophobicity of the films. When temperature increases, the diffusion coefficient and the amount of water absorbed tend to increase. Assuming that swelling of the thin film is by water uptake by diffusion, the diffusion coefficient is estimated. The estimated diffusion coefficient decreases from 4.3 to 2.1 × 10-7 cm2/s at 25°C, from 5.3 to 2.9 × 10-7 cm2/s at 35°C and from 6.2 to 3.8 × 10-7 cm2/s at 45°C depending on the lignin content. Activation energy for the increase in diffusion coefficient with temperature is observed to be 16.55 kJ/mol. An empirical model of water uptake as a function of percentage of lignin and temperature was also developed based on Fick's law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariyanti Sarwono
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - Zakaria Man
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - M Azmi Bustam
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - Duvvuri Subbarao
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - Alamin Idris
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- b Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Amir Sada Khan
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) , Bandar Seri Iskandar , Perak , Malaysia
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19
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Combrzyński M, Mościcki L, Kwaśniewska A, Oniszczuk T, Wójtowicz A, Kręcisz M, Sołowiej B, Gładyszewska B, Muszyński S. Effect of PVA and PDE on selected structural characteristics of extrusion-cooked starch foams. POLIMEROS 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Zanela J, Bilck AP, Casagrande M, Grossmann MVE, Yamashita F. Oat Fiber as Reinforcement for Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol Materials Produced by Injection Molding. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Zanela
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), km 380, P.O. Box 6001 Londrina 86051-990 Paraná Brazil
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 Dois Vizinhos 85660-000 Paraná Brazil
| | - Ana P. Bilck
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), km 380, P.O. Box 6001 Londrina 86051-990 Paraná Brazil
| | - Maira Casagrande
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 Dois Vizinhos 85660-000 Paraná Brazil
| | - Maria V. E. Grossmann
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), km 380, P.O. Box 6001 Londrina 86051-990 Paraná Brazil
| | - Fabio Yamashita
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, Km 04 Dois Vizinhos 85660-000 Paraná Brazil
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21
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Novel bionanocomposite films based on graphene oxide filled starch/polyacrylamide polymer blend: structural, mechanical and water barrier properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Polysaccharides and lignin based hydrogels with potential pharmaceutical use as a drug delivery system produced by a reactive extrusion process. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:564-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Merle J, Trinsoutrot P, Charrier-El Bouhtoury F. Optimization of the formulation for the synthesis of bio-based foams. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Thermoplastic films containing lignin and their optical polarization properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A soda lignin, Protobind 2400, was blended at ratios up to thirty weight percent with polyolefins or the aliphatic-aromatic copolyester Ecoflex and films were cast with a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical properties, structure, and optical properties of the resultant films were characterized by tensile tests and microscopy. Films for all blends of this modified lignin were successfully cast without operational issues. Film elongation was maintained for both the polyolefins and Ecoflex. Lignin significantly increased the modulus of the polyethylene films but decreased the modulus of the polypropylene and Ecoflex films. Lignin was found as lamellae oriented in the machine direction of the polyolefin films, but as spherical domains in the Ecoflex film. It was concluded that the oriented lamellar structure was critical to the behavior of the polyolefin-lignin blends as optical polarization films (OPFs). Additional development around improvement of this property, which for the prototypes produced here was about one-tenth the efficiency of commercially available OPFs, to produce a sustainable OPF was recommended.
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25
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Lora JH. Lignin: A Platform for Renewable Aromatic Polymeric Materials. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53704-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Palma-Rodríguez HM, Berrios JDJ, Glenn G, Salgado-Delgado R, Aparicio-Saguilán A, Rodríguez-Hernández AI, Vargas-Torres A. Effect of the storage conditions on mechanical properties and microstructure of biodegradable baked starch foams. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1117142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Ge C, Lansing B, Aldi R. Starch foams containing biomass from the second generation cellulosic ethanol production. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Ge
- Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester New York 14623-5603
| | - Baxter Lansing
- Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester New York 14623-5603
| | - Robert Aldi
- Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester New York 14623-5603
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28
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Miranda CS, Ferreira MS, Magalhães MT, Santos WJ, Oliveira JC, Silva JB, José NM. Mechanical, Thermal and Barrier Properties of Starch-based Films Plasticized with Glycerol and Lignin and Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Starch-based Films Plasticized with Glycerol and Lignin from Piassava Fiber Reinforced with Nanocrystals from Eucalyptus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Lam S, Velikov KP, Velev OD. Pickering stabilization of foams and emulsions with particles of biological origin. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Narkchamnan S, Sakdaronnarong C. Thermo-molded biocomposite from cassava starch, natural fibers and lignin associated by laccase-mediator system. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 96:109-17. [PMID: 23688460 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cellulose fibers and lignin by laccase-mediator system was conducted to enhance the binding efficiency of natural fibers and lignin compounds into cassava starch composite matrix. Violuric acid (VA) was tested for its effect as a mediator for laccase treatment. Influence of different fiber, lignin and water contents of biocomposite was statistically investigated. The results showed that adding 15% (w/w) fibers into biocomposite at 44% (w/w) water content increased flexural strength and modulus for 4 times compared with the control. A combination of fibers+VA gave the greatest enhancement of modulus for 1140% and flexural strength for 375.8% as much as neat starch biocomposite. The presence of fibers, lignin and VA as mediator for laccase treatment substantially enhanced water resistance of starch biocomposite detected by a change in water drop contact angle on biocomposite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siritorn Narkchamnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, 25/25 Putthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Putthamonthon, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
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32
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Oliviero M, Verdolotti L, Nedi I, Docimo F, Di Maio E, Iannace S. Effect of two kinds of lignins, alkaline lignin and sodium lignosulfonate, on the foamability of thermoplastic zein-based bionanocomposites. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x12460043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to utilize zein, a protein from corn, to develop bioplastic formulations in combination with reactive additives based on ligninic compounds and to investigate the effects of these highly interactive additives on the foamability of zein. In particular, different amounts of alkaline lignin and sodium lignosulfonate were added to zein powder and poly(ethylene glycol) through melt mixing to achieve thermoplastic bio-polymers, which were subsequently foamed in a batch process, with a mixture of CO2 and N2 as blowing agent, in the temperature range 50–60°C. The materials before foaming were characterized by X-ray and Fourier transform infrared analysis to highlight the physico-chemical interactions and the eventual destructuration of the protein secondary structure. After foaming, density measurements, scanning electron microscopy and image analysis have been used in order to evaluate the porosity and the pore size distribution of the microstructure of the foams and to determine the effect of the ligninic compounds on the foamability of the bioplastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliviero
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Irma Nedi
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Docimo
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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