Ferulic Acid: therapeutic potential through its antioxidant property

Nanophytomedicine: A promising practical approach in phytotherapy

The long and rich history of herbal therapeutic nutrients is fascinating. It is incredible to think about how ancient civilizations used plants and herbs to treat various ailments and diseases. One group of bioactive phytochemicals that has gained significant attention recently is dietary polyphenols. These compounds are commonly found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, spices, nuts, drinks, legumes, and grains. Despite their incredible therapeutic properties, one challenge with polyphenols is their poor water solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This means that they are not easily absorbed by the body when consumed in essential diets. Because of structural complexity, polyphenols with high molecular weight cannot be absorbed in the small intestine and after arriving in the colon, they are metabolized by gut microbiota. However, researchers are constantly working on finding solutions to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of these compounds. This study aims to address this issue by applying nanotechnology approaches to overcome the challenges of the therapeutic application of dietary polyphenols. This combination of nanotechnology and phytochemicals could cause a completely new field called nanophytomedicine or herbal nanomedicine.

Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of genus Amaranthus

The variety of bioactive compounds found in different species of Amaranthus, an herb that is a staple food in many parts of India. The plethora of herb Amaranthus has been a rich source of bioactive compounds like essential oils, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc. The traditional uses of Amaranthus, spp. have been established scientifically and were shown due to the presence of different phytochemicals. Although the pharmacological activities of Amaranthus genus have been well-documented, further studies are needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. In conclusion, the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of genus Amaranthus make it a promising source of natural products for drug discovery and development. The present is review mainly concise to the ethnopharmacological relevance and pharmacological studies of Amaranthus species. This conclusive review work may on Amaranthus species provided the interconnection of bioactive molecules with its ethno pharmacological utility of plant species.

Revealing Comprehensive Food Functionalities and Mechanisms of Action through Machine Learning

Foods possess a range of unexplored functionalities; however, fully identifying these functions through empirical means presents significant challenges. In this study, we have proposed an in silico approach to comprehensively predict the functionalities of foods, encompassing even processed foods. This prediction is accomplished through the utilization of machine learning on biomedical big data. Our focus revolves around disease-related protein pathways, wherein we statistically evaluate how the constituent compounds collaboratively regulate these pathways. The proposed method has been employed across 876 foods and 83 diseases, leading to an extensive revelation of both food functionalities and their underlying operational mechanisms. Additionally, this approach identifies food combinations that potentially affect molecular pathways based on interrelationships between food functions within disease-related pathways. Our proposed method holds potential for advancing preventive healthcare.

Naoxintong capsule for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: from bench to bedside

Naoxintong Capsule (NXT), a renowned traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, has been broadly applied in China for more than 30 years. Over decades, accumulating evidences have proven satisfactory efficacy and safety of NXT in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD). Studies have been conducted unceasingly, while this growing latest knowledge of NXT has not yet been interpreted properly and summarized comprehensively. Hence, we systematically review the advancements in NXT research, from its chemical constituents, quality control, pharmacokinetics, to its profound pharmacological activities as well as its clinical applications in CCVD. Moreover, we further propose specific challenges for its future perspectives: 1) to precisely clarify bioactivities of single compound in complicated mixtures; 2) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behaviors of NXT feature components in clinical studies, especially drug-drug interactions in CCVD patients; 3) to explore and validate its multi-target mechanisms by integrating multi-omics technologies; 4) to re-evaluate the safety and efficacy of NXT by carrying out large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials. In brief, this review aims to straighten out a paradigm for TCM modernization, which help to contribute NXT as a piece of Chinese Wisdom into the advanced intervention strategy for CCVD therapy.

Innovative Cosmeceutical Ingredients: Harnessing Selenosugar-Linked Hydroxycinnamic Acids for Antioxidant and Wound-Healing Properties

Selenosugars are gaining growing interest due to their antioxidant efficacy, and their ability to inhibit glycosidases, repair skin tissue or reduce endothelial dysfunction. Among selenosugars, those in which selenium replaces heterocyclic oxygen in a 5-membered sugar were our focus, and their coupling with phenolic compounds appears to be a strategy aimed at producing new compounds with enhanced antioxidant efficacy. In this context, the Mitsunobu reaction has been advantageously explored to obtain trans-p-coumaroyl-1,4-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-seleno-d-ribose, trans-caffeoyl-1,4-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-seleno-d-ribose, and trans-feruloyl-1,4-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-seleno-d-ribose. These compounds underwent removal of the iso-propylidene group, to provide the corresponding hydroxycinnamoyl-1,4-deoxy-4-seleno-d-ribose. All compounds were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). This latter technique was pivotal for ensuing cellular metabolomics analyses. In fact, after evaluating the anti-radical efficacy through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, which underline the massive role of the phenolic moiety in establishing efficacy, the compounds, whose cytotoxicity was first screened in two highly oxidative-stress-sensitive cells, were tested for their wound healing properties towards human HaCaT keratinocytes cells. Caffeoyl- and feruloyl selenosugars exerted a dose-dependent repair activity, while, as highlighted by the metabolomic approach, they were poorly taken up within the cells.

Biological Activity of Horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) Herb Grown in Poland and Its Phytochemical Composition

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is a plant which has long been known and used in traditional medicine for various purposes. However, few recent studies have documented its chemical composition and biological properties. The present study investigated the phytochemical composition of horehound, as well as its protective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major components of horehound essential oil are E-caryophyllene (35.7%), germacrene D (25.2%), and bicyclogermacrene (10.6%). The biological activity of horehound hydroethanolic herb extract derives from multiple chemical compounds, including polyphenols (55.72 mg/mL), flavonoids (11.01 mg/mL), phenolic acids (4.33 mg/mL), and tannins (4.46 mg/mL). Chromatographic analyses of the extract identified 12 phenolic compounds, of which ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, and syringic acid (35.42, 24.69, 20.65, 18.70, 14.46, and 12.69 mg/mL, respectively) were the main constituents. Its DPPH radical scavenging ability was 68.29%, while its antioxidant properties, determined by the FRAP method, were at the level of 1.22 mmol/L. Moreover, M. vulgare extract decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in the fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro, achieving the strongest antioxidant effect at a concentration of 2.5% in the case of both types of skin cells. Extracts from the horehound herb showed significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, confirming the plant's potential in therapeutic applications against various microbial pathogens (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi). The research results demonstrate the protective effect of horehound extract on the viability of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. To sum up, M. vulgare, as a valuable natural material with high preventive and therapeutic effectiveness, is a potential candidate for new applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Nutrients in rice bran oil and their nutritional functions: a review

Rice is an important food crop throughout the world. Rice bran, the outer layer of rice grain, is a by-product generated during the rice milling process. Rice bran oil (RBO) is extracted from rice bran and has also become increasingly popular. RBO is considered to be one of the healthiest cooking oils due to its balanced proportion of fatty acids, as well as high content of γ-oryzanol together with phytosterols, vitamin E, wax ester, trace and macro elements, carotenoids, and phenolics. The existence of these compounds provides RBO with various functions, including hypotensive and hypolipidemic functions, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory functions, antidiabetic function, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic functions, hepatoprotective activity function, and in preventing neurological diseases. Recently, research on the nutrients in RBO focused on the detection of nutrients, functions, and processing methods. However, the processing and utilization of rice bran remain sufficiently ineffective, and the processing steps will also affect the nutrients in RBO to different degrees. Therefore, this review focuses on the contents and nutritional functions of different nutrients in RBO and the possible effects of processing methods on nutrients.

Combination Therapy for Sustainable Fish Oil Products: Improving Cognitive Function with n-3 PUFA and Natural Ingredients

Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are recommended as beneficial dietary supplements for enhancing cognitive function. Although fish oil (FO) is renowned for its abundant n-3 PUFA content, combining FO with other natural products is considered as a viable option to support the sustainable development of FO products. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the advanced effects of combining FO or its components of DHA and EPA with natural products on protecting cognitive function. In two double-blind random control trials, no advanced effects were observed for adding curcumin to FO on cerebral function protection. However, 16 week's treatment of FO combined with vitamin E did not yield any advanced effects in cognitive factor scores. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that combinations of FO with natural products can exhibit advanced effects in addressing pathological components in cognitive impairment, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal survival. In conclusion, evidence from clinical trials for beneficial use of FO and natural ingredients combination is lacking. Greater cohesion is needed between preclinical and clinical data to substantiate the efficacy of FO and natural product combinations in preventing or slowing the progression of cognitive decline.

Research progress of nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine

INTRODUCTION

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years in China, characterizing with novel pharmacological mechanisms, low toxicity, and limited side effects. However, the application of TCM active ingredients is often hindered by their physical and chemical properties, including poor solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life, toxic side effects within therapeutic doses, and instability in biological environments. Consequently, an increasing number of researchers are directing their attention towards the discovery of nano-delivery systems for TCM to overcome these clinical challenges.

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to provide the latest knowledge and results concerning the studies on the nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from TCM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Recent literature relating to nano-delivery systems for the active ingredients from TCM is summarized to provide a fundamental understanding of how such systems can enhance the application of phytochemicals.

RESULTS

The nano-delivery systems of six types of TCM monomers are summarized and categorized based on the skeletal structure of the natural compounds. These categories include terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. The paper analyzes the characteristics, types, materials used, and the efficacy achieved by TCM-nano systems. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of nano-drug delivery systems for TCM are summarized in this paper.

CONCLUSION

Nano-delivery systems represent a promising approach to overcoming clinical obstacles stemming from the physical and chemical properties of TCM active ingredients, thereby enhancing their clinical efficacy.

Sorghum Grain Polyphenolic Extracts Demonstrate Neuroprotective Effects Related to Alzheimer's Disease in Cellular Assays

Sorghum grain contains high levels and a diverse profile of polyphenols (PPs), which are antioxidants known to reduce oxidative stress when consumed in the diet. Oxidative stress leading to amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, neurotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, PPs have gained attention as possible therapeutic agents for combating AD. This study aimed to (a) quantify the phenolic compounds (PP) and antioxidant capacities in extracts from six different varieties of sorghum grain and (b) investigate whether these PP extracts exhibit any protective effects on human neuroblastoma (BE(2)-M17) cells against Aβ- and tau-induced toxicity, Aβ aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). PP and antioxidant capacity were quantified using chemical assays. Aβ- and tau-induced toxicity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimenthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTS) assay. The thioflavin T (Th-T) assay assessed anti-Aβ aggregation. The dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay determined the levels of general ROS and the MitoSOX assay determined the levels of mitochondrial superoxide. Sorghum varieties Shawaya short black-1 and IS1311C possessed the highest levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, and sorghum varieties differed significantly in their profile of individual PPs. All extracts significantly increased cell viability compared to the control (minus extract). Variety QL33 (at 2000 µg sorghum flour equivalents/mL) showed the strongest protective effect with a 28% reduction in Aβ-toxicity cell death. The extracts of all sorghum varieties significantly reduced Aβ aggregation. All extracts except that from variety B923296 demonstrated a significant (p ≤ 0.05) downregulation of Aβ-induced and TBHP-induced ROS and mitochondrial superoxide relative to the control (minus extract) in a dose- and variety-dependent manner. We have demonstrated for the first time that sorghum polyphenolic extracts show promising neuroprotective effects against AD, which indicates the potential of sorghum foods to exert a similar beneficial property in the human diet. However, further analysis in other cellular models and in vivo is needed to confirm these effects.

Chickpea seed endophyte Enterobacter sp. mediated yield and nutritional enrichment of chickpea for improving human and livestock health

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) are used as a good source of proteins and energy in the diets of various organisms including humans and animals. Chickpea straws can serve as an alternative option for forage for different ruminants. This research mainly focussed on screening the effects of adding beneficial chickpea seed endophytes on increasing the nutritional properties of the different edible parts of chickpea plants. Two efficient chickpea seed endophytes (Enterobacter sp. strain BHUJPCS-2 and BHUJPCS-8) were selected and applied to the chickpea seeds before sowing in the experiment conducted on clay pots. Chickpea seeds treated with both endophytes showed improved plant growth and biomass accumulation. Notably, improvements in the uptake of mineral nutrients were found in the foliage, pericarp, and seed of the chickpea plants. Additionally, nutritional properties such as total phenolics (0.47, 0.25, and 0.55 folds), total protein (0.04, 0.21, and 0.18 folds), carbohydrate content (0.31, 0.32, and 0.31 folds), and total flavonoid content (0.45, 027, and 0.8 folds) were increased in different parts (foliage, pericarp, and seed) of the chickpea plants compared to the control plants. The seed endophyte-treated plants showed a significant increase in mineral accumulation and improvement in nutrition in the different edible parts of chickpea plants. The results showed that the seed endophyte-mediated increase in dietary and nutrient value of the different parts (pericarp, foliage, and seeds) of chickpea are consumed by humans, whereas the other parts (pericarp and foliage) are used as alternative options for forage and chaff in livestock diets and may have direct effects on their nutritional conditions.

New neuroprotective derivatives of cinnamic acid by biotransformation

Microbial transformation is extensively utilized to generate new metabolites in bulk amounts with more specificity and improved activity. As cinnamic acid was reported to exhibit several important pharmacological properties, microbial transformation was used to obtain its new derivatives with enhanced biological activities. By manipulating the 2-stage fermentation protocol of biotransformation, five metabolites were produced from cinnamic acid. Two of them were new derivatives; N-propyl cinnamamide 2̲ and 2-methyl heptyl benzoate 3̲ produced by Alternaria alternata. The other 3 metabolites, p-hydroxy benzoic acid 4̲, cinnamyl alcohol 5̲ and methyl cinnamate 6̲, were produced by Rhodotorula rubra, Rhizopus species and Penicillium chrysogeneum, respectively. Cinnamic acid and its metabolites were evaluated for their cyclooxygenase (COX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Protection against H2O2 and Aβ1-42 induced-neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells was also monitored. Metabolite 4̲ was more potent as a COX-2 inhibitor than the parent compound with an IC50 value of 1.85 ± 0.07 μM. Out of the tested compounds, only metabolite 2̲ showed AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8.27 μM. These results were further correlated with an in silico study of the binding interactions of the active metabolites with the active sites of the studied enzymes. Metabolite 3̲ was more potent as a neuroprotective agent against H2O2 and Aβ1-42 induced-neurotoxicity than catechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate as positive controls. This study suggested the two new metabolites 2̲ and 3̲ along with metabolite 4̲ as potential leads for neurodegenerative diseases associated with cholinergic deficiency, neurotoxicity or neuroinflammation.

Enhanced antichemobrain activity of amino acid assisted ferulic acid solid dispersion in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), also known as "chemobrain," is a common side effect of breast cancer therapy which causes oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferulic acid (FA), a natural polyphenol, belongs to BCS class II is confirmed to have nootropic, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. Here, we have developed FA solid dispersion (SD) in order to enhance its therapeutic potential against chemobrain. An amorphous ferulic acid loaded leucin solid dispersion (FA-Leu SD) was prepared by utilizing amino acid through spray-drying technique. The solid-state characterization was carried out via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Additionally, in-vitro release studies and antioxidant assay were also performed along with in-vivo locomotor, biochemical and histopathological analysis. The physical properties showed that FA-Leu SD so formed exhibited spherical, irregular surface hollow cavity of along with broad melting endotherm as observed from FE-SEM and DSC results. The XRD spectra demonstrated absence of sharp and intense peaks in FA-Leu SD which evidenced for complete encapsulation of drug into carrier. Moreover, in-vitro drug release studies over a period of 5 h in PBS (pH 7.4) displayed a significant enhanced release in the first hr (68. 49 ± 5.39%) and in-vitro DPPH assay displayed greater antioxidant potential of FA in FA-Leu SD. Furthermore, the in-vivo behavioral findings of FA-Leu SD (equivalent to 150 mg/kg of free FA) exhibited positive results accompanied by in-vivo biochemical and molecular TNF-α showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) vis-à-vis DOX treated group upon DOX + FA-Leu SD. Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed neuroprotective effects of FA-Leu SD together with declined oxidative stress due to antioxidant potential of FA which was induced by anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). Overall, the above findings concluded that spray-dried FA-Leu SD could be useful for the treatment of chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment.

System-level protein interaction network analysis and molecular dynamics study reveal interaction of ferulic acid with PTGS2 as a natural radioprotector

Ferulic acid is a crucial bioactive component of broccoli, wheat, and rice bran and is also an essential natural product that has undergone significant research. Ferulic acid's precise mode of action and effect on system-level protein networks have not been thoroughly investigated. An interactome was built using the STRING database and Cytoscape tools, utilizing 788 key proteins collected from PubMed literature to identify the ferulic acid-governed regulatory action on protein interaction network (PIN). The scale-free biological network of ferulic acid-rewired PIN is highly interconnected. We discovered 15 sub-modules using the MCODE tool for sub-modulization analysis and 153 enriched signaling pathways. Further, functional enrichment of top bottleneck proteins revealed the FoxO signaling pathway involved in enhancing cellular defense against oxidative stress. The selection of the critical regulatory proteins of the ferulic acid-rewired PIN was completed by performing analyses of topological characteristics such as GO term/pathways analysis, degree, bottleneck, molecular docking, and dynamics investigations. The current research derives a precise molecular mechanism for ferulic acid's action on the body. This in-depth in silico model would aid in understanding how ferulic acid origins its antioxidant and scavenging properties in the human body.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Medicinal herbal remedies in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on antioxidant potential

It has been widely documented that medicinal herbal remedies are effective, have fewer side effects than conventional medicine, and have a synergistic effect on health collaborations in the fight against complicated diseases. Traditional treatments for neurological problems in ancient times sometimes involved the use of herbal remedies and conventional methods from East Asian countries including India, Japan, China, and Korea. We collected and reviewed studies on plant-derived neuroprotective drugs and tested them in neurotoxic models. Basic research, preclinical and clinical transgene research can benefit from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations. Research, summaries of the extracts, fractions, and herbal ingredients were compiled from popular scientific databases, which were then examined according to origin and bioactivity. Given the complex and varied causes of neurodegeneration, it may be beneficial to focus on multiple mechanisms of action and a neuroprotection approach. This approach aims to prevent cell death and restore function to damaged neurons, offering promising strategies for preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative illnesses can potentially be treated with natural compounds that have been identified as neuroprotective agents. To gain deeper insights into the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective and therapeutic properties of naturally occurring antioxidant phytochemical compounds in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, this study aims to comprehensively review such compounds, focusing on their modulation of apoptotic markers such as caspase, Bax, Bcl-2, and proinflammatory markers. In addition, we delve into a range of efficacies of antioxidant phytochemical compounds as neuroprotective agents in animal models. They reduce the oxidative stress of the brain and have been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects. Many researches have demonstrated that plant extracts or bioactive compounds can fight neurodegenerative disorders. Herbal medications may offer neurodegenerative disease patients' new treatments. This may be a cheaper and more culturally appropriate alternative to standard drugs for millions of people with age-related NDDs.

Identification of Commercial Antimalarial Herbal Drugs Using Laser-Induced Autofluorescence Technique and Multivariate Algorithms

In malaria-prone developing countries the integrity of Anti-Malarial Herbal Drugs (AMHDs) which are easily preferred for treatment can be compromised. Currently, existing techniques for identifying AMHDs are destructive. We report on the use of non-destructive and sensitive technique, Laser-Induced-Autofluorescence (LIAF) in combination with multivariate algorithms for identification of AMHDs. The LIAF spectra were recorded from commercially prepared decoction AMHDs purchased from accredited pharmacy shop in Ghana. Deconvolution of the LIAF spectra revealed secondary metabolites belonging to derivatives of alkaloids and classes of phenolic compounds of the AMHDs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) were able to discriminate the AMHDs base on their physicochemical properties. Based on two principal components, the PCA- QDA (Quadratic Discriminant Analysis), PCA-LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), PCA-SVM (Support Vector Machine) and PCA-KNN (K-Nearest Neighbour) models were developed with an accuracy performance of 99.0, 99.7, 100.0, and 100%, respectively, in identifying AMHDs. PCA-SVM and PCA-KNN provided the best classification and stability performance. The LIAF technique in combination with multivariate techniques may offer a non-destructive and viable tool for AMHDs identification.

Ferulic acid's therapeutic odyssey: nano formulations, pre-clinical investigations, and patent perspective

INTRODUCTION

Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic phytochemical that has garnered the attention of the research community due to its abundant availability in nature. It is a compound that has been explored for its multifaceted therapeutic potential and benefits in modern and contemporary healthcare.

AREAS COVERED

This review furnishes a compilation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of FA. We also aim to excavate an in-depth analysis of the role of nanoformulations to achieve release control, reduce toxicity, and deliver FA at specified target sites. To corroborate the safety and efficacy of FA, a multitude of pre-clinical studies have also been conducted by researchers and have been discussed comprehensively in this review. The various patented innovations and newer paradigms pertaining to FA have also been presented.

EXPERT OPINION

Enormous research has been conducted and should still be continued to find the best possible novel drug delivery system for FA delivery. The utilization of nanocarriers and nanoformulations has intrigued the scientists for delivery of FA, but before that, it is necessary to shed light upon toxicity, safety, and regulatory concerns of FA.

Research development on gut microbiota and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque

The relationship between gut microbiota and its metabolites with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proven. In this review, we aim to conclude the potential mechanism of gut microbiota and its metabolites on inducing the formation of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, and to discuss the effect of intestinal metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on plaque stability. Finally, we include the impact of gut microbiota and its metabolites on plaque stability, to propose a new therapeutic direction for coronary heart disease. Gut microbiota regulation intervenes the progress of arteriosclerosis, especially on coronary atherosclerosis, by avoiding or reducing the formation of vulnerable plaque, to lower the morbidity rate of myocardial infarction.

Reactive oxygen species and its role in pathogenesis and resistance to therapy in acute myeloid leukemia

Relapse following a short clinical response to therapy is the major challenge for the management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Leukemic stem cells (LSC), as the source of relapse, have been investigated for their metabolic preferences and their alterations at the time of relapse. As LSC rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy requirement, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as by-products of OXPHOS, have been investigated for their role in the effectiveness of the standard AML therapy. Increased levels of non-mitochondrial ROS, generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, in a subgroup of AML patients add to the complexity of studying ROS. Although there are various studies presenting the contribution of ROS to AML pathogenesis, resistance, and its inhibition or activation as a target, a model that can clearly explain its role in AML has not been conceptualized. This is due to the heterogeneity of AML, the dynamics of ROS production, which is influenced by factors such as the type of treatment, cell differentiation state, mitochondrial activity, and also the heterogeneous generation of non-mitochondrial ROS and limited available data on their interaction with the microenvironment. This review summarizes these challenges and the recent progress in this field.

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and molecular docking of methyl ferulate and oleic acid produced by Aspergillus pseudodeflectus AUMC 15761 utilizing wheat bran

Secondary metabolites (SMs) are the primary source of therapeutics and lead chemicals in medicine. They have been especially important in the creation of effective cures for conditions such as cancer, malaria, bacterial and fungal infections, neurological and cardiovascular problems, and autoimmune illnesses. In the present study, Aspergillus pseudodeflectus AUMC 15761 was demonstrated to use wheat bran in solid state fermentation (SSF) at optimum conditions (pH 7.0 at 30 °C after 10 days of incubation and using sodium nitrate as a nitrogen source) to produce methyl ferulate and oleic acid with significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the crude methanol extract revealed eleven peaks that indicated the most common chemical components. Purification of methyl ferulate and oleic acid was carried out by column chromatography, and both compounds were identified by in-depth spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. DPPH activity increased as the sample concentration increased. IC50 values of both compounds obtained were 73.213 ± 11.20 and 104.178 ± 9.53 µM, respectively. Also, the MIC value for methyl ferulate against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.31 mg/mL, while the corresponding MIC values for oleic acid were 1.25 mg/mL and 0.62 mg/mL for both bacterial strains, respectively. Molecular modeling calculations were carried out to reveal the binding mode of methyl ferulate and oleic acid within the binding site of the crucial proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. The docking results were found to be well correlated with the experimental data.

Reviving Intervertebral Discs: Treating Degeneration Using Advanced Delivery Systems

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is commonly associated with many spinal problems, such as low back pain, and significantly impacts a patient's quality of life. However, current treatments for IVDD, which include conservative and surgical methods, are limited in their ability to fully address degeneration. To combat IVDD, delivery-system-based therapy has received extensive attention from researchers. These delivery systems can effectively deliver therapeutic agents for IVDD, overcoming the limitations of these agents, reducing leakage and increasing local concentration to inhibit IVDD or promote intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. This review first briefly introduces the structure and function of the IVD, and the related pathophysiology of IVDD. Subsequently, the roles of drug-based and bioactive-substance-based delivery systems in IVDD are highlighted. The former includes natural source drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroid medications, and other small molecular drugs. The latter includes chemokines, growth factors, interleukin, and platelet-rich plasma. Additionally, gene-based and cell-based delivery systems are briefly involved. Finally, the limitations and future development of the combination of therapeutic agents and delivery systems in the treatment of IVDD are discussed, providing insights for future research.

3D bioprinting of multifunctional alginate dialdehyde (ADA)-gelatin (GEL) (ADA-GEL) hydrogels incorporating ferulic acid

The present work explores the 3D extrusion printing of ferulic acid (FA)-containing alginate dialdehyde (ADA)-gelatin (GEL) scaffolds with a wide spectrum of biophysical and pharmacological properties. The tailored addition of FA (≤0.2 %) increases the crosslinking between FA and GEL in the presence of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and microbial transglutaminase, as confirmed using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay. In agreement with an increase in crosslinking density, a higher viscosity of ADA-GEL with FA incorporation was achieved, leading to better printability. Importantly, FA release, enzymatic degradation and swelling were progressively reduced with an increase in FA loading to ADA-GEL, over 28 days. Similar positive impact on antibacterial properties with S. epidermidis strains as well as antioxidant properties were recorded. Intriguingly, FA incorporated ADA-GEL supported murine pre-osteoblast proliferation with reduced osteosarcoma cell proliferation over 7 days in culture, implicating potential anticancer property. Most importantly, FA-incorporated and cell-encapsulated ADA-GEL can be extrusion printed to shape fidelity-compliant multilayer scaffolds, which also support pre-osteoblast cells over 7 days in culture. Taken together, the present study has confirmed the significant potential of 3D bioprinting of ADA-GEL-FA ink to obtain structurally stable scaffolds with a broad spectrum of biophysical and therapeutically significant properties, for bone tissue engineering applications.

Diet-gut microbiome interaction and ferulic acid bioavailability: implications on neurodegenerative disorders

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

Ferulic acid (FA), which occurs naturally as the feruloylated sugar ester in grains, fruits, and vegetables, is critical for combating oxidative stress and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases resulting from free radical-generated protein aggregates in brain cells. However, FA cannot be absorbed in conjugated form. Therefore, strategies to improve the bioavailability of FA are gaining more importance. Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) of the gut microbiota are critical enzymes that facilitate FA release from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systemic health. This review provides insight into a nutrition-based approach to preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by altering the diversity of FAE-producing gut microbiota.

RECENT FINDINGS

The human gut is a niche for a highly dense microbial population. Nutrient components and the quality of food shape the gut microbiota. Microbiota-diet-host interaction primarily involves an array of enzymes that hydrolyse complex polysaccharides and release covalently attached moieties, thereby increasing their bio-accessibility. Moreover, genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes are substrate inducible, giving selective microorganisms a competitive advantage in scavenging nutrients. Nutraceutical therapy using specific food components holds promise as a prophylactic agent and as an adjunctive treatment strategy in neurotherapeutics, as it results in upregulation of polysaccharide utilisation loci containing fae genes in the gut microbiota, thereby increasing the release of FA and other antioxidant molecules and combat neurodegenerative processes.

Dietary Ferulic Acid Increases Endurance Capacity by Promoting Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Phenotype, Mitochondrial Function, and Antioxidant Capacity

SCOPE

Endurance capacity is essential for endurance athletes' achievement and individuals' health. Nutritional supplements are a proven way to enhance endurance capacity. Previous studies have shown that ferulic acid (FA) enhances endurance capacity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The study is aimed to investigate the mechanism by which FA increases endurance capacity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Forty mice are divided into control and 0.5% FA-supplemented groups, and an exhaustive swimming test demonstrates increased endurance capacity with FA supplementation. This study investigates the underlying mechanism for this effect of FA. Firstly, RT-PCR and western blot analysis find that FA increases the transformation from fast to slow muscle fiber. Additionally, adenosine triphosphate concentration, metabolic enzyme activity, and mitochondrial DNA analysis find that FA increases mitochondrial biogenesis and activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF)1 signaling pathway in muscle. Besides, through antioxidant capacity analysis, this study finds that FA activates NRF2 signaling pathway and improves the antioxidant capacity in muscle. Moreover, inhibiting NRF2 eliminates FA's effect on muscle fiber transformation in C2C12 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that FA increases endurance capacity by promoting skeletal muscle oxidative phenotype, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant capacity, which may be related to the NRF1 and NRF2 signaling pathways.

Potential bio-functional properties of Citrus aurantium L. leaf: chemical composition, antiviral activity on herpes simplex virus type-1, antiproliferative effects on human lung and colon cancer cells and oxidative protection

This study examined the antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties of the methanolic extracts from bigarade (Citrus aurantium L.) leaves at two development stages. Ferulic acid, naringin and naringenin were the principal phenolic components of young and old leaves. The highest total antioxidant capacity was obtained in young leaf extracts (YLE). These latter also exhibited the highest antiradical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) activities, while the highest iron chelating and reducing power activities were observed in old leaf extracts (OLE). The potent anticancer activity was observed in YLE for human lung carcinoma (A-549) and in OLE for colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells. YLE showed the highest virucidal effects as compared to OLE and the positive control acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) propagation in Vero cells during the absorption and replication periods. The young and old leaves might be a source of natural antioxidants and protective agents against oxidative damage.

Trends and challenges of fruit by-products utilization: insights into safety, sensory, and benefits of the use for the development of innovative healthy food: a review

A significant portion of the human diet is comprised of fruits, which are consumed globally either raw or after being processed. A huge amount of waste and by-products such as skins, seeds, cores, rags, rinds, pomace, etc. are being generated in our homes and agro-processing industries every day. According to previous statistics, nearly half of the fruits are lost or discarded during the entire processing chain. The concern arises when those wastes and by-products damage the environment and simultaneously cause economic losses. There is a lot of potential in these by-products for reuse in a variety of applications, including the isolation of valuable bioactive ingredients and their application in developing healthy and functional foods. The development of novel techniques for the transformation of these materials into marketable commodities may offer a workable solution to this waste issue while also promoting sustainable economic growth from the bio-economic viewpoint. This approach can manage waste as well as add value to enterprises. The goal of this study is twofold based on this scenario. The first is to present a brief overview of the most significant bioactive substances found in those by-products. The second is to review the current status of their valorization including the trends and techniques, safety assessments, sensory attributes, and challenges. Moreover, specific attention is drawn to the future perspective, and some solutions are discussed in this report.

Chickpea Seed Flours Improve the Nutritional and the Antioxidant Profiles of Traditional Shortbread Biscuits: Effects of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

Functional gluten-free biscuits enriched with commercial and landrace non-commercial chickpea flours were designed and compared with a traditional shortbread biscuit. They were analyzed in sensory attributes, amino acid profile, and antioxidant properties. Subsequently, the biscuits were digested in vitro to evaluate protein hydrolysis, amino acid bioaccessibility, phenolic compounds release, and antioxidant markers. The presence of chickpea flours provided golden color and heightened biscuit hardness and fracturability (especially in non-commercial), increasing crispness and reducing brittleness. The protein hydrolysis was similar among samples (≈15%), except for one of the non-commercial (≈20%). Amino acids such as arginine, phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine exhibited the highest bioaccessibilities. Incorporating chickpea flour improved the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in undigested samples and bioaccesible fractions, with higher levels of p-coumaric and ferulic acids after digestion, regardless of the chickpea seed. Non-commercial flours increased the presence of resveratrol and/or catechin in the bioaccessible fraction. Antioxidant action assessed in the Caco-2 cell line showed that the protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation did not always correlate with the in vitro antioxidant capacity. Our data support that the inclusion of chickpea flours in the formulation of functional biscuits provides the consumer with products of added nutritional value with attractive organoleptic features.

Calcium channel blockers' contribution to overcoming Current drug discovery challenges in Alzheimer's disease

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible, and multifactorial brain disorder that gradually and insidiously destroys individual's memory, thinking, and other cognitive abilities.

AREAS COVERED

In this perspective, the authors examine the complex and multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease and believe that the best approach to develop new drugs is the MTDL strategy, which obviously faces several challenges. These challenges include identifying the key combination of targets and their suitability for coordinated actions, as well as developing an acceptable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile to deliver a drug candidate.

EXPERT OPINION

Since calcium plays a crucial role in the pathology of AD, a polypharmacological approach with calcium channel blockers reinforced by activities targeting other factors involved in AD is a serious option in our opinion. This is exemplified by a phase III clinical trial using a drug combination approach with Losartan, Amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), and Atorvastatin, as well as several MTDL-based calcium channel blockade approaches with a promising in vitro and in vivo profile.

In silico Evaluation of Ferulic Acid Based Multifunctional Conjugates as Potential Drug Candidates

BACKGROUND

Recent research has shown that ferulic acid (FA, trans-4-hydroxy-3- methoxycinnamic acid) has remarkable antioxidant properties and a wide range of biological activities. Conjugation of two or more biologically active compounds to produce a novel molecular scaffold is justified by the need to enhance biological activity against a single target or obtain a conjugate that behaves as a multi-target-directed ligand. In addition, the conjugation strategy decreases dose-dependent side effects by promoting the use of smaller doses of conjugated components to treat the disease. Moreover, the patient's compliance is positively affected when conjugating two active compounds into a single more active compound as this reduces the number of pills to be taken daily.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to shed light on studies that design and synthesize FA-based hybrid compounds with enhanced biological activities and to in silico assess these compounds as potential drug candidates.

METHODS

The conjugate compounds were found by searching the literature using the keywords (ferulic acid-based hybrid or ferulic acid-based conjugate). To study conjugate pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity (ADMET), software suites from Biovia Inc. (San Diego, California) were integrated into Discovery Studio 4.5. The structures were created using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0.

RESULTS

14 conjugates exhibiting variable biological activities were collected and three of them (compounds 3,5, and 6) in addition to the cis FA (compound 12) are the best-predicted compounds with low Daphnia toxicity and hepatotoxicity with acceptable pharmacokinetic properties.

CONCLUSION

Cis FA, FA conjugates 3,5, and 6 act as good drug candidates that can be used to modify new hits.

Intranasal Radioiodinated Ferulic Acid Polymeric Micelles as the First Nuclear Medicine Imaging Probe for ETRA Brain Receptor

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this work was to prepare a selective nuclear medicine imaging probe for the Endothelin 1 receptor A in the brain.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Ferulic acid (an ETRA antagonist) was radiolabeled using 131I by direct electrophilic substitution method. The radiolabeled ferulic acid was formulated as polymeric micelles to allow intranasal brain delivery. Biodistribution was studied in Swiss albino mice by comparing brain uptake of 131I-ferulic acid after IN administration of 131I-ferulic acid polymeric micelles, IN administration of 131I-ferulic acid solution and IV administration of 131I-ferulic acid solution.

RESULTS

Successful radiolabeling was achieved with an RCY of 98 % using 200 μg of ferulic acid and 60 μg of CAT as oxidizing agents at pH 6, room temperature and 30 min reaction time. 131I-ferulic acid polymeric micelles were successfully formulated with the particle size of 21.63 nm and polydispersity index of 0.168. Radioactivity uptake in the brain and brain/blood uptake ratio for I.N 131I-ferulic acid polymeric micelles were greater than the two other routes at all periods.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide 131I-ferulic acid polymeric micelles as a hopeful nuclear medicine tracer for ETRA brain receptor.

Ferulic acid grafted into β-cyclodextrin nanosponges ameliorates Paraquat-induced human MRC-5 fibroblast injury

Paraquat (PQ) is a commercially important and effective herbicide in the world. Nevertheless, it has higher toxicity causing acute organ damage and different complications, mainly in the lungs and kidneys. Ferulic acid (FA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid imposes multiple pharmacological impacts. No protective effect of FA on PQ poisoning-caused human embryonic lung fibroblast damage has not been reported. Despite their many beneficial effects, FA is characterized by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and phytochemical instability. To solve the problem, β-cyclodextrin nanosponge (β-CD NSs) was utilized to increase the solubility of FA so that it was grafted into β-CD NSs to establish β-CD@FA NSs. The purpose of this work was to examine for the first time the protective effect of β-CD@FA NS on MRC-5 human lung cells damages induced by PQ poisoning. MTS assay was performed to investigate the viability of MRC-5 cells at different concentrations of FA/β-CD@FA NSs when cells were co-cultured with 0.2 μg/mL PQ. The flow cytometry study was carried out to determine apoptosis. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were detected using appropriate biochemistry kits. Compared with the PQ group, the cell activity, CAT, and SOD levels were significantly increased in the FA and chiefly in β-CD@FA NSs intervention groups, whereas apoptosis and MDA levels were markedly decreased. The inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 22 (IL-22) were detected. The results demonstrate that β-CD@FA NSs can inhibit PQ-induced cell damage by enhancing antioxidant stress capacity and regulation of inflammatory responses.

Comparative Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Several Conifer Needles and Bark Extracts

Nowadays, an increased concern regarding using natural products for their health benefits can be observed. The aim of this study was to assess and compare several phenolic compounds found in 15- to 60-year-old Douglas fir, silver fir, larch, pine, and spruce needle and bark extracts and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Spectrophotometric assays were used to determine the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity that was assessed by using the DPPH• radical scavenging assay (RSA), the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and the ABTS•+ radical cation scavenging assay (ABTS). The phytochemical content was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antimicrobial activity was determined by assessing the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). The results of the study show a total polyphenol content of 62.45-109.80 mg GAE/g d.w. and an antioxidant activity of 91.18-99.32% for RSA, 29.16-35.74 µmol TE/g d.w. for FRAP, and 38.23-53.57 µmol TE/g d.w. for ABTS. The greatest quantity of phenolic compound for most of the extracts was for (+)-catechin, and it had values between 165.79 and 5343.27 µg/g d.w. for these samples. The antimicrobial inhibition for all the extracts was the strongest for Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 62.5-125 µg/mL). The extracts analyzed could be used for their bioactive potential after further investigations.

Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential

The food sector's interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that need to be fully elucidated. Using fruit waste as a source of bioactive chemicals has grown increasingly appealing as it may have significant economic benefits. Polyphenols are beneficial for human health to inhibit or minimize oxidative stress and can be used to develop functional and nutraceutical food products. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and screen unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their antioxidant activities. Unripe mangoes were quantified with higher total phenolic content (TPC, 58.01 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g) compared to black lemon (23.08 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g) and unripe grapes (19.42 ± 1.16 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, unripe mangoes were also measured with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes and black lemons. A total of 85 phenolic compounds (70 in black lemons, 49 in unripe grapes, and 68 in unripe mango) were identified, and 23 phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were measured with higher concentration in these selected unripe fruits. A positive correlation was found between phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of unripe fruits. Furthermore, chemometric analysis was conducted to validate the results. This study will explore the utilization of these unripe fruits to develop functional and therapeutic foods.

Dietary ferulic acid supplementation improves antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in liver of piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) can result in early liver oxidative damage and abnormal lipid metabolism in neonatal piglets. Ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound widely found in plants, has many biological functions, such as anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Thus, we explored the effects of dietary FA supplementation on antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in newborn piglets with IUGR. In the study, 24 7-day-old piglets were divided into three groups: normal birth weight (NBW), IUGR, and IUGR + FA. The NBW and IUGR groups were fed formula milk as a basal diet, while the IUGR + FA group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg FA. The trial lasted 21 days. The results showed that IUGR decreased absolute liver weight, increased transaminase activity, reduced antioxidant capacity, and disrupted lipid metabolism in piglets. Dietary FA supplementation enhanced absolute liver weight, reduced serum MDA level and ROS concentrations in serum and liver, markedly increased serum and liver GSH-PX and T-SOD activities, decreased serum HDL-C and LDL-C and liver NEFA, and increased TG content and HL activity in the liver. The mRNA expression related to the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway and lipid metabolism in liver were affected by IUGR. Supplementing FA improved the antioxidant capacity of liver by down-regulating Keap1 and up-regulating the mRNA expression of SOD1 and CAT, and regulated lipid metabolism by increasing the mRNA expression level of Fasn, Pparα, LPL, and CD36. In conclusion, the study suggests that FA supplementation can improve antioxidant capacity and alleviate lipid metabolism disorders in IUGR piglets.

Antihypertensive and Antioxidant Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Asafetida in Renovascular Hypertensive Rats

Recently, the effect of an aqueous extract of asafetida on acute angiotensin II hypertensive rats was evaluated. The present study evaluated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of asafetida on a rat model of renovascular hypertension (RVH) using four groups. RVH was induced by clipping the renal artery; the sham group underwent surgery but without clipping. The RVH rats received losartan (Los, an AT1 receptor antagonist) or asafetida by gavage for 4 weeks. On the 28th day, the femoral artery was cannulated, and the systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Finally, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol content in the kidney and heart tissues were measured. In RVH rats, SBP and MAP significantly increased compared with the control. Los and the extract significantly reduced the changes in SBP, MAP, and HR that were induced in the RVH rats (P <0.05-0.001). In RVH rats, levels of MDA significantly increased and the content of total thiol and SOD decreased in both the heart and kidney tissues. Los plus the extract significantly decreased MDA and increased total thiol and SOD in the heart and kidney tissues. We concluded that an aqueous extract of asafetida gum has antihypertensive and antioxidant effects in the RVH rat model. The effect of the extract is similar to that of Los, which suggests that this effect of asafetida is mediated via an effect on the angiotensin Type I receptor.

Green Extraction of Hodgsonia heteroclita Oilseed Cake Powder to Obtain Optimal Antioxidants and Health Benefits

Most biowaste produced by domestic food preparation and food processing has no value, is difficult to manage, and is detrimental to the environment. Oil extraction from Hodgsonia heteroclita seeds produces large amounts of oilseed cake powder (OCP) as biowaste. The extraction of residual phytochemicals using simple and eco-friendly methods can increase the economic utility of OCP. This study optimized the extraction process for Hodgsonia heteroclita OCP using a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. The optimized extraction condition was 30 °C for 5 h in 50% (v/v) ethanol, giving a total phenolic content (TPC) of 414.23 mg of gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry weight (DW). Phytochemical profiles of OCP using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ECI-MS/MS) identified 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and ferulic acid as the major compounds. Antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory activities toward the major enzymes involved in obesity (lipase), diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV)), Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-secretase-1 (BACE-1)), hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE), and genotoxicity were also investigated. Results showed that H. heteroclita OCP possessed antioxidant activity and potential inhibitory activities against BACE-1 and ACE, while also being genome-safe. A simple extraction method for H. heteroclita OCP was developed, demonstrating the enhanced value of its phytochemical and health-promoting qualities.

Exploring Human Metabolome after Wine Intake-A Review

Wine has a rich history dating back to 2200 BC, originally recognized for its medicinal properties. Today, with the aid of advanced technologies like metabolomics and sophisticated analytical techniques, we have gained remarkable insights into the molecular-level changes induced by wine consumption in the human organism. This review embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the alterations in human metabolome associated with wine consumption. A great number of 51 studies from the last 25 years were reviewed; these studies systematically investigated shifts in metabolic profiles within blood, urine, and feces samples, encompassing both short-term and long-term studies of the consumption of wine and wine derivatives. Significant metabolic alterations were observed in a wide variety of metabolites belonging to different compound classes, such as phenolic compounds, lipids, organic acids, and amino acids, among others. Within these classes, both endogenous metabolites as well as diet-related metabolites that exhibited up-regulation or down-regulation following wine consumption were included. The up-regulation of short-chain fatty acids and the down-regulation of sphingomyelins after wine intake, as well as the up-regulation of gut microbial fermentation metabolites like vanillic and syringic acid are some of the most important findings reported in the reviewed literature. Our results confirm the intact passage of certain wine compounds, such as tartaric acid and other wine acids, to the human organism. In an era where the health effects of wine consumption are of growing interest, this review offers a holistic perspective on the metabolic underpinnings of this centuries-old tradition.

Synergistic inhibition of glioblastoma multiforme through an in-silico analysis of luteolin and ferulic acid derived from Angelica sinensis and Cannabis sativa: Advancements in computational therapeutics

The primary objective of this study is to uncover novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), a highly aggressive form of brain cancer, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Given the complexity and resistance associated with both conditions, the study underscores the imperative need for therapeutic alternatives that can traverse the biological intricacies inherent in both neuro-oncological and neurodegenerative disorders. To achieve this, a meticulous, target-based virtual screening was employed on an ensemble of 50 flavonoids and polyphenol derivatives primarily derived from plant sources. The screening focused predominantly on molecular targets pertinent to GBM but also evaluated the potential overlap with neural pathways involved in AD. The study utilized molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation techniques to analyze the interaction of these compounds with a key biological target, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type Z (PTPRZ). Out of the 50 compounds examined, 10 met our stringent criteria for binding affinity and specificity. Subsequently, the highest value of binding energy was observed for the synergistic binding of luteolin and ferulic acid with the value of -10.5 kcal/mol. Both compounds exhibited inherent neuroprotective properties and demonstrated significant potential as pathway inhibitors in GBM as well as molecular modulators in AD. Drawing upon advanced in-silico cytotoxicity predictions and sophisticated molecular modeling techniques, this study casts a spotlight on the therapeutic capabilities of polyphenols against GBM. Furthermore, our findings suggest that leveraging these compounds could catalyze a much-needed paradigm shift towards more integrative therapeutic approaches that span the breadth of both neuro-oncology and neurodegenerative diseases. The identification of cross-therapeutic potential in flavonoids and polyphenols could drastically broaden the scope of treatment modalities against both fatal diseases.

Ferulic Acid Enhances Oocyte Maturation and the Subsequent Development of Bovine Oocytes

Improving the quality of oocytes matured in vitro is integral to enhancing the efficacy of in vitro embryo production. Oxidative stress is one of the primary causes of quality decline in oocytes matured in vitro. In this study, ferulic acid (FA), a natural antioxidant found in plant cell walls, was investigated to evaluate its impact on bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were treated with different concentrations of FA (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μM) during in vitro maturation (IVM). Compared to the control group, supplementation with 5 μM FA significantly enhanced the maturation rates of bovine oocytes and the expansion of the cumulus cells area, as well as the subsequent cleavage and blastocyst formation rates after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Furthermore, FA supplementation was observed to effectively decrease the levels of ROS in bovine oocytes and improve their mitochondrial function. Our experiments demonstrate that FA can maintain the levels of antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT) in oocytes, thereby alleviating the oxidative stress induced by H2O2. RT-qPCR results revealed that, after FA treatment, the relative mRNA expression levels of genes related to oocyte maturation (GDF-9 and BMP-15), cumulus cell expansion (HAS2, PTX3, CX37, and CX43), and embryo pluripotency (OCT4, SOX2, and CDX2) were significantly increased. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that FA supplementation during bovine oocyte IVM can enhance oocyte quality and the developmental potential of subsequent embryos.

Ferulic acid protects HepG2 cells and mouse liver from iron-induced damage

Liver as iron storage organ is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-induced injury from excess iron. Thus, antioxidant therapies are often used to reverse oxidative damage and protect cells and tissues. This study investigated the protective effects of phenolic acids; ferulic acid (FA) and its metabolite, ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate disodium salt (FAS) against oxidative stress under iron overload conditions in mouse and HepG2 cells. Cells were exposed to FA or FAS and then treated with iron-induced oxidative stress complex of 50 μmol/L FAC and 20 μmol/L of 8-hydroxyquinoline 8HQ (8HQ-FAC). Iron dextran was injected intraperitoneally on alternate days for 10 days to induce the iron overload condition in BALB/c mice. The study revealed that the phenolic acids were protective against ROS production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion in HepG2 cells and liver tissues of BALB/c mice during iron-induced oxidative stress. The protective function of phenolic acids was achieved by the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to regulate antioxidant genes. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that FA has the potential as a therapeutic agent against iron-related diseases such as T2D.

Host-parasite relationship modulates the effect of African mistletoe leaves on the cholinergic, monoaminergic and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in fruit fly

OBJECTIVES

Mistletoe infests common plant trees of great medicinal values such as Moringa and Almond. According to folklore, mistletoe leaves have been found to have application as food and medicine in the alleviation of various degenerative diseases. Host-parasite relationship may possibly influence the phytochemical and biological activities of mistletoe leaves. Hence, we examined the polyphenol contents, antioxidant properties, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activities of African mistletoe leaves obtained from Moringa and Almond host plants in fruit fly in vitro.

METHODS

The phenolic constituents of the leaves were evaluated using HPLC system. The antioxidant activities were determined through the ABTS, DPPH and OH free radicals scavenging properties, ferric (Fe3+) and malondialdehyde (MDA) reducing abilities and Fe2+ chelation. The inhibitory effects of the leaves aqueous extracts on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE and MAO activities were also assessed.

RESULTS

The HPLC characterization of the leaves revealed that host plants caused marked variation in their phenolic composition, however, Almond mistletoe leaves had significantly (p<0.05) greater amounts of phenolic constituents. Both Moringa and Almond mistletoe leaves reduced Fe3+ and MDA levels, scavenged free radicals, chelated Fe2+ and inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE and MAO activities with the Almond mistletoe leaves having significantly (p<0.05) higher antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory activities.

CONCLUSIONS

This present study indicated that host plants could positively modulate the phenolic profile of mistletoe leaves and this probably brought about the vivid noticeable changes in their antioxidant abilities, cholinergic, monoaminergic and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes inhibitory activities.

Phenolic Compounds in Salicornia spp. and Their Potential Therapeutic Effects on H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV: A Review

Despite public health risk mitigation measures and regulation efforts by many countries, regions, and sectors, viral outbreaks remind the world of our vulnerability to biological hazards and the importance of mitigation actions. The saltwater-tolerant plants in the Salicornia genus belonging to the Amaranthaceae family are widely recognized and researched as producers of clinically applicable phytochemicals. The plants in the Salicornia genus contain flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, isoquercitrin, and myricitrin, which have all been shown to support the antiviral, virucidal, and symptom-suppressing activities. Their potential pharmacological usefulness as therapeutic medicine against viral infections has been suggested in many studies, where recent studies suggest these phenolic compounds may have pharmacological potential as therapeutic medicine against viral infections. This study reviews the antiviral effects, the mechanisms of action, and the potential as antiviral agents of the aforementioned phenolic compounds found in Salicornia spp. against an influenza A strain (H1N1), hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), as no other literature has described these effects from the Salicornia genus at the time of publication. This review has the potential to have a significant societal impact by proposing the development of new antiviral nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals derived from phenolic-rich formulations found in the edible Salicornia spp. These formulations could be utilized as a novel strategy by which to combat viral pandemics caused by H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV-1. The findings of this review indicate that isoquercitrin, myricetin, and myricitrin from Salicornia spp. have the potential to exhibit high efficiency in inhibiting viral infections. Myricetin exhibits inhibition of H1N1 plaque formation and reverse transcriptase, as well as integrase integration and cleavage. Isoquercitrin shows excellent neuraminidase inhibition. Myricitrin inhibits HIV-1 in infected cells. Extracts of biomass in the Salicornia genus could contribute to the development of more effective and efficient measures against viral infections and, ultimately, improve public health.

A Review on Natural Antioxidants for Their Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

The neurodegenerative condition known as Parkinson's disease (PD) is brought on by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, which is the brain region that controls body movement. PD occurs due to many factors, from which one of the acknowledged effects of oxidative stress is pathogenic pathways that play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants, including flavonoids, vitamins E and C, and polyphenolic substances, help to reduce the oxidative stress brought on by free radicals. Consequently, this lowers the risk of neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. Although there is currently no cure for neurodegenerative illnesses, these conditions can be controlled. The treatment of this disease lessens its symptoms, which helps to preserve the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the use of naturally occurring antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which may be obtained through food or nutritional supplements and have a variety of positive effects, has emerged as an appealing alternative management strategy. This article will examine the extent of knowledge about antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as future directions for research. Additionally, an evaluation of the value of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents will be provided.

Rational Design of Multifunctional Ferulic Acid Derivatives Aimed for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases

Ferulic acid has numerous beneficial effects on human health, which are frequently attributed to its antioxidant behavior. In this report, many of them are reviewed, and 185 new ferulic acid derivatives are computationally designed using the CADMA-Chem protocol. Consequently, their chemical space was sampled and evaluated. To that purpose, selection and elimination scores were used, which are built from a set of descriptors accounting for ADME properties, toxicity, and synthetic accessibility. After the first screening, 12 derivatives were selected and further investigated. Their potential role as antioxidants was predicted from reactivity indexes directly related to the formal hydrogen atom transfer and the single electron transfer mechanisms. The best performing molecules were identified by comparisons with the parent molecule and two references: Trolox and α-tocopherol. Their potential as polygenic neuroprotectors was investigated through the interactions with enzymes directly related to the etiologies of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. These enzymes are acetylcholinesterase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and monoamine oxidase B. Based on the obtained results, the most promising candidates (FA-26, FA-118, and FA-138) are proposed as multifunctional antioxidants with potential neuroprotective effects. The findings derived from this investigation are encouraging and might promote further investigations on these molecules.

Supplemental ferulic acid does not affect metabolic markers and improves some oxidative damage parameters in diabetic rats

This study investigated the differences in health outcomes associated with ferulic acid (FA) supplementation in animals before the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) treatment and post-STZ treatment. 18 male Wistar rats were equally distributed into three groups: groups 1 and 2 received FA (50 mg/kg body weight) supplementation one week before STZ treatment (60 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal) and one week after STZ treatment, respectively; group 3 received STZ without FA supplementation. FA supplementation was continued for 12 weeks after STZ treatment. The results indicated no difference in glucose and lipid profile with FA supplementation. However, FA supplementation reduced lipid and protein oxidative damage in the heart, liver and pancreas and increased glutathione in the pancreas. The results indicate that while oxidative damages were positively affected by FA, it was not sufficient to improve metabolic markers of diabetes.

Phenolic Acids Rescue Iron-Induced Damage in Murine Pancreatic Cells and Tissues

Iron is an essential element involved in a variety of physiological functions. However, excess iron catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction. Oxidative stress, caused by an increase in intracellular ROS production, can be a contributory factor to metabolic syndromes such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accordingly, interest has grown recently in the role and use of natural antioxidants to prevent iron-induced oxidative damage. This study investigated the protective effect of the phenolic acids; ferulic acid (FA) and its metabolite ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate disodium salt (FAS) against excess iron-related oxidative stress in murine MIN6 cells and the pancreas of BALB/c mice. Rapid iron overload was induced with 50 μmol/L ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and 20 μmol/L 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) in MIN6 cells, while iron dextran (ID) was used to facilitate iron overload in mice. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, ROS levels were determined by dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H2DCF) cell-permeant probe, iron levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), glutathione, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and lipid peroxidation, and mRNA were assayed with commercially available kits. The phenolic acids enhanced cell viability in iron-overloaded MIN6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MIN6 cells exposed to iron showed elevated levels of ROS, glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) compared to cells that were protected by treatment with FA or FAS. The treatment of BALB/c mice with FA or FAS following exposure to ID increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene levels in the pancreas. Consequently, levels of its downstream antioxidant genes, HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GPX4, increased in the pancreas. In conclusion, this study shows that FA and FAS protect pancreatic cells and liver tissue from iron-induced damage via the Nrf2 antioxidant activation mechanism.

Ferulic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles prepared from nano-emulsion templates facilitate internalisation across the blood-brain barrier in model membranes

A hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, namely ferulic acid (FA) has been successfully encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). FA-loaded polymeric NPs were prepared from O/W nano-emulsion templates using the phase inversion composition (PIC) low-energy emulsification method. The obtained PLGA NPs exhibited high colloidal stability, good drug-loading capacity, and particle hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 74 to 117 nm, depending on the FA concentration used. In vitro drug release studies confirmed a diffusion-controlled mechanism through which the amount of released FA reached a plateau at 60% after 6 hours-incubation. Five kinetic models were used to fit the FA release data as a function of time. The Weibull distribution and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation models provided the best fit to our experimental data and suggested quasi-Fickian diffusion behaviour. Moderate dose-response antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of FA-loaded PLGA NPs were demonstrated using the DPPH˙ assay achieving inhibition activities close to 60 and 40%, respectively. Cell culture studies confirmed that FA-loaded NPs were not toxic according to the MTT colorimetric assay, were able to internalise efficiently SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and supressed the intracellular ROS-level induced by H₂O₂ leading to 52% and 24.7% of cellular viability at 0.082 and 0.041 mg mL^-1, respectively. The permeability of the NPs through the blood brain barrier was tested with an in vitro organ-on-a-chip model to evaluate the ability of the FA-loaded PLGA and non-loaded PLGA NPs to penetrate to the brain. NPs were able to penetrate the barrier, but permeability decreased when FA was loaded. These results are promising for the use of loaded PLGA NPs for the management of neurological diseases.

Microencapsulates of Blue Maize Polyphenolics as a Promising Ingredient in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industry: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and In Vitro-Simulated Digestion

An anthocyanin-rich blue maize waste product was used for anthocyanin extraction. To preserve bioactive phenolic compounds, a spray-drying technique was employed using conventional wall material maltodextrin (MD), with novel one, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD). The obtained spray-dried maize extract (SME) and microencapsulates were analyzed based on physicochemical powder properties, chemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and digestibility. The examined microencapsulates demonstrated good powder properties, exhibited a high powder yield (up to 83%), and had a low moisture content (less than 5%). HPBCD and MD + HPBCD combinations demonstrated superior powder properties in the terms of decreasing the time necessary for rehydration (133.25 and 153.8 s, respectively). The mean average particle diameter ranged from 4.72 to 21.33 µm. DSC analyses signified high powder thermal stability, around 200 °C, related to the increasing preservation with biopolymer addition. The total phenolic and anthocyanin compounds ranged from 30,622 to 32,211 mg CE/kg (CE-catechin equivalents) and from 9642 to 12,182 mg CGE/kg (CGE-cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents), respectively, associated with good bioactive compound protection. Microencapsulates with both carriers (15% MD and 15% HPBCD) had the highest digestibility (73.63%). Our results indicated that the microencapsulates created with the active ingredient and the wall materials (MD and HPBCD) could protect phenolic compounds/anthocyanins against ABTS radicals (63.53 and 62.47 mmol Trolox Eq/kg, respectively).

Recent advances in the combination of cellular therapy with stem cells and nanoparticles after a spinal cord injury

Background

Currently, combined therapies could help to reduce long-term sequelae of spinal cord injury (SCI); stem cell therapy at the site of injury in combination with other therapies has shown very promising results that can be transferred to the clinical field. Nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile technologies with applications to medical research for treatments of SCI since they could deliver therapeutic molecules to the target tissue and may help to reduce the side effects of non-targeted therapies. This article's purpose is to analyze and concisely describe the diverse cellular therapies in combination with NPs and their regenerative effect after SCI.

Methods

We reviewed the literature related to combinatory therapy for motor impairment following SCI that has been published by Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO host, and PubMed databases. The research covers the databases from 2001 to December 2022.

Result

Animal models of SCI have shown that the combination of NPs plus stem cells has a positive impact on neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Further research is required to better understand the effects and benefits of SCI on a clinical level; therefore, it is necessary to find and select the most effective molecules that are capable of exacerbating the neurorestorative effects of the different stem cells and then try them out on patients after SCI. On the other hand, we consider that synthetic polymers such as poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid] (PLGA) could be a candidate for the design of the first therapeutic strategy that combines NPs with stem cells in patients with SCI. The reasons for the selection are that PLGA has shown important advantages over other NPs, such as being biodegradable, having low toxicity levels, and high biocompatibility; In addition, researchers could control the release time and the biodegradation kinetics, and most importantly, it could be used as NMs on other clinical pathologies (12 studies on www.clinicaltrials.gov) and has been approved by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA).

Conclusion

The use of cellular therapy and NPs may be a worthwhile alternative for SCI therapy; however, it is expected that the data obtained from interventions after SCI reflect an important variability of molecules combined with NPs. Therefore, it is necessary to properly define the limits of this research to be able to continue to work on the same line. Consequently, the selection of a specific therapeutic molecule and type of NPs plus stem cells are crucial to evaluate its application in clinical trials.

Potentiating Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and Polyphenolic Substances in Catharanthus roseus Plant Using ĸ-Carrageenan

Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal plant that produces indole alkaloids, which are utilized in anticancer therapy. Vinblastine and vincristine, two commercially important antineoplastic alkaloids, are mostly found in the leaves of Catharanthus roseus. ĸ-carrageenan has been proven as plant growth promoting substance for a number of medicinal and agricultural plants. Considering the importance of ĸ-carrageenan as a promoter of plant growth and phytochemical constituents, especially alkaloids production in Catharanthus roseus, an experiment was carried out to explore the effect of ĸ-carrageenan on the plant growth, phytochemicals content, pigments content, and production of antitumor alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus after planting. Foliar application of ĸ-carrageenan (at 0, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) significantly improved the performance of Catharanthus roseus. Phytochemical analysis involved determining the amount of total phenolics (TP), flavonoids (F), free amino acids (FAA), alkaloids (TAC) and pigments contents by spectrophotometer, minerals by ICP, amino acids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids (Vincamine, Catharanthine, Vincracine (Vincristine), and vinblastine) analysis uses HPLC. The results indicated that all examined ĸ-carrageenan treatments led to a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in growth parameters compared to the untreated plants. Phytochemical examination indicates that the spray of ĸ-carrageenan at 800 mg L^-1 increased the yield of alkaloids (Vincamine, Catharanthine and Vincracine (Vincristine)) by 41.85 μg/g DW, total phenolic compounds by 3948.6 μg gallic/g FW, the content of flavonoids 951.3 μg quercetin /g FW and carotenoids content 32.97 mg/g FW as compared to the control. An amount of 400 ppm ĸ-carrageenan treatment gave the best contents of FAA, Chl a, Chl b and anthocyanin. The element content of K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Se increased by treatments. Amino acids constituents and phenolics compounds contents were altered by ĸ-carrageenan.