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A Ruba Nanthini, C Valli, L Radhakrishnan, D Balasubramanyam, A V Mangalagowri. Lyophilized rumen fluid as a ruminal fermentation modifier in high grain-fed acidotic goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:169. [PMID: 38769230 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Rumen cud transfaunation re-establishes rumen micro environment and improves fermentation in recipient animals affected with digestive disorders. Preserving rumen cud or fluid will increase its availability for the treatment of rumen fermentation disorders, without having to maintain donor animals. Rumen fluid collected from healthy goats, fed standard ration having roughage 70% and concentrate 30%, was lyophilized (prefreezing -80 °C, 48 h; lyophilization -45 °C, 32 h) using 5% glycerol as cryoprotectant. The 16 S metagenome analysis of the lyophilized rumen fluid (LRF) revealed an abundance of Prevotella (33.2%). Selenomonas ruminantium (1.87%) and Megasphaera elsdenii (0.23%) were also present. Twenty-four goats having history of high grain feeding and exhibiting clinical symptoms of rumen fermentation disorders were randomly distributed into either one of the two treatment groups viz., T1 = oral administration of LRF 31 g/animal/day and T2 = oral administration of sodium bicarbonate (SB) 15 g/animal/day. Post intervention LRF and SB, improved animal body condition, feed intake, fecal consistency, elevated the ruminal pH at 48 h, reduced propionate and lactate at 48 h, reduced total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia nitrogen at 24 h. Significant reduction in serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urea levels were observed even from 24 h post intervention irrespective of the treatments. LRF significantly improved acetate and decreased propionate production compared to SB. LRF at 7.5% (v/v) can thus be used to counteract ruminal fermentation disorders in goats sequel to high grain ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruba Nanthini
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India.
| | - C Valli
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - L Radhakrishnan
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - D Balasubramanyam
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - A V Mangalagowri
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 051, India
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Li W, Larsen A, Fregulia P. Investigating the impact of feed-induced, subacute ruminal acidosis on rumen epimural transcriptome and metatranscriptome in young calves at 8- and 17-week of age. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328539. [PMID: 38455258 PMCID: PMC10918858 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the goal to maximize intake of high-fermentable diet needed to meet energy needs during weaning period, calves are at risk for ruminal acidosis. Using the calves from previously established model of feed-induced, ruminal acidosis in young calves, we aimed to investigate the changes in rumen epimural transcriptome and its microbial metatranscriptome at weaning (8-week) and post-weaning (17-week) in canulated (first occurred at 3 weeks of age) Holstein bull calves with feed-induced subacute ruminal acidosis. Methods Eight bull calves were randomly assigned to acidosis-inducing diet (Treated, n = 4; pelleted, 42.7% starch, 15.1% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], and 57.8% nonfiber carbohydrates), while texturized starter was fed as a control (Control, n = 4; 35.3% starch, 25.3% NDF, and 48.1% nonfiber carbohydrates) starting at 1 week through 17 weeks. Calves fed acidosis-inducing diet showed significantly less (p < 0.01) body weight over the course of the experiment, in addition to lower ruminal pH (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. Rumen epithelial (RE) tissues were collected at both 8 weeks (via biopsy) and 17 weeks (via euthanasia) and followed for whole transcriptome RNA sequencing analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis was done using cufflinks2 (fold-change ≥2 and p < 0.05) between treated and control groups at 8-week of age, and between 8- and 17-week for the treated group. Results At 8-week of age, DEGs between treatment groups showed an enrichment of genes related to the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p < 0.005). The impact of prolonged, feed-induced acidosis was reflected by the decreased expression (p < 0.005) in genes involved in cell proliferation related pathways in the RE at 17-week of age in the treated group. Unique sets of discriminant microbial taxa were identified between 8-and 17-week calves in the treated group and the treatment groups at 8-week, indicating that active microbial community changes in the RE are an integral part of the ruminal acidosis development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Anna Larsen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Priscila Fregulia
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Ricci S, Pacífico C, Kreuzer-Redmer S, Castillo-Lopez E, Rivera-Chacon R, Sener-Aydemir A, Rossi G, Galosi L, Biagini L, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Berthiller F, Reisinger N, Petri RM, Zebeli Q. Integrated microbiota-host-metabolome approaches reveal adaptive ruminal changes to prolonged high-grain feeding and phytogenic supplementation in cattle. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae006. [PMID: 38281064 PMCID: PMC10858391 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates primarily impact microbial composition and activity, but can also impair the ruminal epithelium barrier function. By combining microbiota, metabolome, and gene expression analysis, we evaluated the impact of feeding a 65% concentrate diet for 4 weeks, with or without a phytogenic feed additive (PFA), on the rumen ecosystem of cattle. The breaking point for rumen health seemed to be the second week of high grain (HG) diet, with a dysbiosis characterized by reduced alpha diversity. While we did not find changes in histological evaluations, genes related with epithelial proliferation (IGF-1, IGF-1R, EGFR, and TBP) and ZO-1 were affected by the HG feeding. Integrative analyses allowed us to define the main drivers of difference for the rumen ecosystem in response to a HG diet, identified as ZO-1, MyD88, and genus Prevotella 1. PFA supplementation reduced the concentration of potentially harmful compounds in the rumen (e.g. dopamine and 5-aminovaleric acid) and increased the tolerance of the epithelium toward the microbiota by altering the expression of TLR-2, IL-6, and IL-10. The particle-associated rumen liquid microbiota showed a quicker adaptation potential to prolonged HG feeding compared to the other microenvironments investigated, especially by the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ricci
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Lucia Biagini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Heidi E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Nicole Reisinger
- dsm-firmenich,
Animal Health and Nutrition R&D Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Renee M Petri
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Zhao J, Zhao X, Gao J, Bai B, Niu J, Yang Y, Zhao G, Wang Z, Xu Z, Wang J, Cheng Y, Hao L. Ensiled diet improved the growth performance of Tibetan sheep by regulating the rumen microbial community and rumen epithelial morphology. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae173. [PMID: 38902909 PMCID: PMC11245705 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ensiled agricultural byproducts from Qinghai-Tibet plateau on growth performance, rumen microbiota, ruminal epithelium morphology, and nutrient transport-related gene expression in Tibetan sheep. Fourteen male Tibetan sheep were randomly assigned to one of two diets: an untreated diet (without silage inoculum, CON, n = 7) or an ensiled diet (with silage inoculum, ESD, n = 7). The total experimental period lasted for 84 d, including early 14 d as adaption period and remaining 70 d for data collection. The ESD increased average daily gain (P = 0.046), dry matter intake (P < 0.001), ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.045), microbial crude protein (P = 0.034), and total volatile fatty acids concentration (P < 0.001), and decreased ruminal pH value (P = 0.014). The proportion of propionate (P = 0.006) and the copy numbers of bacteria (P = 0.01) and protozoa (P = 0.002) were higher, while the proportion of acetate (P = 0.028) was lower in the sheep fed ESD compared to CON. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed that ESD increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group in the rumen (P < 0.05), while decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, and Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 (P < 0.05). Analyses with PICRUSt2 and STAMP indicated that the propionate metabolism pathway was enriched in the sheep fed ESD (P = 0.026). The ESD increased the rumen papillae height (P = 0.012), density (P = 0.036), and surface area (P = 0.001), and improved the thickness of the total epithelia (P = 0.018), stratum corneum (P = 0.040), stratum granulosum (P = 0.042), and stratum spinosum and basale (P = 0.004). The relative mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent Kinase 2, CyclinA2, CyclinD2, zonula occludens-1, Occludin, monocarboxylate transporter isoform 1 (MCT1), MCT4, sodium/potassium pump, and sodium/hydrogen antiporter 3 were higher in the rumen epithelial of sheep fed ESD than CON (P < 0.05). Conversely, the relative mRNA expressions of Caspase 3 and B-cell lymphoma-2 were lower in the sheep fed ESD than CON (P < 0.05). In conclusion, compared with an untreated diet, feeding an ensiled diet altered the rumen microbial community, enhanced nutrient transport through rumen epithelium, and improved the growth performance of Tibetan sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinsheng Zhao
- Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning 810016, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Binqiang Bai
- Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning 810016, China
| | - Jianzhang Niu
- Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning 810016, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning 810016, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Haibei Prefecture Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Product Quality and Safety Inspection and Testing Center, Qinghai Xihai 812200, China
| | - Zuojiang Wang
- Qinghai Qaidam Nongken Mohe Camel Farm Co., LTD, Mo He 817101, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Qinghai Regenerative Nutrition Biotechnology Co., LTD, Hu Zhu 810599, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- Qinghai Regenerative Nutrition Biotechnology Co., LTD, Hu Zhu 810599, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi’ning 810016, China
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Mulakala BK, Smith KM, Snider MA, Ayers A, Honan MC, Greenwood SL. Use of milk proteins as biomarkers of changes in the rumen metaproteome of Holstein cows fed low-fiber, high-starch diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9630-9643. [PMID: 37210363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary levels of undegraded neutral detergent fiber (uNDF240) and rumen-fermentable starch (RFS) can affect the rumen microbiome and milk composition. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of milk proteins as biomarkers of rumen microbial activity through a comparative evaluation of the rumen microbial and milk protein profiles produced by Holstein cows fed diets with varying contents of physically effective uNDF240 (peuNDF240) and RFS. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were included in a larger study as part of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 28-d periods to assess 4 diets varying in peuNDF240 and RFS content. For this experiment, cows received one of 2 dietary treatments: (1) low-peuNDF240, high-RFS (LNHR) diet or (2) high-peuNDF240, low-RFS (HNLR) diet. Within each period, rumen fluid samples were collected from each cow on d 26 (1400 h) and d 27 (0600 h and 1000 h), and milk samples were collected from each cow on d 25 (2030 h), d 26 (0430 h, 1230 h, and 2030 h), and d 27 (0430 h and 1230 h). Microbial proteins were isolated from each rumen fluid sample. For milk samples, milk proteins were fractionated, and the whey fraction was subsequently isolated. Isolated proteins within each rumen fluid or milk sample were isobarically labeled and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Product ion spectra acquired from rumen fluid samples were searched using SEQUEST against 71 composite databases. In contrast, product ion spectra acquired from milk samples were searched against the Bos taurus database. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 to assess the effect of diet and time of sampling. To increase stringency, the false discovery rate-adjusted P-value (PFDR) was also calculated to account for multiple comparisons. Using the mixed procedure, a total of 129 rumen microbial proteins were quantified across 24 searched microbial species. Of these, the abundance of 14 proteins across 9 microbial species was affected due to diet and diet × time interaction, including 7 proteins associated with energetics pathways. Among the 159 quantified milk proteins, the abundance of 21 proteins was affected due to the diet and diet × time interaction. The abundance of 19 of these milk proteins was affected due to diet × time interactions. Of these, 16 proteins had the disparity across diets at the 0430 h sampling time, including proteins involved in host defense, nutrient synthesis, and transportation, suggesting that biological shifts resulting from diet-induced rumen changes are not diurnally uniform across milkings. The concentration of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was statistically higher in the milk from the cows fed with the LNHR diet, which was numerically confirmed with an ELISA. Further, as determined by ELISA, the LPL concentration was significantly higher in the milk from the cows fed with the LNHR diet at 0430 h sampling point, suggesting that LPL concentration may indicate dietary carbohydrate-induced ruminal changes. The results of this study suggest that diet-induced rumen changes can be reflected in milk in a diurnal pattern, further highlighting the need to consider sampling time points for using milk proteins as a representative biomarker of rumen microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Mulakala
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - K M Smith
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - M A Snider
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
| | - A Ayers
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - M C Honan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
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6
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Tang Z, Zhan L, He R, Zhou Y, Tang Q, Liu Z, Zhang S, Liu A. Hepatoprotective Effect of Tea Composite Solid Beverage on Alcohol-Caused Rat Liver Injury. Foods 2023; 12:4126. [PMID: 38002184 PMCID: PMC10670207 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tea polyphenols (TPs) possess strong antioxidant activity; cassia seed extract (CSE) has the effect of brightening the eyes; and Ampelopsis grossedentata extract (AGE) has the function of protecting the liver. However, the synergistic hepatoprotective effect of TP, AGE and CSE as a joint formulation is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of a tea solid beverage, composed of TP, AGE and CSE, on chronic alcoholic liver injury in rats and its underlying mechanisms via the analysis of transcriptomics and gut microbiota. The histopathological findings revealed that the tea solid beverage could reduce the production of fat vacuoles and inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, the tea solid beverage was found to effectively relieve the increase in the AST (from 424.85 U/L to 180.17 U/L), ALT (from 139.95 U/L to 85.88 U/L) and LDH (from 21.16 U/L to 13.35 U/L) enzyme activities and the expression of the inflammatory factors TNF-α (from 394.02 pg/mL to 214.44 pg/mL) and IL-6 (from 208.46 pg/mL to 116.59 pg/mL) caused by alcohol consumption. Further, it significantly enhanced the GSH concentration (from 4.53 pg/mL to 8.08 pg/mL) and SOD activity (from 84.70 U/mL to 156.94 U/mL) and decreased the MDA (from 58.61 mmol/mL to 36.58 mmol/mL) and TG (from 7.07 mmol/L to 3.43 mmol/L)) concentrations in the liver of rats. The analysis and identification of transcriptomics showed that the tea solid beverage intervention primarily protected the liver of rats with chronic alcoholic injury by up-regulating the differential gene Hmgcs1 in order to increase the synthesis of ketone bodies and by down-regulating the differential gene Pfkfb1 for the purpose of decreasing the glucose metabolism. Additionally, it was found that the tea solid beverage could significantly change the composition of intestinal flora in drinking rats by regulating mineral absorption, the pathways of bile secretion, the adipocytokine signaling pathway and the peroxisome balance of the intestinal flora, in order to protect alcohol-drinking rats' livers. In conclusion, the tea solid beverage, consisting of TP, AGE and CSE, is a functional drink that prevents ketone metabolism, glucose metabolism and microbiome disorders induced by alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Li Zhan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ranran He
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yufei Zhou
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Quanquan Tang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.T.); (R.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.L.); (S.Z.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Świerk S, Przybyło M, Wajsman I, Molik E, Miltko R, Górka P. Effect of increased intake of concentrates and sodium butyrate supplementation on reticulorumen macroanatomy and reticulorumen fermentation in growing rams. Animal 2023; 17:100899. [PMID: 37558584 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased ruminal butyrate production is considered to have mostly positive impacts on rumen macro- and microanatomy and its functions. However, excessive ruminal butyrate production may also affect the rumen negatively. Forty-two growing rams were allocated into six treatments and fed a diet with low (22.5% of diet DM; LOW) or high (60% of diet DM; HIGH) inclusion of concentrates in combination with no, low (1.6% of diet DM) or high (3.2% of diet DM) sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation to obtain low or high reticuloruminal (RR) pH with different concentrations of butyrate. Both absolute (L/day) and relative (% of BW) water intake increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P ≤ 0.02). The RR fluid pH was lower for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P < 0.01) but was not affected by SB supplementation (P = 0.35). Total short-chain fatty acid concentration, propionate and valerate concentrations in the RR fluid were higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P ≤ 0.01), but were not affected by SB supplementation (P ≥ 0.22). Reticuloruminal butyrate was higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments and increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P < 0.01). High concentrate inclusion in the diet (P < 0.01) decreased and SB supplementation tended to (P = 0.10) decrease fibrolytic activity in the RR. Increasing doses of SB linearly decreased acetate, isovalerate and NH3-N concentrations in RR fluid, and RR digesta DM weight (g DM/kg BW; P ≤ 0.02). Relative RR and rumen tissue weights (g/kg BW) were higher for LOW compared to HIGH (P ≤ 0.03) treatments but were not affected by SB inclusion in the diet (P ≥ 0.35). Also, there was no impact of concentrates or SB inclusion in the diet on ruminal epithelium DM weight (mg/cm2), either in the ventral or dorsal sac of the rumen (P ≥ 0.14). Under conditions of the current study, SB supplementation in the diet decreased RR digesta DM concentration and weight, acetate, isovalerate and NH3-N concentration in the RR fluid, and tended to reduce fibrolytic activity in the RR. At least part of this response could be due to increased intake of water, and consequently passage of digesta from the RR to lower regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Świerk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - I Wajsman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - E Molik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - R Miltko
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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8
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Abeyta MA, Horst EA, Goetz BM, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Baumgard LH. Effects of hindgut acidosis on inflammation, metabolism, and productivity in lactating dairy cows fed a high-fiber diet. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2879-2889. [PMID: 36823004 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hindgut acidosis (HGA) may cause or contribute to the inflammatory state of transition dairy cows by compromising the intestinal barrier. Previous experiments isolating the effects of HGA on inflammatory metrics have generated inconsistent results, which may be explained by acclimation to low- versus high-starch diets. Thus, study objectives were to evaluate the effects of HGA in cows acclimated to a high-fiber diet. Ten rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (38 ± 5 kg/d milk yield; 243 ± 62 d in milk; 1.6 ± 1.1 parity; 663 ± 57 kg of body weight) were enrolled in a study with 2 experimental periods (P). Before P1, all cows were acclimated to a high-fiber, low-starch diet (50% neutral detergent fiber, 15% starch) for 17 d. During P1 (4 d), baseline data were collected for use as covariates. During P2 (7 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 abomasal infusion treatments: (1) control (CON; 1.5 L of H2O/infusion; n = 4) or (2) starch infused (ST; 1 kg of corn starch + 1.5 L of H2O/infusion; n = 6). All cows were infused with their respective treatments every 6 h daily at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 h, such that ST cows received a total of 4 kg of corn starch/d. Starch infusions successfully induced HGA, as indicated by a marked decrease in fecal pH (1.2 units) relative to CON. However, in contrast to our assumptions, infusing starch had no deleterious effects on milk yield, energy-corrected milk, or voluntary dry matter intake during P2. Milk protein, lactose, their yields, fat yield, and somatic cell score remained unaffected by starch infusions, whereas milk fat content and urea nitrogen were decreased in ST relative to CON (8 and 17%, respectively). Overall, circulating glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations remained similar between treatments, but starch infusions decreased nonesterified fatty acids on d 3 relative to CON. Blood urea nitrogen decreased throughout P2 in ST (38%) relative to CON. In contrast to our hypothesis, HGA did not alter circulating serum amyloid A or lipopolysaccharide binding protein, nor did it affect rectal temperature. In summary, HGA moderately altered metabolism but did not affect production or elicit an inflammatory response in lactating dairy cows previously acclimated to a high-fiber diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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9
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Sánchez-Ramos R, Trujano-Chavez MZ, Gallegos-Sánchez J, Becerril-Pérez CM, Cadena-Villegas S, Cortez-Romero C. Detection of Candidate Genes Associated with Fecundity through Genome-Wide Selection Signatures of Katahdin Ewes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020272. [PMID: 36670812 PMCID: PMC9854690 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies to genetically improve reproductive traits, despite their low inheritability, has been the identification of candidate genes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect candidate genes associated with fecundity through the fixation index (FST) and runs of homozygosity (ROH) of selection signatures in Katahdin ewes. Productive and reproductive records from three years were used and the genotypes (OvineSNP50K) of 48 Katahdin ewes. Two groups of ewes were identified to carry out the genetic comparison: with high fecundity (1.3 ± 0.03) and with low fecundity (1.1 ± 0.06). This study shows for the first time evidence of the influence of the CNOT11, GLUD1, GRID1, MAPK8, and CCL28 genes in the fecundity of Katahdin ewes; in addition, new candidate genes were detected for fecundity that were not reported previously in ewes but that were detected for other species: ANK2 (sow), ARHGAP22 (cow and buffalo cow), GHITM (cow), HERC6 (cow), DPF2 (cow), and TRNAC-GCA (buffalo cow, bull). These new candidate genes in ewes seem to have a high expression in reproduction. Therefore, future studies are needed focused on describing the physiological basis of changes in the reproductive behavior influenced by these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Sánchez-Ramos
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
| | | | - Jaime Gallegos-Sánchez
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
| | - Carlos Miguel Becerril-Pérez
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
- Agroecosistemas Tropicales, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, Carretera Xalapa-Veracruz Km. 88.5, Manlio Favio Altamirano, Veracruz 91690, Mexico
| | - Said Cadena-Villegas
- Producción Agroalimentaria en Trópico, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco, Periférico Carlos A. Molina, Ranchería Rio Seco y Montaña, Heroica Cárdenas 86500, Mexico
| | - César Cortez-Romero
- Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Texcoco 56264, Mexico
- Innovación en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí, Agustín de Iturbide No. 73, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78622, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5959-520-200 (ext. 4000)
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10
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Mulakala BK, Smith KM, Snider MA, Ayers A, Honan MC, Greenwood SL. Influence of dietary carbohydrate profile on the dairy cow rumen meta-proteome. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8485-8496. [PMID: 36028341 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet starch and fiber contents influence the rumen microbial profile and its fermentation products, yet no information exists about the effects of these dietary carbohydrate fractions on the metabolic activity of these microbes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate profile changes on the rumen meta-proteome profile. Eight cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to the study as part of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement including four 28-d periods. Cows received 1 of 4 dietary treatments on a dry matter (DM) basis. Diets included different concentrations of rumen fermentable starch (RFS) and physically effective undigested NDF (peuNDF240) content in the diet: (1) low peuNDF240, low RFS (LNLS); (2) high peuNDF240, low RFS (HNLS); (3) low peuNDF240, high RFS (LNHS); and (4) high peuNDF240, high RFS (HNHS). Rumen fluid samples were collected from each cow on the last 2 d of each period at 3 time points (0600, 1000, and 1400 h). The microbial protein fraction was isolated, isobarically labeled, and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Product ion spectra were searched using the SEQUEST search on Proteome Discoverer 2.4 (Thermo Scientific) against 71 curated microbe-specific databases. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). A total of 138 proteins were characterized across 26 of the searched microbial species. In total, 46 proteins were affected by treatments across 17 of the searched microbial species. Of these 46 proteins, 28 were affected by RFS content across 13 microbial species, with 20 proteins having higher abundance with higher dietary RFS and 8 proteins having higher abundance with lower dietary RFS. The majority of these proteins have roles in energetics, carbon metabolism, and protein synthesis. Examples include pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (Ruminococcus albus SY3), 30S ribosomal protein S11 (Clostridium aminophilum), and methyl-coenzyme M reductase subunit α (Methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain 35063), which had higher abundances with higher dietary RFS. Conversely, glutamate dehydrogenase (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) and 50S ribosomal protein L5 (Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis) and L15 (Ruminococcus bromii) had lower abundances with higher dietary RFS content. Among the remaining 18 proteins unaffected by RFS content alone, 5 proteins were affected by peuNDF240 content, and 13 were affected by peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. Our results suggest that the RFS content of the diet may have a greater influence on rumen microbial protein abundances than dietary peuNDF240 content or peuNDF240 × RFS interactions. This research highlights that dietary carbohydrate profile changes can influence rumen microbial protein abundances. Further research is needed to fully characterize the effects of diet on the rumen meta-proteome and manipulate the various roles of rumen microbes. This will aid in designing the strategies to maximize the efficiency of nutrient use in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Mulakala
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - K M Smith
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - M A Snider
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - A Ayers
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - M C Honan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405.
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11
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Liu T, Li F, Wang W, Wang X, Ma Z, Li C, Weng X, Zheng C. Early feeding strategies in lambs affect rumen development and growth performance, with advantages persisting for two weeks after the transition to fattening diets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:925649. [PMID: 35968009 PMCID: PMC9366302 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.925649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of early feeding strategies on the growth and rumen development of lambs from pre-weaning to the transition to fattening diets. Ninety-six newborn, male lambs with similar body weights were randomly assigned to three treatments: fed starter at 42 days old + weaned at 56 days old (Ctrl, n = 36), fed starter at 7 days old + weaned at 56 days old (ES, n = 36), and fed starter at 7 days old + weaned at 28 days old (ES + EW, n = 24). The fattening diets of all lambs were gradually replaced from 60 to 70 days of age. Six randomly selected lambs from each treatment were slaughtered at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days of age. The results showed that the richness and diversity of rumen microbiota of lambs in the Ctrl group were distinct from those of lambs in the other groups at 42 days of age. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed 407, 219, and 1,211 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the rumen tissue of ES vs. Ctrl, ES vs. ES + EW, and ES + EW vs. Ctrl groups, respectively, at 42 days of age. Different early feeding strategies resulted in differences in ruminal anatomy, morphology, and fermentation in lambs from 42 to 84 days of age (P < 0.05). Lambs in the ES + EW group had a higher average starter diet intake than those in the other groups (P < 0.05) from 28 to 56 days of age, which affected their growth performance. After 42 days of age, the body and carcass weights of lambs in the ES and ES + EW groups were higher than those in the Ctrl group (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that feeding lambs with a starter diet at 7 days of age and weaning them at 28 days of age can promote rumen development and improve growth performance, and this advantage persists for up to 2 weeks after transition to the fattening diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zheng
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12
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Pacífico C, Ricci S, Sajovitz F, Castillo-Lopez E, Rivera-Chacon R, Petri RM, Zebeli Q, Reisinger N, Kreuzer-Redmer S. Bovine rumen epithelial miRNA-mRNA dynamics reveals post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression upon transition to high-grain feeding and phytogenic supplementation. Genomics 2022; 114:110333. [PMID: 35278616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The rumen epithelium has a pivotal role in nutrient uptake and host health. This study aimed to explore the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the epithelial transcriptome during diet transition from forage to high-grain feeding and the modulation through supplementation with a phytogenic feed additive. Rumen biopsies were collected from 9 ruminally-cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows fed a baseline forage diet (FD) and then transitioned to high-grain feeding (HG; 65% concentrate on a dry matter basis). Cows were randomly allocated into a control group (CON, n = 5) and a group supplemented with a phytogenic feed additive (PHY, n = 4). MiRNA and mRNA sequencing was performed in parallel and transcripts were analyzed for differential expression, pathway enrichment analysis, and miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. We identified 527 miRNAs shared by all samples of the rumen epithelium, from which, bta-miR-21-5p, bta-miR-143 and bta-miR-24-3p were the most expressed. Six miRNAs were differentially expressed between CON and PHY and 8 miRNAs between FD and HG feeding, which were mainly associated with fat metabolism. Transcriptome analysis identified 9481 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FD and HG, whereas PHY supplementation resulted in 5 DEGs. DEGs were mainly involved in epithelium development and morphogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with tricarboxylic acid and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism were enriched in DEGs between diets. MiRNA target prediction and anti-correlation analysis was used to construct networks and identify DEGs targeted by DE miRNAs responsive to diet or PHY. This study allowed the identification of potential miRNA regulation mechanisms of gene expression during transition from FD to HG feeding and phytogenic supplementation, evidencing a direct role of miRNAs in host responses to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Pacífico
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Ricci
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Floriana Sajovitz
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renée Maxine Petri
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Nutrigenomics Unit, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Moradi S, Patra AK, Mansouryar M. Monensin supplementation downregulated the expression signature of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis in the ruminal epithelium and adipose tissue of lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:167. [PMID: 35445947 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the metabolic mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism by monensin, Afshari male lambs (n = 16) with 41.0 ± 2.4 kg body weight (BW, mean ± SD) at approximately 180 days of age were randomly assigned equally to two dietary treatments. After a 21-day pre-adaptation period, all animals in two groups continued to receive the basal diet, but one group received no monensin supplementation (control) while the other group received 30 mg/day of monensin per animal. Individual BW was recorded weekly to determine the average daily body weight gain (ADG). At the end of the 56-day experimental period, lambs were weighed and slaughtered. Monensin supplementation did not affect BW, ADG, and rumen fermentation characteristics. However, monensin significantly downregulated the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 gene expression in all sample tissues (p < 0.05). Also, monensin downregulated expressions of SREBP-1c and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in back fat tissues. Monensin increased the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS)-2, but it decreased the mRNA abundance of HMGCS-1 in the rumen epithelial tissues (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that monensin downregulates cholesterol synthesis via inhibition of HMGCS-1 and impairment of the SREBP pathway, probably due to a crosstalk among different tissues to control energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mirzaei-Alamouti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - S Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - A K Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West, Kolkata, 700037, India
| | - M Mansouryar
- Zist Dam Group, University Incubator Center, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
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14
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Wang L, Qi W, Mao S, Zhu W, Liu J. Effects of whole corn high-grain diet feeding on ruminal bacterial community and epithelial gene expression related to VFA absorption and metabolism in fattening lambs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6537127. [PMID: 35213698 PMCID: PMC9030220 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of whole corn high-grain diet feeding on growth performance, ruminal bacterial community, and epithelial morphology and gene expression related to VFA absorption and metabolism in fattening lambs. Fourteen male (castrated) lambs were randomly assigned to either a group fed a ground corn high-grain diet (50.4% grain; HGC, n = 7) or a group fed a whole corn high-grain diet (50.4% grain; HWC, n = 7). After 7 wk of feeding, HWC group increased the average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.036) and decreased the feed: gain value (P = 0.010) significantly. HWC group had a greater crude protein apparent digestibility (P = 0.028) in the third week and dry matter and neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility (P < 0.05) in the seventh week. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed that HWC feeding increased the relative abundance of genera Anaerovibrio, Schwartzia and Unclassified Veillonellaceae in the rumen content and Howardella, Schwartzia and Unclassified Veillonellaceae in the rumen epithelia (P<0.05), while decreased the proportion of Lachnospira and Unclassified Synergistaceae in the rumen content and Anaerovorax, Papillibacter, Ruminococcus, Fibrobacter, Unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Unclassified Bacteroidales and Unclassified Prevotellaceae in the rumen epithelia (P < 0.05). HWC group increased the rumen papilla length (P = 0.001) and surface area (P = 0.002). Furthermore, HWC diet feeding up-regulated the relative mRNA expression of putative anion transporter isoform 1 (PAT1) (P = 0.032) in the rumen epithelia. In summary, compared with ground corn high-grain diet feeding, whole corn high-grain diet feeding improved animal performance, changed ruminal bacterial composition and diversity, and increased VFA absorption of epithelial papilla in fattening lambs. These findings provided theoretical guidance for the actual application of whole corn high-grain diet in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weibiao Qi
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China,Corresponding author:
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15
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Mirzaei-Alamouti H, Abdollahi A, Rahimi H, Moradi S, Vazirigohar M, Aschenbach JR. Effects of dietary oil sources (sunflower and fish) on fermentation characteristics, epithelial gene expression and microbial community in the rumen of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 75:405-421. [PMID: 35112609 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.1997539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of high-concentrate diets commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis which cause shifts in uptake dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and altered epithelial function. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation products, gene expression in the ruminal epithelium and the associated changes in ruminal microorganisms in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-six Afshari lambs adapted to a high-concentrate diet during a completely randomised design were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 g oil supplement (OS; 60 g sunflower oil and 40 g fish oil) for 10 (OS10), 20 (OS20) and 30 (OS30) d, respectively (n = 6). Lambs with no oil supplementation (OS0, n = 8) were considered as control and slaughtered at d 0 of the experiment, and the remaining lambs were slaughtered at 10, 20 and 30 d on feed. After slaughter, ruminal digesta was collected for evaluating fermentation and microbial community. Ruminal papillae were taken for assessment of epithelial gene expression. Compared with OS0 lambs, supplemental PUFA in OS30 lambs tended to decrease total SCFA concentration with decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratios were decreased and ruminal pH was increased in OS20 and OS30 lambs compared to OS0. All groups with included OS had decreased concentrations of iso-valeric and valeric acids compared to OS0. Relative mRNA abundance of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 decreased with increasing OS duration. The relative abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 mRNA transcript was higher for OS10 and OS20 lambs relative to OS0 lambs. OS20 and OS30 showed a decrease of lipopolysaccharide binding protein mRNA expression compared with OS0. Feeding supplemental PUFA decreased Ciliate protozoa and increased Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in OS20 and OS30 lambs, whereas Megasphaera elsdenii was increased in OS30 lambs. In conclusion, combined supplementation of sunflower and fish oil to a high-concentrate diet affects the ruminal microbial community with prominent decreases in ruminal ciliate protozoa and increases in B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii. These results lead to a more stabilised ruminal pH and a fermentation shift towards more propionate generation. Consideration of nutrients digestion will help to fully understand the benefits of feeding PUFA with a high-concentrate diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arman Abdollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasan Rahimi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mina Vazirigohar
- Zist Dam Group, University of Zanjan Incubator Center, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Guo Z, Gao S, Ding J, He J, Ma L, Bu D. Effects of Heat Stress on the Ruminal Epithelial Barrier of Dairy Cows Revealed by Micromorphological Observation and Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 12:768209. [PMID: 35096001 PMCID: PMC8793686 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.768209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) alters the rumen fermentation of dairy cows thereby affecting the metabolism of rumen papillae and thus the epithelial barrier function. The aim of the present study was to investigate if HS damages the barrier function of ruminal epithelia. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows with rumen cannula were randomly equally allocated to two replicates (n = 4), with each replicate being subjected to heat stress or thermal neutrality and pair-feeding in four environmental chambers. Micromorphological observation showed HS aggravated the shedding of the corneum and destroyed the physical barrier of the ruminal epithelium to a certain extent. Transcriptomics analysis of the rumen papillae revealed pathways associated with DNA replication and repair and amino acid metabolism were perturbated, the biological processes including sister chromatid segregation, etc. were up-regulated by HS, while the MAPK and NF-kB cell signaling pathways were downregulated. However, no heat stress-specific change in the expression of tight junction protein or TLR4 signaling was found, suggesting that HS negatively affected the physical barrier of the ruminal epithelium to some extent but did not break the ruminal epithelium. Heat stress invoked mechanisms to maintain the integrity of the rumen epithelial barrier by upregulating the expression of heat shock protein and repairments in rumen papillae. The increase in amino acid metabolism in rumen papillae might affect the nutrient utilization of the whole body. The findings of this study may inform future research to better understand how heat stress affects the physiology and productivity of lactating cows and the development of mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Multi-omics Analysis Revealed Coordinated Responses of Rumen Microbiome and Epithelium to High-Grain-Induced Subacute Rumen Acidosis in Lactating Dairy Cows. mSystems 2022; 7:e0149021. [PMID: 35076273 PMCID: PMC8788321 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01490-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a major metabolic disease in lactating dairy cows caused by the excessive intake of high-concentrate diets. Here, we investigated the synergistic responses of rumen bacteria and epithelium to high-grain (HG)-induced SARA. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 2 groups for a 3-week experiment and fed either a conventional (CON) diet or an HG diet. The results showed that the HG-feeding cows had a thickened rumen epithelial papilla with edge injury and a decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results demonstrated that HG feeding caused changes in rumen bacterial structure and composition, which further altered rumen fermentation and metabolism. Cooccurrence network analysis revealed that the distribution of the diet-sensitive bacteria responded to the treatment (CON or HG) and that all diet-sensitive amplicon sequence variants showed low to medium degrees of cooccurrence. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the endothelial permeability-increasing factor prostaglandin E1 and the polyamine synthesis by-product 5′-methylthioadenosine were enriched under HG feeding. Transcriptome analysis suggested that cholesterol biosynthesis genes were upregulated in the rumen epithelium of HG cows. The gene expression changes, coupled with more substrate being available (total volatile fatty acids), may have caused an enrichment of intracellular cholesterol and its metabolites. All of these variations could coordinately stimulate cell proliferation, increase membrane permeability, and trigger epithelial inflammation, which eventually disrupts rumen homeostasis and negatively affects cow health. IMPORTANCE Dairy cows are economically important livestock animals that supply milk for humans. The cow’s rumen is a complex and symbiotic ecosystem composed of diverse microorganisms, which has evolved to digest high-fiber diets. In modern dairy production, SARA is a common health problem due to overfeeding of high-concentrate diets for an ever-increasing milk yield. Although extensive studies have been conducted on SARA, it remains unclear how HG feeding affects rumen cross talk homeostasis. Here, we identified structural and taxonomic fluctuation for the rumen bacterial community, an enrichment of certain detrimental metabolites in rumen fluid, and a general upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the rumen epithelium of HG-feeding cows by multi-omics analysis. Based on these results, we propose a speculation to explain cellular events of coordinated rumen bacterial and epithelial adaptation to HG diets. Our work provides new insights into the exploitation of molecular regulation strategies to treat and prevent SARA.
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18
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Sun D, Yin Y, Guo C, Liu L, Mao S, Zhu W, Liu J. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of rumen wall morphological and functional development induced by different solid diet introduction in a lamb model. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:33. [PMID: 33750470 PMCID: PMC7944623 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of solid diet introduction initiating the cellular growth and maturation of rumen tissues and characterize the shared and unique biological processes upon different solid diet regimes. Methods Twenty-four Hu lambs were randomly allocated to three groups fed following diets: goat milk powder only (M, n = 8), goat milk powder + alfalfa hay (MH, n = 8), and goat milk powder + concentrate starter (MC, n = 8). At 42 days of age, the lambs were slaughtered. Ruminal fluid sample was collected for analysis of concentration of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and microbial crude protein (MCP). The sample of the rumen wall from the ventral sac was collected for analysis of rumen papilla morphology and transcriptomics. Results Compared with the M group, MH and MC group had a higher concentration of VFA, MCP, rumen weight, and rumen papilla area. The transcriptomic results of rumen wall showed that there were 312 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between in “MH vs. M” and “MC vs. M”, and 232 or 796 unique DEGs observed in “MH vs. M” or “MC vs. M”, respectively. The shared DEGs were most enriched in VFA absorption and metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, butanoate metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Additionally, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified M16 (2,052 genes) and M18 (579 genes) modules were positively correlated with VFA and rumen wall morphology. The M16 module was mainly related to metabolism pathway, while the M18 module was mainly associated with signaling transport. Moreover, hay specifically depressed expression of genes involved in cytokine production, immune response, and immunocyte activation, and concentrate starter mainly altered nutrient transport and metabolism, especially ion transport, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. Conclusions The energy production during VFA metabolism may drive the rumen wall development directly. The hay introduction facilitated establishment of immune function, while the concentrate starter enhanced nutrient transport and metabolism, which are important biological processes required for rumen development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00556-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyang Yin
- Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Changzheng Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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19
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Fiore E, Faillace V, Morgante M, Armato L, Gianesella M. A retrospective study on transabdominal ultrasound measurements of the rumen wall thickness to evaluate chronic rumen acidosis in beef cattle. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:337. [PMID: 32933521 PMCID: PMC7493169 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and subacute rumen acidosis are economically important in the beef industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential suitability of the transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of the ruminal wall to diagnose chronic rumen acidosis in beef cattle compared to direct measurement of ruminal pH, as a fast non-invasive tool to be used in field condition. Ultrasonographic examination of the rumen was conducted in 478 beef cattle before rumenocentesis (chronic rumen acidosis group = pH ≤ 5.8; healthy group = pH ≥ 5.9). Rumen wall ultrasound measurements included rumen wall thickness (RWT) and rumen mucosa and submucosa thickness (RMST). RESULTS The Analysis of Variance showed the high significant effect of the pH class for RWT and RMST (P < 0.001). Spearman RANK correlation analysis showed interaction between rumen pH and RWT (- 0.71; P < 0.0001) and RMST (- 0.75; P < 0.0001). A significant Spearman's correlations were found between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and RWT and RMST. The differentiation efficiency of RWT between healthy and chronic rumen acidosis groups, as a result of the receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis, was quite good with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.88: P < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.83-0.98. Using a cut-off value of > 8.2 mm. The differentiation efficiency of RMST between healthy and chronic rumen acidosis groups, as a result of ROC curve analysis, was good with an AUROC of 0.90: p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.85-0.94. Using a cut-off value of > 5.3 mm. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the thickening of RWT and RMST is correlated with the changes of ruminal pH. Transabdominal rumen ultrasound has the potential to become a powerful diagnostic tool useful to identify fattening bulls affected by chronic rumen acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Vanessa Faillace
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Massimo Morgante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Leonardo Armato
- Veterinary Freelance, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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20
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Honan MC, Greenwood SL. Characterization of variations within the rumen metaproteome of Holstein dairy cattle relative to morning feed offering. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3179. [PMID: 32081893 PMCID: PMC7035244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have utilized proteomic techniques to progress our knowledge of protein-mediated pathways within the rumen microbial community, and no previous research has used these techniques to investigate the patterns or variations of these proteins within this community. It was hypothesized that there would be fluctuations of rumen microbial protein abundances due to feed intake-mediated nutrient availability and that these could be identified using non gel-based proteomic techniques. This study investigated the fluctuations of bovine rumen metaproteome utilizing three mid to late-lactation Holsteins. Rumen fluid was collected at three timepoints on three days relative to their first morning feed offering (0 h, 4 h, and 6 h). Samples were pooled within timepoint within cow across day, analyzed using LC-MS/MS techniques, and analyzed for variations across hour of sampling using PROC MIXED of SAS with orthogonal contrasts to determine linear and quadratic effects. A total of 658 proteins were characterized across 19 microbial species, with 68 proteins identified from a variety of 15 species affected by time of collection. Translation-related proteins such as 50S and 30S ribosomal protein subunit variants and elongation factors were positively correlated with hour of sampling. Results suggest that as nutrients become more readily available, microbes shift from conversion-focused biosynthetic routes to more encompassing DNA-driven pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory C Honan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sabrina L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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21
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Petri RM, Neubauer V, Humer E, Kröger I, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q. Feed Additives Differentially Impact the Epimural Microbiota and Host Epithelial Gene Expression of the Bovine Rumen Fed Diets Rich in Concentrates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:119. [PMID: 32140139 PMCID: PMC7043141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of nutritional strategies for the prevention of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and the related microbial dysbiosis still remains unpredictable due to the complexity of the rumen ecosystem. The rumen epimural community, due to proximity, has the greatest opportunity to influence host gene expression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two separate feed additives on the rumen epimural community and host epithelial gene expression. Eight rumen cannulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of three feeding groups: autolyzed yeast (AY), phytogenics (PHY) and control (CON) using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Cows were fed an intermittent SARA model that started with 100% forage diet (Baseline) followed by two 65% concentrate-diet induced SARA challenges (SARAI, SARAII), separated by 1 week of forage only feeding. Rumen papillae samples were collected via the cannula during the Baseline, SARAI and SARAII periods. Microbial DNA was extracted and sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and host RNA was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Analysis of the taxonomic composition at the genera level showed a tendency to increase in the relative abundances of Pseudobutyrivibrio (P = 0.06), Selenomonas (P = 0.07) and significantly increase in SHD-231 (P = 0.01) in PHY treated animals, whereas Succiniclasticum tended to decrease in both PHY and AY treated animals compared to the control. Linear discriminant analysis effect size testing was performed and based on treatment × feeding phase interaction, a number of biomarker genera were identified including the previously identified Succiniclasticum. Supplementation with AY correlated positively with CD14 and DRA expression and negatively to CLDN1, MyD88, and MCT4 expression. Supplementation with PHY showed a negative correlation to CLDN4 gene expression. Anaerovibrio showed the highest positive Pearson correlations to biogenic amines tested in the rumen fluid including putrescine (r = 0.67), cadaverine (r = 0.84), and tyramine (r = 0.83). These results show that supplementing feed additives to high grain diets can have a positive influence on the stability of the epimural populations, and that changes in the epimural community are correlated with changes in host epithelial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Maxine Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health - Unit for Food Microbiology, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
| | - Elke Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Kröger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Novak TE, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Starkey JD, Stockler RM, Alfaro GF, Moisá SJ. Jersey steer ruminal papillae histology and nutrigenomics with diet changes. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1694-1707. [PMID: 31483547 PMCID: PMC6899929 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transition from a high forage to a high concentrate diet is an important milestone for beef cattle moving from a stocker system to the feedlot. However, little is known about how this transition affects the rumen epithelial gene expression. This study assessed the effects of the transition from a high forage to a high concentrate diet as well as the transition from a high concentrate to a high forage diet on a variety of genes as well as ruminal papillae morphology in rumen fistulated Jersey steers. Jersey steers (n = 5) were fed either a high forage diet (80% forage and 20% grain) and transitioned to a high concentrate diet (20% forage and 80% grain) or a high concentrate diet (40% forage and 60% grain) and transitioned to a high forage diet (100% forage). Papillae from the rumen were collected for histology and RT‐qPCR analysis. Body weight had a tendency for significant difference (p = .08). Histological analysis did not show changes in papillae length or width in steers transitioning from a high forage to a high concentrate diet or vice versa (p > .05). Genes related to cell membrane structure (CLDN1, CLDN4, DSG1), fatty acid metabolism (CPT1A, ACADSB), glycolysis (PFKL), ketogenesis (HMGCL, HMGCS2, ACAT1), lactate/pyruvate (LDHA), oxidative stress (NQO1), tissue growth (AKT3, EGFR, EREG, IGFBP5, IRS1) and the urea cycle (SLC14A1) were considered in this study. Overall, genes related to fatty acid metabolism (ACADSB) and growth and development (AKT3 and IGFBP5) had a tendency for a treatment × day on trial interaction effect. These profiles may be indicators of rumen epithelial adaptations in response to changes in diet. In conclusion, these results indicate that changes in the composition of the diet can alter the expression of genes with specific functions in rumen epithelial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Novak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Gastón F Alfaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sonia J Moisá
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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23
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Nishihara K, Suzuki Y, Kim D, Roh S. Growth of rumen papillae in weaned calves is associated with lower expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins 2, 3, and 6. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1287-1292. [PMID: 31293026 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the relationship between the growth of rumen papillae in calves and the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the rumen papillae. The length of rumen papillae, the mRNA expression of IGFBPs in rumen papillae by quantitative real-time PCR, and the presence of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and II) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed in nine Holstein calves divided into three groups: suckling (2 weeks, n = 3), milk-continued (8 weeks, n = 3), and weaned (8 weeks, n = 3). The length of rumen papillae was greater (p < 0.01) in weaned calves than in suckling and milk-continued calves, whereas the expressions of IGFBP2, IGFBP3, and IGFBP6 genes were lower (p < 0.05) in the rumen papillae of weaned calves than in milk-continued calves. Thus, rumen papillae length and IGFBP2, 3, and 6 expressions were negatively correlated. The IHC analysis showed that IGF-I and IGF-II were present in the rumen epithelium of calves. These results suggested that the growth of rumen papillae after weaning is associated with the induction of IGFs by the low levels of IGFBP2, IGFBP3, and IGFBP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Nishihara
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Dahye Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan.,Laboratory of Function and Development Science of Livestock Production, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan
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24
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Zhang X, Wu J, Han X, Tan Z, Jiao J. Effects of rumen-protected glucose on ileal microbiota and genes involved in ileal epithelial metabolism and immune homeostasis in transition dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Petri RM, Wetzels SU, Qumar M, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Adaptive responses in short-chain fatty acid absorption, gene expression, and bacterial community of the bovine rumen epithelium recovered from a continuous or transient high-grain feeding. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5361-5378. [PMID: 31005320 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of high-grain diets to dairy cows commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis, characterized by changes in absorption dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) across the reticuloruminal wall, epithelial function, and the epithelial bacteria community structure. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of high-grain feeding persistence on the absorption kinetics of reticuloruminal SCFA, gene expression in the rumen epithelium, and the associated shifts in the epithelial bacteria in cows recovering from either a long-term continuous high-grain feeding model or a long-term transient high-grain feeding model. In a crossover study design, 8 nonlactating Holstein cows were fed 60% concentrate either continuously for 4 wk (continuous) or with a 1-wk break in the second week of the high-grain feeding (transient). After the high-grain feeding, all animals were fed a diet of 100% forage (recovery) for an additional 8 wk. Rumen papilla biopsies and SCFA absorption measurements were taken at the start of the trial (baseline), after the 4-wk high-grain feeding (49 d), after 2-wk recovery forage feeding (63 d), and after 8-wk recovery forage (105 d). Absorption of SCFA was determined in vivo using the washed and isolated reticulorumen technique. Rumen papillae biopsies were used for adherent bacterial DNA and host RNA extraction. The epithelial bacteria were determined using Illumina MiSeq (Microsynth AG, Balgach, Switzerland) sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. No significant effects of the high-grain feeding model were seen for bacterial diversity. However, bacterial diversity increased with time spent in the recovery forage feeding period regardless of feeding model. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria phyla and Acetivibrio spp. increased when animals were fed a transient high-grain feeding model. A trend toward increased CLDN4 expression was observed in the continuous model. Furthermore, there were interactions between feeding model and sampling day for gene targets CD14, DRA, NHE2, NHE3, and MCT2. When comparing length of recovery, in the continuous model increased relative absorption of SCFA was sustained at 63 d but dropped to baseline measurements at 105 d. A similar pattern was found with the transient model but it did not reach significance. The only gene target that was found to significantly correlate to relative absorption of SCFA was DRA (correlation coefficient ≤ -0.41). Whereas, genera Alkalibaculum, Anaerorhabdus, Coprococcus, and Dethiobacter all showed positive correlations to gene targets for pH regulation (NHE2 and NHE3) and SCFA uptake (MCT1) but negative correlations to SCFA absorption. We conclude that while the rumen absorption and epithelial bacteria were able to recover to baseline levels after 8 wk of forage feeding, the time needed for re-establishment of homeostasis in host gene expression is longer, especially when high-grain feeding is interrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - S U Wetzels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Qumar
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Animal Gut Health Research Cluster, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Sun Y, Cheng M, Xu M, Song L, Gao M, Hu H. The effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on rumen epithelium barrier function in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Due to their high energy requirements, high-yielding dairy cows receive high-grain diets. This commonly jeopardises their gastrointestinal health by causing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and hindgut acidosis. These disorders can disrupt nutrient utilisations, impair the functionalities of gastrointestinal microbiota, and reduce the absorptive and barrier capacities of gastrointestinal epithelia. They can also trigger inflammatory responses. The symptoms of SARA are not only due to a depressed rumen pH. Hence, the diagnosis of this disorder based solely on reticulo-rumen pH values is inaccurate. An accurate diagnosis requires a combination of clinical examinations of cows, including blood, milk, urine and faeces parameters, as well as analyses of herd management and feed quality, including the dietary contents of NDF, starch and physical effective NDF. Grain-induced SARA increases acidity and shifts availabilities of substrates for microorganisms in the reticulo-rumen and hindgut and can result in a dysbiotic microbiota that are characterised by low richness, diversity and functionality. Also, amylolytic microorganisms become more dominant at the expense of proteolytic and fibrolytic ones. Opportunistic microorganisms can take advantage of newly available niches, which, combined with reduced functionalities of epithelia, can contribute to an overall reduction in nutrient utilisation and increasing endotoxins and pathogens in digesta and faeces. The reduced barrier function of epithelia increases translocation of these endotoxins and other immunogenic compounds out of the digestive tract, which may be the cause of inflammations. This needs to be confirmed by determining the toxicity of these compounds. Cows differ in their susceptibility to poor gastrointestinal health, due to variations in genetics, feeding history, diet adaptation, gastrointestinal microbiota, metabolic adaptation, stress and infections. These differences may also offer opportunities for the management of gastrointestinal health. Strategies to prevent SARA include balancing the diet for physical effective fibre, non-fibre carbohydrates and starch, managing the different fractions of non-fibre carbohydrates, and consideration of the type and processing of grain and forage digestibility. Gastrointestinal health disorders due to high grain feeding may be attenuated by a variety of feed supplements and additives, including buffers, antibiotics, probiotics/direct fed microbials and yeast products. However, the efficacy of strategies to prevent these disorders must be improved. This requires a better understanding of the mechanisms through which these strategies affect the functionality of gastrointestinal microbiota and epithelia, and the immunity, inflammation and 'gastrointestinal-health robustness' of cows. More representative models to induce SARA are also needed.
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Jing XP, Peng QH, Hu R, Zou HW, Wang HZ, Yu XQ, Zhou JW, Degen A, Wang ZS. Dietary supplements during the cold season increase rumen microbial abundance and improve rumen epithelium development in Tibetan sheep. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:293-305. [PMID: 29385456 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are faced with extreme harsh winters and are often in negative energy balance during this period. Dietary supplementation can improve growth performance of Tibetan sheep and, consequently, we hypothesized that it would also increase microbial abundance and rumen epithelium development. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of feed supplementation during the cold season on rumen microbes, fermentation, epithelium development, and absorptive capability in Tibetan sheep. Eighteen 1-yr-old ewes (BW = 29.4 ± 1.79, kg) were offered oat hay ad libitum for 60 d and divided randomly into three groups: 1) no supplement; control group (CON); 2) urea-molasses lick block supplement (BS); and 3) concentrate feed supplement (CS). The ADG of CS ewes (143.3, g/d) was greater (P < 0.05) than BS ewes (87.9, g/d), which was greater (P < 0.05) than CON ewes (44.5, g/d). Serum concentrations of GH, IGF-1, and IGF-2 in the CS and BS groups were greater than in the CON group (P < 0.05). Greater relative abundance of protozoa, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Streptococcus bovis, and Ruminobacter amylophilus was observed in the CS and BS groups than in the CON group (P < 0.05), and relative abundances of rumen fungi, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Prevotella ruminicola in the CS group were greater than in the BS and CON groups (P < 0.05). Ruminal total VFA, ammonia, and microbial protein concentrations in the CS and BS groups were greater than in the CON group (P < 0.05), and in the CS group were greater than in the BS group (P < 0.05). Ruminal papillae width and surface area in the CS and BS groups were greater than in the CON group (P < 0.05), while in the CS group were greater than in the BS group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of IGFBP5, NHE1 (sodium/hydrogen antiporter, isoform 1), DRA (downregulated in adenoma), and Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium/potassium ATPase pump) in ruminal epithelium were greater in the CS and BS groups than in the CON group (P < 0.05), and in the CS group was greater than in the BS group (P < 0.05), while NHE3 (sodium/hydrogen antiporter, isoform 3), MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1), and MCT4 (monocarboxylate transporter 4) mRNA expressions in the CS group were greater than in the BS and CON groups (P < 0.05). It was concluded that supplementing Tibetan sheep during the cold season increases rumen microbial abundance and improves fermentation parameters, rumen epithelium development, and absorptive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ping Jing
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Quan Hui Peng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Wei Zou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Ze Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Qiang Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Wei Zhou
- Ecology and Agriculture Division, Northwest Institute of Eco-Enviroment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zhi Sheng Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
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Changes in the Rumen Epithelial Microbiota of Cattle and Host Gene Expression in Response to Alterations in Dietary Carbohydrate Composition. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00384-18. [PMID: 29654184 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00384-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of high-quality hay (HQH), in place of concentrates, shifts dietary carbohydrate intake, and the extent to which these shifts effect epimural microbiota and epithelial gene expression of the rumen has not yet been evaluated. Eight ruminally cannulated nonlactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 by 4 Latin square design with four dietary treatments containing HQH, with either 0% concentrate/100% HQH (100HQH), 25% concentrate/75% HQH (75HQH), or 40% concentrate/60% HQH (60HQH). The fourth group (control [CON]) was fed 60% normal fiber-rich hay and 40% concentrate. The data showed that measures of diversity for the rumen epimural population, specifically the Shannon (P = 0.004) and Simpson (P = 0.003) indices, decreased with increasing levels of HQH in the diet. The feeding of HQH shifted the epimural population from predominantly Firmicutes to Proteobacteria Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HQH feeding markedly shifted the abundance of Campylobacter spp. from 7.8 up to 33.5% (P < 0.001), with greater ingestion of protein (r = 0.63) and sugars (r = 0.65) in HQH diet being responsible for this shift. The expression of genes targeting intracellular pH regulation, barrier function, and nutrient uptake of rumen epithelium remained stable regardless of the carbohydrate source. In conclusion, the data suggest strong alterations of the ruminal epimural microbiota in response to changes in the nutritive patterns of the diet. Further research is warranted to evaluate the long-term effects of these significant microbial changes on rumen health and food safety aspects in cattle at a transcriptional level.IMPORTANCE Feeding of forages versus starchy concentrates is a highly debated topic. Hay is believed to be healthier and more ecological sustainable for cattle than are concentrates, although the effects of feeding hay with enhanced sugar and protein content on epimural microbiota and host gene expression have not yet been evaluated. This research provides a report of the role of feeding hay with increased sugar and protein content in place of starchy concentrates in altering epimural microbiota and in generating a host response. Our research shows that the addition of high-quality hay to dairy rations shifted nutrient intake, resulting in strong alterations in the epimural microbiota in cattle. This work provides a background for further long-term research regarding the effects of feeding practices on the host-microbiome interaction and its role in rumen health and food safety in cattle.
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Morphological adaptation of sheep's rumen epithelium to high-grain diet entails alteration in the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:32. [PMID: 29686866 PMCID: PMC5901869 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives of this study were to characterize changes in the relative mRNA expression of candidate genes and proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation and apoptosis in the ruminal epithelium (RE) of sheep during high-grain (HG) diet adaptation. Results Twenty sheep were assigned to four groups with five animals each. These animals were assigned to different periods of HG diet (containing 40% forage and 60% concentrate mix) feeding. The HG groups received an HG diet for 7 (G7, n = 5), 14 (G14, n = 5) and 28 d (G28, n = 5), respectively. In contrast, the control group (CON, n = 5) was fed the forage-based diet for 28 d. The results showed that HG feeding linearly decreased (P < 0.001) the ruminal pH, and increased the concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acid (linear, P = 0.001), butyrate (linear, P < 0.001), valerate (quadratic P = 0.029) and the level of IGF-1 (quadratic, P = 0.043) in plasma. The length (quadratic, P = 0.004), width (cubic, P = 0.015) and surface of the ruminal papillae (linear, P = 0.003) were all enlarged after 14 d of HG diet feeding. HG feeding cubically increased the number of cell layers forming the stratum corneum (SC, P < 0.001) and the thickness of the SC (P < 0.001) and stratum basale (P < 0.001). The proportion of basal layer cells in the RE decreased (linear, P < 0.001) in the G0/G1-phase, but it increased linearly (P = 0.006) in the S-phase and cubically (P = 0.004) in the G2/M-phases. The proportion of apoptosis cells in G7, G14 and G28 was reduced compared to the CON (quadratic, P < 0.001). HG diet feeding linearly decreased the mRNA expression of Cyclin E1 (P = 0.021) and CDK-2 (P = 0.001) and (P = 0.027) the protein expression of Cyclin E1. Feeding an HG diet linearly increased the mRNA expression of genes IGFBP-2 (P = 0.034) and IGFBP 5 (P < 0.009), while linearly decreasing (P < 0.001) the IGFBP 3 expression. The expression of cell apoptosis gene Caspase 8 decreased (quadratic, P = 0.012), while Bad mRNA expression tended to decrease (cubic, P = 0.053) after HG feeding. Conclusions These results demonstrated sequential changes in rumen papillae size, cell cycle regulation and the genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis as time elapsed in feeding a high-grain diet to sheep. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0247-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Rackwitz R, Gäbel G. Permeation of acetate across sheep ruminal epithelium is partly mediated by an anion channel. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Górka P, Kowalski ZM, Zabielski R, Guilloteau P. Invited review: Use of butyrate to promote gastrointestinal tract development in calves. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525310 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of microbial butyrate production in the reticulorumen is a widely used method for enhancing forestomach development in calves. Additional acceleration of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, both the forestomach and lower parts of the GIT (e.g., abomasum, intestine, and also pancreas), can be obtained by dietary butyrate supplementation. For this purpose, different sources (e.g., butyrate salts or butyrins), forms (e.g., protected or unprotected), methods (e.g., in liquid feed or solid feed), and periods (e.g., before or after weaning) of butyrate administration can be used. The aim of this paper was to summarize the knowledge in the field of butyrate supplementation in feeds for newborn calves in practical situations, and to suggest directions of future studies. It has been repeatedly shown that supplementation of unprotected salts of butyrate (primarily sodium salt) in milk replacer (MR) stimulates the rumen, small intestine, and pancreas development in calves, with a supplementation level equating to 0.3% of dry matter being sufficient to exert the desired effect on both GIT development and growth performance. On the other hand, the effect of unprotected butyrins and protected forms of butyrate supplementation in MR has not been extensively investigated, and few studies have documented the effect of butyrate addition into whole milk (WM), with those available focusing mainly on the growth performance of animals. Protected butyrate supplementation at a low level (0.3% of protected product in DM) in solid feed was shown to have a potential to enhance GIT development and performance of calves fed MR during the preweaning period. Justification of this form of butyrate supplementation in solid feed when calves are fed WM or after weaning needs to be documented. After weaning, inclusion of unprotected butyrate salts in solid feed was shown to increase solid feed intake, but the effect on GIT development and function has not been determined in detail, and optimal levels of supplementation are also difficult to recommend based on available reports. Future studies should focus on comparing different sources (e.g., salts vs. esters), forms (e.g., protected vs. unprotected), and doses of supplemental butyrate in liquid feeds and solid feeds and their effect not only on the development of rumen, abomasum, and small intestine but also the omasum and large intestine. Furthermore, the most effective source, form, and dose of supplemental butyrate in solid feed depending on the liquid feed program (e.g., MR or WM), stage of rearing (e.g., pre- or postweaning), and solid composition (e.g., lack or presence of forage in the diet) need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Z M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - R Zabielski
- Veterinary Research Center, Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 100, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Guilloteau
- INRA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Rennes, Université Bretagne Loire, Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer, Rennes, 35000, France
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Garcia Diaz T, Ferriani Branco A, Jacovaci FA, Cabreira Jobim C, Bolson DC, Pratti Daniel JL. Inclusion of live yeast and mannan-oligosaccharides in high grain-based diets for sheep: Ruminal parameters, inflammatory response and rumen morphology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193313. [PMID: 29466450 PMCID: PMC5821403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mannan-oligosaccharides and the combination of these additives on the inflammatory response, ruminal parameters and rumen morphology of sheep fed a high grain-based diet. Thirty-Two Dorper x Santa Ines crossbred lambs with an average weight of 24±2 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The animals were housed in individual stalls and fed ad libitum. Diet treatments were: Control (without additive); LY (2 g/kg DM of live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), MOS (2 g/kg DM of mannan-oligosaccharides) and LY+MOS (2 g/kg DM of LY + 2 g/kg DM of MOS). The experiment lasted 42 days. The supplementation with MOS alone and the additives combination resulted in increased ruminal pH (P<0.01), while the total concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the rumen were higher (P<0.05) only in the diets with LY and MOS. Ammonia (NH3) concentration in the rumen decreased (P<0.04) with the additives usage. Diets with LY, MOS and with additives combination reduced (P<0.01) the levels of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the plasma with values of 0.46; 0.44 and 0.04 EU/mL, respectively when compared to the control (0.93 EU/mL). MOS and LY+MOS treatments had reduced stratum corneum thickness (P<0.01) in comparison to the control treatment. The total thickness of ruminal epithelium was lower with the addition of MOS in the diet (P<0.03) than with LY additive. The incidence and severity of hepatic abscesses in animals whose diet was supplemented with LY and LY+MOS was lower (P<0.05) than in animals fed the control diet. The use of LY, MOS and LY+MOS in the high-concentrate diets for sheep reduced NH3 concentrations and LPS translocation into the bloodstream. Diets containing MOS and LY+MOS enhanced the health of the ruminal epithelium by reducing the thickness of the stratum corneum, and diets containing LY and LY+MOS decreased the incidence and severity of hepatic abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Garcia Diaz
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio Ferriani Branco
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Alberto Jacovaci
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Clóves Cabreira Jobim
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Dheyme Cristina Bolson
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Pratti Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá; Av. Colombo, Bloco J45, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Zhao K, Chen YH, Penner GB, Oba M, Guan LL. Transcriptome analysis of ruminal epithelia revealed potential regulatory mechanisms involved in host adaptation to gradual high fermentable dietary transition in beef cattle. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:976. [PMID: 29258446 PMCID: PMC5735905 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transition from a high forage to a highly fermentable diet can induce digestive disorders in the rumen. To date, the host mechanisms that regulate the adaption to such dietary transition are largely unknown. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in such phenomena, RNA-sequencing was performed to identify the changes in the transcriptome of ruminal epithelia during gradual transition from a diet containing 0% to 89% grain. Results In total, the expression of 11,044, 11,322 and 11,282 genes were detected in ruminal epithelia of beef heifers (n = 15) fed 0%, 72% and 89% barley grain diet, respectively. The transcriptome profiles of rumen epithelia differed between low grain diet (LGD) (0% grain) and high grain diet (HGD) (72% and 89%), and HGD tended to reduce the expression of genes involved in epithelial catalytic and binding activities. When diet was changed from 72% to 89% grain, the mean ruminal pH change was significantly different among individual heifers with five of them decreased (down group (DG); from 6.30±0.09 to 5.87±0.15, P < 0.01) and five of them increased (up group (UG); from 5.84±0.42 to 6.35±0.37, P < 0.05). The functional analysis of differentially expressed (DE) genes revealed inhibited “Immune response of leukocytes”, “Attraction of phagocytes”, and “Cell movement of leukocytes” (P < 0.05) functions (Z-score = −2.2, −2.2 and −2.0, respectively) in DG, and inhibited “Concentration of lipid” and “Proliferation of epithelial cells” functions in UG (Z-score = −2.0, and −1.8, respectively). In addition, the expression of genes involved in ketogenesis (HMGCL) and lipid synthesis (SREBF2, FABP4) was increased in DG, while the expression of ketogenesis (ACAT2, HMGCS) and cholesterol synthesis related genes (HMGC and FDPS) were deceased in UG. Furthermore, the upstream regulators were found to be involved in the regulation of immune response and cell cycle progress, and SNP (g.46834311A > G) in FABP4 was identified between two groups of animals (P < 0.1). Conclusion The identified genes, upstream regulators, and SNP could be potential genetic markers that may account for the varied individual ruminal pH responses to the dietary transition stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4317-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, 416 F Agr/For, Edmonton, AB, T6G2P5, Canada.,College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Y H Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, 416 F Agr/For, Edmonton, AB, T6G2P5, Canada
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N5A8, Canada
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, 416 F Agr/For, Edmonton, AB, T6G2P5, Canada
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, 416 F Agr/For, Edmonton, AB, T6G2P5, Canada.
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Arroyo J, Hosseini A, Zhou Z, Alharthi A, Trevisi E, Osorio J, Loor J. Reticulo-rumen mass, epithelium gene expression, and systemic biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in Holstein dairy cows fed a high-energy diet. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9352-9360. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dieho K, van Baal J, Kruijt L, Bannink A, Schonewille J, Carreño D, Hendriks W, Dijkstra J. Effect of supplemental concentrate during the dry period or early lactation on rumen epithelium gene and protein expression in dairy cattle during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7227-7245. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Deelen S, Leslie K, Steele M, Eckert E, Brown H, DeVries T. Validation of a calf-side β-hydroxybutyrate test and its utility for estimation of starter intake in dairy calves around weaning. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7624-7633. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dieho K, Dijkstra J, Schonewille J, Bannink A. Changes in ruminal volatile fatty acid production and absorption rate during the dry period and early lactation as affected by rate of increase of concentrate allowance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5370-5384. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Steele MA, Penner GB, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Guan LL. Development and physiology of the rumen and the lower gut: Targets for improving gut health. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4955-4966. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McCann JC, Luan S, Cardoso FC, Derakhshani H, Khafipour E, Loor JJ. Induction of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Affects the Ruminal Microbiome and Epithelium. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:701. [PMID: 27242724 PMCID: PMC4870271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) negatively impacts the dairy industry by decreasing dry matter intake, milk production, profitability, and increasing culling rate and death loss. Six ruminally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated incomplete Latin square design to determine the effects of SARA induction on the ruminal microbiome and epithelium. Experimental periods were 10 days with days 1-3 for ad libitum intake of control diet, followed by 50% feed restriction on day 4, and ad libitum access on day 5 to the basal diet or the basal diet with an additional 10% of a 50:50 wheat/barley pellet. Based on subsequent ruminal pH, cows were grouped (SARA grouping; SG) as Non-SARA or SARA based on time <5.6 pH (0 and 3.4 h, respectively). Ruminal samples were collected on days 1 and 6 of each period prior to feeding and separated into liquid and solid fractions. Microbial DNA was extracted for bacterial analysis using 16S rRNA gene paired-end sequencing on the MiSeq Illumina platform and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ruminal epithelium biopsies were taken on days 1 and 6 before feeding. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine gene expression in rumen epithelium. Bray-Curtis similarity indicated samples within the liquid fraction separated by day and coincided with an increased relative abundance of genera Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus on day 6 (P < 0.06). Although Firmicutes was the predominant phyla in the solid fraction, a SG × day interaction (P < 0.01) indicated a decrease on day 6 for SARA cows. In contrast, phylum Bacteroidetes increased on day 6 (P < 0.01) for SARA cows driven by greater genera Prevotella and YRC22 (P < 0.01). Streptococcus bovis and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens populations tended to increase on day 6 but were not affected by SG. In ruminal epithelium, CLDN1 and CLDN4 expression increased on day 6 (P < 0.03) 24 h after SARA induction and a tendency for a SG × day interaction (P < 0.10) was observed for CLDN4. Overall, results indicate more rapid adaptation to an induced bout of SARA in the solid fraction ruminal microbiome compared with ruminal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. McCann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Shaoyu Luan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Felipe C. Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, USA
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Xiang R, Oddy VH, Archibald AL, Vercoe PE, Dalrymple BP. Epithelial, metabolic and innate immunity transcriptomic signatures differentiating the rumen from other sheep and mammalian gastrointestinal tract tissues. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1762. [PMID: 26989612 PMCID: PMC4793311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Ruminants are successful herbivorous mammals, in part due to their specialized forestomachs, the rumen complex, which facilitates the conversion of feed to soluble nutrients by micro-organisms. Is the rumen complex a modified stomach expressing new epithelial (cornification) and metabolic programs, or a specialised stratified epithelium that has acquired new metabolic activities, potentially similar to those of the colon? How has the presence of the rumen affected other sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants compared to non-ruminants? Methods. Transcriptome data from 11 tissues covering the sheep GIT, two stratified epithelial and two control tissues, was analysed using principal components to cluster tissues based on gene expression profile similarity. Expression profiles of genes along the sheep GIT were used to generate a network to identify genes enriched for expression in different compartments of the GIT. The data from sheep was compared to similar data sets from two non-ruminants, pigs (closely related) and humans (more distantly related). Results. The rumen transcriptome clustered with the skin and tonsil, but not the GIT transcriptomes, driven by genes from the epidermal differentiation complex, and genes encoding stratified epithelium keratins and innate immunity proteins. By analysing all of the gene expression profiles across tissues together 16 major clusters were identified. The strongest of these, and consistent with the high turnover rate of the GIT, showed a marked enrichment of cell cycle process genes (P = 1.4 E-46), across the whole GIT, relative to liver and muscle, with highest expression in the caecum followed by colon and rumen. The expression patterns of several membrane transporters (chloride, zinc, nucleosides, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol and bile acids) along the GIT was very similar in sheep, pig and humans. In contrast, short chain fatty acid uptake and metabolism appeared to be different between the species and different between the rumen and colon in sheep. The importance of nitrogen and iodine recycling in sheep was highlighted by the highly preferential expression of SLC14A1-urea (rumen), RHBG-ammonia (intestines) and SLC5A5-iodine (abomasum). The gene encoding a poorly characterized member of the maltase-glucoamylase family (MGAM2), predicted to play a role in the degradation of starch or glycogen, was highly expressed in the small and large intestines. Discussion. The rumen appears to be a specialised stratified cornified epithelium, probably derived from the oesophagus, which has gained some liver-like and other specialized metabolic functions, but probably not by expression of pre-existing colon metabolic programs. Changes in gene transcription downstream of the rumen also appear have occurred as a consequence of the evolution of the rumen and its effect on nutrient composition flowing down the GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Hutton Oddy
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Beef Industry Centre, University of New England , Armidale, NSW , Australia
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush , UK
| | - Phillip E Vercoe
- School of Animal Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
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Schären M, Seyfang GM, Steingass H, Dieho K, Dijkstra J, Hüther L, Frahm J, Beineke A, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Breves G, Dänicke S. The effects of a ration change from a total mixed ration to pasture on rumen fermentation, volatile fatty acid absorption characteristics, and morphology of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3549-3565. [PMID: 26898273 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the change from a concentrate and silage-based ration (total mixed ration, TMR) to a pasture-based ration, a 10-wk trial (wk 1-10) was performed, including 10 rumen- and duodenum-fistulated German Holstein dairy cows (182±24 d in milk, 23.5±3.5kg of milk/d; mean ± standard deviation). The cows were divided in either a pasture group (PG, n=5) or a confinement group (CG, n=5). The CG stayed on a TMR-based ration (35% corn silage, 35% grass silage, 30% concentrate; dry matter basis), whereas the PG was gradually transitioned from a TMR to a pasture-based ration (wk 1: TMR only; wk 2: 3 h/d on pasture wk 3 and 4: 12 h/d on pasture wk 5-10: pasture only). Ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH3-N, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations were measured in rumen fluid samples collected medially and ventrally on a weekly basis. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded during 1 to 4 consecutive days each week using ruminal pH measuring devices. In wk 1, 5, and 10, rumen contents were evacuated and weighed, papillae were collected from 3 locations in the rumen, and subsequently a VFA absorption test was performed. In the PG, mean rumen pH and molar acetate proportions decreased, and molar butyrate proportions increased continuously over the course of the trial, which can most likely be ascribed to an increased intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. During the first weeks on a full grazing ration (wk 5-7), variation of rumen pH decreased, and in wk 5 a lower rumen content, papillae surface area, and potential for VFA absorption were observed. In wk 8 to 10, variation of rumen pH and total VFA concentrations increased again, and acetate/propionate ratio decreased. In wk-10 rumen content, papillae area and VFA absorption characteristics similar to initial levels were observed. Although continuous rumen pH assessments and LPS concentrations did not reveal an increased risk for subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) during the adaption period, histopathology of rumen papillae and potential for VFA absorption indicated a possible risk for rumen health. An increased risk for SARA was observed in wk 9 and 10 in the PG, but rumen LPS concentrations and histopathology were not adversely affected. Results of the present study suggest that after behavioral and metabolic adaptation to the transition from a TMR to a pasture-based ration, no adverse effects on rumen morphology and absorption capacity occurred, although rumen pH after adaptation to pasture indicated increased risk of SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schären
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - G M Seyfang
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Steingass
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Dieho
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - J Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Beineke
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - D von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany.
| | - G Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
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McRae KM, Schultz M, Mackintosh CG, Shackell GH, Martinez MF, Knowler KJ, Williams M, Ho C, Elmes SN, McEwan JC. Ovine rumen papillae biopsy via oral endoscopy; a rapid and repeatable method for serial sampling. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:174-8. [PMID: 26642120 PMCID: PMC4867882 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS: To explore and validate the utility of rumen endoscopy for collection of rumen papillae for gene expression measurement. METHODS: Four adult Coopworth ewes were fasted for either 4 or 24 hours. Animals were sedated, placed in a dorsally recumbent position at 45 degrees with the head upright, and an endoscope inserted via a tube inserted into the mouth. Biopsies of rumen papillae were taken from the ventral surface of the rumen atrium under visual guidance. Two biopsies were collected from one of the animals that had been fasted for 4 hours, and three from one of the animals that had been fasted for 24 hours. Video of the rumen atrium and reticulum was also collected. The animals recovered uneventfully. Biopsies were subsequently used for extraction and sequencing of mRNA. RESULTS: The ventral surface of the rumen atrium was accessible after 4 hours off pasture, but a larger region was accessible after 24 hours of fasting. Sedation allowed access for endoscope use for around 5 to 10 minutes after which increased saliva flow was noted. Rumen papillae biopsies were easily collected, with samples from a variety of sites collected in the ∼10 minute time window. High quality RNA was obtained for stranded mRNA sequencing. Of the resulting reads, 69–70% mapped uniquely to version 3.1 of the ovine genome, and 48–49% to a known gene. The rumen mRNA profiles were consistent with a previously reported study. CONCLUSIONS: This method for obtaining rumenal tissue was found to be rapid and resulted in no apparent short or long term effects on the animal. High quality RNA was successfully extracted and amplified from the rumen papillae biopsies, indicating that this technique could be used for future gene expression studies. The use of rumen endoscopy could be extended to collection of a variety of rumen and reticulum anatomical measurements and deposition and retrieval of small sensors from the rumen. Rumen endoscopy offers an attractive and cost effective approach to repeated rumen biopsies compared with serial slaughter or use of cannulated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M McRae
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - M Schultz
- b Dunedin School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin , 9054 , New Zealand
| | - C G Mackintosh
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - G H Shackell
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - M F Martinez
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - K J Knowler
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - M Williams
- b Dunedin School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin , 9054 , New Zealand
| | - C Ho
- b Dunedin School of Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Otago , PO Box 56, Dunedin , 9054 , New Zealand
| | - S N Elmes
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
| | - J C McEwan
- a AgResearch , Invermay Agricultural Centre , Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel , 9053 , New Zealand
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AlZahal O, Dionissopoulos L, Laarman A, Walker N, McBride B. Active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae can alleviate the effect of subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7751-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schurmann BL, Walpole ME, Górka P, Ching JCH, Loewen ME, Penner GB. Short-term adaptation of the ruminal epithelium involves abrupt changes in sodium and short-chain fatty acid transport. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R802-16. [PMID: 25080498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of an increase in diet fermentability on 1) the rate and extent to which short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption pathways adapt relative to changes in Na(+) transport, 2) the epithelial surface area (SA), and 3) the barrier function of the bovine ruminal epithelium. Twenty-five Holstein steer calves were assigned to either the control diet (CON; 91.5% hay and 8.5% supplement) or a moderately fermentable diet (50% hay; 41.5% barley grain (G), and 8.5% supplement) fed for 3 (G3), 7 (G7), 14 (G14), or 21 days (G21). All calves were fed at 2.25% body weight at 0800. Calves were killed (at 1000), and ruminal tissue was collected to determine the rate and pathway of SCFA transport, Na(+) transport and barrier function in Ussing chambers. Tissue was also collected for SA measurement and gene expression. Mean reticular pH decreased from 6.90 for CON to 6.59 for G7 and then increased (quadratic P < 0.001). While effective SA of the ruminal epithelium was not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary treatment, the net Na(+) flux increased by 125% within 7 days (quadratic P = 0.016). Total acetate and butyrate flux increased from CON to G21, where passive diffusion was the primary SCFA absorption pathway affected. Increased mannitol flux, tissue conductance, and tendencies for increased expression of IL-1β and TLR2 indicated reduced rumen epithelium barrier function. This study indicates that an increase in diet fermentability acutely increases Na(+) and SCFA absorption in the absence of increased SA, but reduces barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney L Schurmann
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew E Walpole
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pawel Górka
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - John C H Ching
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Dengler F, Rackwitz R, Benesch F, Pfannkuche H, Gäbel G. Both butyrate incubation and hypoxia upregulate genes involved in the ruminal transport of SCFA and their metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:379-90. [PMID: 24804847 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrate modulates the differentiation, proliferation and gene expression profiles of various cell types. Ruminal epithelium is exposed to a high intraluminal concentration and inflow of n-butyrate. We aimed to investigate the influence of n-butyrate on the mRNA expression of proteins involved in the transmembranal transfer of n-butyrate metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in ruminal epithelium. N-butyrate-induced changes were compared with the effects of hypoxia because metabolite accumulation after O2 depletion is at least partly comparable to the accumulation of metabolites after n-butyrate exposure. Furthermore, in various tissues, O2 depletion modulates the expression of transport proteins that are also involved in the extrusion of metabolites derived from n-butyrate breakdown in ruminal epithelium. Sheep ruminal epithelia mounted in Ussing chambers were exposed to 50 mM n-butyrate or incubated under hypoxic conditions for 6 h. Electrophysiological measurements showed hypoxia-induced damage in the epithelia. The mRNA expression levels of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4, anion exchanger (AE) 2, downregulated in adenoma (DRA), putative anion transporter (PAT) 1 and glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 were assessed by RT-qPCR. We also examined the mRNA expression of nuclear factor (NF) κB, cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) to elucidate the possible signalling pathways involved in the modulation of gene expression. The mRNA expression levels of MCT 1, MCT 4, GLUT 1, HIF 1α and COX 2 were upregulated after both n-butyrate exposure and hypoxia. ACO and PAT 1 were upregulated only after n-butyrate incubation. Upregulation of both MCT isoforms and NFκB after n-butyrate incubation could be detected on protein level as well. Our study suggests key roles for MCT 1 and 4 in the adaptation to an increased intracellular load of metabolites, whereas an involvement of PAT 1 in the transport of n-butyrate also seems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dengler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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47
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Hollmann M, Sabitzer S, Podstatzky-Lichtenstein L, Klein D, Zebeli Q. Epithelial response to high-grain diets involves alteration in nutrient transporters and Na+/K+-ATPase mRNA expression in rumen and colon of goats1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4256-66. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. U. Metzler-Zebeli
- Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Hollmann
- Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S. Sabitzer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - D. Klein
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Q. Zebeli
- Research Cluster Animal Gut Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Steele MA, Greenwood SL, Croom J, McBride BW. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Steele, M. A., Greenwood, S. L., Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. 2012. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 123–130. This study investigated the effect of a grain challenge on the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. In a randomized design, lambs (n = 8) received either a control diet [30% dry matter (DM) grain], or a diet of increasing amounts of grain to a maximum inclusion of 79% of DM for 12 d prior to slaughter. Rumen papillae were collected from the ventral sac on day 13 and prepared for histological and gene expression analyses. All lambs fed the high-grain diet were diagnosed with ruminal parakeratosis as the thickness of the corneum was higher (P<0.01) compared with control lambs (51.0±2.3 vs. 17.3±2.5 µm). Plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations increased linearly (P<0.05) with increased grain consumption compared with the control. However, the relative mRNA expression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA-synthase (HMGCS2) in rumen papillae was not different between treatments. The expression of cholesterolgenic enzyme HMGCS1 was down-regulated by 0.70±0.06 (P<0.05) fold in lambs fed the high-grain diet compared with the control. These results suggest that a short-term grain challenge in lambs is associated with altered rumen epithelium metabolism and structural changes indicative of ruminal parakeratosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Steele
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S. L. Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - J. Croom
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - B. W. McBride
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Baldwin RL, Wu S, Li W, Li C, Bequette BJ, Li RW. Quantification of Transcriptome Responses of the Rumen Epithelium to Butyrate Infusion using RNA-seq Technology. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:67-80. [PMID: 22654504 PMCID: PMC3362330 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, produced by gut microorganisms, play a critical role in energy metabolism and physiology of ruminants as well as in human health. In this study, the temporal effect of elevated butyrate concentrations on the transcriptome of the rumen epithelium was quantified via serial biopsy sampling using RNA-seq technology. The mean number of genes transcribed in the rumen epithelial transcriptome was 17,323.63 ± 277.20 (±SD; N = 24) while the core transcriptome consisted of 15,025 genes. Collectively, 80 genes were identified as being significantly impacted by butyrate infusion across all time points sampled. Maximal transcriptional effect of butyrate on the rumen epithelium was observed at the 72-h infusion when the abundance of 58 genes was altered. The initial reaction of the rumen epithelium to elevated exogenous butyrate may represent a stress response as Gene Ontology (GO) terms identified were predominantly related to responses to bacteria and biotic stimuli. An algorithm for the reconstruction of accurate cellular networks (ARACNE) inferred regulatory gene networks with 113,738 direct interactions in the butyrate-epithelium interactome using a combined cutoff of an error tolerance (ɛ = 0.10) and a stringent P-value threshold of mutual information (5.0 × 10−11). Several regulatory networks were controlled by transcription factors, such as CREBBP and TTF2, which were regulated by butyrate. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of butyrate transport and metabolism in the rumen epithelium, which will guide our future efforts in exploiting potential beneficial effect of butyrate in animal well-being and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransom L Baldwin
- USDA-ARS, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
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