1
|
Dhayal SK, Lund M, van den Brink J, Medjahdi G, Celzard A, Fierro V, Gardiennet C, Pasc A, Canilho N. Enhancing the activity of biocatalysts supported on calcium phosphate by inducing mesoporosity with phosphopeptides. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
2
|
Are Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula a Hazard for Infants? A Genomic Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223556. [PMID: 36429148 PMCID: PMC9689349 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdered infant formulas (PIF) are the most used dietary substitutes that are used in order to supplement breastfeeding. However, PIF are not sterile and can be contaminated with different microorganisms. The objective of this study was to genomically characterize Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and Enterococcus strains that were isolated from PIF. Strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genomic typing, detection of virulence, and resistance profiles and genes were performed with the Ridom SeqSphere+ software; the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) platform; ResFinder and PlasmidFinder tools; and by the disk diffusion method. Nineteen isolates from PIF were analyzed, including ENT such as Kosakonia cowanii, Enterobacter hormaechei, Franconibacter helveticus, Mixta calida, and lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium. The strains exhibited resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Resistance genes such as AcrAB-TolC, marA, msbA, knpEF, oqxAB, fosA, blaACT-7, blaACT-14,qacJ, oqxAB,aac(6')-Ii, and msr(C); and virulence genes such as astA, cheB, cheR, ompA ompX, terC, ironA, acm, and efaAfm, adem were also detected. All the analyzed strains possessed genes that produced heat-shock proteins, such as IbpA and ClpL. In PIF, the presence of ENT and Enterococcus that are multiresistant to antibiotics-together with resistance and virulence genes-pose a health risk for infants consuming these food products.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kamboj ML, Kumar C, Mahla V. Development of a welfare assessment protocol and assessment of dairy cattle welfare in Haryana and Punjab states of Northern India. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.4.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an on-farm dairy cattle welfare assessment protocol at different-sized farms in two major commercial dairy farming states in India. For developing the protocol, the basic 'Integrative Diagnostic System Welfare' (IDSW) framework was modified to include
three welfare components (animal housing and other facilities; feeds and feeding practices; and animal health, performance and behaviour) and 20 welfare indicators (ten resource- and ten animal-based). Each indicator was weighed on a value scale with an aggregate welfare score of 100. The
protocol was tested for feasibility, validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha and Guttman split-half coefficient. Using this protocol, welfare was assessed on 60 commercial farms in Punjab and 50 in Haryana, divided into three adult herd sizes: small (S < 20), medium (M = 21–50)
and large (L > 50). Welfare scores in L (76.60 [± 1.70]) and M (68.40 [± 2.27]) sized herds in Punjab were higher than in S herds (60.80 [± 2.77]). In Haryana these were higher in L (68.1 [± 1.18]) than in S (60.50 [± 2.74]) and M (59.35 [± 2.17])
sized herds. The aggregate average welfare score was higher in Punjab (68.60 [± 1.49]) than in Haryana (62.65 [± 2.02]). Welfare at more than 75% of the farms in Punjab and more than 50% of those in Haryana was judged as 'acceptable.' Six welfare indicators in Punjab
and eight in Haryana were most compromised. Four indicators (microclimate protection measures, availability of milking parlour, cow cleanliness and reproductive efficiency) were the most compromised indicators in both states. To improve dairy cattle welfare in these states we recommend an
emphasis on improving housing and feeding conditions, especially at small and medium farms, along with heat stress amelioration measures and improving hygiene and reproductive efficiency at all farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ML Kamboj
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - C Kumar
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - V Mahla
- Livestock Production Management Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pirokad W, Yadmak C, Yama P, Jitjumnong J, U-krit W, Chaikol W, Sangkate M, Promsao N, Montha N, Sudwan P, Mektrirat R, Panatuk J, Intawicha P, Lumsangkul C, Tang PC, Moonmanee T. Increased luteal tissues after secondary corpus luteum formation leads to enhanced progesterone concentrations and improved fertility in repeat-breeder dairy cows during heat stress condition in tropical climate. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:308. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123040. [PMID: 34945590 PMCID: PMC8700846 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was investigated in baby foods containing milk. The classical culture method was used for microbiological analysis. Consequently, at least one mycotoxin was detected in 69.41% of the total samples. The most frequently detected mycotoxins were STE (34.12%) and HT-2 (34.12%). However, AFM1 was not detected in any of the baby foods containing milk. Also, TAMB and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 30.59% and 10.59% of samples, respectively. As a result, it was determined that the mycotoxin levels in the analyzed samples were in accordance with the mycotoxin levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex.
Collapse
|
6
|
Parra-Flores J, Maury-Sintjago E, Rodriguez-Fernández A, Acuña S, Cerda F, Aguirre J, Holy O. Microbiological Quality of Powdered Infant Formula in Latin America. J Food Prot 2020; 83:534-541. [PMID: 32078682 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cronobacter is a bacterial genus that includes seven species, and the species Cronobacter sakazakii is most related to meningitis and septicemia in infants associated with powdered infant formula (PIF). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of C. sakazakii and to determine the microbiological quality of PIF for infant consumption. To do this, a total of 128 PIF samples were analyzed in four brands and countries (Chile, Mexico, Holland, and Brazil), considering three types of PIF: premature (PIF1), infant (PIF2), and follow-up (PIF3). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) were assessed in accordance with Chilean official standards. The outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene was amplified to detect Cronobacter spp. and the fusA gene was amplified to identify C. sakazakii by using the PubMLST Web site and BLAST (NCBI). The antibiotic resistance profile was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The pathogen was quantified by the most probable number (MPN). The results showed that APC median values for PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 3.2, 4.9, and 4.8 log CFU g-1, respectively. The APC were higher in PIF2 (P < 0.01) from Holland (P < 0.01) in the commercial brand 4 (P < 0.01). The ENT median values in PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 1.8, 1.5, and 1.7 log CFU g-1, respectively. Five strains of C. sakazakii and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus were identified as having values between 0.023 and 2.3 MPN/g. All strains (100%) harbored the ompA, plasminogen activator (cpa), and hemolysin (hly) virulence genes. To conclude, C. sakazakii was found in four PIF samples from four Chilean products and one from Mexico, which is distributed throughout America. C. sakazakii strains exhibit virulence factors and resistance to ampicillin, thus posing a risk when PIFs are consumed by infants. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eduard Maury-Sintjago
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sergio Acuña
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, 8820000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ondrej Holy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Theurich MA, Humphreys AL, Gosselin LB, McCool-Myers ME. Food safety considerations for commercial complementary foods from global operational guidance on infant and young child feeding in emergencies. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:350-362. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Theurich
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, LMU—Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Megan E McCool-Myers
- Division of Family Planning, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chondrou P, Karapetsas A, Kiousi DE, Tsela D, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Anestopoulos I, Kotsianidis I, Bezirtzoglou E, Pappa A, Galanis A. Lactobacillus paracasei K5 displays adhesion, anti-proliferative activity and apoptotic effects in human colon cancer cells. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:975-983. [PMID: 30353740 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei K5 is a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain, isolated recently from feta-type cheese. Its probiotic potential has been demonstrated in a series of established in vitro tests. Moreover, incorporation of L. paracasei K5 as starter culture offered organoleptic and technological advantages to novel fermented food products. In the present study, further investigation of the potential probiotic activity of L. paracasei K5 was performed and its mechanisms of action were investigated. Employing quantitative analysis and confocal, fluorescent microscopy the adhesion properties of the above strain were studied. L. paracasei K5 displayed efficient adherence capacity to Caco-2 colon cancer cells, similarly to the reference strains Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Moreover, treatment of Caco-2 cells with L. paracasei K5 inhibited cell proliferation in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The anti-proliferative effects appear to be mediated through induction of apoptosis via modulation of expression of specific Bcl-2 family proteins. These results elucidate the mechanisms of action of L. paracasei K5 and enhance its potential probiotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Chondrou
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - A Karapetsas
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - D E Kiousi
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - D Tsela
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - A Tiptiri-Kourpeti
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - I Anestopoulos
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - I Kotsianidis
- 2 Department of Hematology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - E Bezirtzoglou
- 3 Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece
| | - A Pappa
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - A Galanis
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El‐Zamkan MA, Mohamed HM. Molecular detection ofEnterobacterspp. and other related species in powdered milk infant formula and milk powder. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. El‐Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and ControlFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - Hams M.A. Mohamed
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parra-Flores J, Cerda-Leal F, Contreras A, Valenzuela-Riffo N, Rodríguez A, Aguirre J. Cronobacter sakazakii and Microbiological Parameters in Dairy Formulas Associated With a Food Alert in Chile. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1708. [PMID: 30108565 PMCID: PMC6079297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii and microbiological parameters in dairy products associated with a food alert. Ninety dairy product samples were analyzed, including seven commercial brands and two product types (liquid and powdered) from four countries. Aerobic plate count (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae count were performed according to Chilean standards. Cronobacter spp. and C. sakazakii were identified by polymerase chain reaction real time amplification of rpoB and cgcA genes and the genotype by multilocus sequence typing. Eighty-eight percent of dairy products showed APC higher than the detection limit. Fifty percent of liquid commercial brand samples contained APC: 2.6, 2.3, 1.1, and 2.9 CFU/mL in brands A, C, E, and G, respectively. Results for powdered commercial brands were 3.0, 3.6, and 5.7 CFU/g in brands B, D, and F, respectively. Maximum count (5.7 CFU/g) occurred in brand F dairy product manufactured in Chile. Enterobacteriaceae were found in 55% of the samples, 64% in liquid and 51% in powdered commercial brands. In 50% of brands B, D, and E, samples contained 2.9, 2.8, and 2.7 log CFU/g, respectively. Only liquid commercial brands from the United States had Enterobacteriaceae values between 0.1 and 4.5 CFU/mL. Seventeen suspicious strains were isolated and nine were identified as Enterobacter spp. Only eight suspicious strains from four powdered commercial brands (Chile and Singapore) were confirmed as C. sakazakii by rpoB and cgcA gene amplification and fusA sequencing. C. sakazakii prevalence in the analyzed samples was 8.8%. There were 11% of powdered milk brands that contained APC between 4.0 and 4.7 log CFU/g and 55% of the samples contained Enterobacteriaceae. C. sakazakii was found in dairy products manufactured in Chile and Singapore. On the basis of this information, the Chilean Ministry of Health (RSA) decreed a national and international food alert and recalled all the product batches that resulted positive in the present study from supermarkets and pharmacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda-Leal
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Contreras
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Nicole Valenzuela-Riffo
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Food Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morrell JM, Valeanu AS, Lundeheim N, Johannisson A. Sperm quality in frozen beef and dairy bull semen. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:41. [PMID: 29973236 PMCID: PMC6031104 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is speculation that beef bull semen quality is inferior to that of dairy bulls although few scientific studies are available in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate sperm quality in beef bull semen and to determine which parameters could be indicative of fertility after insemination. Sperm quality, assessed by computer assisted sperm motility analysis and flow cytometric evaluation of membrane integrity, levels of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosome status and DNA fragmentation index, was evaluated in beef and dairy bull semen. RESULTS For beef bulls, normal morphology (r = 0.62, P < 0.05) and WOBBLE (r = 0.57, P < 0.05) were significantly correlated with 56-day non-return rate, whereas sperm quality was not significantly correlated with the fertility index score for dairy bulls. Membrane integrity (46 ± 8.0% versus 40 ± 11%, P < 0.05), normal morphology (87 ± 6% versus 76 ± 8%; P < 0.05), and high respiratory activity (52 ± 13 versus 12 ± 4%; P < 0.001) were higher for dairy bulls than for beef bulls. The DNA fragmentation index was lower for dairy bull spermatozoa than beef (3.8 ± 1.1% versus 6.1 ± 2.9%; P < 0.01), whereas some sperm kinematics were higher. Multivariate analysis indicated that type of bull (beef versus dairy) had an impact on sperm quality. CONCLUSIONS Different assays of sperm quality may be needed for appropriate analysis of beef and dairy bull semen. These finding could be important for cattle breeding stations when evaluating semen quality.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu S, Jiang Y, Lou B, Feng J, Zhou Y, Guo L, Forsythe SJ, Man C. Microbial community structure and distribution in the air of a powdered infant formula factory based on cultivation and high-throughput sequence methods. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6915-6926. [PMID: 29729917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The air in a powdered infant formula (PIF) factory is a potential transfer medium for microorganisms. In this study, air samples from 6 main processing areas, almost covering the whole PIF processing line and 1 outdoor location, were collected from a PIF manufacturing plant during the winter and summer periods. A cultivation-based and an Illumina (San Diego, CA) high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to investigate the community structures and distributions of bacteria in the air. High microbial diversity (25 genera, 56 species), with a dominant community including Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Kocuria, was found by the cultivation-based method. Moreover, 104 genera were obtained from all samples by high-throughput sequencing methods. Lactococcus (32.3%), Bacillus (29.6%), and Staphylococcus (14.0%) were the preponderant genera. The indices from high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the bacterial community of the air samples was highly diverse. Significant differences in the diversity and distribution at 6 sampling locations were revealed using the 2 methods. In particular, the packaging process contained the highest proportion (39.4%) of isolated strains. The highest diversity in bacterial community structure was found in the outdoor location. More bacterial isolates and higher community diversity were observed in the summer samples compared with the winter samples. In addition, some pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus cohnii, were mainly found in the large bag filling process, can filling, and packaging process areas. The present study provides greater insight into the microbial community and identifies potential sources of air contamination in PIF production environments and can serve as a guide to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in the production of PIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Binbin Lou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | | | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boué G, Cummins E, Guillou S, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Membré JM. Development and Application of a Probabilistic Risk-Benefit Assessment Model for Infant Feeding Integrating Microbiological, Nutritional, and Chemical Components. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:2360-2388. [PMID: 28403572 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A probabilistic and interdisciplinary risk-benefit assessment (RBA) model integrating microbiological, nutritional, and chemical components was developed for infant milk, with the objective of predicting the health impact of different scenarios of consumption. Infant feeding is a particular concern of interest in RBA as breast milk and powder infant formula have both been associated with risks and benefits related to chemicals, bacteria, and nutrients, hence the model considers these three facets. Cronobacter sakazakii, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were three risk/benefit factors selected as key issues in microbiology, chemistry, and nutrition, respectively. The present model was probabilistic with variability and uncertainty separated using a second-order Monte Carlo simulation process. In this study, advantages and limitations of undertaking probabilistic and interdisciplinary RBA are discussed. In particular, the probabilistic technique was found to be powerful in dealing with missing data and to translate assumptions into quantitative inputs while taking uncertainty into account. In addition, separation of variability and uncertainty strengthened the interpretation of the model outputs by enabling better consideration and distinction of natural heterogeneity from lack of knowledge. Interdisciplinary RBA is necessary to give more structured conclusions and avoid contradictory messages to policymakers and also to consumers, leading to more decisive food recommendations. This assessment provides a conceptual development of the RBA methodology and is a robust basis on which to build upon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enda Cummins
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boué G, Cummins E, Guillou S, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Membré JM. Public health risks and benefits associated with breast milk and infant formula consumption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:126-145. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Boué
- Oniris, UMR1014 Sécurité des Aliments et Microbiologie, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Enda Cummins
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- Oniris, UMR1014 Sécurité des Aliments et Microbiologie, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- INRA, Nantes, France
- Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, USC 1329 Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
| | - Jeanne-Marie Membré
- Oniris, UMR1014 Sécurité des Aliments et Microbiologie, LUNAM University, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Hou P, Lv H, Chen Y, Li X, Ren Y, Wang M, Tan H, Bi Z. Surveillance and molecular typing of Cronobacter spp. in commercial powdered infant formula and follow-up formula from 2011 to 2013 in Shandong Province, China. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2141-2146. [PMID: 27594404 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Cronobacter spp. leads to neonatal meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteremia. Cronobacter spp. are reported to comprise an important pathogen contaminating powdered infant formula (PIF) and follow-up formula (FUF), although little is known about the contamination level of Cronobacter spp. in PIFs and FUFs in China. RESULTS In total, 1032 samples were collected between 2011 and 2013. Forty-two samples were positive, including 1.6% in PIFs and 6.5% in FUFs. The strains were susceptible to most antibiotics except for cefoxitin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after XbaI digestion produced a total of 36 banding patterns. The 38 strains were found in 27 sequence types (STs), of which nine types (ST454 to ST462) had not been reported in other countries. The clinically relevant strains obtained from the 38 isolates in the present study comprised three ST3, two ST4, two ST8 and one ST1. CONCLUSION The contamination rate in the PIF and FUF has stayed at a relatively high level. The contamination rate of PIF was significantly lower than FUF. The isolates had high susceptibility to the antibiotics tested, except cefoxitin. There were polymorphisms between the Cronobacter spp. as indicated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Therefore, contamination with Cronobacter spp. remains a current issue for commercial infant formulas in China. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaning Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Peibin Hou
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Ren
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Hailian Tan
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenwang Bi
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamke J, Kittelmann S, Soni P, Li Y, Tavendale M, Ganesh S, Janssen PH, Shi W, Froula J, Rubin EM, Attwood GT. Rumen metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses of low methane yield sheep reveals a Sharpea-enriched microbiome characterised by lactic acid formation and utilisation. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:56. [PMID: 27760570 PMCID: PMC5069950 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fermentation by farmed ruminant animals is a major source of methane and constitutes the second largest anthropogenic contributor to global warming. Reducing methane emissions from ruminants is needed to ensure sustainable animal production in the future. Methane yield varies naturally in sheep and is a heritable trait that can be used to select animals that yield less methane per unit of feed eaten. We previously demonstrated elevated expression of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway genes of methanogenic archaea in the rumens of high methane yield (HMY) sheep compared to their low methane yield (LMY) counterparts. Methane production in the rumen is strongly connected to microbial hydrogen production through fermentation processes. In this study, we investigate the contribution that rumen bacteria make to methane yield phenotypes in sheep. RESULTS Using deep sequence metagenome and metatranscriptome datasets in combination with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from HMY and LMY sheep, we show enrichment of lactate-producing Sharpea spp. in LMY sheep bacterial communities. Increased gene and transcript abundances for sugar import and utilisation and production of lactate, propionate and butyrate were also observed in LMY animals. Sharpea azabuensis and Megasphaera spp. act as important drivers of lactate production and utilisation according to phylogenetic analysis and read mappings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the rumen microbiome in LMY animals supports a rapid heterofermentative growth, leading to lactate production. We postulate that lactate is subsequently metabolised mainly to butyrate in LMY animals, producing 2 mol of hydrogen and 0.5 mol of methane per mol hexose, which represents 24 % less than the 0.66 mol of methane formed from the 2.66 mol of hydrogen produced if hexose fermentation was directly to acetate and butyrate. These findings are consistent with the theory that a smaller rumen size with a higher turnover rate, where rapid heterofermentative growth would be an advantage, results in lower hydrogen production and lower methane formation. Together with previous methanogen gene expression data, this builds a strong concept of how animal traits and microbial communities shape the methane phenotype in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Kamke
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Kittelmann
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Priya Soni
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yang Li
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michael Tavendale
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Siva Ganesh
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Peter H Janssen
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Weibing Shi
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Genomic Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeff Froula
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Genomic Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward M Rubin
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- Genomic Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graeme T Attwood
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parra-Flores J, Rodriguez A, Riffo F, Arvizu-Medrano SM, Arias-Rios EV, Aguirre J. Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:72. [PMID: 26380247 PMCID: PMC4547015 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Certain strains of Cronobacter sakazakii can cause serious invasive infections in children, mainly those <2 months old and fed with powdered infant formula (PIF). The infectious dose of C. sakazakii is unknown but evidence suggests that it is approximately 1000 colony forming units (CFU). PIF is currently considered safe if its end-product C. sakazakii level is <1 CFU/g. In this study, we determined the lag time, generation time (GT), and growth rate of five pooled C. sakazakii isolates to evaluate the factors affecting contamination levels in reconstituted PIF. METHODS 1.71 log CFU/ml of C. sakazakii were inoculated into 100 and 3000 ml of reconstituted PIF and incubated at 22 and 35°C. Growth was evaluated over a 24-h period. ComBase was used for modeling. RESULTS In 3000 ml, the growth rate was 0.45 ± 0.02 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 3 ± 0.05 h and GT of 0.67 h at 22°C, while the growth rate was 0.73 ± 0.01 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 0.45 ± 0.03 h and GT of 0.41 h at 35° C. CONCLUSION Cronobacter sakazakii grows rapidly in reconstituted PIF, especially at 35° C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Francisca Riffo
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sofía M. Arvizu-Medrano
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - E. Verónica Arias-Rios
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Araújo B, Moraes M, Costa L, Nascimento J. Short communication: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex isolated from infant milk formula and utensils in a nursery in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2303-6. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
De Pasquale I, Di Cagno R, Buchin S, De Angelis M, Gobbetti M. Microbial ecology dynamics reveal a succession in the core microbiota involved in the ripening of pasta filata caciocavallo pugliese cheese. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6243-55. [PMID: 25085486 PMCID: PMC4178672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02097-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA targeting RNA, community-level physiological profiles made with Biolog EcoPlates, proteolysis, and volatile component (VOC) analyses were mainly used to characterize the manufacture and ripening of the pasta filata cheese Caciocavallo Pugliese. Plate counts revealed that cheese manufacture affected the microbial ecology. The results agreed with those from culture-independent approaches. As shown by urea-PAGE, reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and free-amino-acid (FAA) analyses, the extent of secondary proteolysis mainly increased after 30 to 45 days of ripening. VOCs and volatile free fatty acids (VFFA) were identified by a purge-and-trap method (PT) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Except for aldehydes, the levels of most of VOCs and VFFA mainly increased from 30 to 45 days onwards. As shown through pyrosequencing analysis, raw cows' milk was contaminated by Firmicutes (53%), Proteobacteria (39%), Bacteroidetes (7.8%), Actinobacteria (0.06%), and Fusobacteria (0.03%), with heterogeneity at the genus level. The primary starter Streptococcus thermophilus dominated the curd population. Other genera occurred at low incidence or sporadically. The microbial dynamics reflected on the overall physiological diversity. At 30 days, a microbial succession was clearly highlighted. The relative abundance of Streptococcus sp. and especially St. thermophilus decreased, while that of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus sp., and especially Lactobacillus paracasei increased consistently. Despite the lower relative abundance compared to St. thermophilus, mesophilic lactobacilli were the only organisms positively correlated with the concentration of FAAs, area of hydrophilic peptide peaks, and several VOCs (e.g., alcohols, ketones, esters and all furans). This study showed that a core microbiota was naturally selected during middle ripening, which seemed to be the main factor responsible for cheese ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria De Pasquale
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Solange Buchin
- INRA, UR 342, Technologie et Analyses Laitières, Poligny, France
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pan Z, Cui J, Lyu G, Du X, Qin L, Guo Y, Xu B, Li W, Cui Z, Zhao C. Isolation and Molecular Typing ofCronobacterspp. in Commercial Powdered Infant Formula and Follow-Up Formula. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:456-61. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Pan
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Lyu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Qin
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Baohong Xu
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jayasundara S, Wagner-Riddle C. Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of Ontario milk production in 2011 compared with 1991. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Jayasundara, S. and Wagner-Riddle, C. 2014. Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of Ontario milk production in 2011 compared with 1991. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 155–173. For identifying opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from milk production in Ontario, this study analyzed GHG intensity of milk [kg CO2 equivalents kg−1 fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM)] in 2011 compared with 1991 considering cow and crop productivity improvements and management changes over this period. It also assessed within-province variability in GHG intensity of milk in 2011 using county-level data related to milk production. After allocating whole-farm GHG emissions between milk and meat using an allocation factor calculated according to the International Dairy Federation equation, GHG intensity of Ontario milk was 1.03 kgCO2eq kg−1 FPCM in 2011, 22% lower than that in 1991 (1.32 kg CO2eq kg−1 FPCM). Greenhouse gas sources directly associated with dairy cattle decreased less (21 and 14% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively) than sources associated with feed crop production (30 to 34% for emissions related to N inputs and farm-field work). Proportions of GHG contributed from different life cycle activities did not change, with enteric fermentation contributing 46%, feed crop production 34%, manure management 18% and milking and related activities 2%. Within province, GHG intensity varied from 0.89 to 1.36 kg CO2eq kg−1 FPCM, a variation inversely correlated with milk productivity per cow (kg FPCM sold cow−1 year−1). The existence of a wide variation is strong indication for potential further reductions in GHG intensity of Ontario milk through the identification of practices associated with high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susantha Jayasundara
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Claudia Wagner-Riddle
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Quigley L, O'Sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Cotter PD. The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:664-98. [PMID: 23808865 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review what is known about the microorganisms present in raw milk, including milk from cows, sheep, goats and humans. Milk, due to its high nutritional content, can support a rich microbiota. These microorganisms enter milk from a variety of sources and, once in milk, can play a number of roles, such as facilitating dairy fermentations (e.g. Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium and fungal populations), causing spoilage (e.g. Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Bacillus and other spore-forming or thermoduric microorganisms), promoting health (e.g. lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) or causing disease (e.g. Listeria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and mycotoxin-producing fungi). There is also concern that the presence of antibiotic residues in milk leads to the development of resistance, particularly among pathogenic bacteria. Here, we comprehensively review these topics, while comparing the approaches, both culture-dependent and culture-independent, which can be taken to investigate the microbial composition of milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Quigley
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|