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Pathirana IN, Garcia SC. Detection of heat-shock protein 70 in cow’s milk using ELISA. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fontes PLP, Oosthuizen N, Ciriaco FM, Sanford CD, Canal LB, Cooke RF, Pohler KG, Henry DD, Mercadante VRG, Ealy AD, Johnson SE, DiLorenzo N, Lamb GC. Effects of nutrient restriction on the metabolic profile of Bos indicus-influenced and B. taurus suckled beef cows. Animal 2021; 15:100166. [PMID: 33500214 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research from our group demonstrated that Bos indicus-influenced suckled beef cows had greater resilience to withstand nutrient restriction and establish pregnancy compared with B. taurus cows exposed to the same conditions. To further understand these findings, differences in metabolic profile between these same B. indicus-influenced and B. taurus females were explored. Suckled beef cows (n = 134) were enrolled in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. On day -21, Angus (AN; Bos taurus) and Brangus (BN; B. indicus-influenced) cows were randomly assigned to 1) a diet that met daily energy maintenance requirements (MAINT), or 2) a diet that restricted intake to 70% of the daily energy maintenance requirements (RESTR). Cows were exposed to an estrus synchronization protocol and received an embryo 7 d after ovulation was pharmacologically induced on day 0. Blood samples were collected on days -21 and 19 to determine circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucose, and IGF-1. Pregnancy status after embryo transfer was determined on day 28. As a consequence of the proposed diets, cows in the RESTR diet had less body condition score (BCS) on day 19 (P = 0.008) across breed types. Moreover, BCS change from day -21 to 19 was included as independent covariate into subsequent analyses, allowing for the comparison of breed types under an equivalent level of body reserve mobilization. A breed × diet interaction was observed for plasma insulin (P = 0.03) and IGF-1 (P = 0.04) on day 19, where AN-RESTR cows had less plasma concentrations on day 19 compared with AN-MAINT cows. Diets did not impact (P > 0.10) plasma insulin and IGF-1 concentrations in BN cows. No diet or breed effects were observed in circulating concentrations of NEFA, BHB, and glucose (P > 0.10). Across breed types and nutritional treatment, there was positive linear effect (P ≤ 0.04) of plasma concentrations of insulin and IGF-1 on the probability of pregnancy to fixed-time embryo transfer. In summary, the negative impacts of nutrient restriction on the somatotropic axis, independently of body tissue mobilization, were heightened in Bos taurus females compared with B. indicus-influenced cohorts, which corroborate with the differences observed in fertility between these subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L P Fontes
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America.
| | - N Oosthuizen
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - F M Ciriaco
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - C D Sanford
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States of America
| | - L B Canal
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, United States of America
| | - R F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - K G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
| | - D D Henry
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - V R G Mercadante
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - A D Ealy
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - S E Johnson
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America
| | - N DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL 32446, United States of America
| | - G C Lamb
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
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Chebel RC. Predicting the risk of retained fetal membranes and metritis in dairy cows according to prepartum hemogram and immune and metabolic status. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105204. [PMID: 33257005 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uterine diseases affect a significant proportion of dairy cows, causing significant economic losses. Immune and metabolic statuses are associated with the risk of retained fetal membranes (RFM) and metritis. The hypothesis of this study was that it is possible to use such responses to predict the risk of RFM and metritis. Data from cows (Jersey = 143, Holstein = 116) previously used in four experiments were used. Cow factors [parity, BCS change from -28 to 0 d relative to calving, calf sex, calving problems (twins, stillbirth, dystocia)] were evaluated for their association with the risk of RFM and metritis. Blood samples collected in the last week of gestation were used to measure polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and expression of CD18 and CD62L, total blood count, haptoglobin optical density, and concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Cows were treated with egg ovalbumin at -21, -7, and 7 d relative to calving and blood samples were used to determine the anti-ovalbumin IgG optical density. Univariable analyses were carried out to identify variables associated with the risk of RFM and metritis. The significant (P ≤ 0.15) variables were included in multivariable models from which variables with P > 0.15 were removed in a backward stepwise fashion. Risk of RFM was reduced in the absence of calving problems [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.13 (0.02, 0.86)], when intensity of phagocytosis [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.50 (0.25, 1.04)] and expression of CD62L [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.71 (0.46, 1.09)] by polymorphonuclear leukocyte were greater, and when prepartum non-esterified fatty acid concentration was lower [AOR (95 % CI) = 8.71 (0.49, 153.84)]. Calf sex [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.35 (0.10, 1.25)], calving problem [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.14 (0.02, 1.08)], PMNL phagocytosis intensity [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.72 (0.47, 1.11)], polymorphonuclear leukocyte intensity of expression CD18 [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.78 (0.60, 1.00)] and CD62L [AOR (95 % CI) = 0.77 (0.60, 0.98)], and haptoglobin optical density [AOR (95 % CI) = 1.16 (0.97, 1.39)] were associated with metritis. Indexes generated from the estimates of the multivariable analyses to predict the risk of RFM [area under the curve = 0.77 (95 % CI = 0.70 to 0.84)] and metritis [area under the curve = 0.76 (95 % CI = 0.70, 0.81)] demonstrated that polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, non-esterified fatty acid concentration, and haptoglobin optical density prepartum may be used as predictors of uterine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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Hazel AR, Heins BJ, Hansen LB. Health treatment cost, stillbirth, survival, and conformation of Viking Red-, Montbéliarde-, and Holstein-sired crossbred cows compared with pure Holstein cows during their first 3 lactations. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10917-10939. [PMID: 32896397 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three generations of crossbreds from a 3-breed rotation of the Viking Red (VR), Montbéliarde (MO), and Holstein (HO) breeds were compared with their HO herdmates in 7 commercial dairy herds in Minnesota. The designed study enrolled 3,550 HO females in 2008 to initiate crossbreeding and a control of pure HO herdmates within each herd. Service sires were high-ranking, proven AI bulls selected for high genetic merit within each of the VR, MO, and HO breeds. Cows in this study calved from 2010 to 2017 and collection of data ended on December 31, 2017. The first generation of cows consisted of 644 VR × HO and 616 MO × HO crossbreds and their 1,405 HO herdmates. The second generation had 615 VR × MO/HO and 568 MO × VR/HO crossbreds and their 1,462 HO herdmates. The third generation had 466 combined HO × VR/MO/HO and HO × MO/VR/HO crossbreds and their 736 HO herdmates. Total health cost was the sum of veterinary treatment cost, pharmaceutical cost, and farm labor cost to treat 16 different health disorders. Conformation traits and body condition score were subjectively scored once during early lactation for each of the first 3 lactations of cows. Total health cost of the 2-breed crossbreds was significantly lower during first (-23%), second (-29%), and third (-21%) lactation compared with their HO herdmates. For the 3-breed crossbreds, total health cost did not differ during first lactation but was -26% lower during both second and third lactation compared with their HO herdmates. The stillbirth rate for calves born to 2-breed crossbred dams (4%) was significantly lower compared with calves born to their HO herdmates (8%) at first calving. Survival from first to third calving (+9%) and first to fourth calving (+11%) was significantly higher for the 2-breed crossbreds compared with their HO herdmates. Also, the 3-breed crossbreds had significantly higher survival to third (+11%) and fourth (+19%) calving compared with their HO herdmates. Across each generation of crossbreeding, the crossbreds had uniformly shorter stature, less angularity, and less body depth compared with their respective HO herdmates. The crossbred cows also had significantly less udder clearance from the hock but significantly more rear teat width and longer teat length compared with their respective HO herdmates. Furthermore, the crossbred cows had higher body condition score compared with their HO herdmates during each of their first 3 lactations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hazel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | - B J Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L B Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Immune status during postpartum, peri-implantation and early pregnancy in cattle: An updated view. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 206:1-10. [PMID: 31133358 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the estrous cycle the mammalian endometrium undergoes morphological and functional changes that are essential for the establishment of pregnancy and proper ovarian and uterine functions. Among these changes, the most important are alterations in both inter- and intracellular signalling molecules, many of which modulate immune processes. In the endometrial tissue there are local innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific/acquired) response mechanisms which vary because of the endocrine status during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and postpartum period. Endometrial cells have responses that support the immune system by producing pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, sensors, effector molecules and chemokines. This response is important during gestation, pregnancy, and fetal growth, as well as in preventing infection, and immuno-rejection of the semi-allogeneic embryo. In dairy cows, both before and immediately after calving, there are marked changes in the values for hormonal and metabolic variables and the immune status is impaired. Thus, in several studies there has been assessment of the physiological and/or abnormal maternal immune changes and possible effects on dairy cow reproductive performance. The objective with this review is to summarize the novel information about the immune mechanisms involved during the postpartum period, subsequent peri-implantation period and pregnancy in dairy cows, and the possible effects on reproductive performance. This information provides for an enhanced understanding of the local and systemic immune responses associated with the metabolic and hormonal status of dairy cows, and alterations in the immune system of high producing cows and the possible effects on subsequent fertility.
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Moriel P, Cappellozza BI, Piccolo MB, Cooke RF, Miranda MF, Batista LFD, Carvalho RS, Colombo EA, Santili FV, Filho RVO, Ferreira VSM, Vasconcelos JLM. Pre- and post-weaning injections of bovine somatotropin to optimize puberty achievement of Bos indicus beef heifers. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:443-455. [PMID: 32704815 PMCID: PMC7200584 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the growth and puberty attainment of Bos indicus heifers administered recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) or saline injections during preweaning and/or postweaning. On day 0, 177 suckling Nellore heifers were stratified by initial age and body weight (BW) (80 ± 10 d; 97 ± 16 kg), and randomly assigned, in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 44 to 45 heifers/treatment), to receive s.c. injections of saline (5 mL 0.9% NaCl) or sometribove zinc (Posilac; Elanco, Greenfield, IN; 6.14 mg/kg of BW0.75) on days 0 and 10 (PRE) and/or days 167 and 177 (POS). All heifers were managed as a single group in Brachiaria decumbens pastures from day 0 until 24 d postweaning (day 191), and then provided a corn silage–based TMR from days 191 to 380 to achieve 65% to 70% of mature BW at the end of the study (day 380). Heifer full BW was collected on days 0, 10, 167, 177, and monthly from days 191 to 380. Transrectal ultrasonography of ovaries was performed on days 1 and 10 of each month from days 229 to 380 to assess the percentage of pubertal heifers. Liver biopsies and blood samples from jugular vein were collected on days 0, 10, 167, 177, and 380. Additional blood samples were collected monthly from days 259 to 380 (n = 10 to 15 heifers/treatment). No interactions among day of the study, PRE, and POS injections of saline or bST were detected (P ≥ 0.11). Preweaning bST injections increased heifer average daily gain (ADG) from days 0 to 10 and plasma IGF-1 on day 10 (P ≤ 0.03), did not affect ADG from days 0 to 177, plasma IGF-1 from days 259 to 380, and any liver gene mRNA expression (P ≥ 0.19), but tended to decrease ADG from days 191 to 380 (P = 0.07) and percentage of pubertal heifers on days 349 (P = 0.07), 359 (P = 0.002), and 380 (P = 0.0001) compared with saline injections. Postweaning bST injections increased plasma IGF-1 on day 177 and overall liver mRNA expression of GHR-1A (P ≤ 0.05), decreased plasma IGF-1 from days 259 to 380 (P = 0.03), tended to decrease liver mRNA expression of GHR-1B on day 177 (P = 0.08), but did not affect ADG from days 167 to 177 and 191 to 380, and puberty attainment from days 229 to 380 (P ≥ 0.12) compared with saline injections. Thus, preweaning and postweaning injections of bST successfully increased heifer plasma IGF-1 concentrations 10 d after first injection. Postweaning injections of bST had no impact on puberty attainment, whereas preweaning bST injections of bST impaired puberty attainment of Nellore beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe Moriel
- University of Florida, IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL
| | | | - Matheus B Piccolo
- University of Florida, IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona, FL
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Miguel F Miranda
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis F D Batista
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Carvalho
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Santili
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ramiro V O Filho
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vitor S M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Sheldon IM, Cronin JG, Pospiech M, Turner ML. Symposium review: Mechanisms linking metabolic stress with innate immunity in the endometrium. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3655-3664. [PMID: 28888597 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of the uterus after parturition are ubiquitous in dairy cattle and often cause uterine disease, such as metritis or endometritis. However, the metabolic stress associated with milk production increases the risk of developing disease. Resolution of bacterial infections requires rapid and robust innate immune responses, which depend on host cell receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria. Here, we argue that metabolic stress impairs the inflammatory response to pathogens. Glucose and glutamine are the major energy sources for cells, but their abundance is reduced in postpartum dairy cows. Furthermore, inflammatory responses exacerbate metabolic stress, with animals and tissues consuming more glucose when challenged with LPS. However, depriving endometrial tissue of glucose or glutamine impairs the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Glycolysis and the intracellular sensor of energy, AMP-activated protein kinase, are important for the response to LPS because perturbing glycolysis or AMP-activated protein kinase activity reduces the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in the endometrium. The mevalonate pathway for cellular cholesterol synthesis may also be linked to immunity, as inhibition of the terminal enzyme in the pathway, squalene synthase, reduces inflammatory responses to pathogenic bacteria and LPS. In contrast, only modest effects on inflammation are found when modulating the sensor of cellular nutrient satiety, mammalian target of rapamycin, or the endocrine regulator of metabolism, insulin-like growth factor-1. We suggest that stressing cellular metabolism increases the risk of uterine disease by impairing endometrial defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martin Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
| | - James G Cronin
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Pospiech
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L Turner
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Greives TJ, Dochtermann NA, Stewart EC. Estimating heritable genetic contributions to innate immune and endocrine phenotypic correlations: A need to explore repeatability. Horm Behav 2017; 88:106-111. [PMID: 27913139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in enhancing an individual's ability to survive in a world inhabited by pathogens and parasites. The innate immune system is regulated by processes encoded in an individual's genome, providing an avenue for selection to act on this system, as well as the phenotypic relationships generated between this system and other traits of interest. While relationships between innate immunity and endocrine traits (e.g. testosterone) have been reported often in the literature, these relationships are complex and may differ under varying environmental conditions. To better understand the relative contribution of innate immunity (or an endocrine or behavioral trait) to a phenotypic correlation with another trait, an estimation of the underlying heritable genetic variation of the trait of interest is needed. An upper level estimate of the heritability of such traits can be obtained from calculating its repeatability. We conducted a literature review to determine how often repeated samples of measures of innate immune function were conducted and repeatability estimates obtained. This review revealed a very limited number of repeatability estimates, with a large range (0.0-0.9); estimates were exclusively from livestock that have undergone strong artificial selection. This observation of the present literature suggests more work is needed in non-domesticated and free-living animals to begin to understand the underlying genetic contribution of innate immune function to phenotypic correlations of interest (e.g. testosterone and immunity) to behavioral ecologists, evolutionary physiologists and ecoimmunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
| | - Ned A Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Emily C Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Kinoshita A, Locher L, Tienken R, Meyer U, Dänicke S, Rehage J, Huber K. Associations between Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) Expression and Indicators of Hepatic Glucose Production in Transition Dairy Cows Supplemented with Dietary Nicotinic Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146670. [PMID: 26800252 PMCID: PMC4723333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) is a transcription factor which promotes hepatic glucose production (HGP) by up-regulating the transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes in monogastric species. The activity of FoxO1 is inhibited by insulin-induced phosphorylation. The aims of the present study were to find associations between FoxO1 expression and variables associated with HGP as affected by feeding regimen in dairy cows during the transition period. Twenty one healthy German Holstein cows were allocated to four groups (LC-CON, HC-CON, LC-NA with 5 cows/group and HC-NA with 6 cows/group, respectively). Cows received 0 (LC-CON and HC-CON) or 24 (LC-NA and HC-NA) g/d nicotinic acid with high (HC) or low (LC) concentrate proportion from -42 days (-41.8 + 4.8; mean + standard deviation) relative to expected calving date (d-42) to d24. Liver biopsy was taken at d-42, 1, 21, and 100. The total protein expression of FoxO1 (tFoxO1) and the extent of phosphorylation of FoxO1 at serine 256 (pFoxO1) were analysed semiquantitatively by Western Blotting. The expression of hepatic mRNA of FoxO1 and seven genes associated with HGP was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Mixed model and Pearson’s correlation were used for statistical evaluation with the level of significance at P<0.05. No dietary effect was observed either on feed intake, energy balance, or on the concentration of blood metabolites. Neither time nor diet affected the expression of FoxO1 total protein and mRNA. A NA × concentrate interaction was found in pFoxO1. However, no corresponding dietary effect was found in the mRNA expression of investigated genes. Different patterns of correlations between FoxO1-related variables and investigated indicators for HGP were found at d21 and 100. The results indicated that the regulation of HGP did not take place on the levels of mRNA and protein expression and the phosphorylation of FoxO1 in dairy cows in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Kinoshita
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Lena Locher
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Center of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Reka Tienken
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sgorlon S, Fanzago M, Guiatti D, Gabai G, Stradaioli G, Stefanon B. Factors affecting milk cortisol in mid lactating dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26459289 DOI: 10.1186/s12917–015–0572–9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the measurement of cortisol in dairy cows can be used as a biomarker of adverse environmental or pathophysiological conditions is still under of scientific debate. In these situations, several systems mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune system are recruited to reestablish homeostasis. A first aim of the present study was to compare milk and blood cortisol concentrations and to consider its variability in milk in relation to farm, milk yield and days in milk. A second study investigates the effects of breed, class of somatic cell count (SCC) and farm on milk cortisol levels in a larger number of cows and farms, with the aim to validate the results obtained in the pilot study. METHODS For study 1, 135 cows were sampled from 2 Italian Simmental and 2 Italian Holstein commercial farms, whilst in the second study, 542 cows were sampled from 6 commercial farms of Italian Simmental and 499 cows from 4 commercial farms of Italian Holstein. RESULTS In study 1, the values of cortisol content in milk were significantly higher in Holstein than Simmental cows. Significant differences between farms were observed for milk and plasma cortisol concentrations. Cortisol content in milk was not correlated to plasma content in study 1 and the mean milk to plasma cortisol ratio was about 1:30. In study 2, for Holstein cows, significantly higher values of milk cortisol in comparison to Simmental cows was reported. A significant effect of class of SCC was observed, cows belonging to class 3 (SCC higher than 400.000/ml) showed the highest mean values of milk cortisol. The farm effect was significant also in the study 2, confirming the results obtained in the first study. CONCLUSIONS Milk can be considered a preferential site of sampling in dairy cows to point out short term stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Further studies are needed to investigate the physiological basis of the relationship between milk cortisol content and breed, milk yield and SCC to ascertain the relevance of milk cortisol to monitor the healthy status of mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Sgorlon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Marta Fanzago
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Denis Guiatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata ed alimentazione, Università di Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Stradaioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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11
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Factors affecting milk cortisol in mid lactating dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:259. [PMID: 26459289 PMCID: PMC4603817 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whether the measurement of cortisol in dairy cows can be used as a biomarker of adverse environmental or pathophysiological conditions is still under of scientific debate. In these situations, several systems mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the immune system are recruited to reestablish homeostasis. A first aim of the present study was to compare milk and blood cortisol concentrations and to consider its variability in milk in relation to farm, milk yield and days in milk. A second study investigates the effects of breed, class of somatic cell count (SCC) and farm on milk cortisol levels in a larger number of cows and farms, with the aim to validate the results obtained in the pilot study. Methods For study 1, 135 cows were sampled from 2 Italian Simmental and 2 Italian Holstein commercial farms, whilst in the second study, 542 cows were sampled from 6 commercial farms of Italian Simmental and 499 cows from 4 commercial farms of Italian Holstein. Results In study 1, the values of cortisol content in milk were significantly higher in Holstein than Simmental cows. Significant differences between farms were observed for milk and plasma cortisol concentrations. Cortisol content in milk was not correlated to plasma content in study 1 and the mean milk to plasma cortisol ratio was about 1:30. In study 2, for Holstein cows, significantly higher values of milk cortisol in comparison to Simmental cows was reported. A significant effect of class of SCC was observed, cows belonging to class 3 (SCC higher than 400.000/ml) showed the highest mean values of milk cortisol. The farm effect was significant also in the study 2, confirming the results obtained in the first study. Conclusions Milk can be considered a preferential site of sampling in dairy cows to point out short term stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Further studies are needed to investigate the physiological basis of the relationship between milk cortisol content and breed, milk yield and SCC to ascertain the relevance of milk cortisol to monitor the healthy status of mammary gland.
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Physiological adaptations and ovarian cyclicity of Holstein and Montbéliarde cows under two low-input production systems. Animal 2015; 9:1986-95. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sheldon IM. Genes and environmental factors that influence disease resistance to microbes in the female reproductive tract of dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:72-81. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes commonly infect the female reproductive tract of cattle, causing infertility, abortion and post partum uterine diseases. When organisms reach the uterus, the resistance to disease depends on the balance between the classic triad of the virulence of the microbes, the host defence systems and the environment. The present review considers each aspect of this triad, using postpartum uterine disease as an exemplar for understanding disease resistance. The bacteria that cause postpartum uterine disease are adapted to the endometrium, and their microbial toxins cause tissue damage and inflammation. However, non-specific defence systems counter ascending infections of the female reproductive tract, and inflammatory responses in the endometrium are driven by innate immunity. Disease resistance to bacterial infection involves many genes involved in the maintenance or restoration of tissue homeostasis in the endometrium, including antimicrobial peptides, complement, cytokines, chemokines and Toll-like receptors. The most important environmental factors facilitating the development of postpartum uterine disease are related to trauma of the reproductive tract and to the metabolic stress of lactation in dairy cows. Long-term solutions for uterine disease will include genetic selection for disease resistance and optimising the care of the animal before, during and after parturition.
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Hazel A, Heins B, Seykora A, Hansen L. Production, fertility, survival, and body measurements of Montbéliarde-sired crossbreds compared with pure Holsteins during their first 5 lactations. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2512-25. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mendonça LGD, Abade CC, da Silva EM, Litherland NB, Hansen LB, Hansen WP, Chebel RC. Comparison of peripartum metabolic status and postpartum health of Holstein and Montbéliarde-sired crossbred dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:805-18. [PMID: 24290816 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate plasma concentrations of metabolites and haptoglobin peripartum, uterine health and involution, and follicle growth and resumption of cyclicity of Holstein (HO) and Montbéliarde-sired crossbred cows. Cows (52 HO and 52 crossbred) were enrolled in the study 45 d before expected calving date. Cows had body weight and body condition score recorded on d -45, -14, 0, 1, 28, and 56 relative to calving. Dry matter intake was calculated for a subgroup of cows (25 HO and 38 crossbred) from 6 wk before to 6 wk after calving. Blood was sampled weekly from d -14 to 56 relative to calving for determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid, and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; from d -7 to 21 relative to calving for determination of haptoglobin concentration; and from d 14 to 56 postpartum for determination of progesterone concentration. Cows were examined at calving and on d 4, 7, 10, and 14 postpartum for diagnosis of postparturient diseases, on d 24 postpartum for diagnosis of purulent vaginal discharge, and on d 42 postpartum for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis. Uteri and ovaries were examined by ultrasonography every 3 d from d 14 to 41 postpartum. Milk yield and composition were measured monthly and yield of milk, fat, protein, and energy-corrected milk were recorded for the first 90 d postpartum. Body weight was not different between Holstein and crossbred cows, but HO cows had reduced body condition score compared with crossbred cows. Even though DMI from 6 wk before to 6 wk after calving tended to be greater for HO cows (16.8 ± 0.7 vs. 15.3 ± 0.5 kg/d), HO cows tended to have more pronounced decline in dry matter intake, expressed in percentage of body weight from d -15 to 0 relative to calving. Energy-corrected milk and nonesterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were not different between breeds. No differences were observed in incidence of retained fetal membranes, metritis, and subclinical endometritis, but HO cows tended to be more likely to have pyrexia from d 0 to 15 postpartum (50.0 vs. 31.4%) and to have greater incidence of purulent vaginal discharge (44.2 vs. 26.5%) than crossbred cows. Holstein cows were more likely to have at least 1 uterine disorder postpartum than crossbred cows (63.5 vs. 36.7%). No differences between breeds were observed in uterine involution. Holstein cows had larger subordinate follicles (10.1 ± 0.4 vs. 8.9 ± 0.5) and a greater number of class III follicles (1.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1) than crossbred cows. Furthermore, the first corpus luteum postpartum of HO cows was diagnosed at a slower rate compared with crossbred cows. Crossbred cows had improved uterine health compared with HO cows and this may have been a consequence of heterosis and (or) breed complementarity and less pronounced decrease in DMI during the last days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C C Abade
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine
| | | | - N B Litherland
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - L B Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - W P Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine.
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Silva P, Moraes J, Mendonça L, Scanavez A, Nakagawa G, Ballou M, Walcheck B, Haines D, Endres M, Chebel R. Effects of weekly regrouping of prepartum dairy cows on innate immune response and antibody concentration. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7649-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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