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Diepersloot EC, Pupo MR, Ferraretto LF. Effect of monensin and live-cell yeast supplementation on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and total-tract nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4449-4460. [PMID: 38331184 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing monensin (19.8 g/Mg DM TMR; MON) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 live-cell yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077; 1 × 1010 cfu/head per day; LCY) on lactation performance, feeding behavior, and total-tract nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. Sixty-four multiparous Holstein cows (3.2 ± 1.5 lactations; 97 ± 16 DIM, and 724 ± 68 kg of BW at covariate period initiation) and 32 gate feeders were enrolled in a study with a completely randomized design and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Cows and gate feeders were randomly assigned to treatments (16 cows and 8 gate feeders per treatment). Cows were allowed 2 wk to acclimate to feeding gates followed by a 2-wk covariate period. During the acclimation and covariate periods, all cows were fed a diet containing MON and LCY. Following the covariate period, cows were enrolled in a 10-wk treatment period during which cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) a combination of MON and LCY (MON-LCY), (2) MON-CON, (3) CON-LCY, or (4) neither MON nor LCY (CON-CON). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with week as a repeated measure and fixed effects of MON, LCY, week, and all their interactions. Cow (treatment) was included as a random effect. The average covariate period value of each variable was used as a covariate. Three-way interactions were observed for DMI and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake decreased from wk 4 to 5 and wk 8 to 10 in MON-LCY cows compared with CON-CON. No treatment differences were observed for actual or component-corrected milk yield or milk components, except for a tendency for LCY to decrease milk fat yield. Feed efficiency was greater for MON-LCY relative to CON-CON in 4 of 10 wk. Interactions between MON and LCY were observed for dry matter and organic matter digestibility, where both were lower for CON-CON than other treatments. Under the conditions of the present study, feeding dairy cows in a high feed bunk density a combination of MON and LCY can decrease intake and improve feed efficiency without affecting milk production or components. Additionally, monensin and live-cell yeasts may each improve total-tract digestibility based on improvements in DM and OM digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cole Diepersloot
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Matheus R Pupo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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Horst EA, Kvidera SK, Hagerty S, French PD, Carlson DB, Dhuyvetter K, Holloway AW. Effect of monensin on milk production efficiency and milk composition in lactating dairy cows fed modern diets. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1441-1449. [PMID: 37806628 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of monensin in 2004, significant nutritional advances have been made to increase feed efficiency and milk fat production. Recent evidence suggests monensin's adverse effect on milk fat percentage may be absent when diets are formulated to address known diet-induced milk fat depression risk factors. Thus, study objectives were to evaluate effects of monensin level on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, and efficiency of high-producing cows fed diets formulated to optimize milk fat. Ninety-six lactating Holstein cows (36 primiparous, 60 multiparous; 106 ± 17 d in milk [DIM]) were balanced by parity, DIM, and milk production and were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens with 8 cows per pen. All cows received 11 g/t monensin for 5 wk after which pens received 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 3) formulated to provide 0 (CON), 11 (R11), 14.5 (R14.5), or 18 (R18) g/t monensin for 9 wk. The basal diet was 54% forage, 27% NDF, 29% starch, and 2.3% rumen unsaturated fatty acid load. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using the Fit Model Procedure of JMP. Effects of treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction were included as fixed effects and pen as a random effect. Least squares means were determined and linear and quadratic contrasts were tested. Dry matter intake tended to decrease linearly with increasing monensin dose. Milk yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage and yield were unaffected by treatment while fat yield was quadratically increased. Milk de novo and mixed fatty acid (FA) yields (g/d) increased quadratically with monensin whereas preformed FA linearly decreased during the experimental period. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) was quadratically increased by monensin. Milk urea nitrogen concentrations increased linearly with increasing monensin dose. Monensin linearly increased feed efficiency (ECM/DMI, 3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, and solids-corrected milk/DMI). Body weight gain did not differ between treatments. Estimated dietary energy tended to increase linearly with increasing monensin level. These data suggest monensin improves component-corrected milk production efficiency, estimated dietary energy, and does not negatively affect milk fat percentage or FA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
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3
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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on rumen fermentation, methane emissions, nitrogen balance, and metabolic responses of dairy cows: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:607-624. [PMID: 37709041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of supplemental monensin administration on the metabolic responses of dairy cows, a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis were conducted. Initially, 604 studies were identified through comprehensive database searches, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed, using key words related to dairy cows, monensin, and metabolic outcomes. After a 2-stage screening process, 51 articles with a total of 60 experiments were selected for meta-analysis based on criteria such as study implementation date between 2001 and 2022, presence of a control group that did not receive monensin supplementation, reporting of at least 1 outcome variable, and presentation of means and corresponding errors. The meta-analysis used the 1-stage random-effects method, and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. The results showed that the administration of monensin at a dosage of 19 to 26 mg/kg was inversely related to methane emissions and that the administration of monensin at a dosage of 18 to 50 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in dry matter intake. Administration of monensin at doses of 13 to 28 and 15 to 24 mg/kg also resulted in a significant decrease in ruminal acetate proportion and an increase in propionate proportion, respectively, with no effects on ruminal butyrate, NH3, or pH levels. We found no effects on blood parameters or nitrogen retention, but a significant negative correlation was observed between monensin supplementation and fecal nitrogen excretion. Based on the analysis of all variables evaluated, the optimal dose range of monensin was estimated to be 19 to 24 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rezaei Ahvanooei
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, 3391653755 Tehran, Iran.
| | - M A Norouzian
- Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, 3391653755 Tehran, Iran
| | - A H Piray
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, 6714414971 Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Ding Y, Liao S, Yang J, He J, Lv S, Huang J, Song X, Ou D. Analysis of authorized coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on dispersive solid-phase extraction and lyophilization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123884. [PMID: 37714049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and efficient method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 8 coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water (including sewage, pond water, and lake water) surrounding the farm. Target analytes in chicken feces were extracted with 2% acetic acid in acetonitrile solution, followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) cleanup step using the mixture of PSA and C18 adsorbents. Environmental water samples were pretreated using a lyophilization approach. Analysis was carried out on a UPLC-MS/MS with the combination of methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase under multiple reaction monitoring in positive and negative ionization modes. Results showed that 8 coccidiostats were linear with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. Method validation was performed using fortified samples, reaching satisfactory recoveries of 75.9%-97.8% in chicken feces and 71.9%-108.2% in environmental water. Limits of detection for 8 analytes in chicken feces and environmental water were 0.03∼2 µg/kg and 0.005∼1 µg/L, respectively. Matrix effects were calculated and strong signal suppression (>50%) for some coccidiostats was observed. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze coccidiostats in chicken feces and environmental water collected from local chicken farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shudan Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Areas of Kaili City, Kaili 556000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Inspection and Testing for Quality and Safety of Guiyang Agricultural Products, Guizhou 550081, Guiyang, China
| | - Shiming Lv
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuqin Song
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Deyuan Ou
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China.
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Rezaei Ahvanooei MR, Norouzian MA, Piray AH, Vahmani P, Ghaffari MH. Effects of monensin supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows: a systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:568. [PMID: 36631508 PMCID: PMC9834228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review with meta-analysis to determine the effects of the dose-response relationship between monensin supplementation and dairy cow performance and milk composition. Results from 566 full-text articles and 48 articles with 52 studies were meta-analyzed for pooled estimates. Monensin supplementation up to 23 ppm increased milk production, with the optimal dose being 12.6 ppm. Monensin supplementation at doses ranging from 16 to 96 ppm increased milk production in the prepartum phase (- 28 to 0 day relative to calving). From 60 to 150 DIM, monensin supplementation up to 21 ppm had a significant positive effect on this outcome, while supplementation in the 37 to 96 ppm range caused a decrease in this variable. At 0 to 60 and > 150 DIM, monensin supplementation had no effect on milk yield. At dosages of 22 to 96 ppm, 12 to 36 ppm, and below 58 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively, monensin supplementation resulted in significant decreases in dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage, and milk fat yield. Overall, based on the results of this meta-analysis and considering all variables, the recommended optimal dose of monensin could be about 16 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Rezaei Ahvanooei
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - M. A. Norouzian
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Animals and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, 3391653755 Iran
| | - A. H. Piray
- grid.412668.f0000 0000 9149 8553Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - P. Vahmani
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2251 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. H. Ghaffari
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Akhlaghi B, Ghasemi E, Alikhani M, Ghaedi A, Nasrollahi SM, Ghaffari MH. Influence of reducing starch in the diets with similar protein and energy contents on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, behaviour and blood metabolites in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:808-821. [PMID: 35075819 PMCID: PMC8959297 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is not clearly known whether parity can affect the outcomes of starch reduction in the diet of lactating dairy cows. Introduction A 2 × 2 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effects of reducing starch in the diets with similar protein and energy contents on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, behaviour and blood metabolites in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) dairy cows. Methods Twenty PP cows (DIM = 37 ± 10; 40 ± 5 kg/day of milk; mean ± SD) and 20 MP cows (DIM = 37 ± 9; 48 ± 5 kg/day of milk) were used in present study. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two levels of starch (high vs. low) and two parity categories (PP vs. MP): (1) high‐starch diet (29.2% ± 0.70) and PP cows (HS‐PP); (2) low‐starch diet (22.3% ± 0.52) and PP cows (LS‐PP); (3) high‐starch diet and MP cows (HS‐MP) and (4) low‐starch diet and MP cows (LS‐MP). All diets were formulated to be similar in crude protein (16.1 % of dry matter) and NEL (1.60 Mcal/kg of dry matter) contents. The amount of metabolise protein was 2688 g/day in high‐starch diet and 2728 g/day in low‐starch diet. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive periods and included 4 weeks for adaptation and 3 weeks for data collection. Results Dry matter intake and the yield of milk true protein and lactose increased but milk fat: protein ratio and nutrient digestibility decreased for cows fed the HS diets compared with the LS diets. The ruminal proportion of propionate was greater but acetate, the acetate to propionate ratio and sorting against long particles (19 and 8 mm) were lower for cows fed the HS diets than the LS diets. Multiparous cows had a greater nutrient intake and milk yield, longer rumination meal length, greater BW, but lower plasma total antioxidant capacity, non‐esterified fatty acids, faeces pH compared with PP cows. An interaction between parity and the dietary level of starch was detected on feed efficiency measured as FCM yield/DMI in the way that only within PP cows low‐starch diet was more efficient than HS diets. We found another interaction effect of parity × starch on back fat thickens (BFT) change in the way that only within PP cows BFT change was greater for HS compared with LS diet. Conclusion Overall, regardless of the benefit derived from feeding a reduced‐starch diet by partially replacing grains with sugar beet pulp in the diets on nutrient digestibility, a reduced‐starch diet may be used more efficiently in PP than in MP cows but at expense of body reserves (i.e. BFT) loses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Akhlaghi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - E Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Ghaedi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - M H Ghaffari
- Physiology Unit, Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Henno M, Ling K, Kaart T, Ariko T, Karis P, Jaakson H, Kuusik S, Ots M. Effect of monensin on milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows and on the use of fatty acids for early diagnosis of elevated blood plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and hyperketonemia. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10355-10362. [PMID: 34147218 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work examined the effects of precalving administration of continuous-release monensin capsule on postcalving milk fatty acid (FA) profile and on the accuracy of FA as a biomarker in the early identification of cows with elevated blood plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. Approximately 3 wk before expected calving, 203 multiparous Estonian Holstein cows were randomly divided into control (CO; n = 116) and experimental (MO; n = 87) groups, and a continuous-release capsule of monensin was administered to the MO cows. Blood samples were taken daily in the first 4 d postpartum, then on the sixth or seventh day in milk, twice in the second week, and thenceforth once per week until the end of the sixth week. Milk samples were taken once from 4 to 7 d in milk, twice in the second week, and thenceforth once per week. Blood samples were analyzed for NEFA and BHB, and milk was analyzed for FA concentrations. Cows with postpartum BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L at least once during the 6 wk were classified as hyperketonemic (HYK), and cows with NEFA concentrations ≥1.0 mmol/L as having elevated concentration of NEFA (NEFAH). The ability of FA to predict NEFAH and HYK cows was studied with logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and the identification accuracy was estimated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. For these analyses, we used FA measured on the ninth day after calving. Monensin administration affected FA mobilization and metabolism of the animals as blood NEFA were lower in the MO group on wk 1 and wk 3, and BHB values were considerably lower from wk 1 to wk 4 compared with the CO group. The FA dynamics were generally similar for MO and CO groups. Monensin administration resulted in higher concentrations of C15:0, C16:0, iso C17:0, anteiso C15:0, anteiso C17:0, total trans monounsaturated FA, and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, and lower proportions of C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, and most of the iso FA. The identification accuracy of NEFAH and HYK cows was higher in the CO compared with the MO group and for the identification of HYK compared with NEFAH cows (0.75-0.77 vs. 0.78-0.80 in the CO group, and 0.61-0.66 vs. 0.68-0.75 in the MO group for NEFAH vs. HYK, respectively). For all FA, the threshold values to identify NEFAH and HYK cows were different in the CO and MO groups. Results suggest that specific threshold values for the identification of NEFAH and HYK cows could be applicable only within similar feeding conditions and rumen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henno
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - K Ling
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Kaart
- Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - T Ariko
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Karis
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Jaakson
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Kuusik
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Ots
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi St. 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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Toledo MZ, Stangaferro ML, Gennari RS, Barletta RV, Perez MM, Wijma R, Sitko EM, Granados G, Masello M, Van Amburgh ME, Luchini D, Giordano JO, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC. Effects of feeding rumen-protected methionine pre- and postpartum in multiparous Holstein cows: Lactation performance and plasma amino acid concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7583-7603. [PMID: 33865588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effect of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) in pre- and postpartum total mix ration (TMR) on lactation performance and plasma AA concentrations in dairy cows. A total of 470 multiparous Holstein cows [235 cows at University of Wisconsin (UW) and 235 cows at Cornell University (CU)] were enrolled approximately 4 wk before parturition, housed in close-up dry cow and replicated lactation pens. Pens were randomly assigned to treatment diets (pre- and postpartum, respectively): UW control (CON) diet = 2.30 and 2.09% of Met as percentage of metabolizable protein (MP) and RPM diet = 2.83 and 2.58% of Met as MP; CU CON = 2.22 and 2.19% of Met as percentage of MP, and CU RPM = 2.85 and 2.65% of Met as percentage of MP. Treatments were evaluated until 112 ± 3 d in milk (DIM). Milk yield was recorded daily. Milk samples were collected at wk 1 and 2 of lactation, and then every other week, and analyzed for milk composition. For lactation pens, dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Body weight and body condition score were determined from 4 ± 3 DIM and parturition until 39 ± 3 and 49 DIM, respectively. Plasma AA concentrations were evaluated within 3 h after feeding during the periparturient period [d -7 (±4), 0, 7 (±1), 14 (±1), and 21 (±1); n = 225]. In addition, plasma AA concentrations were evaluated (every 3 h for 24 h) after feeding in cows at 76 ± 8 DIM (n = 16) and within 3 h after feeding in cows at 80 ± 3 DIM (n = 72). The RPM treatment had no effect on DMI (27.9 vs. 28.0 kg/d) or milk yield (48.7 vs. 49.2 kg/d) for RPM and CON, respectively. Cows fed the RPM treatment had increased milk protein concentration (3.07 vs. 2.95%) and yield (1.48 vs. 1.43 kg/d), and milk fat concentration (3.87 vs. 3.77%), although milk fat yield did not differ. Plasma Met concentrations tended to be greater for cows fed RPM at 7 d before parturition (25.9 vs. 22.9 µM), did not differ at parturition (22.0 vs. 20.4 µM), and were increased on d 7 (31.0 vs. 21.2 µM) and remained greater with consistent concentrations until d 21 postpartum (d 14: 30.5 vs. 19.0 µM; d 21: 31.0 vs. 17.8 µM). However, feeding RPM decreased Leu, Val, Asn, and Ser (d 7, 14, and 21) and Tyr (d 14). At a later stage in lactation, plasma Met was increased for RPM cows (34.4 vs. 16.7 µM) consistently throughout the day, with no changes in other AA. Substantial variation was detected for plasma Met concentration (range: RPM = 8.9-63.3 µM; CON = 7.8-28.8 µM) among cows [coefficient of variation (CV) > 28%] and within cow during the day (CV: 10.5-27.1%). In conclusion, feeding RPM increased plasma Met concentration and improved lactation performance via increased milk protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Z Toledo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | | | - Rodrigo S Gennari
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - Rafael V Barletta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - Martin M Perez
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Robert Wijma
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Emily M Sitko
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - German Granados
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | | | | - Julio O Giordano
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Randy D Shaver
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - Milo C Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
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9
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Vasquez JA, McCarthy MM, Richards BF, Perfield KL, Carlson DB, Lock AL, Drackley JK. Effects of prepartum diets varying in dietary energy density and monensin on early-lactation performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2881-2895. [PMID: 33358806 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of prepartum monensin supplementation and dry-period nutritional strategy on the postpartum productive performance of cows fed monensin during lactation. A total of 102 Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment (32 primiparous and 70 multiparous). The study was a completely randomized design, with randomization restricted to balance for parity, body condition score, and expected calving date. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of prepartum treatments was used; the variables of interest were prepartum feeding strategy [controlled-energy diet throughout the dry period (CE) vs. controlled-energy diet from dry-off to 22 d before expected parturition, followed by a moderate-energy close-up diet from d 21 before expected parturition through parturition (CU)] and prepartum monensin supplementation [0 g/t (control, CON) or 24.2 g/t (MON); Rumensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN]. Lactation diets before and after the dry period contained monensin at 15.4 g/t. During the close-up period, cows fed CU had greater DM and NEL intakes than cows fed CE. Calf BW at birth tended to be greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE but was not affected by MON supplementation. Diet did not affect calving difficulty score, but cows supplemented with MON had an increased calving difficulty score. We found a tendency for a MON × parity interaction for colostral IgG concentration, such that multiparous MON cows tended to have lower IgG concentration than CON cows, but colostral IgG concentration for primiparous MON and CON cows did not differ. Postpartum milk yield did not differ between diets but tended to be greater for cows supplemented with MON. Milk fat and lactose content were greater for cows fed CU than for those fed CE, and lactose content and yield were increased for cows supplemented with MON. Solids-corrected and fat-corrected milk yields were increased by MON supplementation, but were not affected by diet. Overall means for postpartum DMI did not differ by diet or MON supplementation. The CU diet decreased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids during the close-up period but increased it postpartum. Neither diet nor monensin affected β-hydroxybutyrate or liver composition. Overall, postpartum productive performance differed little between prepartum dietary strategies, but cows fed MON had greater energy-corrected milk production. In herds fed monensin during lactation, monensin should also be fed during the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vasquez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - B F Richards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48864
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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10
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Robinson P. Impacts of feeding monensin sodium on production and the efficiency of milk production in dairy cows fed total mixed rations: evaluation of a confounded literature. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The amount of milk Canadian dairy farmers produce is limited to a production quota expressed in milk fat. Because milk economic value is primarily based on fat and protein, it can be advantageous to decrease the milk fat to protein ratio. Monensin sodium has been suggested to reduce milk fat proportion and outputs, but not milk protein. Publications using lactating dairy cows were utilized to assess predictability of production responses to monensin feeding based upon their base production characteristics and diet composition. Predicted animal output changes due to monensin had poor fits with low r2 (0.31–0.44) and unevenly distributed residuals. Further assessment revealed that cow characteristics, and diets, were not independent of monensin feeding level. Thus, the 43 comparisons were clustered into levels of 10–12, 14–18, or 20–24 mg kg−1 of diet dry matter (DM). Milk fat yield reductions due to monensin differed (P < 0.05; 10–12 and 14–18 mg kg−1 DM), or tended to differ (P = 0.057; 20–24 mg kg−1 DM), from zero (i.e., no change). Monensin addition to total mixed rations of lactating dairy cows negatively impacted milk fat yield to a greater extent than milk protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.H. Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Bach A, Terré M, Vidal M. Symposium review: Decomposing efficiency of milk production and maximizing profit. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:5709-5725. [PMID: 31837781 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry has focused on maximizing milk yield, as it is believed that this maximizes profit mainly through dilution of maintenance costs. Efficiency of milk production has received, until recently, considerably less attention. The most common method to determine biological efficiency of milk production is feed efficiency (FE), which is defined as the amount of milk produced relative to the amount of nutrients consumed. Economic efficiency is best measured as income over feed cost or gross margin obtained from feed investments. Feed efficiency is affected by a myriad of factors, but overall they could be clustered as follows: (1) physiological status of the cow (e.g., age, state of lactation, health, level of production, environmental conditions), (2) digestive function (e.g., feeding behavior, passage rate, rumen fermentation, rumen and hindgut microbiome), (3) metabolic partitioning (e.g., homeorhesis, insulin sensitivity, hormonal profile), (4) genetics (ultimately dictating the 2 previous aspects), and (5) nutrition (e.g., ration formulation, nutrient balance). Over the years, energy requirements for maintenance seem to have progressively increased, but efficiency of overall nutrient use for milk production has also increased due to dilution of nutrient requirements for maintenance. However, empirical evidence from the literature suggests that marginal increases in milk require progressively greater marginal increases in nutrient supply. Thus, the dilution of maintenance requirements associated with increases in production is partially overcome by a progressive diminishing marginal biological response to incremental energy and protein supplies. Because FE follows the law of diminishing returns, and because marginal feed costs increase progressively with milk production, profits associated with improving milk yield might, in some cases, be considerably lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bach
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08007, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Sánchez-Duarte JI, Kalscheur KF, Casper DP, García AD. Performance of dairy cows fed diets formulated at 2 starch concentrations with either canola meal or soybean meal as the protein supplement. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7970-7979. [PMID: 31301837 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of substituting corn grain with nonforage fiber sources in diets containing soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) as the primary protein source. Sixteen Holstein cows were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 28 d each. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 protein sources (SBM and CM) and 2 dietary starch concentrations (21 and 27% dry matter, DM). Diets were formulated to contain 16.5% CP, and the 21% starch diets were obtained by replacing corn grain with soybean hulls and beet pulp. Protein source × starch interactions were observed for DM intake (DMI), milk fat and protein concentrations, milk protein yield, milk urea nitrogen, and feed efficiency. Cows fed CM diets had a higher DMI when dietary starch concentration was 27% compared with 21%, but those cows had DMI similar to that of cows on SBM diets regardless of the starch concentration. Milk fat percentage was decreased in cows fed CM with 27% starch compared with cows fed CM with 21% starch and cows fed SBM with 27% starch. Milk protein percentage and yield and milk lactose percentage were least in cows fed CM with 21% starch compared with the other 3 diets, but feed efficiency was greater for cows fed CM with 21% starch. Milk urea nitrogen was least in cows fed CM with 27% starch compared with the other 3 diets. Cows fed diets with 27% starch produced 2.5 kg/d more milk and 1.9 kg/d more energy-corrected milk compared with cows fed 21% starch. Digestibility of DM and organic matter was higher in cows fed SBM diets than in cows on CM diets, and cows fed 27% starch showed greater DM and organic matter digestibility than cows on 21% starch. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was greater in diets with SBM than in those with CM. Molar proportion of acetate was the lowest for cows fed CM with 21% starch compared with cows fed SBM with 21% starch, with the remaining cows fed being intermediate and similar. However, propionate was highest for cows fed CM with 21% starch than for cows fed SBM with 21% starch, but the remaining treatments were intermediate and similar. Isobutyrate was greater for cows fed CM with 21% starch, which resulted in the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with cows fed the remaining treatments. Overall, we confirmed that the interaction of protein with starch in CM diets can sustain similar cow performance as with the SBM diets. Those making decisions about starch concentration and protein source should consider feed price when SBM or CM and different starch levels are being formulated in diets for lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sánchez-Duarte
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - K F Kalscheur
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53706.
| | - D P Casper
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007; Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL 61032
| | - A D García
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
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13
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ATRIAN PEJMAN, AMANLOU HAMID, MAHERI-SIS NASER, SHAHRYAR HABIBAGHDAM. Effect of shortening close-up period length with or without lasalocid supplementation on production performance of dairy cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i7.92043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effect of shortening the close-up period length with or without lasalocid supplementation on dry matter intake (DMI) as well as milk production and composition, 48 dry Holstein cows with 700±50 kg live body weight, 3-5 years old and BCS=3.75±0.25, in 210 days of pregnancy, were used. The experiment was planned as a completely randomized design with a 4 × 12 arrangement of treatments. Control group cows (21-L) had 21 days close-up dry period without lasalocid, second group (21+L) had 21 day close-up with lasalocid, third group (10-L) had shortened close-up dry period without lasalocid and last group (10+L) had shortened close-up period associated with lasalocid. The experiment started from inception of dry period and finished at the end of 42 days in milk (DIM). Results showed that although shortening of the period length associated with the use of lasalocid, could not alter prepartum DMI, but significantly increased postpartum DMI and milk production, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased milk fat and protein content. Hence, shortening of close-up period from 21 days to 10 days associated with lasalocid supplementation resulted in better productivity of dairy cows.
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14
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Mammi LME, Grazia L, Palmonari A, Canestrari G, Mordenti A, Vecchi M, Archilei F, Formigoni A. Does the dry cow treatment with monensin controlled release capsule affect Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production? J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8847-8859. [PMID: 30100500 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of monensin controlled-release capsule (CRC; Kexxtone, Eli Lilly and Company Ltd., Indianapolis, IN) preventative ketosis treatment on the traditional cheesemaking process as well as the final characteristics of Parmigiano Reggiano (PR) cheese. The use of this prevention product to reduce the incidence of ketosis in transition dairy cows was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2013. No previous studies are available concerning the effects of this treatment on prolonged-ripening cheese production such as PR. In PR cheese production, feed, feed additives, and cow treatments are strictly regulated to avoid any possible interference with traditional manufacturing processes. For these reasons, on 1 farm where all milk was used for PR cheese production, monensin CRC was administered to 33 cows, 21 d before calving in the monensin-treated group (TRT), whereas untreated cows with similar breed and parity characteristics constituted the control group (CTR). For 20 wk, milk obtained from each group and whey starter were separately managed and transported in the cheese factory, where 2 cheese wheels per group were produced daily, making 552 PR cheese wheels in total. Morning bulk tank milk composition, cheesemaking properties, and whey starter fermentation activities were analyzed twice a week. Every aspect of the cheesemaking process was recorded and the resulting cheese was evaluated after 36 h and 6, 12, and 18 mo from production for yield, texture defects, composition, and fatty acids profile. Milk from the 2 groups differed for somatic cell content (TRT = 3.04 vs. CTR = 4.06, somatic cell score), total bacterial count (TRT = 4.08 vs. CTR = 6.08 × 1,000 cfu/mL), titratable acidity (TRT = 3.66 vs. CTR = 3.72 Soxhlet-Henkel degrees/50 mL), and casein content percentage (TRT = 2.4 vs. CTR = 2.5%). Whey starter parameters were comparable between the 2 groups. Final cheese composition and organoleptic profile were not influenced by the treatment, except for C18:1 content being enhanced (TRT = 22.8 vs. CTR = 20.8% of fatty acids). Percentage of defected ripened cheese was significantly lower in the treated group, both at x-ray evaluation performed at 6 mo (TRT = 6.2 vs. CTR = 12.3%) and at the consortium inspection, performed at 12 mo of ripening (TRT = 1.5 vs. CTR = 6.5%). On the other hand, average cheese yield at 18 mo of ripening was partially reduced (TRT = 7.5 vs. CTR = 7.7%). Overall, the use of monensin CRC had no negative effect on the cheesemaking process, prolonged ripening cheese characteristics, milk composition, or whey starter quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M E Mammi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy.
| | - L Grazia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Palmonari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
| | - G Canestrari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
| | - A Mordenti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
| | - M Vecchi
- Elanco Italia SpA, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Archilei
- Elanco Italia SpA, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - A Formigoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
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15
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McGuffey RK. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10113-10142. [PMID: 29153158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first issue of the Journal of Dairy Science in 1917 opened with the text of the speech by Raymond A. Pearson, president of the Iowa State College of Agriculture, at the dedication of the new dairy building at the University of Nebraska (J. Dairy Sci. 1:4-18, 1917). Fittingly, this was the birth of a new research facility and more importantly, the beginning of a new journal devoted to the sciences of milk production and manufacture of products from milk. Metabolic modifiers of dairy cow metabolism enhance, change, or interfere with normal metabolic processes in the ruminant digestive tract or alter postabsorption partitioning of nutrients among body tissues. Papers on metabolic modifiers became more frequent in the journal around 1950. Dairy farming changed radically between 1955 and 1965. Changes in housing and feeding moved more cows outside, and cows and heifers in all stages of lactation, including the dry period, were fed as a single group. Rations became wetter with the shift to corn silage as the major forage in many rations. Liberal grain feeding met the requirements of high-producing cows and increased production per cow but introduced new challenges; for example, managing and feeding cows as a group. These changes led to the introduction of new strategies that identified and expanded the use of metabolic modifiers. Research was directed at characterizing the new problems for the dairy cow created by group feeding. Metabolic modifiers went beyond feeding the cow and included environmental and housing factors and additives to reduce the incidence and severity of many new conditions and pathologies. New collaborations began among dairy cattle specialties that broadened our understanding of the workings of the cow. The Journal of Dairy Science then and now plays an enormously important role in dissemination of the findings of dairy scientists worldwide that address existing and new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K McGuffey
- McGuffey Dairy Consulting, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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16
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Kozerski ND, Signoretti RD, Souza JC, Souza Daley V, Freitas JA. Use of monensin in lactating crossbred dairy cows (Holstein × Gyr) raised on tropical pastures with concentrate supplementation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Review: Advantages and limitations of dairy efficiency measures and the effects of nutrition and feeding management interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2017-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Jancewicz L, Penner G, Swift M, McKinnon J, Waldner C, McAllister T. Characterization of the variation in the daily excretion of faecal constituents and digestibility predictions in beef cattle fed feedlot diets using near-infrared spectroscopy. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six heifers were individually housed and assigned to once (FF1) or twice (FF2) daily feeding regimes over backgrounding and finishing periods. Following adaptation, total faecal collections were conducted at 4-h intervals and at 24-h intervals over 4 d, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict faecal organic matter (OM), starch, nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). At each interval, NIRS calibrations were used to estimate faecal constituents and ADL to calculate apparent (aTTD) and estimated (eTTD) total tract digestibility. Faecal dry matter (DM) (%), NDF, and ADF varied among 4-h interval samples in the backgrounding period and faecal DM, starch, NDF, ADF, and ADL in the finishing period. Faecal starch was able to predict aTTD during both feeding periods (backgrounding: R2 = 0.96, P < 0.01; finishing: R2 = 0.98, P < 0.01). The NIRS calibrations for predicting aTTD using the 4-h interval samples or the 4-d–24-h composite were least accurate for NDF and ADF. Most 4-h interval samples could be used to predict eTTD of nutrients, and aside from starch in the finishing period, there were no differences in eTTD using faecal samples collected over 4-h intervals versus those collected over 4 d. Spot faecal samples collected at any time point from multiple cattle have the potential to predict digestibility. Timing of sampling after feeding must be standardized to predict starch digestibility during the finishing period, with samples between 0–4 h and 8–16 h generating estimates of both starch concentration and digestibility that were closest to that derived from 4-d–24-h composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Jancewicz
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - G.B. Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - M.L. Swift
- Hi-Pro Feeds LP, Okotoks, AB T1S 1A2, Canada
| | - J.J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - C.L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal and Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - T.A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Ferreira de Jesus E, Del Valle T, Calomeni G, Silva T, Takiya C, Vendramini T, Paiva P, Silva G, Netto A, Rennó F. Influence of a blend of functional oils or monensin on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and milk production of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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de Souza J, Preseault CL, Lock AL. Short communication: Lactational responses to palmitic acid supplementation when replacing soyhulls or dry ground corn. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1945-1950. [PMID: 26805968 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of mid-lactation dairy cows to a palmitic acid (C16:0)-enriched fatty acid supplement when replacing soyhulls or dry ground corn in the diet. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (182 ± 60 d in milk; mean ± SD) were blocked by preliminary 3.5% fat-corrected milk and randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments consisted of a control diet containing no supplemental fat (CON), and 2 C16:0-enriched fatty acid-supplemented treatments (PA; BergaFat F100, Berg & Schmidt, Hanover, Germany) as a replacement for either soyhulls (PA-SH) or dry ground corn (PA-CG). The C16:0-enriched supplement was fed at 1.5% of diet dry matter. The PA treatments did not affect dry matter intake, but PA-SH increased dry matter intake by 1.4 kg/d compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments did not affect milk yield; however, PA-SH increased milk yield by 2.4 kg/d compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments tended to decrease milk protein content (3.12 vs. 3.15%). In contrast, PA-SH increased milk protein content (3.14 vs. 3.10%) and milk protein yield (1.27 vs. 1.19 kg/d) compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments increased milk fat concentration (3.68 vs. 3.55%) and milk fat yield (1.46 vs. 1.38 kg/d). The increase in milk fat yield with PA treatments was due to the increase in the yield of 16-carbon fatty acid in milk fat. Furthermore, PA-SH tended to increase yield of de novo fatty acids and yield of 16-carbon fatty acids compared with PA-CG. The PA treatments tended to increase feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk/dry matter intake) compared with CON (1.51 vs. 1.46). The PA-SH treatment tended to increase insulin concentration compared with PA-CG (1.58 vs. 1.49 μg/L) and PA treatments increased nonesterified fatty acids compared with CON (110 vs. 99 μEq/L). Overall, PA treatments improved feed efficiency and increased milk fat yield and the response to the C16:0-enriched fatty acid supplement was greater when it replaced soyhulls compared with when it replaced dry ground corn in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - C L Preseault
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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21
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Dann H, Fredin S, Cotanch K, Grant R, Kokko C, Ji P, Fujita K. Effects of corn-based reduced-starch diets using alternative carbohydrate sources on performance of lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4041-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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McCarthy M, Yasui T, Ryan C, Mechor G, Overton T. Performance of early-lactation dairy cows as affected by dietary starch and monensin supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3335-50. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Fredin S, Akins M, Ferraretto L, Shaver R. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and neutral detergent fiber source on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:554-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Fredin SM, Ferraretto LF, Akins MS, Bertics SJ, Shaver RD. Effects of corn-based diet starch content and corn particle size on lactation performance, digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:541-53. [PMID: 25468693 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary starch content in corn-based diets and corn particle size on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility, and bacterial protein flow in dairy cows using the omasal and reticular sampling technique. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were fine (FG; mean particle size=552µm) and coarse (CG; 1,270µm) ground dry shelled corn in normal- (NS) and reduced- (RS) starch diets fed as total mixed rations. The NS and RS rations contained 27 and 18% starch (dry matter basis), respectively, and were formulated by partially replacing corn with soy hull pellets. Mean dry matter intake was unaffected by treatment (23.2kg/d). Cows fed NS diets produced 1.9kg/d more milk and 0.06kg/d more milk protein compared with cows fed RS diets. Cows fed NSFG and RSCG diets produced more fat-corrected milk than did cows fed NSCG and RSFG diets. Milk urea concentration was decreased for cows fed NS diets (12.4mg/dL) compared with RS diets (13.5mg/dL). Ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; % of NDF intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with NS diets (43.4 vs. 34.9%), and total-tract digestibility of NDF (% of NDF intake) was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (50.1 vs. 43.1%). Ruminal digestibility of starch (% of starch intake) determined by the omasal sampling technique was greater in cows fed NS diets compared with those fed RS diets (85.6 vs. 81.6%). Total-tract starch digestion was increased in cows fed RS diets compared with those fed NS diets (96.9 vs. 94.6%) and in cows fed FG diets compared with those fed CG diets (98.0 vs. 93.5%). Bacterial protein flow was unaffected by treatment. The omasal and reticular sampling techniques resulted in similar treatment effects for nutrient flow and digestibility, although nutrient flow was lower and nutrient digestibility was greater in cows when sampled by the omasal technique compared with the reticular technique. Cows fed FG diets had greater ruminal propionate, lower acetate:propionate ratio, and lower pH. Feeding NS diets increased milk and protein yields and feeding finely ground corn increased ruminal propionate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fredin
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - M S Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - S J Bertics
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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Carmo CA, Batistel F, de Souza J, Martinez JC, Correa P, Pedroso AM, Santos FAP. Starch levels on performance, milk composition and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:179-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fredin S, Ferraretto L, Akins M, Hoffman P, Shaver R. Fecal starch as an indicator of total-tract starch digestibility by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:1862-71. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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