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Zhu J, Wu Y, Jiang A, Li B, Ran T, Zhou C, Xiao D, Tan Z. Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate on rumen fermentation parameters, and bacterial community diversity of Holstein dairy cows in Tibet. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101620. [PMID: 37228367 PMCID: PMC10203405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by low temperature and hypoxia. N-carbamylglutamic acid (NCG) can increase blood oxygen saturation, and have the potential to be used to prevent the high-altitude hypoxia stress state of cows. However, its beneficial effect on the rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows remains unclear. Methods Hence, the experiments 12 multiparous (parity ranged from 2 to 7) Holstein dairy cows (413.0 ± 42 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment: basal diet (CON, control group) and basal diet plus 20 g/d/cow of NCG (NCG, experiment group), respectively. To study the effects of dietary NCG supplementation on rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows in Tibet. The experiment lasted for 45 days, with 15 days of pre-feeding and 30 days of formal trail period. Results The results showed that ruminal NH3-N concentration in NCG group was lower (p < 0.05) than that in the CON group, while molar proportion of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of NCG. Microbial diversity increased (p < 0.05) in NCG group, with Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria as the most abundant phyla. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the potential function of ruminal bacteria was mainly enriched in metabolism (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, energy, and nucleotides) and genetic information processing (replication, repair, and translation). Conclusion In conclusion, NCG can improve rumen nitrogen utilization, total VFA and acetic acid production, and increase rumen microbial diversity, all of which could make the introduced Holstein dairy cows to better adapt to the harsh environment in Tibet and improve their production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aoyu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Tao Ran
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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McCoard SA, Pacheco D. The significance of N-carbamoylglutamate in ruminant production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:48. [PMID: 37046347 PMCID: PMC10100185 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the efficiency and production of grazing ruminants to support food and fiber production, while reducing the environmental footprint and meeting the welfare needs of the animals, is important for sustainable livestock production systems. Development of new technologies that can improve the efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilization in ruminants, and that are effective and safe, has important implications for ruminant livestock production. N-carbomoylglutamate (NCG) is a functional micronutrient that stimulates endogenous synthesis of arginine, which can improve survival, growth, lactation, reproductive performance, and feed efficiency in mammals. There is a growing body of evidence to support the potential of dietary NCG supplementation to improve the productive capacity and N utilization efficiency of ruminants. This review summarizes the current literature on the effects of dietary supplementation with NCG in ruminants and impacts on production and potential to reduce the environmental footprint of farmed ruminant livestock. The current literature highlights the potential for commercial application in ruminant livestock to improve productivity and N utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A McCoard
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - David Pacheco
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Wang C, Shang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Han M, Li F, Yin Y, Qiao S. Effectiveness and safety evaluation of graded levels of N-carbamylglutamate in growing-finishing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:412-418. [PMID: 36016840 PMCID: PMC9382136 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was as follows: 1) to investigate the effects of graded levels of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on performance, blood biochemical indexes, carcass traits and related indicators in growing-finishing pigs, and 2) to determine the optimal supplemental level. The toxicity of high-dose (much higher than recommended levels) NCG was assessed by routine blood tests and blood biochemical and histopathologic examinations of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and stomach. One hundred and forty-four growing-finishing pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace, 32.24 ± 1.03 kg) were used in a 74-d experiment and each treatment was replicated 6 times with 4 pigs (2 barrows and 2 gilts) per replicate. The dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2% or 1% NCG. The first 5 groups were used to explore the optimal supplemental level of NCG, while the control, 0.1% and 1% NCG groups were used to explore the safety of high-dose NCG. Compared with the normal control group, the final body weight and average daily gain tended to be higher in the 0.1% group (P = 0.08), the lean percentage tended to be higher in the 0.05% group (P = 0.07), the levels of free amino acids in the blood significantly increased in the 0.1% group (P < 0.05), both 0.1% and 0.15% NCG supplementation increased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in serum (P = 0.07) and muscle growth- and lipid metabolism-related gene expression (P < 0.05) and NCG supplementation improved C18:1N9C monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.08). In addition, routine blood tests, blood biochemical indexes and histopathological examination revealed no abnormalities. Overall, increasing the levels of NCG did not linearly improve the above indicators; the 0.1% dose showed the best effect, and a high dose (1%) did not pose a toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Bio-feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Bio-feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 100045, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 100045, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 100045, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 100045, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 100045, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Bio-feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding author.
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Zhou J, Yue S, Du J, Xue B, Wang L, Peng Q, Zou H, Hu R, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Xue B. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the mechanism of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate in promoting follicle development in yaks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:946893. [PMID: 36105003 PMCID: PMC9464987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.946893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Yak is the main livestock in the highlands of China. The low reproductive rate of yaks is a serious constraint on their production and utility. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) can increase arginine synthesis in mammals and has been shown to improve reproductive performance. Twelve multiparous and simutaneous anoestrous female yaks were randomly divided into two groups, one of which was fed the basal diet (Control, n = 6), and the other was fed the basal diet supplemented with NCG at 6 g/day/yak (NCG, n = 6). All yaks were slaughtered on the 32nd day (the time predicted for the selection of the last wave of dominant follicles), and their ovarian tissues were collected and follicles were classified. NCG supplementation increased the number of large ovarian follicles (diameter > 10 mm), as well as caused significant changes in the transcriptional and metabolic levels in yak ovaries which due to the differential expression of 889 genes and 94 metabolites. Integrated analysis of the transcriptomics and metabolomics data revealed that the differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were primarily involved in the process of energy metabolism, amino acid metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolic pathways, and lipid metabolic pathways. The highlighted changes were associated with amino acid synthesis and metabolism, ovarian steroid hormone synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, suggesting that NCG supplementation may promote estrogen synthesis and help regulate follicular development by altering the pathways associated with glucose catabolism. The results present important clues for understanding the mechanisms by which NCG supplementation promotes follicular development in yaks. The findings of this study provide a basis for the development and application of NCG in optimizing animal reproduction, including yak reproductive performance, which may help optimize livestock management and uplift the pastoral economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangming Yue
- Department of Bioengineering, Sichuan Water Conservancy College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benchu Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bai Xue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Bai Xue
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N-carbamylglutamate Improves Feed Conversion Efficiency, Feed Digestibility and Immunity Status in Finishing Holstein Bulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li Y, Ma N, Ren L, Wang M, Hu L, Shen Y, Cao Y, Li Q, Li J, Gao Y. Microbiome-Metabolome Responses in Ruminal Content and Feces of Lactating Dairy Cows With N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation Under Heat Stress. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:902001. [PMID: 35812889 PMCID: PMC9260145 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.902001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on metabolic profile and microbiota in ruminal content and feces of lactating dairy cows under heat stress (HS). Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows (154 ± 13.6 days in milk) were assigned randomly to four treatments (n = 12), to receive 0, 15, 20, or 25 g/day of commercial NCG (proportion: 97.7%) for the period of 60 days. The recorded ambient temperature–humidity index (THI) suggested that the cows were exposed to HS for almost the entire experimental period (average THI: 80.6). Samples of ruminal content and feces were collected at the end of the trial (day 60) to determine the biological effects of NCG supplementation on metabolome and microbiota using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques, respectively. Results showed that NCG supplementation enhanced the levels of ruminal microbial protein, total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen, but lowered the ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and the ratio of acetate to propionate. NCG at doses of 20 and 25 g/day reduced the community richness and diversity of ruminal microbiota with the decrease of Shannon and Simpson diversity. Compositions of ruminal and fecal microbiotas were altered by NCG, and the PICRUSt results revealed that metabolic pathways of the bacteria, such as amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism, were enriched in NCG groups. Distinct changes in the metabolomic profile of ruminal fluid were observed between the control and NCG groups. Changes of 26 metabolites mainly involved in arginine metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism were observed associated with NCG supplementation. These results provided new insights into the effects of NCG on metabolomic profile and microbiota in ruminal content and feces, and the optimal dose of NCG supplemented to dairy cows was 20 g/hd/day, which contributed to understanding the effects of NCG on HS in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Liyuan Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Linqi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yizhao Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding, China
| | - Qiufeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding, China
- Hebei Research Institute of Dairy Industry Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Li
| | - Yanxia Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding, China
- Hebei Research Institute of Dairy Industry Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
- Yanxia Gao
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Gu F, Jiang L, Wang D, Zhao F, Liu J. Supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate during the transition period improves the function of neutrophils and reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5786-5795. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu Z, Yan F, Mi H, Lv X, Wang K, Li B, Jin T, Chen L, Zhang G, Huang X, Zhou C, Tan Z. N-Carbamoylglutamate Supplementation on the Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Milk Quality, Antioxidant Parameters, and Metabolites of Jersey Cattle in High-Altitude Areas. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:848912. [PMID: 35445104 PMCID: PMC9014120 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.848912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of the dietary supplementation of N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, milk quality, oxidative stress, and metabolites in the plasma and feces of Jersey cattle under high altitude with the hypoxic condition. A total of 14 healthy lactating Jersey dairy cows with similar body conditions were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group (CON group, N = 6 replicates) was fed with a conventional complete diet, whereas the experimental group (NCG group, N = 8 replicates) received 20 g/d per head NCG supplementation. The experiment lasted for 60 days, the adaptation period was 12 days, and the formal experiment period was 48 days. Except that the NCG group showed an upward trend in dry matter intake (DMI) (p = 0.09) and the fermentation parameters, the molar proportion of butyric acid tended to decrease (p = 0.08); the two groups had no significant differences (p > 0.05) in nutrients digestibility, plasma immunity, and antioxidant ability. However, compared with the CON group, the milk fat rate and blood oxygen saturation of the NCG group showed an upward trend (p = 0.09). For indexes associated with altitude stress, the contents of thyroxine, transferrin, and endothelin both decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the NCG group. Meanwhile, heat shock protein (p = 0.07) and aldosterone (p = 0.06) also showed a downward trend. A total of 114 different metabolites were identified from feces and plasma, 42 metabolites were derived from plasma that mainly included 5 kinds of Super Class, and 72 metabolites were derived from feces that mainly included 9 kinds of Super Class. The significantly increased plasma differential metabolites were 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate and salicyluric acid, and the significantly increased fecal differential metabolites were Butenafine (fold change > 2). Pathway analysis showed that after applying NCG as a feed additive, the changes of the Jersey dairy cows mainly focused on amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. These results indicated that adding NCG to the diet can prevent the hypoxic stress state of lactating Jersey cows in high-altitude areas and has a tendency to improve milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyong Yan
- Hunan Jiuding Technology (Group) Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokang Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guijie Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ximei Huang
- Changsha Green Top Biotech Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal Science of Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China.,School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution CON and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Dietary provision of N-carbamoylglutamate to Holstein cows: A strategy to enhance the productive and reproductive efficiency during summer. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Liu X, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Loor JJ, Wang H, Wang M. Dietary N-carbamylglutamate or L-arginine improves fetal intestinal amino acid profiles during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 8:341-349. [PMID: 35059512 PMCID: PMC8740449 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that prenatal in utero growth restriction impairs postnatal intestinal function. Thus, improving postpartal intestinal absorption capacity and growth by manipulating the maternal diet prepartum is of importance. This work was conducted to determine whether supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) or rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) increased fetal intestinal amino acid (AA) profiles in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) fetuses. On d 35 of gestation, Hu ewes (n = 32) carrying twin fetuses were randomized into 4 groups (8 ewes and 16 fetuses in each group), where diets were as follows: 100% of nutrient requirements recommended by National Research Council (NRC, 2007) (CON); 50% of nutrient requirements recommended by NRC (2007) (RES); RES + RP-Arg (20 g/d), (RES + ARG); and RES + NCG (5 g/d), (RES + NCG). On d 110 of gestation, both fetal and maternal tissues were collected and weighed. Compared with RES, solute carrier family 1, member 5 (SLC1A5) was upregulated (P < 0.05) within fetal jejunum, duodenum and ileum when supplementing NCG and RP-Arg. Relative to RES, RP-Arg or NCG supplementation to RES resulted in upregulation (P < 0.05) of peptide transporter 1 protein abundance within the fetal ileum. NCG or RP-Arg supplementation to RES also upregulated phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (pmTOR)-to-mTOR ratio in the fetal ileum induced by IUGR (P < 0.05). As a result, during IUGR, supplementation of Arg or NCG affected intestinal AA profiles in the fetus in part through controlling mTOR signal transduction as well as AA and peptide transport. Future studies should be conducted to understand the role (if any) of the placenta on the improvement of growth and AA profiles independent of the fetal intestine. This would help demonstrate the relative contribution of intestinal uptake in fetal life.
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Effects of Inclusion of N-Carbamylglutamate in the Non-Protein Diet on Growth and Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality, Nitrogen Metabolism and Antioxidant of Holstein Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010033. [PMID: 35011139 PMCID: PMC8749524 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Using dietary non-protein nitrogen is an effective way to decrease the dependence on protein resources in cattle production. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) is a structural analogue of N-acetylglutamate (NAG), which is a precursor of endogenous Arg synthesis. NCG improves urea cycling and enhances the endogenous synthesis of Arg, nitric oxide synthase and NO. The present study showed that beef benefited from being fed NCG product in the urea diet by enhancing its growth and slaughter performance, meat quality, nitrogen metabolism and plasma amino acids. Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on growth and slaughter performance, meat quality, nitrogen utilization, plasma antioxidant and amino acids of Holstein bulls. In this case, 24 Holstein bulls (490 ± 29.0 kg of body weights and 540 ± 6.1 d of age) were blocked by body weights and age and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) CON group: bulls were fed the control diet, (2) CON + NCG group: bulls were fed the control diet with 40 mg/kg BW NCG, (3) Urea group: bulls were fed the urea diet, and (4) Urea + NCG group: bulls were fed the urea diet with 40 mg/kg BW NCG. Feeding NCG significantly improved ADG, FCR, DM and CP digestibility, carcass weight, slaughter weight, DOP, eye muscle area, shear force (p = 0.001) and reduced L* of color, drip loss and cooking loss. Concurrently, feeding the urea diet induced a decreased ADG, carcass weight and slaughter weight, DOP, eye muscle area and shear force. NCG decreased contents of fecal N and urinary N, plasma urea in bulls and ammonia but increased N retention and utilization, plasma NO, plasma Arg, Leu, Ile and Tyr. On the other hand, feeding the urea diet increased urinary N, plasma urea and ammonia. Thus the study efficiently demonstrates that beef benefited from being fed a NCG product in the urea diet by enhancing its growth and slaughter performance, meat quality, nitrogen metabolism and plasma amino acids.
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Elsabagh M, Wang H, Wang M. Dietary rumen-protected L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate attenuated fetal hepatic inflammation in undernourished ewes suffering from intrauterine growth restriction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1095-1104. [PMID: 34738040 PMCID: PMC8545652 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether dietary rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) or N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation to feed-restricted pregnant ewes counteracts fetal hepatic inflammation and innate immune dysfunction associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in ovine fetuses. On d 35 of pregnancy, twin-bearing Hu ewes (n = 32) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (8 ewes and 16 fetuses per group) and fed diets containing 100% of the NRC requirements (CON), 50% of the NRC requirements (RES), RES + RP-Arg (20 g/d) (RESA), or RES + NCG (5 g/d) (RESN). At 08:00 on d 110 of gestation, fetal blood and liver tissue samples were collected. The levels of triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and β-hydroxybutyrate in the fetal blood of RESA and RESN groups were lower (P < 0.05) than those of the RES group, but were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the CON group. The interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 levels in fetal blood and liver tissue as well as the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mRNA levels in the fetal liver were decreased (P < 0.05) by the NCG or RP-Arg supplementation compared to the RES treatment. Similarly, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, MyD88, TGFβ, and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein levels in the fetal liver were reduced (P < 0.05) in the NCG and RP-Arg -supplemented groups compared to the RES group. These results showed that dietary supplementation of RP-Arg or NCG to underfed pregnant ewes could protect against IUGR fetal hepatic inflammation via improving lipid metabolism, down-regulating the TLR-4 and the inflammatory JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and decreasing cytokine production in ovine fetal blood and liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, 832000, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mabrouk Elsabagh
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, 51240, Turkey.,Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hongrong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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13
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Dietary supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate initiated from the prepartum stage improves lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:232-238. [PMID: 33997352 PMCID: PMC8110860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG), an Arg enhancer, on amino acid (AA) supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into control (CON, n = 15) and NCG (CON diet supplemented with NCG at 20 g/d per cow, n = 15) groups at 4 wk before calving. Diets were offered individually in tie-stalls, and NCG was supplemented by top-dress feeding onto total mixed ration for the NCG group. The experiment lasted until wk 10 after calving. Dry matter intake tended to be higher (P = 0.06), and yields of milk (P < 0.01), milk protein (P < 0.01), and milk fat (P < 0.01) were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01), alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.03), and plasma level of β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.04) were lower in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows, whereas plasma glucose (P = 0.05) and nitric oxide (NO, P < 0.01) concentrations were higher. Coccygeal vein concentrations of Cys (P < 0.01), Pro (P < 0.01), Tyr (P = 0.05), most essential AA except Thr and His (P < 0.01), total essential AA (P < 0.01), and total AA (P < 0.01) were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. The arterial supply of all AA was greater in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows. The NCG-cows had higher mammary plasma flow of AA (P = 0.04) and clearance rate of Cys (P < 0.01), Pro (P < 0.01) and Asp (P < 0.01), and higher ratios of uptake to output of Met (P = 0.05), Lys (P < 0.01), Cys (P = 0.01), Pro (P = 0.03), and Asp (P = 0.01). In summary, addition of NCG initiated from the prepartum period improved the lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows, which might attribute to greater Arg and NO concentrations, as well as improved AA supply and utilization, liver function, and feed intake in these cows.
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Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on milk production performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolomics of lactating Holstein cows under heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Li P, Wu F, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhou J, Zeng X, Qiao S. Combination of non-protein nitrogen and N‑carbamylglutamate supplementation improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs fed low protein diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Yang J, Zheng J, Fang X, Jiang X, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Effects of Dietary N-carbamylglutamate on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Nitrogen Metabolism and Plasma Metabolites of Fattening Holstein Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E126. [PMID: 33430052 PMCID: PMC7827832 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), a structural analog of N-acetylglutamate, improves nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. However, the effects of NCG on bulls are unknown. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the effects of adding different amounts of NCG on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and plasma metabolites of fattening Holstein bulls. Twenty-four Holstein bulls with similar body weights (BW, 408 ± 21.9 kg) and ages (450 ± 6.1 d; all mean ± SD) were selected for the feeding trial. After 2 weeks of adaptation, bulls were blocked by BW and age and subsequently randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) CON group (control diet), (2) L group (supplementation with 20 mg/kg BW NCG), (3) M group (supplementation with 40 mg/kg BW NCG), or (4) H group (supplementation with 80 mg/kg BW NCG). The addition of NCG linearly and quadratically increased the average daily gain (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 1.03 vs. 1.19 vs. 1.40 vs. 1.26 kg/d) (p < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 11.92 vs. 9.22 vs. 7.76 vs. 8.62) (p < 0.05), crude protein digestibility (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 64.3 vs. 63.8 vs. 67.7 vs. 65.8%) (0.05 < p < 0.10), N retention (p < 0.05) and N utilization (p < 0.05) of bulls, whereas the contents of fecal N (0.05 < p < 0.10) and urinary N (0.05 < p < 0.10) in NCG-fed bulls linearly decreased compared with those in CON bulls. Bulls fed NCG showed a quadratic increased plasma nitric oxide (p < 0.05) concentration. Furthermore, Arg (p < 0.05), Ile (p < 0.05), Val (p < 0.05), Ala (p < 0.05), Glu (p < 0.05), Ser (p < 0.05), total essential amino acid (p < 0.05) and total nonessential amino acid (p < 0.05) concentrations linearly and quadratically increased with increasing doses of NCG. In contrast, plasma urea (p < 0.05) and ammonia (p < 0.05) concentration linearly and quadratically decreased with increasing doses of NCG. Overall, the addition of NCG increased plasma Arg, Ile, Val, TEAA and TNEAA concentration, which in turn resulted in a higher N utilization and, therefore, higher average daily gain in NCG-fed bulls, providing baseline data for the widespread application of NCG in beef cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.F.); (X.J.); (Y.S.)
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17
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Gu FF, Wang DM, Yang DT, Liu JX, Ren DX. Short communication: Effects of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate supplementation on the milk amino acid profile and mozzarella cheese quality in mid-lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4935-4940. [PMID: 32307176 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-Carbamoylglutamate (NCG) is an enhancer of Arg, which is a functional AA and could prevent cardiovascular disease and improve immunity. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing NCG in diets of lactating cattle on the NCG concentration and AA composition of raw milk and on mozzarella cheese quality. Thirty multiparous cows with a mean body weight of 669 kg (standard deviation = 71) and days in milk of 176 (standard deviation = 55) were blocked based on parity and milk production and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: basal diet (CON) and basal diet supplemented with 40 g of NCG per day per cow (NCG). After 8 wk of treatment, raw milk samples were collected from the 2 groups for AA analysis and mozzarella cheese-making. Furthermore, the NCG concentration and distribution in milk and mozzarella cheese were detected. The AA concentration in milk was greater and the NCG concentration in raw milk was approximately 6 times greater in the NCG group than in the CON group. No NCG was detected in cheese from the CON group, and very little NCG (<1.0 μg/kg) of cheese was detected in the NCG group. Most of the dietary NCG was transferred into whey, stretch water, and brine during cheese production. No significant difference was found between the 2 groups on cheese texture and color except that hardness was lower in the NCG group. Overall, the results indicated that dietary supplementation of NCG could improve the NCG and AA concentrations in raw milk without affecting the quality of cheeses such as mozzarella.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Gu
- Institute of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - D M Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - D T Yang
- Institute of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - J X Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - D X Ren
- Institute of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China.
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18
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Bach A, Terré M, Vidal M. Symposium review: Decomposing efficiency of milk production and maximizing profit. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:5709-5725. [PMID: 31837781 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry has focused on maximizing milk yield, as it is believed that this maximizes profit mainly through dilution of maintenance costs. Efficiency of milk production has received, until recently, considerably less attention. The most common method to determine biological efficiency of milk production is feed efficiency (FE), which is defined as the amount of milk produced relative to the amount of nutrients consumed. Economic efficiency is best measured as income over feed cost or gross margin obtained from feed investments. Feed efficiency is affected by a myriad of factors, but overall they could be clustered as follows: (1) physiological status of the cow (e.g., age, state of lactation, health, level of production, environmental conditions), (2) digestive function (e.g., feeding behavior, passage rate, rumen fermentation, rumen and hindgut microbiome), (3) metabolic partitioning (e.g., homeorhesis, insulin sensitivity, hormonal profile), (4) genetics (ultimately dictating the 2 previous aspects), and (5) nutrition (e.g., ration formulation, nutrient balance). Over the years, energy requirements for maintenance seem to have progressively increased, but efficiency of overall nutrient use for milk production has also increased due to dilution of nutrient requirements for maintenance. However, empirical evidence from the literature suggests that marginal increases in milk require progressively greater marginal increases in nutrient supply. Thus, the dilution of maintenance requirements associated with increases in production is partially overcome by a progressive diminishing marginal biological response to incremental energy and protein supplies. Because FE follows the law of diminishing returns, and because marginal feed costs increase progressively with milk production, profits associated with improving milk yield might, in some cases, be considerably lower than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bach
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08007, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marta Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institut de Recerca i Tecnolgia Agroalimentàries, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Zhang H, Zhao F, Nie H, Ma T, Wang Z, Wang F, Loor JJ. Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected L-arginine supplementation during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes improve fetal thymus development and immune function. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1522-1531. [PMID: 31039948 DOI: 10.1071/rd18047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine whether dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected l-arginine (RP-Arg) to underfed Hu sheep would improve fetal thymus development and immune function. From Day 35 to Day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n=8 per group): 100% National Research Council (NRC)-recommended nutrient requirements (CON), 50% NRC recommendations (RES), 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 20gday-1 RP-Arg (RES+ARG), and 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 5gday-1 NCG (RES+NCG). Medullary thickness was increased (P<0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but was reduced (P<0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes compared with RES ewes. There were no differences in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity or malondialdehyde levels in the RES+ARG and RES+NCG groups compared with the CON group (P>0.05). Concentrations of IgA, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 in fetal umbilical cord blood were reduced (P<0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were increased (P<0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. Expression of Bax, Fas and p53 mRNA was increased (P<0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were reduced (P>0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with NCG and RP-Arg could help alleviate the negative effects of intrauterine growth restriction on fetal thymus development and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, #48, Weihui Road,Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, #48, Weihui Road,Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Nie
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tiewei Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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20
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Effects of dietary supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate on lactation performance of lactating goats and growth performance of their suckling kidlets. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Hu Y, Shao D, Wang Q, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Shen Y, Zhang S, Tong H, Shi S. Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on growth performance, tissue development and blood parameters of yellow-feather broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2241-2249. [PMID: 30668818 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on the growth performance, tissue development, and blood parameters of broilers are unknown. In this study, 2 linked experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of 4 graded dietary levels and 3 dietary stages of NCG in a Chinese indigenous yellow-feather broiler breed during 2 growth phases: 1 to 18 d and 19 to 36 d. The dietary levels of NCG were 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20%, and dietary stages were designed to add NCG during the starter stage or grower stage or throughout the experimental period. At the age of 18 d, graded doses of NCG from 0.05 to 0.20% in the diet produced quadratic (P < 0.05) positive responses in body weight, width of intermuscular fat cingulum, liver weight, serum blood urea nitrogen, and serum low-density lipoprotein as well as linear (P < 0.05) positive responses in albumin serum concentration. The average feed per gain and mortality were unaffected by dietary NCG levels. Among 3 dietary treatments, only NCG dietary treatments throughout the experimental period improved the body weight and daily weight gain linearly (P < 0.05). The daily weight gain under the 3 dietary treatments used indicated that the most fitting dose is 0.1% NCG among the 4 dietary levels of NCG (P < 0.05). At this dose, muscle weight increased, whereas subcutaneous adipose as well as the serum contents of uric acid, triglyceride, and albumin decreased. Considering the growth performance and tissue development under the conditions used in this study, the best-fit model for NCG requirements of Chinese yellow-feather broilers was estimated from regression analysis to be 0.09 to 0.12% dietary NCG treatments during the grower stage. The modified blood parameters indicated that NCG dietary effects on broiler growth may be accompanied by modified homeostasis of arginine metabolism, lipid deposition, protein synthesis, and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Haibing Tong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Center of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
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22
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Gu F, Liang S, Wei Z, Wang C, Liu H, Liu J, Wang D. Short communication: Effects of dietary addition of N-carbamoylglutamate on milk composition in mid-lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10985-10990. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Wang S, Azarfar A, Wang Y, Cao Z, Li S. N-carbamylglutamate restores nitric oxide synthesis and attenuates high altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension in Holstein heifers ascended to high altitude. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:63. [PMID: 30186602 PMCID: PMC6120069 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) is a life-threating condition for animals in high altitude, and disturbance of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis contributes to its pathogenesis. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), which enhances arginine synthesis, promotes endogenous synthesis of NO. In this study, we determined the effects of NCG on alleviating HAPH in Holstein heifers that ascended to Tibet (Lhasa, 3,658 m). Methods Exp. 1, 2,000 Holstein heifers were transported from low elevation (1,027 m) to Lhasa. After being exposed to hypoxia for 1 yr, Holstein heifers were assigned to a healthy group (Control, n = 6) with mean pulmonary hypertension (mPAP) < 41 mmHg, and an HAPH affected group (HAPH, n = 6) with mPAP > 49 mmHg. Lung tissues were collected to evaluate histopathological changes and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Exp. 2, ten healthy heifers and 10 HAPH affected heifers were supplemented with NCG (20 g/d per heifer) for 4 wk. Physiological parameters were determined and blood samples were collected on d − 1 and d 28 of the feeding trial. Results Expression of eNOS in small pulmonary arteriole intima was higher in the healthy than HAPH group (P = 0.006), whereas HAPH group had significantly thicker media and adventitia than healthy group (all P < 0.05). The mRNA of eNOS and protein level of eNOS were higher in the lungs of heifers in the healthy group than in the HAPH group (both P < 0.001), whereas endothelin-1 protein levels were higher in HAPH group than in the healthy group (P = 0.025). NCG supplementation decreased mPAP and ammonia (both P = 0.001), whereas it increased the expression of eNOS, arginine, and plasma NO (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The expression of eNOS was decreased in Holstein heifers with HAPH. NCG supplementation decreased mPAP through the restoration of eNOS and endogenous NO synthesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0277-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Arash Azarfar
- 2Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Lorestan University, PO Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yajing Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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Feng T, Schütz LF, Morrell BC, Perego MC, Spicer LJ. Effects of N-carbamylglutamate and L-arginine on steroidogenesis and gene expression in bovine granulosa cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 188:85-92. [PMID: 29150243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feeding N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and arginine (ARG) improves reproductive measures in pigs and reduces systemic steroid levels in pregnant ewes. We hypothesized that the effects of NCG and ARG on reproduction were due to direct effects on the ovary. Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of NCG and ARG on granulosa cell (GC) steroidogenesis, gene expression, and cell proliferation in vitro. GC were collected from small (1-5mm) bovine follicles and treated in vitro with NCG or ARG in serum-free medium for 24h to 48h. Both NCG and ARG inhibited (P<0.05) IGF1- and FSH-induced GC estradiol production but only NCG inhibited (P<0.05) progesterone production. In contrast, NCG and ARG increased (P<0.05) GC numbers induced by IGF1 and FSH. NCG inhibited (P<0.05) StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 mRNA abundance in small-follicle GC, whereas ARG had no effect (P>0.10) on StAR, CYP11A1 or CYP19A1 mRNA abundance. We conclude that NCG and ARG may act directly on GC and therefore may regulate ovarian function by slowing follicular differentiation via inhibiting IGF1 action, and steroid synthesis while stimulating GC proliferation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - L F Schütz
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - B C Morrell
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - M C Perego
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - L J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Zhang H, Sun LW, Wang ZY, Deng MT, Zhang GM, Guo RH, Ma TW, Wang F. Dietary -carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected -arginine supplementation ameliorate fetal growth restriction in undernourished ewes. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2072-85. [PMID: 27285704 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with an ovine intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) model to test the hypothesis that dietary -carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected -Arg (RP-Arg) supplementation are effective in ameliorating fetal growth restriction in undernourished ewes. Beginning on d 35 of gestation, ewes were fed a diet providing 100% of NRC-recommended nutrient requirements, 50% of NRC recommendations (50% NRC), 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 20 g/d RP-Arg (providing 10 g/d of Arg), and 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 5 g/d NCG product (providing 2.5 g/d of NCG). On d 110, maternal, fetal, and placental tissues and fluids were collected and weighed. Ewe weights were lower ( < 0.05) in nutrient-restricted ewes compared with adequately fed ewes. Maternal RP-Arg or NCG supplementation did not alter ( = 0.26) maternal BW in nutrient-restricted ewes. Weights of most fetal organs were increased ( < 0.05) in RP-Arg-treated and NCG-treated underfed ewes compared with 50% NRC-fed ewes. Supplementation of RP-Arg or NCG reduced ( < 0.05) concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, and ammonia in serum of underfed ewes but had no effect on concentrations of lactate and GH. Maternal RP-Arg or NCG supplementation markedly improved ( < 0.05) concentrations of AA (particularly arginine-family AA and branched-chain AA) and polyamines in maternal and fetal plasma and in fetal allantoic and amniotic fluids within nutrient-restricted ewes. These novel results indicate that dietary NCG and RP-Arg supplementation to underfed ewes ameliorated fetal growth restriction, at least in part, by increasing the availability of AA in the conceptus and provide support for its clinical use to ameliorate IUGR in humans and sheep industry production.
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Sun L, Zhang H, Fan Y, Guo Y, Zhang G, Nie H, Wang F. Metabolomic profiling in umbilical venous plasma reveals effects of dietary rumen-protected arginine or N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in nutrient-restricted Hu sheep during pregnancy. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:376-388. [PMID: 28220550 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrient restriction during pregnancy is a major problem worldwide for human and animal production. Arginine (Arg) is critical to health, growth and reproduction. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), a key enzyme in arginine synthesis, is not extensively degraded in rumen. The aim of this study was to investigate ameliorating effects of rumen-protected arginine (RP-Arg) and NCG supplementation on dietary in undernourished Hu sheep during gestation. From day 35 to 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin foetuses were randomly divided into four groups: a control (CG) group (n = 8; fed 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements for pregnant sheep), a nutrient-restricted (RG) group (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements, which included 50% mineral-vitamin mixture) and two treatment (Arg and NCG) groups (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements supplemented with 20 g/day RP-Arg or 5 g/day NCG, which included 50% mineral-vitamin mixture). The umbilical venous plasma samples of foetus were tested by 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance. Thirty-two differential metabolites were identified, indicating altered metabolic pathways of amino acid, carbohydrate and energy, lipids and oxidative stress metabolism among the four groups. Our results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of dietary RP-Arg and NCG supplementation on mammalian reproduction is associated with complex metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Fan
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - G Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Nie
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - F Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang H, Sun L, Wang Z, Deng M, Nie H, Zhang G, Ma T, Wang F. N-carbamylglutamate and L-arginine improved maternal and placental development in underfed ewes. Reproduction 2016; 151:623-35. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine how dietary supplementation ofN-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) in nutrient-restricted pregnant Hu sheep would affect (1) maternal endocrine status; (2) maternal, fetal, and placental antioxidation capability; and (3) placental development. From day 35 to day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were allocated randomly into four groups: 100% of NRC-recommended nutrient requirements, 50% of NRC recommendations, 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 20g/day RP-Arg, and 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented with 5g/day NCG product. The results showed that in maternal and fetal plasma and placentomes, the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase were increased (P<0.05); however, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of maleic dialdehyde were decreased (P<0.05) in both NCG- and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 was increased (P<0.05) in 50% NRC ewes than in 100% NRC ewes, and had no effect (P>0.05) in both NCG- and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. A supplement of RP-Arg and NCG reduced (P<0.05) the concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, and estradiol-17β; had no effect on T4/T3; and improved (P<0.05) the concentrations of leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1, tri-iodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in serum from underfed ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of NCG and RP-Arg in underfed ewes could influence maternal endocrine status, improve the maternal–fetal–placental antioxidation capability, and promote fetal and placental development during early-to-late gestation.
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Chacher B, Liu H, Wang D, Liu J. Potential role of N-carbamoyl glutamate in biosynthesis of arginine and its significance in production of ruminant animals. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:16. [PMID: 23575433 PMCID: PMC3627613 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine (ARG) exerts many beneficial effects on animal body and enhanced angiogenesis, lactogenesis, which finally leads to the improvement in nitrogen (N) metabolism, reproduction, lactation, immunity and growth. Unfortunately, unprotected ARG will be degraded in the rumen and its price is high, thus feeding rumen-protected ARG seems to be uneconomical. Alternatively, N-carbamoyl glutamate (NCG) is structural analogue of N-acetyl glutamate, cofactor of cabamoyl phosphate synthetase1, is lower in rumen degradation compared to ARG. Additionally, rumen epithelial and duodenal cells have potentially utilized the NCG for ureagenesis. Supplementation of NCG to high yielding dairy cows increased plasma concentration of ARG and nitric oxide, decreased the plasma ammonia N and improved lactation performance and N utilization. Supplementation of NCG enhanced pregnancy rates in rats, improved litter size and fetal survival rate, thereby improved the reproductive performance of sows. Oral NCG supplementation increases plasma ARG and somatotropin levels, and increased growth rate and muscle protein synthesis in nursing piglets. The NCG is potential a relatively cheaper source of feed additive to offer vital compensation over oral administration of ARG, resulting in improved ruminant animal health and production. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of ARG biosynthesis by NCG and their significance in growth, reproduction, milk production and N utilization in ruminant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Chacher
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Diming Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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