1
|
Zhang H, Bai J, Chen X, Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Y, Weng J, Zhi W, Wang J. Surface State-Based panchromatic luminescent carbon dots. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 678:77-87. [PMID: 39180850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots have shown a broad application prospect in the fields of sensing and detection, biological imaging, and optoelectronic devices. However, it is still challenging to adopt a simple and green synthesis route and to develop new precursor systems to prepare full-color luminescent carbon dots. This study proposes a mechanism for fine regulation of carbon dot fluorescence spectra based on surface states of CN, COC, and OH, among which CN play a major role in long wavelength emission while COC and OH are responsible for the blue shift of emission wavelength. Using 4,4-bipyridine and p-phenylenediamine as precursors in safe and environmentally friendly glycol and water as solvents for the first time, the fine spectral carbon dots with full spectrum luminescence from purple (441 nm) to red (627 nm) were successfully synthesized by simply changing the composition of the reaction solvent and using a short reaction time. Compared with other reports on regulating polychromatic carbon dots, our method is more refined and has a wider distribution of luminescent colors. In addition, the obtained carbon dots based on such surface state luminescence mechanism have shown good application prospects in specific detection of Fe3+and cell labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Jiafan Bai
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Xiangli Chen
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Linyu Wang
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wenzhen Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuancong Zhao
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Jie Weng
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wei Zhi
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Laboratory of Advance Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Medicine and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hanigan MD, Souza VC, Martineau R, Lapierre H, Feng X, Daley VL. A meta-analysis of the relationship between milk protein production and absorbed amino acids and digested energy in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5587-5615. [PMID: 38490550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and used a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error [RMSE] >21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total EAA, absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14%-15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (nonproductive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021). The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of -0.34 g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in grams per day and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's information criterion and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the NEAA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, NDF, residual OM, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlation of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in nonbiological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several nonbiological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as grams per day with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for BW, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, whereas estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - V C Souza
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - R Martineau
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H Lapierre
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - X Feng
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - V L Daley
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Xiong Z, Zhang S, Li K, Bu Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Enrichment of milk antioxidant activity by dietary supplementation of red clover isoflavone in cows and its improvement on mice intestinal health. Food Chem 2024; 446:138764. [PMID: 38408399 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone was supplemented to dairy cows, and antioxidant capacity of milk was assessed. Treated cows increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduced production of oxidation products, and enhanced the concentrations of vitamin E and vitamin C. Moreover, milk fatty acid profile was positive influenced by 8 g/kg red clover isoflavone, with changes in the lower saturated and higher unsaturated fatty acids. We further demonstrated the efficacy of antioxidant capacity of milk in mice, found that milk from cows feeding red clover isoflavone increased the expressions of antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tissue damage of duodenum and jejunum, which was related to upregulated metabolism pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid, as well as downregulated inflammatory related pathways. Together, dietary supplementation of red clover isoflavone is an effective way to improve milk antioxidant capacity, providing a natural strategy for developing functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhanbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ying Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang S, Zhang X, Xiong Z, Li K, Gao Y, Bu Y, Zheng N, Zhao S, Wang J. Effect of red clover isoflavones on hormone, immune, inflammatory, and plasma biochemistry in lactating dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:306-312. [PMID: 38371476 PMCID: PMC10869575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This study was to conducted to investigate the effect of red clover isoflavones on the health indicated by immune status and blood biochemistry in dairy cows. Sixty-eight healthy Holstein lactating cows were randomly divided into four treatments (n = 17 per treatment) from 5 blocks according to milk yield using a randomized complete block design. No initial differences in parity (2.13 ± 1.21), days in milk (165 ± 21 d), and milk yield (33.93 ± 3.81 kg/d) between groups. Cows were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0, 2, 4, or 8 g/kg red clover extract (RCE) in diet (dry matter based). Feeding, refusal feed weights, and milk yield were recorded three consecutive days in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the cows on the last day of weeks 4, 8 and 12, 1 h after the morning feeding, and analyzed for hormones, immunoglobulins, inflammatory markers, and markers of liver and kidney activities. The dry matter intake was significantly decreased by 3.7% in the 8 g/kg group (P < 0.05). The fat-corrected milk yield was significantly higher in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (P < 0.01). Plasma estradiol and prolactin showed a quadratic effect with increasing RCE levels, with the highest in the 4 g/kg group (P < 0.05). Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β levels decreased linearly with increasing dietary RCE levels. Plasma IL-18 levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly lower levels in both of the 2 and 4 g/kg groups (P < 0.05). Plasma immunoglobulin A and D-lactic acid levels showed a quadratic effect with increasing dietary RCE levels, with significantly higher level in the 4 g/kg group (P < 0.05). The liver function and kidney activity makers were similar (P > 0.05). These results recommend the supplementation of RCE at a level from 2 to 4 g/kg DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhanbo Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jaakamo MJ, Luukkonen TJ, Kairenius PK, Bayat AR, Ahvenjärvi SA, Vilkki JH, Leskinen HM. Effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and forage type on milk phospholipids and fatty acid composition of polar lipids. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1450-1459. [PMID: 37806636 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of grass silage and red clover silage on milk fatty acid (FA) composition are extensively studied, but little is known of their effects on minor lipid constituents of milk fat globule membrane. We investigated the effects of forage:concentrate (FC) ratio in grass silage-based diets and forage type (grass silage vs. red clover silage) on selected molecular species of milk phospholipids (PL) and the FA composition of PL. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows were offered following dietary treatments: grass silage-based diets containing 70:30 (HG) or 30:70 (LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet (RC) comprising 50:50 FC ratio on a dry matter basis. The most abundant molecular species within the phosphatidylcholines was 16:0-18:1 phosphatidylcholine that was increased by 18% in HG compared with LG milk. Dietary treatments did not affect the relative proportion of 18:1-18:1+18:0-18:2 phosphatidylethanolamine that was the most prevalent species (ca. 44%-45%) in that class. We identified the d18:1-22:0 sphingomyelin as the most abundant sphingomyelin species that tended to increase in HG milk compared with LG. The FC ratio did not affect the relative proportions of saturated FA nor monounsaturated FA in PL, but the proportion of cis-9 18:1 was elevated in HG versus LG milk, whereas the proportion of 18:2n-6 was 50% higher in LG versus HG milk. The RC diet increased monounsaturated FA and 18:3n-3 levels in PL compared with grass silage-based diets and decreased the relative proportion of saturated FA. However, the RC diet did not affect the relative proportion of polyunsaturated FA in PL, although red clover silage typically increases the proportion of polyunsaturated FA in milk fat. This study provides valuable knowledge of the minor lipid components in milk on species level in relation to common feeding strategies in high-forage systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari J Jaakamo
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Tytti J Luukkonen
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Piia K Kairenius
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Ali R Bayat
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Seppo A Ahvenjärvi
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Johanna H Vilkki
- Genomics and Breeding, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Heidi M Leskinen
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Irawan A, Jayanegara A, Niderkorn V. Impacts of red clover and sainfoin silages on the performance, nutrient utilization and milk fatty acids profile of ruminants: A meta-analysis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:13-26. [PMID: 37395331 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of plants rich in secondary metabolites into grass ensiling offers multiple benefits for ruminants, from improving productive performance to health-promoting effects as well as helping to reduce environment pollution. The present meta-analysis summarizes the dietary inclusion levels of red clover silage (RCS) and sainfoin silages (SS) as well as the types of silages fed to dairy cows and small ruminants. A total of 37 in vivo studies (26 articles in dairy cows and 11 articles in small ruminants) were aggregated after being strictly selected using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A mixed model methodology was used to examine our objectives. This method declares the subject 'study' as random effects and 'inclusion level' as fixed effects. Results indicated that RCS proportion was not associated with nutrient digestibility except for a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) on neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Higher RCS inclusion linearly increased (p < 0.05) nitrogen (N) intake but had no effect on dairy cows' production. Increasing RCS proportion altered milk fatty acid profile where the concentration of conjugated linolenic acid (CLA), C18:3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) and C18:0 linearly increased (p < 0.01). In small ruminants, SS proportion had no relationship with nutrient digestibility, N metabolism and growth performance (p > 0.05). However, a combination of dietary RCS + SS resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.05) CLA and ALA concentration in cow milk and average daily gain (ADG) in small ruminants compared to diets composed from either grass silage or alfalfa silage. Altogether, this meta-analysis highlights the synergistic effects of a combination of SS + RCS inclusion in improving milk fatty acids (FA) profile of dairy cows and ADG of small ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agung Irawan
- Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Animal Feed and Nutrition Modelling (AFENUE) Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Niderkorn
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Räisänen SE, Kuoppala K, Rissanen P, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Kokkonen T, Vanhatalo A. Effects of forage and grain legume-based silages supplemented with faba bean meal or rapeseed expeller on lactational performance, nitrogen utilization, and plasma amino acids in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6903-6920. [PMID: 37230877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of forage type [red clover (51%)-grass silage, i.e., RCG; vs. faba bean (66%)-grass silage, i.e., FBG] and concentrate type (faba bean, FB; vs. rapeseed expeller, RE) on lactational performance, milk composition and nitrogen (N) utilization in lactating dairy cows. Eight lactating multiparous Nordic Red cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment, with 21-d periods, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The experimental treatments were as follows: (1) RCG with RE, (2) RCG with FB, (3) FBG with RE, and (4) FBG with FB. Inclusion rates of RE and FB were isonitrogenous. Crude protein contents of the experimental diets were 16.3, 15.9, 18.1, and 17.9% of dry matter, respectively. All diets included oats and barley and were fed ad libitum as total mixed rations with forage-to-concentrate ratio of 55:45. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily, and spot samples of urine, feces, and blood were collected at the end of each experimental period. Dry matter intake did not differ across diets, averaging 26.7 kg/d. Milk yield averaged 35.6 kg/d and was 1.1 kg/d greater for RCG versus FBG, and milk urea N concentration was lower for RCG compared with FBG. Milk yield was 2.2 kg/d and milk protein yield 66 g/d lower for FB versus RE. Nitrogen intake, urinary N, and urinary urea N excretions were lower, and milk N excretion tended to be lower for RCG compared with FBG. The proportion of the dietary N excreted as fecal N was larger in cows fed RCG than for those fed FBG, and the opposite was true for urinary N. We detected an interaction for milk N as percentage of N intake: it increased with RE compared with FB for RCG-based diet, but only a marginal increase was observed for FBG-based diet. Plasma concentration of His and Lys were lower for RCG than for FBG, whereas His tended to be greater and Lys lower for FB compared with RE. Further, plasma Met concentration was around 26% lower for FB than for RE. Of milk fatty acids, saturated fatty acids were decreased by RCG and increased by FB compared with FBG and RE, respectively, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids were increased by RCG versus FBG, and were lower for FB than for RE. In particular, 18:1n-9 concentration was lower for FB compared with RE. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, were greater for RCG than for FBG, and 18:2n-6 was greater and 18:3n-3 was lower for FB versus RE. In addition, cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was lower for FB compared with RE. Faba bean whole-crop silage and faba bean meal have potential to be used as a part of dairy cow rations, but further research is needed to improve their N efficiency. Red clover-grass silage from a mixed sward, without inorganic N fertilizer input, combined with RE, resulted in the greatest N efficiency in the conditions of this experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Räisänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Kuoppala
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Rissanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xia Y, Dan H, Ji Y, Han X, Wang Y, Hu Q, Yang Y. Flexible BaTiO 3 Thin Film-Based Coupled Nanogenerator for Simultaneously Scavenging Light and Vibration Energies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23226-23235. [PMID: 37129586 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric materials have a variety of properties, such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect, which enable them to obtain electrical energy from various external stimuli. Here, we report a coupled nanogenerator based on flexible BTO ferroelectric films with a cantilevered beam structure. It combines the photovoltaic and flexoelectric effects in a ferroelectric materials-based coupled nanogenerator for simultaneously scavenging vibration energy and light energy, thus improving energy scavenging performance. As compared with the photovoltaic effect individually, simultaneous vibration and light illumination under a light intensity of 57 mW/cm2 at 405 nm can produce a photo-flexoelectric coupling current of 85 nA, where the current peak has been enhanced by 121%. Due to the photo-flexoelectric coupling effect, the device has outstanding charging performance, where a 4.7 μF capacitor can be charged to 60 mV in 150 s. These devices have potential applications in multi-energy scavenging and self-powered sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Xia
- School of Resources Environment and Materials, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Dan
- School of Resources Environment and Materials, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Yun Ji
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- SUSTech Engineering Innovation Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qing Hu
- SUSTech Engineering Innovation Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ya Yang
- School of Resources Environment and Materials, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, P. R China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zupanič M, Kramberger B. A critical analysis on multifaceted benefits of mixture of cover crops over pure stand. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
10
|
Xu Q, Li J, Gong X. Dual-emission carbon dots for sensitive fluorescence detection of metal ions and ethanol in water. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3562-3572. [PMID: 36043438 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been widely used in biomedical fields because of their superior optical properties, high sensitivity and high selectivity to specific substances. However, there are few studies on trace detection of the ethanol content in aqueous solution using CDs. Herein, novel red fluorescent CDs with dual emission are synthesized and show good dispersibility in various solvents and excitation independence of photoluminescence (PL). After investigating the structure and properties of the red CDs, a multifunctional fluorescent nanoprobe based on the red CDs with high-sensitivity detection for dual-ion trace detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ can be successfully constructed. The limit of detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ can be up to 0.024 μM and 0.036 μM, respectively, which is superior to that in previous reports. Meanwhile, in view of the specific solvent effect on their PL, the red CDs are able to be applied for trace detection of the ethanol content in aqueous solution. The methods of colorimetry and fluorescence spectrometry are utilized to perform the threshold test and high-sensitivity quantitative analysis of the ethanol content in aqueous solution. Based on this, a multifunctional fluorescent nanoprobe based on the dual-emission red CDs can be obtained, which provides a promising way for their applications in detection and sensing fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Jiurong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gazizadeh M, Dehghan G, Soleymani J. A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for detection of metformin based on terbium-1,10-phenanthroline-nitrogen-doped-graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22255-22265. [PMID: 36043095 PMCID: PMC9364225 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF), an effective biguanide and oral antihyperglycemic agent, is utilized to control blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and the determination of its concentration in biological fluids is one of the main issues in pharmacology and medicine. In this work, highly luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were modified using terbium (Tb3+)–1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) nanoparticles (NPs) to develop a dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the determination of MTF in biological samples. The synthesized N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs were characterized using different techniques to confirm their physicochemical properties. The N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs showed two characteristic emission peaks at 450 nm and 630 nm by exciting at 340 nm that belong to N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs, respectively. The results indicated that the emission intensity of both N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs enhanced upon interaction with MTF in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, a good linear correlation between the enhanced fluorescence intensity of the system and MTF concentration was observed in the range of 1.0 nM–7.0 μM and the limit of detection (LOD) value obtained was 0.76 nM. In addition, the prepared probe was successfully used for the estimation of MTF concentration in spiked human serum samples. In conclusion, the reported dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor can be used as a sensitive and simple fluorimetric method for the detection of MTF in real samples. Shcematic representation of the MTF detection by an enhancing mechanism.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Gazizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 3339 2739
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 3339 2739
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 41 3337 5365
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han Y, Huang X, Liu J, Ni J, Bai Y, Zhao B, Han S, Zhang C. Seeking eye protection from biomass: Carbon dot-based optical blocking films with adjustable levels of blue light blocking. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
García-Granero JJ, Suryanarayan A, Cubas M, Craig OE, Cárdenas M, Ajithprasad P, Madella M. Integrating Lipid and Starch Grain Analyses From Pottery Vessels to Explore Prehistoric Foodways in Northern Gujarat, India. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.840199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempts a holistic approach to past foodways in prehistoric northern Gujarat, India, by considering evidence of food production, distribution, preparation and consumption. We present here the results of a pilot residue study, integrating lipid and starch grain analyses, conducted on 28 ceramic vessels from three Chalcolithic/Harappan settlements (c. 3300–2000 cal. BC) in northern Gujarat, which are discussed in the light of previous evidence of plant and animal acquisition and preparation strategies in this region. We aim to explore how the prehistoric inhabitants of northern Gujarat transformed ingredients into meals, focusing on how different foodstuffs were processed. When assessed on their own, the lipid and compound-specific isotopic data suggest that animal fats were primarily processed in ceramic vessels, specifically non-ruminant fats. However, lipid residue analysis favors the detection of fat-rich animal products and is often unable to disentangle signatures resulting from the mixing of plant and animal products. The incorporation of starch grain analyses provides evidence for the processing of a range of plants in the vessels, such as cereals, pulses and underground storage organs. Together, the results provide a holistic perspective on foodways and a way forward in overcoming preservational and interpretational limitations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Westreicher-Kristen E, Blank R, Paschke-Beese M, Kühl W, Wolffram S, Metges CC, Susenbeth A. Diets for Dairy Cows with Different Proportions of Crude Protein Originating from Red Clover Silage versus Soybean Meal: Ruminal Degradation and Intestinal Digestibility of Amino Acids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2177. [PMID: 34438635 PMCID: PMC8388374 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to assess the effect of exchanging crude protein (CP) of soybean meal (SBM) with red clover silage (RCS) in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility (ID) of essential amino acids (EAA). Four TMR and their individual feed components were studied. The TMR were composed of forage and concentrates (75:25), with proportions of RCS in TMR of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 on a dry matter basis, resulting in diet groups RCS15, RCS30, RCS45, and RCS60, respectively. The ruminal degradation of EAA was determined using the nylon bag technique. For this, samples of TMR and their individual feed components were ruminally incubated for 16 h. The feed residues of TMR obtained after 16 h of incubation were used for the determination of ID of EAA using the mobile-bag technique. Increasing RCS and reducing SBM proportions linearly increased (p < 0.01) the in situ ruminal degradation of individual EAA from 75.5% to 83.5%. The degradation of EAA followed the trend of CP degradation among TMR, except for Cys that was lower (p < 0.05) than that of CP in RCS60 (79.7% vs. 86.3%). The degradation of EAA in individual feed ingredients not always corresponded to the degradation of CP and was feed dependent. Increasing the proportions of RCS in the TMR linearly reduced (p < 0.001) the ID of EAA (except for Ile) from 78.2% to 67.3%. However, the ID of EAA did not always reflect the ID of CP, and in general, the differences between the ID of CP and EAA increased as RCS increased in the TMR. The ID values of most of the EAA were similar (p > 0.05) to ID of CP in RCS15 and RCS30, while they mostly differed (p < 0.05) in RCS45 and RCS60, and being higher for EAA than CP (except for Cys that was lower than CP, p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for intestinal absorbable AA, resulting in higher values (p < 0.05) of intestinal absorbable for all EAA than of CP in diet RCS60. In conclusion, increasing levels of RCS in TMR reduced the extent of EAA flow into the small intestine, the ID of EAA, and consequently the intestinal absorbable EAA. Therefore, accurate determination of metabolizable AA must be considered for optimal diet formulation when including high proportions of RCS in diets of high-producing dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Westreicher-Kristen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
- Schothorst Feed Research BV, P.O. Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Blank
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Monika Paschke-Beese
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Wiebke Kühl
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Siegfried Wolffram
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (R.B.); (M.P.-B.); (W.K.); (S.W.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Binggeli S, Lapierre H, Charbonneau E, Ouellet DR, Pellerin D. Economic and environmental effects of revised metabolizable protein and amino acid recommendations on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9981-9998. [PMID: 34099284 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential economic and environmental effects of the formulation model used to balance dairy rations for metabolizable protein (MP) or 3 essential AA (EAA: His, Lys, and Met) in 3 regions of Canada with different farming systems. The Maritimes, Central Canada, and the Prairies reference dairy farms averaged 63, 71, 144 mature cows per herd and 135, 95, 255 ha of land, respectively. Using N-CyCLES, a whole-farm linear program model, dairy rations were balanced for (1) MP, based on National Research Council (NRC) requirements (MP_2001); (2) MP plus Lys and Met, based on NRC (AA_2001); (3) MP (MP_Rev); or (4) for His, Lys, and Met (AA_Rev), both based on a revised factorial approach revisiting both supply and requirements of MP and EAA. Energy was balanced to meet requirements based on NRC (2001). Assuming the requirements were met within each approach, it was considered that milk yield and composition were not affected by the type of formulation. Given the assumptions of the study, when compared with MP_2001 formulation, balancing dairy rations using the AA_Rev approach reduced calculated farm N balance by 3.8%, on average from 12.71 to 12.24 g/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk; it also enhanced farm net income by 4.5%, from 19.00 to 19.70 $CAN/100 kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk, by reducing inclusion of protein concentrate in dairy rations. Calculated animal N efficiency was on average 4.3% higher with AA_Rev than with MP_2001 for mid-lactation cows. This gain in N efficiency would result in a reduction in N2O emission by manure, contributing to a partial decrease of total greenhouse gas emission by 1.7%, through a reduction of N excreted in manure. With the AA_2001 formulation, farm N balance was 1% higher than with MP_2001 formulation while reducing farm net income by 6.4%, due to the need to purchase rumen-protected AA, with no effect on total greenhouse gas emission. Both MP formulations lead to fairly similar outputs. The AA_Rev formulation also indicated that His might be a co-limiting AA with Met in dairy rations balanced with ingredients usually included in Canadian dairy rations. Given the assumptions of the study, balancing dairy rations for 3 EAA (His, Lys, and Met) rather than MP, has some potential positive effects on Canadian dairy farms by increasing net incomes through a reduction of crude protein supply, leading to a decreased environmental effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Binggeli
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - E Charbonneau
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - D R Ouellet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Role of Ionic Liquid Interaction in the Separation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters—Polyunsaturated Geometric Isomers in GC–MS. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the type and level of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in food and clinical matrices is of practical importance, but the wide variety of fatty acids makes analyses very complex. The discrimination of the geometric isomers of fatty acid needs proper and effective separation conditions. The efficiency of three different stationary phases was evaluated by GC–MS methods in the separation of fatty acids in their methyl ester forms. Significant differences were observed in the efficiencies of polysiloxane-based (non-polar HP-5MS and medium/high polarity DB-225MS) and ionic liquid-based (SLB-IL111) columns. Baseline separation of the geometric isomers of linoleic acid methyl ester was obtained by the extremely polar SLB-IL111 column, showing a preference over the other two columns. The optimization of the experimental conditions (response linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, system suitability, intraday and interday repeatability and accuracy) showed the separation power of the ionic liquid interaction in the analyses by using short (25–30 m long) columns. By deducting the general principles of the interaction, predictions can be made for the separation of other isomers. The results facilitate the precise identification of various types of fatty acids in real samples for nutritional information.
Collapse
|
17
|
Suryanarayan A, Cubas M, Craig OE, Heron CP, Shinde VS, Singh RN, O'Connell TC, Petrie CA. Lipid residues in pottery from the Indus Civilisation in northwest India. JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 125:105291. [PMID: 33519031 PMCID: PMC7829615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents novel insights into the archaeology of food in ancient South Asia by using lipid residue analysis to investigate what kinds of foodstuffs were used in ceramic vessels by populations of the Indus Civilisation in northwest India. It examines how vessels were used in urban and rural Indus settlements during the Mature Harappan period (c.2600/2500-1900 BC), the relationship between vessels and the products within them, and identifies whether changes in vessel use occurred from the Mature Harappan to Late Harappan periods, particularly during climatic instability after 4.2 ka BP (c.2100 BC). Despite low lipid concentrations, which highlight challenges with conducting residue analysis in arid, seasonally-wet and alkaline environments, 71% of the vessels yielded appreciable quantities of lipid. Lipid profiles revealed the use of animal fats in vessels, and contradictory to faunal evidence, a dominance of non-ruminant fats, with limited evidence of dairy processing. The absence of local modern reference fats makes this dataset challenging to interpret, and it is possible that plant products or mixtures of plant and animal products have led to ambiguous fatty acid-specific isotopic values. At the same time, it appears that urban and rural populations processed similar types of products in vessels, with limited evidence for change in vessel use from the urban to the post-urban period. This study is a systematic investigation into pot lipid residues from multiple sites, demonstrating the potential of the method for examining ancient Indus foodways and the need for the development of further research in ancient organic residues in South Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshyeta Suryanarayan
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
- CEPAM (Cultures et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité,Moyen Âge), UMR7264-CNRS, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice, 06300, France
- Corresponding author. CEPAM (Cultures et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité,Moyen Âge), UMR7264-CNRS Université Nice Côte d'Azur, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Miriam Cubas
- Department of History, University of Oviedo, C/Amparo Pedregal s/n, E-33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- BioArch, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Oliver E. Craig
- BioArch, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carl P. Heron
- Scientific Research, British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG, UK
| | | | - Ravindra N. Singh
- Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Tamsin C. O'Connell
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
| | - Cameron A. Petrie
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Manzocchi E, Guggenbühl B, Kreuzer M, Giller K. Effects of the substitution of soybean meal by spirulina in a hay-based diet for dairy cows on milk composition and sensory perception. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11349-11362. [PMID: 33041025 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The demand for protein sources alternative to soybean meal for supplementing forages low in metabolizable protein is large. The suitability of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), a fast growing and resource-efficient blue-green microalga, as a source of metabolizable protein for dairy cows is known, but its effects on milk antioxidants and sensory properties were never investigated. Twelve cows were allocated to 2 groups and fed hay-based diets complemented with sugar beet pulp and wheat flakes in individual feeding troughs. The N content per kilogram of DM was equivalent between the 2 diets. Diet of 1 group was supplemented with 5% spirulina; the second group was supplemented with 6% soybean meal (control). After an adaptation period of 15 d, data were collected, and feed, milk, blood, and rumen fluid were sampled. Feeds were analyzed for proximate contents, and blood plasma was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant contents (tocopherol, phenols). Milk samples were analyzed for fatty acid profile, coagulation properties, color, and contents of fat, protein, lactose, total phenols, lipophilic vitamins, and provitamins (e.g., β-carotene). Triangle tests were performed by a trained sensory panel on 6 homogenized and pasteurized bulk milk samples per treatment. The substitution of soybean meal by spirulina in the diet did not affect feed intake, milk yield, milk fat, protein, or lactose contents compared with the control group. However, the milk from the spirulina-fed cows had a higher content of β-carotene (0.207 vs. 0.135 μg/mL) and was more yellow (b* index: 14.9 vs. 13.8). Similar to the spirulina lipids but far less pronounced, the milk fat from the spirulina-fed cows had a higher proportion of γ-linolenic acid (0.057 vs. 0.038% of fatty acid methyl esters) compared with milk fat from soybean meal-fed cows. Also trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid) and other C18:1 trans isomers were elevated, but otherwise the fatty acid profile resembled that of cows fed the control diet. No sensory difference was found between milk from the 2 experimental groups. Furthermore, we observed no effects of substituting soybean meal by spirulina on total antioxidant capacity, α-tocopherol and total phenols in blood and milk. Effects on rumen fluid characteristics were minor. In conclusion, spirulina seems to be a promising protein source for dairy cows with certain improvements in nutritionally favorable constituents in milk and without side-effects on animal performance in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Manzocchi
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Guggenbühl
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Souza J, Leskinen H, Lock AL, Shingfield KJ, Huhtanen P. Between-cow variation in milk fatty acids associated with methane production. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235357. [PMID: 32760112 PMCID: PMC7410208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the between-cow (b-cow) variation and repeatability in omasal and milk fatty acids (FA) related to methane (CH4) emission. The dataset was originated from 9 studies with rumen-cannulated dairy cows conducted using either a switch-back or a Latin square design. Production of CH4 per mole of VFA (Y_CH4VFA) was calculated based on VFA stoichiometry. Experiment, diet within experiment, period within experiment, and cow within experiment were considered as random factors. Empirical models were developed between the variables of interest by univariate and bivariate mixed model regression analysis. The variation associated with diet was higher than the b-cow variation with low repeatability (< 0.25) for milk odd- and branch-chain FA (OBCFA). Similarly, for de novo synthesized milk FA, diet variation was ~ 3-fold greater than the b-cow variation; repeatability for these FA was moderate to high (0.34-0.58). Also, for both cis-9 C18:1 and cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 C18:3 diet variation was more than double the b-cow variation, but repeatability was moderate. Among the de novo milk FA, C4:0 was positively related with stoichiometric Y_CH4VFA, while for OBCFA, anteiso C15:0 and C15:0 were negatively related with it. Notably, when analyzing the relationship between omasal FA and milk FA we observed positive intercept estimates for all the OBCFA, which may indicate endogenous post-ruminal synthesis of these FA, most likely in the mammary gland. For milk iso C13:0, iso C15:0, anteiso C15:0, and C15:0 were positively influenced by omasal proportion of their respective FA and by energy balance. In contrast, the concentration of milk C17:0, iso C18:0, C18:0, cis-11 C18:1, and cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 C18:3 were positively influenced by omasal proportion of their respective FA but negatively related to calculated energy balance. Our findings demonstrate that for most milk FA examined, a larger variation is attributed to diet than b-cow differences with low to moderate repeatability. While some milk FA were positively or negatively related with Y_CH4VFA, there was a pronounced effect of calculated energy balance on these estimates. Additionally, even though OBCFA have been indicated as markers of rumen function, our results suggest that endogenous synthesis of these FA may occur, which therefore, may limit the utilization of milk FA as a proxy for CH4 predictions for cows fed the same diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - H. Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A. L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - K. J. Shingfield
- Milk Production, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - P. Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fleming AJ, Lapierre H, White RR, Tran H, Kononoff PJ, Martineau R, Weiss WP, Hanigan MD. Predictions of ruminal outflow of essential amino acids in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10947-10963. [PMID: 31704011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to update and evaluate predictions of essential AA (EAA) outflows from the rumen. The model was constructed based on previously derived equations for rumen-undegradable (RUP), microbial (MiCP), and endogenous (EndCP) protein outflows from the rumen, and revised estimates of ingredient composition and EAA composition of the protein fractions. Corrections were adopted to account for incomplete recovery of EAA during 24-h acid hydrolysis. The predicted ruminal protein and EAA outflows were evaluated against a data set of observed values from the literature. Initial evaluations indicated a minor mean bias for non-ammonia, non-microbial nitrogen flow ([RUP + EndCP]/6.25) of 16 g of N per day. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) of EAA predictions ranged from 26.8 to 40.6% of observed mean values. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) of EAA predictions ranged from 0.34 to 0.55. Except for Leu, all ruminal EAA outflows were overpredicted by 3.0 to 32 g/d. In addition, small but significant slope biases were present for Arg [2.2% mean squared error (MSE)] and Lys (3.2% MSE). The overpredictions may suggest that the mean recovery of AA from acid hydrolysis across laboratories was less than estimates encompassed in the recovery factors. To test this hypothesis, several regression approaches were undertaken to identify potential causes of the bias. These included regressions of (1) residual errors for predicted EAA flows on each of the 3 protein-driven EA flows, (2) observed EAA flows on each protein-driven EAA flow, including an intercept, (3) observed EAA flows on the protein-driven EAA flows, excluding an intercept term, and (4) observed EAA flows on RUP and MiCP. However, these equations were deemed unsatisfactory for bias adjustment, as they generated biologically unfeasible predictions for some entities. Future work should focus on identifying the cause of the observed prediction bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H Lapierre
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - R R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250
| | - H Tran
- National Animal Nutrition Program, National Research Support Project, USDA, Washington, DC 20250; Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - P J Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583
| | - R Martineau
- Agricultural and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jaakamo MJ, Luukkonen TJ, Kairenius PK, Bayat AR, Ahvenjärvi SA, Tupasela TM, Vilkki JH, Shingfield KJ, Leskinen HM. The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8825-8838. [PMID: 31421879 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari J Jaakamo
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tytti J Luukkonen
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Piia K Kairenius
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Ali R Bayat
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Seppo A Ahvenjärvi
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tuomo M Tupasela
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Johanna H Vilkki
- Animal Genetics, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kevin J Shingfield
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Heidi M Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Milk fatty acid profile and nitrogen utilization of dairy cows fed ryegrass-red clover silage containing plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Lamminen M, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Kokkonen T, Jaakkola S, Vanhatalo A. Different microalgae species as a substitutive protein feed for soya bean meal in grass silage based dairy cow diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
24
|
Lee MRF, Fychan R, Tweed JKS, Gordon N, Theobald V, Yadav R, Marshall A. Nitrogen and fatty acid rumen metabolism in cattle offered high or low polyphenol oxidase red clover silage. Animal 2018; 13:1623-1634. [PMID: 30565534 PMCID: PMC6639759 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover (RC) has been shown to reduce both lipolysis and proteolysis in silo and implicated (in vitro) in the rumen. However, all in vivo comparisons have compared RC with other forages, typically with lower levels of PPO, which brings in other confounding factors as to the cause for the greater protection of dietary nitrogen (N) and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on RC silage. This study compared two RC silages which when ensiled had contrasting PPO activities (RC+ and RC-) against a control of perennial ryegrass silage (PRG) to ascertain the effect of PPO activity on dietary N digestibility and PUFA biohydrogenation. Two studies were performed the first to investigate rumen and duodenal flow with six Hereford×Friesian steers, prepared with rumen and duodenal cannulae, and the second investigating whole tract N balance using six Holstein-Friesian non-lactating dairy cows. All diets were offered at a restricted level based on animal live weight with each experiment consisting of two 3×3 Latin squares using big bale silages ensiled in 2010 and 2011, respectively. For the first experiment digesta flow at the duodenum was estimated using a dual-phase marker system with ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as particulate and liquid phase markers, respectively. Total N intake was higher on the RC silages in both experiments and higher on RC- than RC+. Rumen ammonia-N reflected intake with ammonia-N per unit of N intake lower on RC+ than RC-. Microbial N duodenal flow was comparable across all silage diets with non-microbial N higher on RC than the PRG with no difference between RC+ and RC-, even when reported on a N intake basis. C18 PUFA biohydrogenation was lower on RC silage diets than PRG but with no difference between RC+ and RC-. The N balance trial showed a greater retention of N on RC+ over RC-; however, this response is likely related to the difference in N intake over any PPO driven protection. The lack of difference between RC silages, despite contrasting levels of PPO, may reflect a similar level of protein-bound-phenol complexing determined in each RC silage. Previously this complexing has been associated with PPOs protection mechanism; however, this study has shown that protection is not related to total PPO activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. F. Lee
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - R. Fychan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - J. K. S. Tweed
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - N. Gordon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - V. Theobald
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - R. Yadav
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| | - A. Marshall
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, CeredigionSY23 2EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Westreicher-Kristen E, Blank R, Metges CC, Susenbeth A. Protein value of diets for dairy cows with different proportions of crude protein originating from red clover silage versus soybean meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
26
|
Castro-Montoya J, Witzig M, Rahman M, Westreicher-Kristen E, Dickhoefer U. In vitro rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and composition of microbial community of total mixed rations replacing maize silage with red clover silage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1450-1463. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Castro-Montoya
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics; Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Maren Witzig
- Institute of Animal Science; Animal Nutrition; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics; Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Uta Dickhoefer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics; Animal Nutrition and Rangeland Management in the Tropics and Subtropics; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schulz F, Westreicher-Kristen E, Molkentin J, Knappstein K, Susenbeth A. Effect of replacing maize silage with red clover silage in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7156-7167. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
28
|
Bai S, Cao ZJ, Cao BB, Yang HJ, Li SL, Liu JX. Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1261-1270. [PMID: 29877003 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty-five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvvl Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mutimura M, Ebong C, Rao IM, Nsahlai IV. Effects of supplementation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatá and Napier grass with Desmodium distortum on feed intake, digesta kinetics and milk production in crossbred dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:222-227. [PMID: 30140763 PMCID: PMC6103467 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was planned to analyse the basis that make Brachiaria species with greater feeding value than Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) for lactating dairy cows. Forty lactating crossbred cows were stall-fed on Brachiariabrizantha cv. Piatá or Napier grass cv. French Cameroon supplemented (mixed on fresh matter basis) or unsupplemented with Desmodium distortum, a forage legume. All cows were fed on fresh matter basis under small-holder farming conditions. Results showed that B. brizantha cv. Piatá had higher contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM), but lower contents of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) than Napier grass (P < 0.001). The legume supplementation increased intakes of CP and metabolizable energy (ME; P < 0.001), with higher effect on cows fed B. brizantha cv. Piatá than on cows fed Napier grass. Average daily milk yield was lower on diets based on Napier grass than those based on B. brizantha cv. Piatá (P < 0.001). The retention time of the particle phase of digesta in the digestive tract was longer on Napier grass (83.1 h) than on B. brizantha cv. Piatá (62.8 h) (P < 0.05). It was concluded that in dairy cows, legume supplementation of B. brizantha cv. Piatá increases nutrient intake, hence resulting in higher milk yields than supplementation of Napier grass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mupenzi Mutimura
- Rwanda Agriculture Board, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 5016, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Cyprian Ebong
- Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, P.O. Box 765, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Idupulapati M. Rao
- International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, A.A. 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ignatius V. Nsahlai
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Science and Poultry Science, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schulz F, Westreicher-Kristen E, Knappstein K, Molkentin J, Susenbeth A. Replacing maize silage plus soybean meal with red clover silage plus wheat in diets for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1216-1226. [PMID: 29248232 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of replacing maize silage plus soybean meal with red clover silage (RCS) plus wheat on feed intake, diet digestibility, N partitioning, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk production in dairy cows. Forty-four lactating German Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods composed of a 13-d adaptation phase followed by an 8-d sampling phase. Experimental diets offered as total mixed ration consisted of a constant forage-to-concentrate ratio (75:25) with targeted proportions of RCS-to-maize silage of 15:60 (RCS15), 30:45 (RCS30), 45:30 (RCS45), and 60:15 (RCS60) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat in the diet decreased linearly the intake of DM from 22.4 to 19.8 kg/d, and of organic matter from 21.1 to 18.1 kg/d. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and organic matter did not differ across diets and averaged 68.4 and 70.5%, respectively. However, ATTD of N decreased linearly from 68.5 to 63.2%, whereas ATTD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased linearly from 50.4 to 59.6% and from 48.4 to 57.7%, respectively, when increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat. Fecal N excretion increased from 31.6 (RCS15) to 37.2% (RCS60) of N intake, whereas urinary N excretion was the lowest (32.8% of N intake) with RCS45. Hence, N efficiency (milk N/N intake) decreased linearly with incremental levels of RCS plus wheat, being the lowest when feeding RCS60 (25.4%), probably due to increased nonprotein N proportion in total dietary N. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives decreased linearly from 378 to 339 mmol/d, which suggests that increasing levels of RCS plus wheat reduced the microbial crude protein flow at the duodenum. Milk yield and milk protein concentration declined linearly from 35.9 to 30.2 kg/d and from 3.20 to 3.01%, respectively, when increasing the proportion of RCS plus wheat. In conclusion, caution should be taken before introducing high levels of RCS plus wheat in diets of high-yielding dairy cows. However, RCS plus wheat can be included up to 30% of the dairy cow diet (DM basis) without a reduction in lactation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schulz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Edwin Westreicher-Kristen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institute, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Molkentin
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institute, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Susenbeth
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Broderick GA. Utilization of protein in red clover and alfalfa silages by lactating dairy cows and growing lambs. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1190-1205. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
32
|
Johansen M, Søegaard K, Lund P, Weisbjerg M. Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8861-8880. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Feed intake and milk production in dairy cows fed different grass and legume species: a meta-analysis. Animal 2017; 12:66-75. [PMID: 28560944 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare feed intake, milk production, milk composition and organic matter (OM) digestibility in dairy cows fed different grass and legume species. Data from the literature was collected and different data sets were made to compare families (grasses v. legumes, Data set 1), different legume species and grass family (Data set 2), and different grass and legume species (Data set 3+4). The first three data sets included diets where single species or family were fed as the sole forage, whereas the approach in the last data set differed by taking the proportion of single species in the forage part into account allowing diets consisting of both grasses and legumes to be included. The grass species included were perennial ryegrass, annual ryegrass, orchardgrass, timothy, meadow fescue, tall fescue and festulolium, and the legume species included were white clover, red clover, lucerne and birdsfoot trefoil. Overall, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were 1.3 and 1.6 kg/day higher, respectively, whereas milk protein and milk fat concentration were 0.5 and 1.4 g/kg lower, respectively, for legume-based diets compared with grass-based diets. When comparing individual legume species with grasses, only red clover resulted in a lower milk protein concentration than grasses. Cows fed white clover and birdsfoot trefoil yielded more milk than cows fed red clover and lucerne, probably caused by a higher OM digestibility of white clover and activity of condensed tannins in birdsfoot trefoil. None of the included grass species differed in DMI, milk production, milk composition or OM digestibility, indicating that different grass species have the same value for milk production, if OM digestibility is comparable. However, the comparison of different grass species relied on few observations, indicating that knowledge regarding feed intake and milk production potential of different grass species is scarce in the literature. In conclusion, different species within family similar in OM digestibility resulted in comparable DMI and milk production, but legumes increased both DMI and milk yield compared with grasses.
Collapse
|
34
|
Gidlund H, Hetta M, Huhtanen P. Milk production and methane emissions from dairy cows fed a low or high proportion of red clover silage and an incremental level of rapeseed expeller. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Leduc M, Gervais R, Tremblay G, Chiquette J, Chouinard P. Milk fatty acid profile in cows fed red clover- or alfalfa-silage based diets differing in rumen-degradable protein supply. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Shingfield KJ, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Jaakkola S, Toivonen V, Vanhatalo A. Effect of incremental amounts of camelina oil on milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets based on a mixture of grass and red clover silage and concentrates containing camelina expeller. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:305-324. [PMID: 27865509 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Camelina is an ancient oilseed crop that produces an oil rich in cis-9,cis-12 18:2 (linoleic acid, LA) and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA); however, reports on the use of camelina oil (CO) for ruminants are limited. The present study investigated the effects of incremental CO supplementation on animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk sensory quality. Eight Finnish Ayrshire cows (91d in milk) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised 4 concentrates (12kg/d on an air-dry basis) based on cereals and camelina expeller containing 0 (control), 2, 4, or 6% CO on an air-dry basis. Cows were offered a mixture of grass and red clover silage (RCS; 1:1 on a dry matter basis) ad libitum. Incremental CO supplementation linearly decreased silage and total dry matter intake, and linearly increased LA, ALA, and total FA intake. Treatments had no effect on whole-tract apparent organic matter or fiber digestibility and did not have a major influence on rumen fermentation. Supplements of CO quadratically decreased daily milk and lactose yields and linearly decreased milk protein yield and milk taste panel score from 4.2 to 3.6 [on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)], without altering milk fat yield. Inclusion of CO linearly decreased the proportions of saturated FA synthesized de novo (4:0 to 16:0), without altering milk fat 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, and ALA concentrations. Milk fat 18:0 was low (<5g/100g of FA) across all treatments. Increases in CO linearly decreased the proportions of total saturates from 58 to 45g/100g of FA and linearly enriched trans-11 18:1, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 18:2 from 5.2, 2.6, and 1.7 to 11, 4.3, and 5.8g/100g of FA, respectively. Furthermore, CO quadratically decreased milk fat trans-10 18:1 and linearly decreased trans-10,cis-12 18:2 concentration. Overall, milk FA composition on all treatments suggested that one or more components in camelina seeds may inhibit the complete reduction of 18-carbon unsaturates in the rumen. In conclusion, CO decreased the secretion of saturated FA in milk and increased those of the trans-11 biohydrogenation pathway or their desaturation products. Despite increasing the intake of 18-carbon unsaturated FA, CO had no effect on the secretions of 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, or ALA in milk. Concentrates containing camelina expeller and 2% CO could be used for the commercial production of low-saturated milk from grass- and RCS-based diets without major adverse effects on animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K J Shingfield
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - I Simpura
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Toivonen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Naadland S, Steinshamn H, Krizsan S, Randby Å. Effect of replacing organic grass-clover silage from primary growth with regrowth on N digestion in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Moorby JM, Ellis NM, Davies DR. Assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and corn silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7982-7992. [PMID: 27474976 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square changeover design experiment to test the effects of changing from corn (Zea mays) silage to red clover (Trifolium pratense) silage in graded proportions on feed intakes, milk production, and whole-body N and P partitioning. Three dietary treatments with ad libitum access to 1 of 3 forage mixtures plus a standard allowance of 4kg/d dairy concentrates were offered. The 3 treatment forage mixtures were, on a dry matter (DM) basis: (1) R10: 90% corn silage and 10% red clover silage, (2) R50: 50% corn silage and 50% red clover silage, and (3) R90: 10% corn silage and 90% red clover silage. In each of 3 experimental periods, there were 21d for adaptation to diets, and 7d for measurements. Diet crude protein intakes increased, and starch intakes decreased, as the silage mixture changed from 90% corn to 90% red clover, although the highest forage DM intakes and milk yields were achieved on diet R50. Although milk fat yields were unaffected by diet, milk protein yields were highest with the R 0250 diet. Whole-body partitioning of N was measured in a subset of cows (n=9), and both the daily amount and proportion of N consumed that was excreted in feces and urine increased as the proportion of red clover silage in the diet increased. However, the apparent efficiency of utilization of feed N for milk protein production decreased from 0.33g/g for diet R10 to 0.25g/g for diet R90. The urinary excretion of purine derivatives (sum of allantoin and uric acid) tended to increase, suggesting greater flow of microbial protein from the rumen, as the proportion of red clover silage in the diet increased, and urinary creatinine excretion was affected by diet. Fecal shedding of E. coli was not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, even though microbial protein flow may have been greatest from the R 0450 diet, optimum feed intakes and milk yields were achieved on a diet that contained a 1:1 DM mixture of corn and red clover silages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Moorby
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, United Kingdom.
| | - N M Ellis
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, United Kingdom
| | - D R Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hart EH, Onime LA, Davies TE, Morphew RM, Kingston-Smith AH. The effects of PPO activity on the proteome of ingested red clover and implications for improving the nutrition of grazing cattle. J Proteomics 2016; 141:67-76. [PMID: 27109346 PMCID: PMC4881418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing the rumen-stable protein content of feed would lead to improved nitrogen utilisation in cattle, and less nitrogenous waste. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high protein ruminant feed containing high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. PPO mediated protein-quinone binding has been linked to protecting plant proteins from proteolysis. To explore the mechanism underlying the effect of PPO on protein protection in fresh forage feeds, proteomic components of feed down-boli produced from wild-type red clover and a low PPO mutant, at point of ingestion and after 4h in vitro incubation with rumen inoculum were analysed. Significant differences in proteomic profiles between wild-type and mutant red clover were determined after 4h incubation, with over 50% less spots in mutant than wild-type proteomes, indicating decreased proteolysis in the latter. Protein identifications revealed preferentially retained proteins localised within the chloroplast, suggesting that PPO mediated protection in the wild-type operates due to the proximity of target proteins to the enzyme and substrates, either diffusing into this compartment from the vacuole or are present in the chloroplast. This increased understanding of protein targets of PPO indicates that wider exploitation of the trait could contribute to increased protein use efficiency in grazing cattle. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE One of the main challenges for sustainable livestock farming is improving capture of dietary nitrogen by ruminants. Typically up to 70% of ingested protein-N is excreted representing a loss of productivity potential and a serious environmental problem in terms of nitrogenous pollution of lands and water. Identification of key characteristics of rumen-protected protein will deliver target traits for selection in forage breeding programmes. The chloroplastic enzyme PPO catalyzes the oxidation of phenols to quinones, which react with protein. Little is currently known about the intracellular protein targets of the products of PPO activity or the mechanism underlying protein complexing, including whether there is any specificity to the reaction. Here we have determined significant differences in the proteomes of freshly ingested down boli corresponding to the presence or absence of active PPO. These results show that in the presence of PPO the forage protein is less amenable to proteolysis and provide the novel information that the protected proteins are putatively chloroplastically located. These data also contribute to a growing evidence base that a chloroplastic PPO substrate exists in red clover in addition to the currently known vacuolar substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E H Hart
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - L A Onime
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - T E Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - R M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK
| | - A H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Antunes-Fernandes EC, van Gastelen S, Dijkstra J, Hettinga KA, Vervoort J. Milk metabolome relates enteric methane emission to milk synthesis and energy metabolism pathways. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6251-6262. [PMID: 27236769 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) emission of dairy cows contributes significantly to the carbon footprint of the dairy chain; therefore, a better understanding of CH4 formation is urgently needed. The present study explored the milk metabolome by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (milk volatile metabolites) and nuclear magnetic resonance (milk nonvolatile metabolites) to better understand the biological pathways involved in CH4 emission in dairy cattle. Data were used from a randomized block design experiment with 32 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows and 4 diets. All diets had a roughage:concentrate ratio of 80:20 (dry matter basis) and the roughage was grass silage (GS), corn silage (CS), or a mixture of both (67% GS, 33% CS; 33% GS, 67% CS). Methane emission was measured in climate respiration chambers and expressed as CH4 yield (per unit of dry matter intake) and CH4 intensity (per unit of fat- and protein-corrected milk; FPCM). No volatile or nonvolatile metabolite was positively related to CH4 yield, and acetone (measured as a volatile and as a nonvolatile metabolite) was negatively related to CH4 yield. The volatile metabolites 1-heptanol-decanol, 3-nonanone, ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran were positively related to CH4 intensity. None of the volatile metabolites was negatively related to CH4 intensity. The nonvolatile metabolites acetoacetate, creatinine, ethanol, formate, methylmalonate, and N-acetylsugar A were positively related to CH4 intensity, and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-hexose B and citrate were negatively related to CH4 intensity. Several volatile and nonvolatile metabolites that were correlated with CH4 intensity also were correlated with FPCM and not significantly related to CH4 intensity anymore when FPCM was included as covariate. This suggests that changes in these milk metabolites may be related to changes in milk yield or metabolic processes involved in milk synthesis. The UDP-hexose B was correlated with FPCM, whereas citrate was not. Both metabolites were still related to CH4 intensity when FPCM was included as covariate. The UDP-hexose B is an intermediate of lactose metabolism, and citrate is an important intermediate of Krebs cycle-related energy processes. Therefore, the negative correlation of UDP-hexose B and citrate with CH4 intensity may reflect a decrease in metabolic activity in the mammary gland. Our results suggest that an integrative approach including milk yield and composition, and dietary and animal traits will help to explain the biological metabolism of dairy cows in relation to methane CH4 emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Antunes-Fernandes
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, PO Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S van Gastelen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, PO Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K A Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lee MRF, Theobald VJ, Gordon N, Leyland M, Tweed JKS, Fychan R, Scollan ND. The effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers. J Anim Sci 2015; 92:5076-87. [PMID: 25349355 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in red clover (Trifolium pratense) has been reported to reduce both proteolysis and lipolysis, resulting in greater N use efficiency and protection of PUFA across the rumen. Although high levels of PPO have been reported in grasses such as cocksfoot (orchard grass; Dactylis glomerata), no in vivo research has determined whether grass PPO elicits the same response as red clover PPO. To test the hypothesis that silage ensiled from grass with high levels of PPO protects N and PUFA across the rumen, 6 steers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were offered cocksfoot silage (CO; high-PPO grass), perennial ryegrass silage (PR; Lolium perenne; low-PPO grass), or red clover silage (RC; high-PPO control) at 16 g DM/kg BW daily with the experiment consisting of two 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-d periods, consisting of 12 d of diet adaptation, 6 d of duodenal marker infusion, 2 d of duodenal sampling, and 1 d of ruminal sampling. All silages were well preserved, with DM of 34.4, 55.3, and 45.4% for CO, PR, and RC. Activity of PPO in silages was low due to deactivation but was greater in CO than either PR or RC (0.15 vs. 0.05 and 0.08 μkatal/g DM). Protein-bound phenol (mg/g DM) as a measure of the degree of oxidation and an indication of PPO protection was greatest for RC (15.9) but comparable for PR (10.1) and CO (12.2). Biohydrogenation of C18 PUFA was significantly lower on RC compared to the 2 grass silages with CO greater than PR. Despite lower levels of total fatty acid intake and subsequent duodenal flow, CO resulted in greater levels of phytanic acid and total branched and odd chain fatty acids in duodenal digesta than RC or PR. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greatest for RC, with no difference between the grasses. Duodenal flow of microbial N and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were lowest for CO and comparable for RC and PR. The CO (high-grass PPO) did not result in elevated levels of C18 PUFA escaping the rumen or improve efficiency of total N transfer through the rumen compared to PR. The RC resulted in a greater flow of N and nonmicrobial N to the duodenum than the 2 grasses with PR greater than CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R F Lee
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - V J Theobald
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - N Gordon
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - M Leyland
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - J K S Tweed
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - R Fychan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - N D Scollan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Koivunen E, Jaakkola S, Heikkilä T, Lampi AM, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Lee MRF, Winters AL, Shingfield KJ, Vanhatalo A. Effects of plant species, stage of maturity, and level of formic acid addition on lipolysis, lipid content, and fatty acid composition during ensiling1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4408-23. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
43
|
Lee MRF. Forage polyphenol oxidase and ruminant livestock nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:694. [PMID: 25538724 PMCID: PMC4259006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is predominately associated with the detrimental effect of browning fruit and vegetables, however, interest within PPO containing forage crops (crops to be fed to animals) has grown since the browning reaction was associated with reduced nitrogen (N) losses in silo and the rumen. The reduction in protein breakdown in silo of red clover (high PPO forage) increased the quality of protein, improving N-use efficiency [feed N into product N (e.g., Milk): NUE] when fed to ruminants. A further benefit of red clover silage feeding is a significant reduction in lipolysis (cleaving of glycerol-based lipid) in silo and an increase in the deposition of beneficial C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in animal products, which has also been linked to PPO activity. PPOs protection of plant protein and glycerol based-PUFA in silo is related to the deactivation of plant proteases and lipases. This deactivation occurs through PPO catalyzing the conversion of diphenols to quinones which bind with cellular nucleophiles such as protein reforming a protein-bound phenol (PBP). If the protein is an enzyme (e.g., protease or lipase) the complexing denatures the enzyme. However, PPO is inactive in the anaerobic rumen and therefore any subsequent protection of plant protein and glycerol based-PUFA in the rumen must be as a result of events that occurred to the forage pre-ingestion. Reduced activity of plant proteases and lipases would have little effect on NUE and glycerol based-PUFA in the rumen due to the greater concentration of rumen microbial proteases and lipases. The mechanism for PPOs protection of plant protein in the rumen is a consequence of complexing plant protein, rather than protease deactivation per se. These complexed proteins reduce protein digestibility in the rumen and subsequently increase undegraded dietary protein flow to the small intestine. The mechanism for protecting glycerol-based PUFA has yet to be fully elucidated but may be associated with entrapment within PBP reducing access to microbial lipases or differences in rumen digestion kinetics of the forage and therefore not related to PPO activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. F. Lee
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of BristolBristol, UK
- Rothamsted Research – North WykeOkehampton, UK
- *Correspondence: Michael R. F. Lee, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|