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González-Machado C, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Dairy Products and Bulk-Tank Milk (BTM). Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:588. [PMID: 39061270 PMCID: PMC11273636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to contribute to an assessment of the role of food in the risks of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a review was undertaken of research on this microorganism in milk and dairy products published from January 2001 to February 2024. A total of 186 publications were selected, 125 for dairy products and 61 for bulk-tank milk (BTM). MRSA was detected in 68.8% of the research into dairy products and 73.8% of investigations relating to BTM, although in most studies the prevalence was less than 5%. Of the set of S. aureus strains isolated, approximately 30% corresponded to MRSA. The foods most extensively contaminated with this microorganism were raw milk and some types of soft cheese. Determination of the mecA gene on its own is known not to suffice for the detection of all MRSA strains. The great diversity of techniques used to study MRSA in milk and dairy products made it difficult to draw comparisons between studies. It would thus be advisable to develop a standardized protocol for the study of this microorganism in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Sesso L, Vanzetti T, Weber J, Vaccani M, Scettrini PR, Sartori C, Ivanovic I, Romanỏ A, Bodmer M, Bacciarini LN, Struchen R, Steiner A, Graber HU. District-Wide Herd Sanitation and Eradication of Intramammary Staphylococcus aureus Genotype B Infection in Dairy Herds in Ticino, Switzerland. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00809-9. [PMID: 38788844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates successful herd sanitation and eradication of contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (S. aureus GTB) in an entire Swiss district (Ticino) including 3,364 dairy cows from 168 farms. Herd sanitation included testing of all cows using a highly GTB specific and sensitive qPCR assay, implementation of related on-farm measures, appropriate antibiotic therapy of GTB-positive cows and culling of therapy-resistant animals, respectively. A treatment index was used as an objective criterion to select GTB-positive cows eligible for culling and replacement payment. 62 herds (37%) were initially GTB-positive with a cow prevalence between 10% and 100% and were submitted to sanitation. Twenty mo after the start of the campaign, all these herds were free from S. aureus GTB, whereby 73% of them were sanitized during the first 7 mo. At the cow level, a total of 343 animals were infected. 50 of them were immediately culled and financially compensated based on their treatment index value. The remaining 293 cows were intramammarily treated with antibiotics either during lactation using the combination of cephalexin-kanamycin or penicillin-gentamicin or at dry-off using cloxacillin. Out of these cows, 275 (93.9%) were treated successfully meaning that their milk was twice GTB-negative by qPCR after therapy. For lactational treatment, control samples were taken ≥10 and ≥20 d after treatment, for dry off treatment ≥14 and ≥24 d after parturition. Neither lactation number nor SCC before treatment of the cow nor the type of therapy were associated with therapeutic cure. Using data of 30 GTB-positive and 71 GTB-negative herds (1855 observations), the impact of GTB sanitation on bulk tank milk SCC (BTSCC) was evaluated applying a linear mixed statistical model. In the year before sanitation, BTSCC was always higher in GTB positive than in GTB negative herds. After the start of the campaign, BTSCC declined rapidly in the herds under GTB sanitation and achieved values that no longer differed statistically from those of GTB-free herds after only 2 mo, remaining very similar for the rest of the campaign. The farmers were very satisfied with the outcome of the campaign as all GTB positive herds could be sanitized rapidly, sanitation was sustainable, and milk quality increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sesso
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Department of Environment, Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), 6850 Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - T Vanzetti
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - J Weber
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Vaccani
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - P Riva Scettrini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio della consulenza agricola, 6501 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanỏ
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - L N Bacciarini
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Ufficio del veterinario cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - R Struchen
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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Turchi B, Campobasso C, Nardinocchi A, Wagemans J, Torracca B, Lood C, Di Giuseppe G, Nieri P, Bertelloni F, Turini L, Ruffo V, Lavigne R, Di Luca M. Isolation and characterization of novel Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Hesat from dairy origin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:299. [PMID: 38619619 PMCID: PMC11018700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel temperate phage, named Hesat, was isolated by the incubation of a dairy strain of Staphylococcus aureus belonging to spa-type t127 with either bovine or ovine milk. Hesat represents a new species of temperate phage within the Phietavirus genus of the Azeredovirinae subfamily. Its genome has a length of 43,129 bp and a GC content of 35.11% and contains 75 predicted ORFs, some of which linked to virulence. This includes (i) a pathogenicity island (SaPln2), homologous to the type II toxin-antitoxin system PemK/MazF family toxin; (ii) a DUF3113 protein (gp30) that is putatively involved in the derepression of the global repressor Stl; and (iii) a cluster coding for a PVL. Genomic analysis of the host strain indicates Hesat is a resident prophage. Interestingly, its induction was obtained by exposing the bacterium to milk, while the conventional mitomycin C-based approach failed. The host range of phage Hesat appears to be broad, as it was able to lyse 24 out of 30 tested S. aureus isolates. Furthermore, when tested at high titer (108 PFU/ml), Hesat phage was also able to lyse a Staphylococcus muscae isolate, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain. KEY POINTS: • A new phage species was isolated from a Staphylococcus aureus bovine strain. • Pathogenicity island and PVL genes are encoded within phage genome. • The phage is active against most of S. aureus strains from both animal and human origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Campobasso
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Arianna Nardinocchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cédric Lood
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Ruffo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mariagrazia Di Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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Ljevaković-Musladin I, Kozačinski L, Krilanović M, Vodnica Martucci M, Lakić M, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT. Enterotoxigenic and Antimicrobic Susceptibility Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Fresh Cheese in Croatia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38138137 PMCID: PMC10745915 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain Staphylococcus aureus strains harbour staphylococcal enterotoxin genes and hence can produce enterotoxin during their growth in food. Therefore, food can be a source of staphylococcal food poisoning, one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide. Epidemiological data show that S. aureus is often present in raw milk cheeses, and consequently, cheeses are often the source of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from fresh cheese, including antibiotic susceptibility; the presence of classical sea-see enterotoxin genes through molecular methods; and the isolate's ability to produce SEA-SEE enterotoxins in vitro through reversed passive latex agglutination. A total of 180 coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 18 out of 30 cheese samples, and 175 were confirmed as S. aureus through latex agglutination and API STAPH tests. All isolates possessed phenotypic characteristics typical for S. aureus, with certain variations in the egg yolk reaction (18.3% of the isolates showed a weak reaction and 28% no reaction at all) and haemolysis pattern (36.6% of the isolates produced double-haemolysis and 4.6% were non-haemolytic). Antibiotic resistance was observed in 1.1% of the isolates and to mupirocin only. Real-time PCR detected the sec gene in 34 (19.4%) isolates, but most isolates (80.6%) were not enterotoxigenic. For all 34 (19.4%) strains that carried the sec gene, the RPLA method detected the production of the SEC enterotoxin in vitro. For those enterotoxigenic strains, the possibility of enterotoxin production in fresh cheese could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ljevaković-Musladin
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Lidija Kozačinski
- Department of Hygiene, Technology and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Krilanović
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Marina Vodnica Martucci
- Microbiology Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 2C, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.V.M.)
| | - Mato Lakić
- Environmental Health Department, Public Health Institute of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Dr. A. Šercera 4A, HR-20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia;
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
| | - Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga
- Laboratorio di Ispezione Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.T.C.-G.)
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Minutillo R, Pirard B, Fatihi A, Cavaiuolo M, Lefebvre D, Gérard A, Taminiau B, Nia Y, Hennekinne JA, Daube G, Clinquart A. The Enterotoxin Gene Profiles and Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Artisanal Cheeses in Belgium. Foods 2023; 12:4019. [PMID: 37959138 PMCID: PMC10650413 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A Staphyloccoccus aureus is one of the leading causes of food poisoning outbreaks (FPOs) worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is induced by the ingestion of food containing sufficient levels of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Currently, 33 SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) have been described in the literature, but only five named "classical" enterotoxins are commonly investigated in FPOs due to lack of specific routine analytical techniques. The aims of this study were to (i) establish the genetic profile of strains in a variety of artisanal cheeses (n = 30) in Belgium, (ii) analyze the expression of the SE(l)s by these strains and (iii) compare the output derived from the different analytical tools. Forty-nine isolates of S. aureus were isolated from ten Belgian artisanal cheeses and were analyzed via microbiological, immunological, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, molecular typing and genetic methods. The results indicated that classical SEs were not the dominant SEs in the Belgian artisanal cheeses that were analyzed in this study, and that all S. aureus isolates harbored at least one gene encoding a new SE(l). Among the new SE(l)s genes found, some of them code for enterotoxins with demonstrated emetic activity and ecg-enterotoxins. It is worth noting that the involvement of some of these new SEs has been demonstrated in SFP outbreaks. Thus, this study highlighted the importance of the development of specific techniques for the proper investigation of SFP outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Minutillo
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Barbara Pirard
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Marina Cavaiuolo
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Donatien Lefebvre
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Amaury Gérard
- Brewing and Food Science Unit, LABIRIS, Avenue Emile Gryzon 1, 1070 Anderlecht, Belgium;
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Antoine Clinquart
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
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Kos A, Papić B, Golob M, Avberšek J, Kušar D, Ledina T, Đorđević J, Bulajić S. Genomic Insights into Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci from Bulk Tank Milk of Dairy Farms in Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1529. [PMID: 37887230 PMCID: PMC10604148 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential risk to human and animal health provides a rationale for research on methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and mammaliicocci (MRM) in dairy herds. Here, we aimed to estimate their occurrence in the bulk tank milk (BTM) samples collected in 2019-2021 from 283 bovine dairy farms in the Belgrade district. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize the obtained isolates and assess their genetic relatedness. A total of 70 MRS/MRM were recovered, most frequently Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Five clusters of 2-4 genetically related isolates were identified and epidemiological data indicated transmission through, e.g., farm visits by personnel or milk collection trucks. Most MRSA isolates belonged to the typical livestock-associated lineage ST398-t034. One MRSA isolate (ST152-t355) harbored the PVL-encoding genes. Since MRS/MRM isolates obtained in this study frequently harbored genes conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), this argues for their role as reservoirs for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. The pipeline milking system and total bacterial count >100,000 CFU/mL were significantly associated with higher occurrences of MRS/MRM. Our study confirms that BTM can be a zoonotic source of MRS, including MDR strains. This highlights the urgent need for good agricultural practices and the continuous monitoring of MRS/MRM in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kos
- Directorate for National Reference Laboratories, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Batajnički drum 7, 11186 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tijana Ledina
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Jasna Đorđević
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Snežana Bulajić
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
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Yang F, Shi W, Meng N, Zhao Y, Ding X, Li Q. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of staphylococci isolated from clinical bovine mastitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190790. [PMID: 37455736 PMCID: PMC10344457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci, mainly including Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), are one of the most common pathogens causing bovine mastitis worldwide. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of staphylococci from clinical bovine mastitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion combined with E-test method. Genes of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors were determined by PCR. A total of 332 staphylococcal isolates were confirmed from 1,519 mastitic milk samples, including 172 S. aureus and 160 CNS isolates. Fifteen CNS species were identified, with S. chromogenes being the most frequent found (49.4%), followed by S. equorum (13.8%). Noticeably, 2 S. agnetis isolates were found among the CNS isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the presence of S. agnetis from bovine mastitis in China. The S. aureus and CNS isolates showed high resistance against penicillin, followed by erythromycin and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was found in 11.6 and 16.3% of the S. aureus and CNS isolates, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was attributed to the presence of blaZ, erythromycin resistance to ermC (alone or combined with ermB) and tetracycline resistance to tetK (alone or combined with tetM). Notably, one S. equorum isolate and one S. saprophyticus isolate were both methicillin-resistant and mecA positive. Additionally, all S. aureus isolates carried the adhesin genes fnbpA, clfA, clfB, and sdrC, and most of them contained cna and sdrE. Conversely, only a few of the CNS isolates carried clfA, cna, and fnbA. Regarding toxin genes, all S. aureus isolates harbored hlb, and most of them were hlg positive. The lukE-lukD, lukM, sec, sed, sei, sen, seo, tst, seg, seh, and sej were also detected with low frequencies. However, no toxin genes were observed in CNS isolates. This study reveals high species diversity of staphylococci from clinical bovine mastitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. The findings for the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor provide valuable information for control and prevention of staphylococcal bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenli Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Keller AP, Ly S, Daetwyler S, Eichenseher F, Loessner MJ, Schmelcher M. Chimeric Peptidoglycan Hydrolases Kill Staphylococcal Mastitis Isolates in Raw Milk and within Bovine Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122801. [PMID: 36560804 PMCID: PMC9781970 DOI: 10.3390/v14122801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, a disease considered one of the most economically devastating in the dairy sector. Considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains, novel therapeutic approaches efficiently targeting extra- and intracellular bacteria and featuring high activity in the presence of raw milk components are needed. Here, we have screened a library of eighty peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) for high activity against S. aureus in raw bovine milk, twelve of which were selected for further characterization and comparison in time-kill assays. The bacteriocins lysostaphin and ALE-1, and the chimeric PGH M23LST(L)_SH3b2638 reduced bacterial numbers in raw milk to the detection limit within 10 min. Three CHAP-based PGHs (CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1, CHAPK_SH3bLST_H, CHAPH5_LST_H) showed gradually improving activity with increasing dilution of the raw milk. Furthermore, we demonstrated synergistic activity of CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1 and LST when used in combination. Finally, modification of four PGHs (LST, M23LST(L)_SH3b2638, CHAPK_SH3bLST, CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1) with the cell-penetrating peptide TAT significantly enhanced the eradication of intracellular S. aureus in bovine mammary alveolar cells compared to the unmodified parentals in a concentration-dependent manner.
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9
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Ivanovic I, Boss R, Romanò A, Guédon E, Le-Loir Y, Luini M, Graber H. Penicillin resistance in bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Genomic evaluation of the discrepancy between phenotypic and molecular test methods. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:462-475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
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FERNANDES SILVA RODRIGUES L, LUNARA SANTOS PAVELQUESI S, ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA AC, DA SILVA MONTEIRO E, DE SOUZA SILVA CM, RODRIGUES DA SILVA IC, CASTILHO ORSI D. Microbiological evaluation of industrialized and artisanal Minas fresh cheese commercialized in the Federal District, Brazil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.45221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morar A, Ban-Cucerzan A, Herman V, Tîrziu E, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Imre K. Multidrug Resistant Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and Their Enterotoxins Detection in Traditional Cheeses Marketed in Banat Region, Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121458. [PMID: 34943670 PMCID: PMC8698683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to determine the occurrence of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and to assess the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in different raw milk origin (cow and sheep) traditional cheeses marketed in Banat region, Romania. Additionally, the presence of mecA gene in S. aureus isolates and the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in cheese samples were evaluated. A total of 81.6% (138/169) of the screened samples were positive for CPS. Furthermore, 35.5% (49/138) of the investigated CPS positive cheese samples were contaminated with S. aureus, with an isolation frequency of 46.6% (14/30) in caș, 33.3% (32/96) in telemea, 25% (2/8) in burduf, and 25% (1/4) in urdă assortments, respectively. From the total number of S. aureus isolates, 6.1% (3/49) harbored the mecA gene. Detectable levels of SEs were identified in 4.3% (4/94) of cheese samples with a CPS contamination level higher than 105 log CFU g−1. The expressed antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the tested cheese-origin S. aureus isolates, with the automated Vitek 2 equipment, showed resistance towards amikacin (90.1%, 10 out from 11 tested), enrofloxacin (86.2%, 25/29), ceftiofur (72.7%, 8/11), neomycin (63.6%, 7/11), benzylpenicillin (53.1%, 26/49), kanamycin (41.4%, 12/29), rifampicin (39.5%, 15/38), tetracycline (38.8%, 19/49), tilmicosin (36.4%, 4/11), clindamycin (30.6%, 15/49), ciprofloxacin (30%, 6/20), erythromycin (22.4%, 11/49), tylosin (18.2%, 2/11), oxacillin (16.3%, 8/49), linezolid (15%, 3/20), teicoplanin (15%, 3/20), fusidic acid (13.1%), imipenem (10.5%, 4/38), vancomycin (7.9%, 3/38), ampicillin (5.5%, 1/18), mupirocin (5.5%, 1/18), fosfomycin (5%, 1/20), and gentamicin (4.1%, 2/49). Twenty-four (49%) S. aureus isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The investigation highlighted a common occurrence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains in the monitored cheese assortments, which can constitute a potential risk for consumers’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Morar
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.B.-C.); (E.T.)
| | - Alexandra Ban-Cucerzan
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.B.-C.); (E.T.)
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Emil Tîrziu
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.B.-C.); (E.T.)
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt; (K.I.S.); (S.M.A.-E.)
| | - Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt; (K.I.S.); (S.M.A.-E.)
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.M.); (A.B.-C.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from dairy products: Relationship of ica-dependent/independent and components of biofilms produced in vitro. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Ma Z, Yin X, Wu P, Hu R, Wang Y, Yi J, Wang Z, Chen C. The Recombinant Expression Proteins FnBP and ClfA From Staphylococcus aureus in Addition to GapC and Sip From Streptococcus agalactiae Can Protect BALB/c Mice From Bacterial Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666098. [PMID: 34250059 PMCID: PMC8263938 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cow mastitis is a serious disease that is mainly caused by intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)]. FnBP and ClfA are the virulence factors of S. aureus, while GapC is the respective factor for S. agalactiae. Sip is a highly immunogenic protein, and it is conserved in all GBS serotypes. In this study, we analyzed the abovementioned four genes prepared a FnBP+ClfA chimeric protein (FC), a GapC+Sip chimeric protein (GS), and a FnBP+ClfA+GapC+Sip chimeric protein (FCGS) based on the antigenic sites to evaluate their use in vaccine development. After expression and purification of the recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli, BALB/c mice were immunized with them to examine resistance effects. The total lethal and half lethal doses of S. aureus and S. agalactiae were then measured, and the immunoprotective effects of the fusion proteins were evaluated. The FC and FCGS chimeric proteins could induce mice to produce high levels of antibodies, and bacterial loads were significantly reduced in the spleens and livers after challenge. After immunization with FCGS, the recipients resisted the attacks of both S. aureus and S. agalactiae, indicating the potential of the fusion protein as a mastitis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinyue Yin
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Patel K, Godden SM, Royster EE, Crooker BA, Johnson TJ, Smith EA, Sreevatsan S. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk samples of U.S. dairy herds. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:367. [PMID: 34016049 PMCID: PMC8135151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of dairy cows by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially those which are multi-drug resistant and toxin producing, is a concern for animal health and well-being as well as public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, gene content and virulence determinants of S. aureus in bulk tank milk samples (BTM) from U.S. dairy herds. Results BTM samples were collected, once in winter and once in summer, from 189 U.S. dairy herds. Of 365 BTM samples cultured, the sample and herd prevalence of S. aureus in BTM was 46.6% (170 of 365 samples) and 62.4% (118 of 189 herds), respectively. Among a subset of 138 S. aureus isolates that were stored for further analysis, 124 were genome sequenced after being confirmed as S. aureus using phenotypic tests. The most commonly identified antimicrobial resistance-associated gene was norA (99.2%) and mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance (MRSA) was identified in one isolate (0.8%). The most frequently detected putative virulence genes were aur (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgA, hlgC, hlb (99.2%), lukE (95.9%) and lukD (94.3%). In the 53 staphylococcal enterotoxin positive isolates, sen (37.9%), sem (35.5%), sei (35.5%) and seg (33.1%) were the most frequently detected enterotoxin genes. Among the 14 sequence types (ST) and 18 spa types identified, the most common was ST2187 (20.9%) and t529 (28.2%), respectively. The most predominant clone was CC97 (47.6%) followed by CC unknown (36.3%). The single MRSA isolate belonged to ST72-CC8, spa type t126 and was negative for the tst gene but harbored all the other virulence genes investigated. Conclusion Our findings indicated a high prevalence of S. aureus in BTM of U.S. dairy herds, with isolates showing little evidence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis. However, isolates often carried genes for the various enterotoxins. This study identified predominant genetic clones. Despite lower prevalence, the presence of MRSA and multi-drug resistant strains in BTM poses a significant risk to animal and public health if their number were to increase in dairy environment. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the use of antibiotics in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Patel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Erin E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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16
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Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Gene Cluster: Prediction of Enterotoxin (SEG and SEI) Production and of the Source of Food Poisoning on the Basis of vSaβ Typing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0266220. [PMID: 33355100 PMCID: PMC8090894 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02662-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the infection properties in human and animals, S. aureus can produce different enterotoxins in food. The enterotoxins can cause vomiting and diarrhea, often involving many people. Currently, only 5 (SEA to SEE) out of 27 known staphylococcal enterotoxins can be analyzed using commercially available kits. Six genes (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seu), encoding putative and undetectable enterotoxins, are located on the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), which is part of the Staphylococcus aureus genomic island vSaβ. These enterotoxins have been described as likely being involved in staphylococcal food-poisoning outbreaks. The aim of the present study was to determine if whole-genome data can be used for the prediction of staphylococcal egc enterotoxin production, particularly enterotoxin G (SEG) and enterotoxin I (SEI). For this purpose, whole-genome sequences of 75 Staphylococcus aureus strains from different origins (food-poisoning outbreaks, human, and animal) were investigated by applying bioinformatics methods (phylogenetic analysis using the core genome and different alignments). SEG and SEI expression was tested in vitro using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Strains could be allocated to 14 different vSaβ types, each type being associated with a single clonal complex (CC). In addition, the vSaβ type and CC were associated with the origin of the strain (human or cattle derived). The amount of SEG and SEI produced also correlated with the vSaβ type and the CC of a strain. The present results show promising indications that the in vitro production of SEG and SEI can be predicted based on the vSaβ type or CC of a strain. IMPORTANCE Besides having infectious properties in human and animals, S. aureus can produce different enterotoxins in food. The enterotoxins can cause vomiting and diarrhea, often involving many people. Most of these outbreaks remain undiscovered, as detection methods for enterotoxins are only available for a few enterotoxins but not for the more recently discovered enterotoxins G (SEG) and I (SEI). In this study, we show promising results that in vitro production of SEG and SEI can be predicted based on the whole-genome sequencing data of a strain. In addition, these data could be used to find the source (human or cattle derived) of an outbreak strain, which is the key for a better understanding of the role SEG and SEI play in foodborne outbreaks caused by S. aureus.
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Schwendimann L, Berger T, Graber HU, Meier S, Hummerjohann JÖ, Jakob E. Effect of Scalding Temperature on Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Formation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin during the Production of Alpine Cheese in a Laboratory Cheesemaking Model. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1822-1828. [PMID: 32502266 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT To reduce the number of cheese with potential Staphylococcus aureus contamination reaching consumers, European legislation has stipulated that all cheese must be tested for coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) at the point in production when numbers are expected to be highest. When CPS counts exceed 105 CFU/mL, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) tests must be conducted. When SE tests are positive, the cheese must be destroyed. Manufacturers of Swiss Alpine cheese are exempt from this legislation because SE formation in hard cheese is expected to be very unlikely because of the high scalding temperatures used for cheeses during production, which inactive CPS in the curd. However, this assumption has not been scientifically tested. A laboratory-scale cheese production experiment was performed in which the conditions corresponded to certain limitations in practical cheesemaking conditions such as temperature and time exposure as for production of Gruyere or Tete de Moine Swiss type cheeses. Raw milk aliquots (200 mL) were inoculated with five strains of CPS, and scalding temperatures of 46 to 56°C were used during cheese production. The temperatures applied after the curd was pressed were meant to reproduce the temperature curve in the peripheral zone of a real cheese wheel. Contrary to expectations, SE formation occurred and differed according to the scalding temperature (52 to 56°C). The differences in SE formation were more associated with strain type rather than temperature. These results indicate that the mechanisms of SE formation in cheese require further study. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Schwendimann
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-3988 [L.S.])
| | - Thomas Berger
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Ulrich Graber
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Susann Meier
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - JÖrg Hummerjohann
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Jakob
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Artisan fresh cheese producing farms from six provinces of Cuba were studied to identify the presence of bacterial hazards and the results are presented in this research communication. The bacterial hazards identified in milk and cheese respectively were: Listeria spp. (9.5 and 18.9%), Bacillus cereus (23.2 and 24.2%), Escherichia coli O157 (12.6 and 13.7%), Salmonella spp. (10.5 and 17.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (29.5 and 51.6%). Listeria monocytogenes was not detected. Nine Salmonella serotypes corresponding to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae were isolated, whereas Salmonella Anatum was present most often. Biofilm formation by the isolated species and enterotoxin production by S. aureus strains demonstrated the pathogenic potential of the identified bacterial hazards. Results proved the presence of bacterial hazards in the raw milk and cheeses analyzed, so that good manufacturing practices must be accomplished throughout the entire production process in order to avoid the occurrence of foodborne diseases in the population.
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19
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Zayda MG, Masuda Y, Hammad AM, Honjoh KI, Elbagory AM, Miyamoto T. Molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis and Egyptian raw milk cheese. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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da Silva Cândido TJ, da Silva AC, de Matos LG, da Silva do Nascimento M, Camargo CH, Cobo Zanella R, Mores Rall VL, Cirone Silva NC. Enterotoxigenic potential and molecular typing of Staphylococcus sp. isolated from organic and conventional fresh minas cheese in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Gazzola A, Maisano AM, Bianchini V, Vezzoli F, Romanò A, Graber HU, Cremonesi P, Zanardi G, Cappa V, Luini M. Short communication: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from bulk tank milk of dairy cattle in Lombardy (northern Italy). J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2685-2692. [PMID: 31954577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing mastitis in cattle, and it is responsible for economic losses in dairy herds worldwide. The PCR amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (ribosomal spacer PCR, RS-PCR) allows a rapid classification of the strains in genotypes and genotypic clusters (CL), which are characterized by different epidemiological and clinical properties. Both RS-PCR and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were performed on strains isolated from bovine bulk tank milk (BTM) collected from dairy herds located in the Lombardy region (northern Italy), to outline the distribution of Staph. aureus genotypes in this geographical area. Out of 844 examined samples, 398 were positive for Staph. aureus, with a variable count (cfu/mL) Up to 8 colonies from each sample were genotyped. A total of 1,101 Staph. aureus strains were analyzed with RS-PCR, and only a selection of them (n = 86), in relation to their frequency and geographical origin, underwent MLST. This study revealed 8 major genotypic clusters (CLB, CLC, CLR, CLS, CLI, CLF, CLAO, and CLZ), of which Staph. aureus CLB (29.3%) was the most common. Samples of BTM positive for CLB had a Staph. aureus cfu/mL count significantly higher than the non-CLB positive ones. Our MLST analysis showed genotypes already known as bovine-associated in literature, such as clonal complexes CC8, CC97, and CC151. The same selection of 86 strains was also analyzed for the presence of the adlb gene, which was recently proposed as a possible marker of contagiousness. Most Staph. aureus belonging to CLB or CC8 carried the adlb gene (85%), whereas this gene was detected in only 9% of non-CLB strains (CLAA, CLBI, CLBJ, CLS). In conclusion, the present study confirms that Staph. aureus CLB, which is recognized as a contagious genotype, is a particularly relevant agent of intramammary infection in dairy cows in Lombardy, and indirectly supports the idea that adlb can be a possible marker of contagiousness of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gazzola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "San Matteo," 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Zanardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione Primaria, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - V Cappa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regione Lombardia, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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22
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El-Zamkan MA, Mubarak AG, Ali AO. Prevalence and phylogenetic relationship among methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci isolated from hospital's dairy food, food handlers, and patients. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:463-473. [PMID: 31819873 PMCID: PMC6882726 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present work was to investigate the mutual role that may be played by the served dairy food and food handlers in the transmission of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci to patients who were hospitalized in Qena City, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples including 90 dairy food samples which offered to the patients in the hospital, 60 nasal and hand swabs from food handlers working in the hospital, and 60 nasal and diarrheal swabs from patients suffering from diarrhea were investigated for the presence of coagulase-positive S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci, then isolates were screened for methicillin and vancomycin resistance phenotypically and genotypically. 16s rRNA gene sequencing was employed to construct the neighbor-joining tree. Results: Unlike food samples, both coagulase-positive S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci occurred in human samples. Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci could be detected in 41.7% & 20.8%, 68% & 31.9%, and 81.3% & 55.2% of isolates obtained from dairy food, food handlers, and patients’ samples, respectively. Whereas 81% & 64.3%, and 75.4% & 38.6% of coagulase-positive S. aureus obtained from food handlers and patients’ samples exhibited resistance to methicillin and vancomycin, respectively. Phenotypic resistance was confirmed molecularly through detection of mecA and vanA genes. Conclusion: A significant role can be played by food and food handlers in the transmission of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci to patients, which has been proved in this study through the close phylogenetic relation between S. epidermidis isolated from food, food handlers, and patients’ diarrheal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ahmed El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Gaber Mubarak
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Alsagher Omran Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Zeaki N, Johler S, Skandamis PN, Schelin J. The Role of Regulatory Mechanisms and Environmental Parameters in Staphylococcal Food Poisoning and Resulting Challenges to Risk Assessment. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1307. [PMID: 31244814 PMCID: PMC6581702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention, prediction, control, and handling of bacterial foodborne diseases - an ongoing, serious, and costly concern worldwide - are continually facing a wide array of difficulties. Not the least due to that food matrices, highly variable and complex, can impact virulence expression in diverse and unpredictable ways. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of challenges related to the presence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in the food production chain. It focuses on characteristics, expression, and regulation of the highly stable staphylococcal enterotoxins and in particular staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Together with the robustness of the pathogen under diverse environmental conditions and the range of possible entry routes into the food chain, this poses some of the biggest challenges in the control of SFP. Furthermore, the emergence of new enterotoxins, found to be connected with SFP, brings new questions around their regulatory mechanisms and expression in different food environments. The appearance of increasing amounts of antibiotic resistant strains found in food is also highlighted. Finally, potentials and limitations of implementing existing risk assessment models are discussed. Various quantitative microbial risk assessment approaches have attempted to quantify the growth of the bacterium and production of disease causing levels of toxin under various food chain and domestic food handling scenarios. This requires employment of predictive modeling tools, quantifying the spatiotemporal population dynamics of S. aureus in response to intrinsic and extrinsic food properties. In this context, the armory of predictive modeling employs both kinetic and probabilistic models to estimate the levels that potentiate toxin production, the time needed to reach that levels, and overall, the likelihood of toxin production. Following risk assessment, the main challenge to mitigate the risk of S. aureus intoxication is first to prevent growth of the organism and then to hamper the production of enterotoxins, or at least prevent the accumulation of high levels (e.g., >10-20 ng) in food. The necessity for continued studies indeed becomes apparent based on the challenges to understand, control, and predict enterotoxin production in relation to the food environment. Different types of food, preservatives, processing, and packaging conditions; regulatory networks; and different staphylococcal enterotoxin-producing S. aureus strains need to be further explored to obtain more complete knowledge about the virulence of this intriguing pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Zeaki
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis N. Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Leuenberger A, Sartori C, Boss R, Resch G, Oechslin F, Steiner A, Moreillon P, Graber H. Genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus: On-farm epidemiology and the consequences for prevention of intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3295-3309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Molecular characterisation and biofilm production in Staphylococcusaureus isolates from the dairy production chain in Northern Italy. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Sheet OH, Grabowski NT, Klein G, Reich F, Abdulmawjood A. Characterisation of mecA gene negative Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk from Northern Germany. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:845-855. [PMID: 30888635 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important causative agent of contagious intermammary infections in dairy cattle. S. aureus is also considered as an important foodborne pathogen and cause of food poisoning cases and outbreaks worldwide. In order to understand the molecular ecology of S. aureus, the present study compared phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 70 S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis milk samples collected during the period from August 2001 to March 2014 in different regions of Northern Germany. The S. aureus isolates were characterised phenotypically, as well as genotypically for their genetic diversity using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing and the presence of virulence genes encoding 16 staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea-selu), toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst), thermonuclease (nuc), clumping factor (clfA and clfB), coagulase (coa) and the methicillin resistance gene mecA. A total of 16 sequence types were grouped into eight clonal complexes (CCs), and 17 spa types were identified. These included six novel sequence types and one novel spa type. The majority of bovine mastitis milk-associated sequence types belonged to the clonal complex CC5, CC97, CC133, and CC151 and showed closely related genotypes or lineages with sequence types of human origin. The genotype CC133 (ST133-t1403) was predominant, constituting 27.1% of the isolates. In addition, the S. aureus isolates displayed nine different enterotoxigenic profiles. All S. aureus were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). The current study provides new information on phenotypic and genotypic traits of S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The comparison of characteristics of isolates from the present study originating from mastitis milk showed similarities with human isolates. This might help to better understand the distribution of S. aureus in the one health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Sheet
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - N T Grabowski
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Reich
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Wu S, Huang J, Zhang F, Wu Q, Zhang J, Pang R, Zeng H, Yang X, Chen M, Wang J, Dai J, Xue L, Lei T, Wei X. Prevalence and Characterization of Food-Related Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 30842766 PMCID: PMC6391343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen that is difficult to treat due to the multiresistance of the bacteria upon infection. From 2011 to 2016, 1581 S. aureus strains were isolated from 4300 samples from retail foods covering most provincial capitals in China. To determine the prevalence of food-related MRSA and its genetic background in China, antibiotic resistance, staphylococcal toxin genes, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, spa-typing and MLST were carried out in this study. In total, 108 (7.4%) isolates were confirmed for MRSA by phenotyping (cefoxitin) and genotyping (mecA/mecC gene). A total of 52.8% (57/108) of the MRSA isolates belonged to clonal complex 59 (CC59) (ST59, ST338, and ST3355), which was the predominant clone in this study. These CC59 isolates carried SCCmec elements of type IV, V, or III and exhibited spa type t437, t441, t543, t163, t1785, or t3485, and half of them carried major virulence genes, such as the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) gene. The secondary clones belonged to ST9 (15.7%, 17/108) with a type of t899-SCCmec III and showed a broader range of antimicrobial resistance. The remaining MRSA isolates (31.5%, 34/108) were distributed in 12 different STs and 18 different spa types. All isolates harbored at least one of the enterotoxin genes, whereas only 4 isolates (3.70%) were positive for the toxic shock syndrome toxin tsst alleles. For antibiotic susceptibility testing, all isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotics, and 79.6% of the isolates were resistant to more than 10 antibiotics. Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefoxitin, penicillin, ceftazidime, kanamycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, and telithromycin was the most common antibiotic resistance profile (55.6%, 60/108) in the study. In summary, the results of this study implied that the major food-related MRSA isolate in China was closer to community-associated MRSA, and some of the remaining isolates (ST9-t899-SCCmec III) were supposed to livestock-associated MRSA. In addition, most MRSA isolates showed resistance to multiple drugs and harbored staphylococcal toxin genes. Thus, the pathogenic potential of these isolates cannot be ignored. In addition, further studies are needed to elucidate the transmission routes of MRSA in relation to retail foods and to determine how to prevent the spread of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Intact Staphylococcus Enterotoxin SEB from Culture Supernatant Detected by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020101. [PMID: 30744109 PMCID: PMC6409910 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine identification of pathogens by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry) is based on the fingerprint of intracellular proteins. This work evaluated the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of extracellular pathogen factors. A Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a food contaminant was exponentially grown in liquid cultures. Secreted proteins were collected using methanol⁻ chloroform precipitation and analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. A main peak m/z 28,250 was demonstrated, which was identified as S.aureus enterotoxin type B (SEB) by using the pure authentic SEB reference of 28.2 kDa and by amino acid sequence analysis. SEB was also detected in this intact form following pasteurization and cooking treatments. Further application of the elaborated MALDI-TOF MS protocol resulted in the detection of SEA at m/z 27,032 and SEC at m/z 27,629. In conclusion, a simple sample preparation from S.aureus cultures and an easy-to-perform identification of pathogen factors SE in intact form represents a promising next-generation application of MALDI-TOF MS.
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29
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Artisanal Cheeses in México. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:8760357. [PMID: 30581470 PMCID: PMC6276487 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8760357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy foods have frequently been implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning, and contaminated raw milk is often involved. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw cow milk cheese produced in Mexico. A total of 78 unpasteurized cow milk cheese samples were screened for S. aureus. The isolates were identified as S. aureus based on morphology, Gram stain, catalase test, coagulase test, and mannitol salt agar fermentation. Isolates were subjected to biotyping, the methicillin resistance was analyzed using the disk diffusion, and the Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) production was examined by a dot-blot analysis. From a total of 78 samples of unpasteurized cheeses analyzed in this study, 44 cheeses were positive for S. aureus; however, a differential contamination between the different types of cheeses was observed, with high risk of contamination in adobero cheese (12, 95% CI 1.75 to 94.20; p=0.002). In this study, the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 18.1% (8/44) and of enterotoxin A producers was 18.1% (8/44). When classified by biotypes, MRSA only belongs to the human ecovar biotype (2/8, 25%) and the D biotype (4/8, 50%). S. aureus producers of enterotoxin A were distributed in specific nonhost biotypes.
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30
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Sartori C, Boss R, Bodmer M, Leuenberger A, Ivanovic I, Graber H. Sanitation of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B-positive dairy herds: A field study. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6897-6914. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Momoh AH, Kwaga JKP, Bello M, Sackey AKB, Larsen AR. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from backyard-raised pigs and pig workers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1565-1571. [PMID: 29675779 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogenic bacterium with impact on public health and livestock industry. The study investigated nasal carriage, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of S. aureus in pigs and pig workers. Nasal swabs from 300 backyard-raised pigs and 101 pig workers were used for the study. Resulting isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, tested for antibiotic resistance, and three different multiplex PCRs were used to detect enterotoxin, mecA, spaA, scn, and pvl genes. spa typing was used to annotate the isolates into MLST clonal complexes (CC). Structured questionnaire was used to access possible risk factors for S. aureus carriage. The prevalence of S. aureus in pigs and pig workers were 5.3 and 12.9%, respectively. The isolates were resistant to beta-lactams (97%), tetracycline (62%), sulfonamide (52%), aminoglycoside (20.6%), fluoroquinolone (24%), and mupirocin (3.4%). Twenty seven (93%) of the isolates carried scn, 7(24%) pvl, and 12 (41%) enterotoxin genes, respectively. Questionnaire survey showed medical-related occupation of household members was associated (p < 0.5) with S. aureus carriage. This study suggests the presence of human multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus, high carriage of pvl, and enterotoxin genes, and CC5, CC15, and CC152 were the CC-groups shared among pigs and pig workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asabe Halimat Momoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Bello
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Anthony K B Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- National Center for Antimicrobial and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Fursova KK, Shchannikova MP, Loskutova IV, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Laman AG, Boutanaev AM, Sokolov SL, Artem'eva OA, Nikanova DA, Zinovieva NA, Brovko FA. Exotoxin diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in Central Russia. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4325-4331. [PMID: 29477514 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, a major veterinary problem widespread in many regions, is caused mainly by Staphylococcus spp. However, there is no current reliable information about the role of Staphylococcus aureus and their toxins in the development of mastitis in cows in the territory of the Russian Federation. The aim of this investigation was to determine the profile of exotoxins of S. aureus from cow milk from farms of Central Russia. A total of 60 isolates of S. aureus were obtained from milk samples of cows with the subclinical form of mastitis. The exotoxin genes were identified using 2 types of PCR assays. The diversity of enterotoxin genes was studied by multiplex PCR. The percentage occurrence of enterotoxin genes was as follows: sea, 53.3%; seb, 3.3%; sec, 50%; sed, 4%; see, 46.6%; seg, 70%; sei, 10%; selp, 3.3%; and tsst1, 1.6%. The seh gene was not detected. The genes of pore-forming toxins and phenol-soluble modulins were identified by singleplex PCR and consisted of the following: hlA, 70%; lucS, 46.6%; psmA, 81.6%; psmB, 95%; and hld, 78.3%. The most abundant genes were psm (psmB, 95%), which codes for pore-forming toxins, and seg (70%), which codes for enterotoxins. The production of some enterotoxins in bacterial culture medium was detected by ELISA. The level of toxin production was near 1 ng/mL for SEA, SEE, SEG, SEI, SELP, and TSST-1 and reached a maximal level of 18 ng/mL for SEE. In the present work, we show that subclinical mastitis in cows is associated with S. aureus in the central region of the Russian Federation. Most of the isolates containing enterotoxin genes also had cytotoxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Fursova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - M P Shchannikova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - I V Loskutova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A O Shepelyakovskaya
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A G Laman
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A M Boutanaev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - S L Sokolov
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - O A Artem'eva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - D A Nikanova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - N A Zinovieva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - F A Brovko
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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33
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Cousin ME, Härdi-Landerer MC, Völk V, Bodmer M. Control of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds in a region with raw milk cheese production: farmers' attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and belief in self-efficacy. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:46. [PMID: 29433483 PMCID: PMC5810121 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contagious mastitis is an important disease in dairy cattle, and the causative agent S. aureus can also impair raw milk cheese quality. In a confined region in eastern Switzerland attitude, knowledge and behaviour towards S. aureus und S. aureus control was assessed in 90 dairy farmers with communal alpine pasturing including raw milk cheese production with the aid of a questionnaire. Results Forty-three out of 90 questionnaires were returned (48% return rate). Farmers perceived reproductive problems as most important in their dairy herds followed by respiratory disease and diarrhoea in young stock. Most frequently stated as important motivating factors to participate in S. aureus control were “avoiding negative news about cheese quality in the press” followed by “I want to be proud of my somatic cell counts again”. Most frequently chosen and identified as important constraining factors were “I fear that the authorities dictate and the farmers are not heard” followed by “costs to control S. aureus are too high because of premature culling” and “I am afraid to be forced to cull genetically valuable cows”. Farmers with an experience of a S. aureus problem in their dairy herds had a significantly better knowledge about contagiosity and clinical manifestation of different S. aureus genotypes than farmers with no self-reported experience of a S. aureus problem. Veterinarians were indicated as the most important experts, farmers seek advice in case of mastitis and most farmers suggested subsidising bacteriological milk analysis as an incentive to motivate farmers towards S. aureus control. Conclusion According to the results an improved knowledge transfer on S. aureus to dairy producers and an integrative approach to a S. aureus control program with subsidising milk analysis will be most promising to improve the S. aureus situation in this confinded region of eastern Switzerland. Veterinarians should cover a key role in consulting farmers during the control program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1352-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Cousin
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Christina Härdi-Landerer
- Institute of agricultural science, Animal Physiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Verena Völk
- Tierarztpraxis Dr. med. vet. Markus Nydegger, Scherlihalde 5, 3145, Niederscherli, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Bodmer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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34
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Johler S, Macori G, Bellio A, Acutis PL, Gallina S, Decastelli L. Short communication: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated along the raw milk cheese production process in artisan dairies in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2915-2920. [PMID: 29397175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of food-borne intoxications. Several staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks have been linked to consumption of raw milk cheeses and artisanal cheese production. However, information on Staph. aureus isolated from artisanal raw milk cheeses and small-scale dairy production environments is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize Staph. aureus isolated along the artisanal raw milk production chain by determining (1) the population structure, and (2) the presence/absence of enterotoxin genes, mecA/C, and pvl. We collected 276 samples from different production stages (raw milk, whey, curd, brine, drying worktops, and cheese) at 36 artisan dairies in Italy. A total of 102 samples from 25 dairies tested positive for Staph. aureus, with 80% positive samples among the tested artisan cheeses. All isolates were further characterized by spa typing and PCR screening for staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, the mecA/mecC genes characteristic for methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus, and the pvl gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The 102 isolates represented 15 different spa types and were assigned to 32 different Staph. aureus strains. The spa type most frequently detected was t2953 (30%), which is associated with genotype B strains causing high within-herd levels of bovine mastitis. In addition, 3 novel spa types (t13269, t13277, and t13278) were identified. Although none of the strains harbored mecA/mecC or pvl, 55% of the isolates exhibited at least one enterotoxin gene. Many strains were present in samples from multiple dairies from different regions and years, highlighting the spread of Staph. aureus in small-scale cheese production plants. Our findings demonstrate that enterotoxigenic Staph. aureus and in particular t2953 (genotype B) isolates commonly occur in artisanal dairies and raw milk cheeses in Italy. It is particularly alarming that 80% of the artisan cheeses sampled in our study were positive for Staph. aureus. These findings stress the need for effective measures preventing staphylococcal food poisoning by limiting Staph. aureus growth and enterotoxin formation along the production chain and in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Macori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - A Bellio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - P L Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - S Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Thiran E, Di Ciccio P, Graber H, Zanardi E, Ianieri A, Hummerjohann J. Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus dairy isolates representing different genotypes. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1000-1012. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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36
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Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) along the production chain of dairy products in north-western Greece. Food Microbiol 2018; 69:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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M. Elkenan R. Genetic Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Strains of Methicillin-Resistant and Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Bovine Mastitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbs.2018.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bulajic S, Colovic S, Misic D, Djordjevic J, Savic-Radovanovic R, Asanin J, Ledina T. Enterotoxin production and antimicrobial susceptibility in Staphylococci isolated from traditional raw milk cheeses in Serbia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:864-870. [PMID: 28949803 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1361764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) by examining a total of 71 raw milk cheeses. Additionally, enterotoxigenicity, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of mecA and mecC genes in the staphylococcal isolates were investigated. The isolation and enumeration procedure of CPS followed the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. The presumptive staphylococci were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using the VITEK MS system. VIDAS® Staph enterotoxin II assay was used for the detection of classical enterotoxins. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was accomplished performing the disk diffusion method. All suspected methicillin resistant staphylococci were investigated for the presence of mecA and mecC genes by PCR assay. A high prevalence (87.32%) of CPS was detected in the cheeses at contamination levels up to 5.58 log CFU g-1. Among 47 staphylococcal isolates screened for enterotoxin production, only one isolate, identified as S. hyicus, was confirmed as being enterotoxigenic. Resistance to penicillin (63.70%) was the most common resistance among the tested Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The dominant phenotypic resistance patterns in coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were resistance to ofloxacin and fusidic acid. All CNS isolates were susceptible to the clinically important antibiotics clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, linezolid, rifampicin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The mecA and mecC genes were not detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study concerning evaluation of the presence of methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) in dairy products in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Bulajic
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Svetlana Colovic
- b Department of Sanitary Microbiology , Institute of Public Health of Belgrade , Bulevar Despota Stefana 54a, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dusan Misic
- c Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Jasna Djordjevic
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Radoslava Savic-Radovanovic
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Jelena Asanin
- c Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tijana Ledina
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology , University of Belgrade , Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
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Beltrami LV, Beltrami M, Roesch-Ely M, Kunst SR, Missell FP, Birriel EJ, de F. Malfatti C. Magnetoelastic sensors with hybrid films for bacteria detection in milk. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sartori C, Boss R, Ivanovic I, Graber HU. Development of a new real-time quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B in cow milk, targeting the new gene adlb. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7834-7845. [PMID: 28755929 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The specific and reliable diagnosis of mastitis pathogens is essential for successful sanitation programs. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a new real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the very sensitive and specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B in cow milk samples. This mastitis pathogen is contagious and particularly prevalent in Switzerland and other central European countries. The new test is based on a rapid preparation of bacteria, followed by DNA isolation and qPCR for a unique target gene coding for the adhesion-like bovine protein (adlb). The inclusivity of the new target gene was 97% and the exclusivity 98%, meaning that other genotypes and bacterial species could be excluded with high reliability. The limit of detection of the new assay was 235 staphylococcal cell equivalents/mL of culture. The new test shows high intra- and interassay repeatability. Results are available within 2 d after sampling, allowing farmers and veterinarians to apply sanitation measures immediately. Based on the results of a preliminary field study, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the new qPCR assay are 99 and 100%, respectively. The new analytical procedure is straightforward and can be applied for routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sartori
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Animal Physiology Group, ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Boss
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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Mehli L, Hoel S, Thomassen GMB, Jakobsen AN, Karlsen H. The prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in milk, whey, and cheese from artisan farm dairies. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kümmel J, Stessl B, Gonano M, Walcher G, Bereuter O, Fricker M, Grunert T, Wagner M, Ehling-Schulz M. Staphylococcus aureus Entrance into the Dairy Chain: Tracking S. aureus from Dairy Cow to Cheese. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1603. [PMID: 27790200 PMCID: PMC5061776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important contagious mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle. Due to its zoonotic potential, control of S. aureus is not only of great economic importance in the dairy industry but also a significant public health concern. The aim of this study was to decipher the potential of bovine udder associated S. aureus as reservoir for S. aureus contamination in dairy production and processing. From 18 farms, delivering their milk to an alpine dairy plant for the production of smeared semi-hard and hard cheese. one thousand hundred seventy six one thousand hundred seventy six quarter milk (QM) samples of all cows in lactation (n = 294) and representative samples form bulk tank milk (BTM) of all farms were surveyed for coagulase positive (CPS) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS). Furthermore, samples from different steps of the cheese manufacturing process were tested for CPS and CNS. As revealed by chemometric-assisted FTIR spectroscopy and molecular subtyping (spa typing and multi locus sequence typing), dairy cattle represent indeed an important, yet underreported, entrance point of S. aureus into the dairy chain. Our data clearly show that certain S. aureus subtypes are present in primary production as well as in the cheese processing at the dairy plant. However, although a considerable diversity of S. aureus subtypes was observed in QM and BTM at the farms, only certain S. aureus subtypes were able to enter and persist in the cheese manufacturing at the dairy plant and could be isolated from cheese until day 14 of ripening. Farm strains belonging to the FTIR cluster B1 and B3, which show genetic characteristics (t2953, ST8, enterotoxin profile: sea/sed/sej) of the recently described S. aureus genotype B, most successfully contaminated the cheese production at the dairy plant. Thus, our study fosters the hypothesis that genotype B S. aureus represent a specific challenge in control of S. aureus in the dairy chain that requires effective clearance strategies and hygienic measures already in primary production to avoid a potential transfer of enterotoxic strains or enterotoxins into the dairy processing and the final retail product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kümmel
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary MedicineVienna, Austria; Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary MedicineVienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Gonano
- Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Walcher
- Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martina Fricker
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Grunert
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Rola JG, Czubkowska A, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Osek J. Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus on Farms with Small Scale Production of Raw Milk Cheeses in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E62. [PMID: 26950152 PMCID: PMC4810207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the results of a 3-year study on the prevalence, enterotoxinogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials of S. aureus isolated on dairy farms with small scale production of raw cow milk cheeses. The samples of raw milk, semi-finished products and the final products as well as swabs were collected between 2011 and 2013 from nine dairy farms in Poland. A total of 244 samples were examined, of which 122 (50.0%) were contaminated with S. aureus including 18 of 26 (69.2%) mature cheese samples with log10 CFU g(-1) between <1- and 7.41. In swabs collected from the staff and production environment the highest contamination rate with coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) was detected on hands of cheese makers (4.34 log10 CFU/swab). None of the cheese samples contaminated with CPS contained staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). However, 55 of 122 (45.1%) S. aureus isolates possessed SEs genes, mainly (26 of 55; 47.3%) a combination of the sed, sej and ser genes. Furthermore, the sep (15 of 55; 27.3%) as well as seg and sei (9 of 55; 16.4%) genes were also identified. The remaining S. aureus isolates possessed the sea gene (one isolate), the combination of sec, seg and sei (three isolates) as well as the sed, sej, sep and ser markers together (one CPS). Resistance to penicillin (62 of 122 isolates; 50.8%) was the most common among the tested isolates. Some CPS were also resistant to chloramphenicol (7; 5.7%) and tetracycline (5; 4.1%). The obtained results indicated that the analyzed cheeses were safe for consumers. To improve the microbiological quality of traditional cheese products more attention should be paid to animal welfare and hygiene practices during the process of cheese manufacturing in some dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta G Rola
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Czubkowska
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Song Q, Zhu Z, Chang Y, Shen X, Gao H, Yang Y. Prevalence and Characteristics of Enterotoxin B‐Producing Staphylococcus aureusIsolated from Food Sources: A Particular Cluster of ST188 Strains was Identified. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M715-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Song
- Dept. of MicrobiologyNingbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Ningbo Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Dept. of MicrobiologyXiangshan Entry‐Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzi Chang
- Dept. of MicrobiologyNingbo Medical Treatment Center Lihuili Hospital Ningbo Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Shen
- Dept. of MicrobiologyNingbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Ningbo Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- Dept. of MicrobiologyNingbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Ningbo Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Yang
- Dept. of MicrobiologyNingbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Ningbo Zhejiang Province People's Republic of China
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Boss R, Cosandey A, Luini M, Artursson K, Bardiau M, Breitenwieser F, Hehenberger E, Lam T, Mansfeld M, Michel A, Mösslacher G, Naskova J, Nelson S, Podpečan O, Raemy A, Ryan E, Salat O, Zangerl P, Steiner A, Graber HU. Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Subtyping, evolution, and zoonotic transfer. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:515-28. [PMID: 26601578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is globally one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in cattle. Previous studies using ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, however, demonstrated in Swiss cows that Staph. aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections are genetically heterogeneous, with Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) and GTC being the most prominent genotypes. Furthermore, Staph. aureus GTB was found to be contagious, whereas Staph. aureus GTC and all the remaining genotypes were involved in individual cow disease. In addition to RS-PCR, other methods for subtyping Staph. aureus are known, including spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). They are based on sequencing the spa and various housekeeping genes, respectively. The aim of the present study was to compare the 3 analytic methods using 456 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from milk of bovine intramammary infections and bulk tanks obtained from 12 European countries. Furthermore, the phylogeny of animal Staph. aureus was inferred and the zoonotic transfer of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans was studied. The analyzed strains could be grouped into 6 genotypic clusters, with CLB, CLC, and CLR being the most prominent ones. Comparing the 3 subtyping methods, RS-PCR showed the highest resolution, followed by spa typing and MLST. We found associations among the methods but in many cases they were unsatisfactory except for CLB and CLC. Cluster CLB was positive for clonal complex (CC)8 in 99% of the cases and typically positive for t2953; it is the cattle-adapted form of CC8. Cluster CLC was always positive for tbl 2645 and typically positive for CC705. For CLR and the remaining subtypes, links among the 3 methods were generally poor. Bovine Staph. aureus is highly clonal and a few clones predominate. Animal Staph. aureus always evolve from human strains, such that every human strain may be the ancestor of a novel animal-adapted strain. The zoonotic transfer of IMI- and milk-associated strains of Staph. aureus between cattle and humans seems to be very limited and different hosts are not considered as a source for mutual, spontaneous infections. Spillover events, however, may happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boss
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Cosandey
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland; Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Bardiau
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Breitenwieser
- Milchprüfring Baden-Württemberg e. V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 73230 Kirchheim/Teck, Germany
| | - E Hehenberger
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Th Lam
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M Mansfeld
- Carinthian Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Kirchengasse 43, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - A Michel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - G Mösslacher
- Animal Health Organisation Upper Austria, Bahnhofplatz 1, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - J Naskova
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevalsvn 72, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - O Podpečan
- Ambulatory Clinic for Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva ul. 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Raemy
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - O Salat
- Veterinary Clinic of Haute Auvergne, Allauzier, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - P Zangerl
- Federal Institute for Alpine Dairying BAM, 6200 Jenbach, Austria
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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Enterotoxin genes, enterotoxin production, and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products in Central Italy. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johler S, Weder D, Bridy C, Huguenin MC, Robert L, Hummerjohann J, Stephan R. Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning among children and staff at a Swiss boarding school due to soft cheese made from raw milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2944-8. [PMID: 25726108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On October 1, 2014, children and staff members at a Swiss boarding school consumed Tomme, a soft cheese produced from raw cow milk. Within the following 7h, all 14 persons who ingested the cheese fell ill, including 10 children and 4 staff members. Symptoms included abdominal pain and violent vomiting, followed by severe diarrhea and fever. We aim to present this food poisoning outbreak and characterize the causative agent. The duration of the incubation period was dependent of the age of the patient: 2.5h in children under 10 yr of age, 3.5h in older children and teenagers, and 7h in adults. The soft cheese exhibited low levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A (>6ng of SEA/g of cheese) and high levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin D (>200ng of SED/g of cheese). Counts of 10(7) cfu of coagulase-positive staphylococci per gram of cheese were detected, with 3 different Staphylococcus aureus strains being present at levels >10(6) cfu/g. The 3 strains were characterized using spa typing and a DNA microarray. An enterotoxin-producing strain exhibiting sea and sed was identified as the source of the outbreak. The strain was assigned to spa type tbl 3555 and clonal complex 8, and it exhibited genetic criteria consistent with the characteristics of a genotype B strain. This genotype comprises bovine Staph. aureus strains exclusively associated with very high within-herd prevalence of mastitis and has been described as a major contaminant in Swiss raw milk cheese. It is therefore highly likely that the raw milk used for Tomme production was heavily contaminated with Staph. aureus and that levels further increased due to growth of the organism and physical concentration effects during the cheese-making process. Only a few staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks involving raw milk products have been described. Still, in view of this outbreak and the possible occurrence of other foodborne pathogens in bovine milk, consumption of raw milk and soft cheese produced from raw milk constitutes a health risk, particularly when young children or other members of sensitive populations are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Delphine Weder
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bridy
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claude Huguenin
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Luce Robert
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kadiroğlu P, Korel F, Ceylan C. Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in white cheese by the improved DNA extraction strategy combined with TaqMan and LNA probe-based qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:92-7. [PMID: 25016130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Four different bacterial DNA extraction strategies and two different qPCR probe chemistries were studied for detection of Stapylococcus aureus from white cheeses. Method employing trypsin treatment followed by a commercial kit application and TaqMan probe-based qPCR was the most sensitive one detecting higher counts than standards in naturally contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Kadiroğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Figen Korel
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Cagatay Ceylan
- Department of Food Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
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