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Mongini A, Van Saun RJ. Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:275-291. [PMID: 37032302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia is a common metabolic disease of late pregnant ewes and does, which potentially has devastating impacts on health and performance. This metabolic syndrome is not only one of over conditioned animals but is more typically associated with inadequate energy intake to support pregnancy requirements leading to body protein and fat mobilization. Blood chemistries provide insight into diagnosis and possibly may predict responsiveness to treatment and outcome. Early recognition of the disease with appropriate intervention is the best approach to minimizing the impact of this disease in the sheep flock or goat herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mongini
- M&M Veterinary Practice, Inc, Ewetopia Dairy, Inc, Denair, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Van Saun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 108C Animal, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802-3500, USA.
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Huang Y, Kong Y, Shen B, Li B, Loor JJ, Tan P, Wei B, Mei L, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Zhu X, Qi S, Wang J. Untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics to assess plasma metabolite changes in dairy goats with subclinical hyperketonemia. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3692-3705. [PMID: 37028962 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical hyperketonemia (SCHK) is the major metabolic disease observed during the transition period in dairy goats, and is characterized by high plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). However, no prior study has comprehensively assessed metabolomic profiles of dairy goats with SCHK. Plasma samples were collected within 1 h after kidding from SCHK goats (BHB concentration >0.8 mM, n = 7) and clinically healthy goats (BHB concentration <0.8 mM, n = 7) with similar body condition score (2.75 ± 0.15, mean ± standard error of the mean) and parity (primiparous). A combination of targeted and untargeted mass spectrometric approaches was employed for analyzing the various changes in the plasma lipidome and metabolome. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 8.0, SIMCA-P software (version 14.1), and R packages (version 4.1.3). Plasma aminotransferase, nonesterified fatty acids, and BHB concentrations were greater in the SCHK group, but plasma glucose concentrations were lower. A total of 156 metabolites and 466 lipids were identified. The analysis of untargeted metabolomics data by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed a separation between SCHK and clinically healthy goats. According to the screening criteria (unpaired t-test, P < 0.05), 30 differentially altered metabolites and 115 differentially altered lipids were detected. Pathway enrichment analysis identified citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism as significantly altered pathways. A greater concentration of plasma isocitric acid and cis-aconitic acid levels was observed in SCHK goats. In addition, AA such as lysine and isoleucine were greater, whereas alanine and phenylacetylglycine were lower in SCHK dairy goats. Dairy goats with SCHK also exhibited greater oleic acid, acylcarnitine, and phosphatidylcholine and lower choline and sphingomyelins. Acylcarnitines, oleic acid, and tridecanoic acid displayed positive correlations with several lipid species. Alanine, hippuric acid, and histidinyl-phenylalanine were negatively correlated with several lipids. Overall, altered metabolites in SCHK dairy goats indicated a more severe degree of negative energy balance. Data also indicated an imbalance in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid metabolism, and AA metabolism. The findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of SCHK in dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yezi Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingyu Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Panpan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linshan Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Simeng Qi
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Metabolic profile of transition period in ewes and its influence on passive immunity transference in lambs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:112. [PMID: 36920641 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of ewe production, focusing on increasing prolificity, results in a higher incidence of metabolic disorders, especially in the transition period, which can lead to production losses with consequences for the health of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile in transition period Lacaune ewes according to the parity and litter size born and its influence on the transference of passive immunity. Nineteen Lacaune ewes, with initial mean body weight of 76.36 ± 10.37 kg (SD), kept in a semi-extensive system and receiving the same diet, were used. Ewes were classified according to parity (primiparous and multiparous) and the litter size born at parturition (1, 2, and 3). On days - 14, - 7, and - 4 of the expected date of parturition and on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postpartum, blood sampling, the evaluation of the body condition score (BCS), and the weighing of animals were performed. Blood samples were taken from the lambs 48 h after birth. Colostrum was collected up to 6 h postpartum to determine the brix percentage. Serum concentrations of total plasma proteins (TPP), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), paraoxonase (PON1), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were evaluated. In lambs, the blood parameters evaluated were TPP, albumin, GGT, and PON1. Lamb plasma was used to estimate colostrum efficiency, brix percentage immunity, and total plasma protein (PPT). Productive data, pre- and postpartum metabolic variables for ewes, lambs, and those related to colostrum brix were analyzed. The BCS had a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the postpartum period, which is evidenced on days 7 and 14 (2.88 and 2.73, respectively). Serum concentration of BHB presented the highest concentrations in the prepartum period for ewes that gave birth to triplets, from day - 14, and for ewes that gave birth to twins on day - 4 (p = 0.0245). Serum concentration of NEFA demonstrated the highest value on day 14 in primiparous (1.07; p = 0.0402). Calcium had the lowest concentrations on day 1 (8.85 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and magnesium on day 3 (1.79 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) postpartum. The multiparous with two lambs had higher brix percentages (30.5%), and the lowest value was observed in primiparous ewes that gave birth to a single lamb (27.06%; p = 0.0395). Triplet lambs had the lowest weight (3.73 kg, p = 0.0007), and the best brix percentage in plasma was observed in twins (10.29%, p = 0.0174). Regardless of the parity, the ewes that presented the greatest metabolic challenge were those that gave birth to triplets, and these lambs presented the worst immunity and the lowest live weight. The quality of colostrum was influenced by the parity, and multiparous ewes that gave birth to triplets had the lowest brix percentage in the colostrum.
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Suthar VS, Patil DB. Diagnostic performance of the BHBCheck β-hydroxybutyrate meter for hyperketonaemia in Indian cows and buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:501. [PMID: 34613489 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the electronic handheld BHBCheck meter (BHM) (PortaCheck, Inc., USA) to determine whole blood, plasma and serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) against serum BHB determined using reference laboratory method of Randox D-3 Hydroxybutyrate Ranbut assay (RSM) in Indian dairy cows and buffaloes. Blood samples were collected by puncturing coccygeal vessels for determining whole blood, serum and plasma BHB using BHM and serum BHB using RSM from 217 cows (Gir breed; median 42 DIM and 3rd lactation) and 223 buffaloes (non-descript; median 39 DIM and 3rd lactation) from nearby herds. The Pearson's correlation between whole blood (0.988; 0.987), plasma (0.985; 0.983) and serum (0.985; 0.983) BHB determined using the BHM and serum BHB determined with the RSM in Indian cows and buffaloes, respectively, were significant. Bland-Altman plot demonstrated an excellent agreement between whole blood, plasma and serum BHB determined with BHM, against the serum BHB determined with RSM in Indian cows and buffaloes, respectively. For hyperketonaemia with reference serum BHB cut-off values ≥ 1.2 and 1.4 mmol/L determined with RSM, it recorded optimized BHB thresholds, sensitivity and specificity for whole blood (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 91 to 95% and 88 to 98%), plasma (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 91 and 100%) and serum (≥ 0.9 to 1.0 mmol/L; 92 to 100% and 85 to 94%) with BHM in cows and buffaloes, respectively. In conclusion, BHB determined with BHM demonstrated an excellent correlation, agreement and test characteristics with BHB determined with RSM and hence can accurately determine whole blood, plasma and serum BHB in cows and buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Suthar
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| | - D B Patil
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
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Simões J, Abecia JA, Cannas A, Delgadillo JA, Lacasta D, Voigt K, Chemineau P. Review: Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production. Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100293. [PMID: 34294548 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the most relevant aspects of nutritional, reproductive and health management, the three pillars of flock efficiency, production and sustainability regarding the intensification of production in sheep and goats. In small ruminants, reproductive management is dependent on seasonality, which in turn depends on breed and latitude. Nutrition represents the major cost for flocks and greatly affects their health, the quality of their products and their environmental impact. High-yielding sheep and goats have very high requirements and dietary intake, requiring nutrient-dense diets and sophisticated nutritional management that should always consider the strong interrelationships among nutrition, immunity, health, reproduction, housing and farm management. The reproductive pattern is to a great extent assisted by out-of-season breeding, facilitating genetic improvement schemes, and more recently by advanced reproductive technologies. Heath management aims to control or eradicate economic and zoonotic diseases, ensuring animal health and welfare, food safety and low ecosystem and environmental impacts in relation to chemical residues and pathogen circulation. In highly producing systems, nutrition, genetic and hazard factors assume a complex interrelationship. Genomic and management improvement research and technological innovation are the keys to sustain sheep and goat production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simões
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - J A Abecia
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragon (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - A Cannas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, sezione di Scienze zootecniche, Università di Sassari, viale Italia 39, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - J A Delgadillo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA), Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - D Lacasta
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - K Voigt
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - P Chemineau
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Boileau MJ, Wagner L, Taylor JD. Evaluation of the accuracy of an electronic point-of-care analyzer to quantify blood creatinine concentration in goats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1164-1169. [PMID: 33625770 PMCID: PMC7995365 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no commercially available handheld blood creatinine analyzers validated in goats. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to validate the accuracy of a handheld point-of-care (POC) analyzer (Nova StatSensor) for quantifying blood creatinine concentration in goats. A secondary objective was to compare this POC against a chemistry analyzer to classify goats as normal or having mild or moderate azotemia. ANIMALS Sixty-three goats admitted to a referral hospital. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Venous blood was obtained, and creatinine concentration was measured by the POC in duplicate. Plasma was submitted for creatinine determination via the chemistry analyzer (gold standard). RESULTS A total of 101 blood samples were collected from 63 goats. There was high repeatability for creatinine concentrations obtained by the POC (adjusted R2 = .97, P < .0001). Correlation of POC concentrations with those reported by the chemistry analyzer was moderate (adjusted R2 = .57, P < .0001). When correctly categorizing goats with mild azotemia, the POC demonstrated a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 88.3%. For moderate to severe azotemia, the POC had a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 97.5%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The Nova StatSensor POC provided above average accuracy for measuring blood creatinine concentration in goats compared with the gold standard test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Boileau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Leslie Wagner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Karapinar T, Tumer KC, Buczinski S. Evaluation of the Freestyle Optium Neo H point-of-care device for measuring blood glucose concentrations in sick calves. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1650-1656. [PMID: 32420677 PMCID: PMC7379022 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on the performance of a glucometer in calves with different diseases are currently lacking. Objective The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a point of care glucometer in calves affected by different diseases relative to a traditional bench‐top autoanalyzer. Animals One hundred ninety‐six calves with different disorders in a referral hospital. Methods Prospective study. Venous blood samples were used for the determination of glucose concentrations in blood and plasma using the Freestyle Optium Neo H and autoanalyzer, respectively. Data were subjected to Passing‐Bablok regression and Bland‐Altman plots. The Freestyle Optium Neo H was the test method and the autoanalyzer was the reference method. The diagnostic performance of the glucometer relative to the autoanalyzer was assessed using 3 different plasma glucose concentrations. Results The Passing‐Bablok regression for the glucometer against the reference method revealed the presence of both proportional bias (1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07‐1.18) and constant bias (−11.25; 95% CI, −16.0 to −7.70). The glucometer yielded 92.2%‐100% sensitivity and 86.4%‐96% specificity for the assessing glucose concentration based on different concentration thresholds. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The Freestyle Optium Neo H showed proportional and constant biases relative to the reference method. The glucometer showed poor performance according to criteria recommended by the International Standards Organization and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. However, the glucometer determined hypoglycemia with high sensitivity and specificity therefore it might be used to diagnose hypoglycemia in calves with different diseases until calf‐specific POC glucometers are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Karapinar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kenan Cagri Tumer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Zamuner F, DiGiacomo K, Cameron AWN, Leury BJ. Short communication: Associations between nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose in periparturient dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6672-6678. [PMID: 32331887 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to use longitudinal data to examine the relationships between blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and glucose during the transition period in dairy goats. Weekly blood samples were collected from Saanen goats from a commercial herd in Australia [1-7 yr; body weight 70 ± 16.0 kg; body condition score 2.5 ± 0.3; and daily milk yield 2.4 ± 0.73 L/d; all mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. The weekly prevalence of goats above hyperketonemic levels (BHB ≥0.8 mmol/L) was approximately 6 times greater postpartum than antepartum. As well, of the 935 goats sampled antepartum, 50 (5%) had at least 1 hyperketonemic event, and 823 (88%) had at least 1 event of NEFA above the threshold (≥0.3 mmol/L). Of 847 goats tested postpartum, 258 (30%) had at least 1 hyperketonemic event, and 690 goats (81%) had at least 1 event of NEFA above the threshold (≥ 0.7 mmol/L). Substantial variation was found when analyzing the mean days of maximum NEFA and maximum BHB concentrations antepartum (-11 ± 6.6 and -14 ± 7.2 d, respectively, mean ± SD) and postpartum (14 ± 6.6 and 9 ± 6.8 d, respectively, mean ± SD). We observed moderate to strong relationships between NEFA and BHB concentrations (r = 0.66) and between NEFA and glucose concentrations (r = -0.46) throughout the transition period. Our results suggested that 3 to 16 d in milk is the best sampling window for monitoring hyperketonemia in dairy goats, and that results from simultaneous BHB and glucose tests provide an improved indication of the fat mobilization and energy status of the herd when measured close to this timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zamuner
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A W N Cameron
- Meredith Dairy Pty Ltd., 106 Cameron Rd., Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Quandt JE, Barletta M, Cornell KK, Giguère S, Hofmeister EH. Evaluation of a point-of-care blood glucose monitor in healthy goats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:45-53. [PMID: 29314531 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess agreement between a point-of-care glucometer (POCG) and a laboratory chemistry analyzer for blood glucose measurements in goats. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eighteen healthy adult goats. INVESTIGATIONS Whole blood samples were obtained via jugular venipuncture prior to premedication with xylazine and butorphanol (T0), following premedication (T20), and after 1 hour of inhalant anesthesia (T60). Each sample was tested with a POCG and a laboratory analyzer (HITA). Agreement was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients and calculation of bias and 95% limits of agreement. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mean blood glucose concentration at T0 was 3.9 ± 0.6 mmol/L (70 ± 10 mg/dL; POCG) and 2.9 ± 0.4 mmol/dL (53 ± 8 mg/dL; HITA). Glucose concentrations at T20 were 6.7 ± 2.4 mmol/L (121 ± 43 mg/dL) and 5.4 ± 2.1 mmol/L (97 ± 37 mg/dL) and at T60 were 5.7 ± 1.7 mmol/L (102 ± 31 mg/dL) and 4.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L (85 ± 24 mg/dL) when measured with the POCG and HITA, respectively. The POCG overestimated blood glucose compared to the HITA. The bias ± SD was 1.08 ± 0.53 mmol/L (19.4 ± 9.5 mg/dL) (95% LOA 0.04 to 2.11 mmol/L [0.7 to 38.0 mg/dL]) and the concordance correlation coefficient was 0.82. After correcting the results of the POCG using a mixed-effects linear model, the bias was 0.0 ± 0.38 mmol/L (0.0 ± 6.8 mg/dL) (95% LOA ± 0.74 mmol/L [± 13.4 mg/dL]) and the concordance correlation coefficient was 0.98. CONCLUSIONS The POCG overestimated blood glucose concentrations in goats, compared to the HITA, but when the POCG concentrations were corrected, the agreement was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Quandt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Quandt, Cornell, Hofmeister), and the Department of Large Animal Medicine (Barletta, Giguère), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Michele Barletta
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Quandt, Cornell, Hofmeister), and the Department of Large Animal Medicine (Barletta, Giguère), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Karen K Cornell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Quandt, Cornell, Hofmeister), and the Department of Large Animal Medicine (Barletta, Giguère), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Quandt, Cornell, Hofmeister), and the Department of Large Animal Medicine (Barletta, Giguère), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Quandt, Cornell, Hofmeister), and the Department of Large Animal Medicine (Barletta, Giguère), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Evaluation of the Nova Vet Meter for sheep-side monitoring of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and description of ewe BHBA during late gestation in three flocks from the Northeastern U.S. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:491-497. [PMID: 29758532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of metabolic diseases in small ruminants may improve production efficiency and profitability, yet ewes carrying multiples or who are in poor body condition are at increased susceptibility to develop ketosis. This study evaluated the hand-held Nova Vet Meter to accurately detect β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations in ewes and determined the percentage of ewes at moderate (0.8 to 1.5 mmol/L BHBA) and greatest (≥1.6 mmol/L BHBA) risk to develop ketosis during late gestation. To validate the Nova Vet Meter, BHBA concentrations of 104 paired blood samples were measured using the Nova Vet Meter and gold-standard laboratory analysis. Receiver operating characteristics were calculated. The accuracy and sensitivity of detecting BHBA concentrations at 0.8 to 1.5 mmol/L were 94.2% and 97.3%, respectively. The accuracy and sensitivity of detecting BHBA concentrations ≥ 1.6 mmol/L were 98.0% and 50.0%, respectively. Ewe body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and BHBA of 117 ewes from three flocks were determined weekly during the four weeks before parturition. During the last three weeks of gestation >20% of ewes were identified with moderate risk to develop ketosis. During the last four weeks of gestation, ewes carrying triplets had reduced BCS (P = 0.0002) and increased BHBA concentrations (P < 0.0001) compared with singleton and twin pregnancies. Ewe BHBA did not correlate with lamb birth weight (R2 = 0.003; P = 0.41). In conclusion, the Nova Vet Meter is suitable for sheep-side BHBA monitoring between 0.8 and 1.5 mmol/L, but further testing is necessary to evaluate BHBA readings ≥1.6 mmol/L.
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Megahed AA, Hiew MWH, Townsend JR, Constable PD. Characterization of the analytic performance of an electrochemical point-of-care meter for measuring β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood and plasma from periparturient dairy cattle. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:314-325. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer A. Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Benha University; Benha Egypt
| | - Mark W. H. Hiew
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jonathan R. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Peter D. Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL USA
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Zobel G, Leslie K, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MAG. Ketonemia in dairy goats: effect of dry period length and effect on lying behavior. J Dairy Sci 2017; 98:6128-38. [PMID: 26117354 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In dairy animals, a successful transition from one lactation to the next includes minimizing negative energy balance. Cows experiencing excessive negative energy balance typically develop metabolic complications following parturition (e.g., ketosis); does are also susceptible before kidding (e.g., pregnancy toxemia). It is not known to what extent the provision and the length of the dry period affect these conditions in does. Furthermore, whereas clinical symptoms of these conditions include lethargy, behavioral changes resulting from ketosis and pregnancy toxemia have not been quantified in small ruminants. The aims of this study were to (1) describe the relationship between the dry period and negative energy balance, and (2) determine if lying behavior changes are indicative of the metabolic status of dairy goats. A total of 420 does on 10 commercial dairy goat farms in southern Ontario, Canada, were enrolled in the study (mean ± SD: 42±18 does/farm). Each doe was affixed with a data logger to measure lying behavior from 12 d before to 12 d after kidding. Blood samples were collected at least once before and at least once following kidding to determine blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration as an indicator of negative energy balance. Does were categorized as healthy (HLTH; both pre- and postkidding samples BHBA <0.9 mmol/L), PREGTOX (prekidding BHBA ≥1.7 mmol/L), or KET (postkidding BHBA ≥1.7 mmol/L). Behaviors were analyzed according to 5 periods: P-2 (d -12 to d -2 relative to kidding), P-1 (d -1 relative to kidding), P0 (d 0, kidding day), P1 (d 1 relative to kidding), and P2 (d 2 to 12 relative to kidding). Dry period length and milk production after kidding were recorded when available. Farms ranged from 0 to 15% and 0 to 50% in prekidding and postkidding ketonemia, respectively. The HLTH does had shorter dry periods compared with PREGTOX and KET does (43 vs. 55 d, SE of the differences of means=4 d). One farm kept some does milking, while drying off others; on this farm more PREGTOX and KET does (11/28) were found in the dry group versus the continuously milked group (1/16). Overall, does that had ketonemia before kidding (PREGTOX) spent more time lying down compared with healthy does (16.1 vs. 12.7 h/d, SE of the differences of means=0.9). Both PREGTOX and HLTH does had increased lying bouts in P-2 compared with the day before (P-1) kidding [(mean (95% CI): 16.8 (15.8-17.8) vs. 20.5 (19.4-21.8) bout/d]. Compared with HLTH does, animals that were ketonemic following kidding (KET) had higher mean lying times throughout the study (14.5 vs. 13.5 h/d, SE=0.4). Previous work has shown a relationship between shorter and skipped dry periods and improved energy balance in dairy cows; the current study is the first to indicate a similar relationship in dairy goats. Furthermore, goats that developed ketonemia, particularly before kidding, displayed decreased activity, including longer lying times and fewer lying bouts in the days around kidding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph 2536 Stewart Building, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Süss D, Drillich M, Klein-Jöbstl D, Wagener K, Krieger S, Thiel A, Meyer L, Schwendenwein I, Iwersen M. Measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate in capillary blood obtained from an ear to detect hyperketonemia in dairy cows by using an electronic handheld device. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7362-7369. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pineda A, Cardoso F. Technical note: Validation of a handheld meter for measuring β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in plasma and serum from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8818-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Megahed AA, Hiew MWH, Townsend JR, Messick JB, Constable PD. Evaluation of an Electrochemical Point-of-Care Meter for Measuring Glucose Concentration in Blood from Periparturient Dairy Cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1718-27. [PMID: 26486807 PMCID: PMC4895662 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Precision Xtra(®) meter is a promising low cost electrochemical point-of-care unit for measuring blood glucose concentration ([gluc]) in cattle blood. The meter uses an algorithm that assumes the intra-erythrocyte [gluc] equals the plasma [gluc] on a molal basis, and that the hematocrit is similar in humans and cattle. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to determine the accuracy of the meter for measuring plasma [gluc] in dairy cattle. Secondary objectives were to characterize the influence of hematocrit and sample temperature on the measured value for [gluc]. ANIMALS A total of 106 periparturient Holstein-Friesian cattle. METHODS Blood and plasma samples (1,109) were obtained and Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the accuracy of the meter against the reference method (plasma hexokinase assay). Multivariable regression and linear regression were used to determine the effect of hematocrit and sample temperature on the plasma [gluc] measured by the meter. RESULTS Intra-erythrocyte [gluc] was 18% of plasma [gluc] on a molar basis. Sample temperature had a significant linear effect on plasma [gluc] as measured by the meter for 3/5 plasma samples when measured [gluc] > 160 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The meter utilizes an algorithm that is optimized for human blood and is inaccurate when applied to bovine blood. Until a cattle-specific algorithm is developed, we recommend using plasma as the analyte instead of blood and calculating plasma [gluc] using the equation: [gluc] = 0.66 × [gluc]p-meter + 15, where [gluc]p-meter is the value reported by the meter. If blood is measured, then we recommend using the equation: [gluc] = 0.90 × [gluc]b-meter + 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - M W H Hiew
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - J R Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - J B Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - P D Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802
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Doré V, Dubuc J, Bélanger AM, Buczinski S. Definition of prepartum hyperketonemia in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4535-43. [PMID: 25935248 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A prospective cohort study was conducted on 1,081 dairy goats from 10 commercial herds in Québec (Canada) to define prepartum hyperketonemia based on optimal blood β-hydroxybutyrate acid threshold values for the early prediction of pregnancy toxemia (PT) and mortality in late-gestation dairy goats. All pregnant goats had blood sampled weekly during the last 5wk of pregnancy. The blood was analyzed directly on the farm for β-hydroxybutyrate acid quantification using a Precision Xtra meter (Abbott Diabetes Care, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada). Body condition scores on the lumbar region and sternum were noted. Each goat was classified as being at low (n=973) or high risk (n=108) of having PT by producers based on a standardized definition. The optimal threshold for predicting a PT diagnosis or mortality for each week before kidding was determined based on the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity. The association between hyperketonemia and subsequent PT was tested using a multivariable logistic regression model considering hyperketonemia at wk 4 prepartum, litter size, and body condition score at wk 4 prepartum as covariates, and herd and parturition cohort as random effects. The association between mortality and hyperketonemia was also tested using a logistic regression model accounting for the presence or absence of treatment during the last month of pregnancy. The hyperketonemia definition based on PT varied between ≥0.4 and ≥0.9mmol/L during the last 5wk prepartum. Goats affected by hyperketonemia at wk 4 prepartum and with a large litter size (≥3 fetuses) had 2.1 and 40.5 times the odds, respectively, of subsequent PT than other goats. Hyperketonemia definitions based on mortality varied between ≥0.6 and ≥1.4mmol/L during the last 4wk prepartum, and was ≥1.7mmol/L during the first week postpartum. Goats affected by hyperketonemia and treated by producers had 3.4 and 11.8 times the odds, respectively, of subsequent mortality than did other goats. These results showed that prepartum hyperketonemia could be defined in dairy goats using subsequent risks of PT or mortality during the last month of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Doré
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, C.P. 5000, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - J Dubuc
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, C.P. 5000, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - A M Bélanger
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, C.P. 5000, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - S Buczinski
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, C.P. 5000, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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