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Bowater RO, Gummow B, Mackie T, Thompson AR, Hayes DA, Goudkamp K, Taylor JD. Toxoplasmosis epidemic in a population of urbanised allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis) on Magnetic Island (Yunbenun), North Queensland. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:256-263. [PMID: 38361144 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A mortality event involving 23 allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis) displaying neurological signs and sudden death occurred in late April to May 2021 in a suburban residential area directly adjacent to Magnetic Island National Park, on Magnetic Island (Yunbenun), North Queensland, Australia. Three allied rock-wallabies were submitted for necropsy, and in all three cases, the cause of death was disseminated toxoplasmosis. This mortality event was unusual because only a small, localised population of native wallabies inhabiting a periurban area on a tropical island in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area were affected. A disease investigation determined the outbreak was likely linked to the presence of free-ranging feral and domesticated cats inhabiting the area. There were no significant deaths of other wallabies or wildlife in the same or other parts of Magnetic Island (Yunbenun) at the time of the outbreak. This is the first reported case of toxoplasmosis in allied rock-wallabies (Petrogale assimilis), and this investigation highlights the importance of protecting native wildlife species from an infectious and potentially fatal parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Bowater
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - B Gummow
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - T Mackie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - A R Thompson
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Animal Health Laboratory, 165 Westbury Road, Prospect, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - D A Hayes
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - K Goudkamp
- Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland, 4819, Australia
| | - J D Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Solander Road, Townsville, 4811, Queensland, Australia
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Paegelow JL, Schoonover MJ, Young JM, Maxwell LK, Taylor JD, Gilliam LL, Holbrook TC. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin after intravenous, intra-articular, and combined intravenous and intra-articular administration in healthy neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38647141 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered IV to neonatal foals are described, but little data are available regarding the plasma concentrations contributed by concurrent intra-articular (IA) administration. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Compare the pharmacokinetics of amikacin when the total dose is administered IV compared to being divided between IV and IA routes of administration in neonatal foals and predict the plasma concentrations from various combined IV and IA dosing regimens. ANIMALS Eight healthy neonatal foals. METHODS Foals received 3 amikacin treatment protocols: (1) IV-only (25 mg/kg q24h IV), (2) concurrent IV and IA (16.7 mg/kg q24h IV and 8.3 mg/kg q24h into 1 tarsocrural joint), and (3) IA-only (8.3 mg/kg q24h into 1 tarsocrural joint). Protocols were administered for 3 days beginning at 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Plasma concentrations ≥53 μg/mL at 30 minutes were considered therapeutic for isolates with intermediate susceptibility. RESULTS Foal age was a significant variable. The IV-only protocol met or exceeded the 30-minute plasma concentrations considered therapeutic (mean μg/mL [95% confidence interval, CI]) in 7- to 9-day-old (54.0 [52.2-56.9]), 14- to 16-day-old (58.1 [55.2-61.0]), and 21- to 23-day-old (66.6 [63.7-69.6]) foals. Concurrent IV and IA protocol did not reach the 30-minute concentration considered therapeutic in 7- to 9-day-old foals (46.5 [43.6-49.4]) but did in 14- to 16-day-old (62.9 [60.0-65.8]) and 21-to 23-day-old (62.6 [59.7-65.6]) foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Concurrent IV and IA administration of amikacin produces 30-minute plasma concentrations considered therapeutic in foals 14 to 23 days old, but concentrations observed in younger foals might be below those considered therapeutic for isolates with intermediate susceptibility to amikacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Paegelow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mike J Schoonover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jenna M Young
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lyndi L Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Todd C Holbrook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Wolkowski DD, McCarthy RD, Schoonover MJ, Taylor JD, Eastman TG. Effects of intra-articular injection of an acellular equine liquid amniotic allograft in healthy equine joints. Vet Surg 2023; 52:62-68. [PMID: 36408850 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate effects of acellular equine liquid amnion allograft (ELAA) injected into healthy equine joints. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, controlled experiment. ANIMALS Eight healthy adult horses. METHODS One intercarpal joint (ICJ) of each horse was randomly assigned to be injected with 1.5 ml of ELAA (treatment) while the contralateral ICJ was injected with 1.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl (control). Subjective lameness evaluation, force plate analysis, and synovial fluid analysis, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) analysis, were performed before (day 0) and at days 1, 3, 5, and 10. Synovial fluid analysis was also performed on days 20 and 30. RESULTS No difference in subjective lameness (P = .75) and no decrease in peak vertical force or vertical impulse were seen in any limb on any day. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) was increased in treatment joints on days 1 (P = .0007; T: 6039 cells/μl, C: 240 cells/μl) and 3 (P < .0001; T: 1119 cells/μl, C: 240 cells/μl). Log-10 transformed values for IL-1ra were higher in treated joints on days 1 (P = .0005; T: 3553.7 pg/ml, C: 1890.1 pg/ml) and 3 (P = .01; T: 2283.2 pg/ml, C: 1250.7 pg/ml). CONCLUSION Injection of ELAA into the ICJ caused an increase in synovial fluid TNCC in comparison with saline control but no lameness was observed. There was increased IL-1ra on days 1 and 3 after ELAA injection. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intra-articular injection of ELAA into healthy equine joints results in no significant safety concerns. The observed increase in IL-1ra may provide beneficial effects in inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mike J Schoonover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Briggs EA, Holder AL, Gross MA, Moehlenpah AN, Taylor JD, Reuter RR, Foote AP, Goad CL, Lalman DL. Retained energy in lactating beef cows; effects on maintenance energy requirement and voluntary feed intake. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac120. [PMID: 36172462 PMCID: PMC9512099 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of these experiments were to determine the relationship between maintenance requirements and energy partitioned to maternal tissue or milk production in limit-fed Angus cows and to determine the relationship between retained energy during the lactation period to dry-period voluntary forage intake (VDMI). Twenty-four mature fall-calving Angus cows were used in a 79-d study during late lactation to establish daily metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm). Cows were individually fed daily a mixed diet (2.62 Mcal MEl/kg, 18.2% crude protein) to meet energy and protein requirements of 505 kg beef cows producing 8.2 kg milk daily. If cow BW changed by ±9 kg from initial BW, daily feed intake was adjusted to slow BW loss or reduce BW gain. Milk yield and composition were determined on 3 occasions throughout the study. Maintenance was computed as metabolizable energy intake minus retained energy assigned to average daily maternal tissue energy change, average daily milk energy yield, and average daily energy required for pregnancy. After calves were weaned, cows were fed a low-quality grass hay diet (8.2% crude protein, 65% NDF) and VDMI was measured for 21 days. Lactation maintenance energy was 83% the default value recommended by NASEM (2016. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition.) for lactating Angus cows. Increasing lactation-period retained energy (decreasing BW loss and increasing milk energy yield) was associated with lower maintenance energy requirements (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.92). Increased residual daily gain during lactation was associated with lower lactation maintenance energy requirements (P = 0.05; R2 = 0.17). Post-weaning VDMI was not related to late-lactation milk energy production, although sensitive to lactation period BCS and BW loss. These results contradict previous reports, suggesting that maintenance requirements increase with increasing milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Briggs
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Amanda L Holder
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Megan A Gross
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Alexandra N Moehlenpah
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - R R Reuter
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Andrew P Foote
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - Carla L Goad
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
| | - David L Lalman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK 74078 , USA
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Bowater RO, Horwood PF, Picard J, Huisman I, Hayes L, Mackie T, Taylor JD. A novel alphaherpesvirus and concurrent respiratory cryptococcosis in a captive koala (
Phascolarctos cinereus
). Aust Vet J 2022; 100:329-335. [PMID: 35490398 PMCID: PMC9544133 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel alphaherpesvirus was detected in a captive adult, lactating, female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) admitted to James Cook University Veterinary Emergency Teaching & Clinical Hospital in March 2019, showing signs of anorexia and severe respiratory disease. Postmortem examination revealed gross pathology indicative of pneumonia. Histopathology demonstrated a chronic interstitial pneumonia, multifocal necrotising adrenalitis and hepatitis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected by light microscopy in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and hepatocytes, biliary epithelium and adrenal gland associated with foci of necrosis. Cryptococcus gattii was isolated from fresh lung on necropsy, positively identified by PCR, and detected histologically by light microscopy, only in the lung tissue. A universal viral family‐level PCR indicated that the virus was a member of the Herpesviruses. Sequence analysis in comparison to other known and published herpesviruses, indicated the virus was a novel alphaherpesvirus, with 97% nucleotide identity to macropodid alphaherpesvirus 1. We provisionally name the novel virus phascolarctid alphaherpesvirus 3 (PhaHV‐3). Further research is needed to determine the distribution of this novel alphaherpesvirus in koala populations and establish associations with disease in this host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- RO Bowater
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - PF Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - J Picard
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - I Huisman
- Melrose Veterinary Hospital Wodonga Victoria Australia
| | - L Hayes
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - T Mackie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - JD Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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Simpson KM, Van Metre DC, Applegate TJ, Taylor JD, Johnson J, Brooks KS, Mama KR. Evaluation of the 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine in sheep. Can Vet J 2022; 63:269-274. [PMID: 35237013 PMCID: PMC8842236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a single 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine administered distal to the fetlock of sheep with a single distal limb lameness will result in analgesia of the digits. ANIMALS Eighteen adult ewes with a single limb lameness originating from distal to the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint were enrolled in the study. PROCEDURES Digital lameness was confirmed and scored based on clinical examination. Pain associated with digital lesions was assessed in triplicate using a pressure algometer to quantify mechanical nociceptive threshold. The same procedure was repeated on the contralateral limb as a control, and maximum force and time to response recorded. A 4-point regional nerve block was performed using 8 mL of 2% lidocaine. Mechanical nociception was again applied in triplicate to both limbs as described above, by a blinded investigator. Following appropriate medical treatment, the ewe was released and lameness scoring repeated.Median values for pressure and time to withdrawal were determined for affected and control limbs, and differences between pre- and post-lidocaine block measures were compared using Friedman's ANOVA test. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare lameness score pre- and post-block. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. MAIN FINDINGS Application of the 4-point block resulted in a change in pressure required to elicit withdrawal (F-value 17.7; P < 0.0001) as well as time to withdrawal (F-value 20.4; P < 0.0001), for the affected limb as compared to the control limb. Lameness scores decreased following the block (Signed-rank statistic 85.5; P < 0.0001). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION The 4-point nerve block resulted in anesthesia of the distal limb in sheep in this clinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - David C Van Metre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - Tanya J Applegate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - Jeruesha Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - Kelly Still Brooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
| | - Khursheed R Mama
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA (Simpson, Van Metre, Applegate, Johnson, Brooks, Mama); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, 114 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA (Taylor)
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Weaver LF, Boileau MJ, Gilliam LL, Taylor JD. Characterization of short- and long-term morbidity and mortality of goat kids born to does with pregnancy toxemia. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1155-1163. [PMID: 33634496 PMCID: PMC7995436 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy toxemia is a common metabolic disease of periparturient small ruminants. Information on its effects on metabolism and perinatal adaptation of newborn lambs and kids is lacking. Objectives Evaluate differences in morbidity, mortality, and common biochemical and hematologic variables between pregnancy toxemia kids (PT) and control kids (CON). Animals Sixteen kids born to does being treated at the hospital for pregnancy toxemia (blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration [BHB] > 1.2 mmol/L) and 12 kids from healthy dams (dam BHB < 1.2 mmol/L) that kidded at the hospital. Methods In this cohort study, serial measurements of blood l‐lactate, glucose, and BHB concentrations, arterial blood gases, hematocrit, total protein concentrations, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) concentrations, and body weight were compared between groups over the first 72 hours of life. Long‐term follow‐up was performed after 3 months. Results Pregnancy toxemia kids were more likely to require tube feeding at 0 and 12 hours (relative risk 7.7 [1.13, 52.45] and 2.8 [1.39, 5.65]). Pregnancy toxemia kids were more acidemic (7.26 ± 0.069 vs 7.34 ± 0.079, P = .003) and hyperlactatemic (8.17 ± 2.57 vs 5.48 ± 2.71, P = .003) at birth than CON kids. Control kids were 1.1 [1.01, 1.77] times more likely to survive to discharge and 2.2 [1.15, 4.20] times more likely to survive to 3 months than PT kids. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pregnancy toxemia kids had higher short‐ and long‐term mortality and were more likely to require perinatal intervention. Weight loss in the first few days could be a useful predictor of nonsurvival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie F Weaver
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Melanie J Boileau
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lyndi L Gilliam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Boileau MJ, Wagner L, Taylor JD. Evaluation of the accuracy of an electronic point-of-care analyzer to quantify blood creatinine concentration in goats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1164-1169. [PMID: 33625770 PMCID: PMC7995365 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no commercially available handheld blood creatinine analyzers validated in goats. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to validate the accuracy of a handheld point-of-care (POC) analyzer (Nova StatSensor) for quantifying blood creatinine concentration in goats. A secondary objective was to compare this POC against a chemistry analyzer to classify goats as normal or having mild or moderate azotemia. ANIMALS Sixty-three goats admitted to a referral hospital. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Venous blood was obtained, and creatinine concentration was measured by the POC in duplicate. Plasma was submitted for creatinine determination via the chemistry analyzer (gold standard). RESULTS A total of 101 blood samples were collected from 63 goats. There was high repeatability for creatinine concentrations obtained by the POC (adjusted R2 = .97, P < .0001). Correlation of POC concentrations with those reported by the chemistry analyzer was moderate (adjusted R2 = .57, P < .0001). When correctly categorizing goats with mild azotemia, the POC demonstrated a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 88.3%. For moderate to severe azotemia, the POC had a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 97.5%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The Nova StatSensor POC provided above average accuracy for measuring blood creatinine concentration in goats compared with the gold standard test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Boileau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Leslie Wagner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Joonè CJ, Gradil CM, Picard JA, Taylor JD, de Tonnerre D, Cavalieri J. The contraceptive efficacy of a self-assembling intra-uterine device in domestic mares. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:130-136. [PMID: 33462802 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate the contraceptive efficacy of a self-assembling uterine device (iUPOD™) in the mare. In addition, the effects of iUPODs on oestrous cyclicity, uterine health and circulating concentrations of cortisol were evaluated. METHODS Domestic mares underwent oestrous monitoring and artificial insemination. After subsequent ovulation, mares underwent either placement (n = 7) or sham placement (n = 7; controls) of an iUPOD device. Devices were left in place for at least 3 months. Pregnancy diagnoses were carried out 14 days post-ovulation, with any pregnancies terminated at 28 days post-ovulation. All mares underwent weekly blood sampling with or without reproductive examinations throughout the study. Towards the end of the study, multiple serum samples collected over three consecutive days were analysed for concentrations of cortisol. Endometrial biopsies were collected before artificial insemination and during the subsequent breeding season. Endometrial cytology and bacterial cultures were performed before device removal (iUPOD mares) or at the end of the study (control mares). RESULTS Pregnancies were diagnosed in 0 of 7 iUPOD mares versus 7 of 7 control mares. Placement of iUPODs was associated with extended luteal phases and variable accumulations of intra-uterine fluid. Bacterial culture results suggested that the mild endometritis associated with iUPODs was sterile in six of seven mares. Short-term placement of iUPODs had no detrimental effects on endometrial architecture. Mean serum cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in iUPOD mares than control mares. CONCLUSION iUPODs represent a promising means of fertility control in the mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Joonè
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - C M Gradil
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J A Picard
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - J D Taylor
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - D de Tonnerre
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - J Cavalieri
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate potential prognostic indicators for does with pregnancy toxemia (PT) and their offspring. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 56 does. PROCEDURES Medical records were searched to identify does with PT. Signalment, history, clinical signs, examination findings, treatments, number of offspring present, and duration of hospitalization for does as well as outcome (death vs survival to hospital discharge) for does and their kids were recorded. Variables of interest were examined for association with outcome by contingency table analyses. RESULTS Boer goats were overrepresented, compared with the general population of goats for the facility in the last year of the study. Most (15/36) does had appropriate body condition scores. All pregnancies involved twins (11/56), triplets (37), or quadruplets (7). Neutrophilia (26/26) and hyperglycemia (32/40) were common in does. Most (39/56) does survived to hospital discharge. Does with high BUN concentration and those with serum bicarbonate concentration < 15 mEq/L were more likely to die than does without these findings. Forty-nine does survived to delivery of offspring; survival to discharge for these does was positively associated with outcome of their offspring. Among offspring of dams that survived to their delivery, twins had a higher survival rate than quadruplets. Death was more likely for offspring delivered by cesarean section than for those delivered vaginally. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested Boers were more likely to develop PT than goats of other breeds in the population examined at the study hospital. In contrast with other studies, hyperglycemia was common in affected does. Further research is needed to confirm associations with outcome identified in this study.
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Simpson KM, Streeter RN, Taylor JD, Baumwart CA, Boileau MJ. Frontal sinusitis in adult beef bulls: 18 cases (1999-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:584-590. [PMID: 31429647 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.5.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize frontal sinusitis unrelated to standard dehorning procedures in adult beef bulls. ANIMALS 18 beef bulls > 2 years of age treated for frontal sinusitis at a veterinary medical teaching hospital between May 1999 and May 2014. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed. Information obtained for each bull included signalment, history, findings from physical examination and diagnostic procedures, treatment, and survival to discharge. Long-term follow-up (≥ 1 year) was obtained from owners by telephone. RESULTS 18 bulls were included, and 17 were bucking bulls. Median age and duration of signs were 4.5 years and 23 days, respectively. The most common owner complaints were nonspecific signs (eg, separation from the herd, hypo- or anorexia, and weight loss; n = 10) and suspected horn or sinus infection (7). Only 8 bulls had nasal discharge, and only 7 of the 17 bulls for which the rectal temperature was recorded were febrile. Results of radiography indicated frontal sinusitis in 12 of 13 bulls, with increased opacity of the affected sinus (n = 11) noted most commonly. Seventeen bulls were discharged from the hospital alive. Long-term follow-up was obtained for 14 bulls, including 13 bucking bulls. All 14 bulls recovered fully, and 9 of the 13 bucking bulls performed well after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that frontal sinusitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in beef cattle examined for nonspecific clinical signs and that, with appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good for long-term survival in affected beef cattle.
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Young JM, Schoonover MJ, Kembel SL, Taylor JD, Bauck AG, Gilliam LL. Efficacy of orally administered gabapentin in horses with chronic thoracic limb lameness. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 47:259-266. [PMID: 31980368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the analgesic effects of orally administered gabapentin on horses with chronic thoracic limb lameness. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover design. ANIMALS A total of 14 adult horses with chronic thoracic limb lameness. METHODS Following baseline measurement of lameness, horses were administered each of four treatments orally in grain: treatment G, gabapentin (20 mg kg-1) twice daily for 13 doses; treatment F, firocoxib (171 mg once, then 57 mg once daily for six doses); treatment GF, gabapentin and firocoxib at previously stated doses and frequencies; or treatment C, grain only as a control. Treatments were administered in a randomized, crossover design, separated by 2 weeks. Subjective lameness score (SLS), inertial sensor vector sum (VS) calculations, peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF) measurements and vertical impulse (VI) calculations were determined immediately prior to each initial treatment dose and 2-4 hours after the final treatment dose for each treatment. Mean change in SLS, VS, PVGRF and VI for each treatment were compared among treatments. RESULTS The rank change in SLS of treatment GF was significantly greater than that of treatments C (p = 0.01) and G (p = 0.01) but not of treatment F (p = 0.08). No differences in VS (p = 0.4), PVGRF (p = 0.4) or VI (p = 0.1) were observed among treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gabapentin, as administered here, did not improve subjective or objective measures of lameness in horses with chronic thoracic limb musculoskeletal pain. Although subjective evaluation identified an improvement in lameness with treatment GF, it was not different from that observed with treatment F. Higher oral dosing and longer treatment regimens of gabapentin may be indicated for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Young
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mike J Schoonover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - S Logan Kembel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Anje G Bauck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Lyndi L Gilliam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Plunkett AH, Schoonover MJ, Young JM, Taylor JD, Holbrook TC. Subtourniquet pressures generated by application of wide-rubber tourniquets in standing, sedated horses. Vet Surg 2019; 48:417-423. [PMID: 30773652 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of location and movement on subtourniquet pressure (STP) generated by application of a wide-rubber tourniquet (WRT) on equine limbs. STUDY DESIGN Randomized experimental cross-over design. ANIMALS Six standing, sedated horses. METHODS Horses were sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (0.2 μg/kg IV), and 4 investigators applied WRTs to the antebrachium (AB), gaskin (GK), and midmetacarpus (MC) of each horse in a predetermined, randomized order. Subtourniquet pressure was consequently measured at 10-minute intervals (T0, T10, T20, T30) for 30 minutes. Indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured presedation, postsedation, and throughout the tourniquet application period. Target STP was established as SBP + 100 mm Hg. Limb movements at each location were classified as none, low, moderate, or high, on the basis of counts and magnitude. RESULTS Mean STP did not change with time (P = .93) and exceeded SBP by 163 mm Hg (95% CI 122-205), 185 mm Hg (95% CI 156-214), and 402 mm Hg (95% CI 351-454) at the AB, GK, and MC, respectively. Mean STP at each location exceeded the target STP in 59 of 70 (81%) of the trials. Limb movements affected STP generated by tourniquets at the AB (P = .04) and MC (P < .0001) but not at the GK (P = .67). CONCLUSION Wide-rubber tourniquets applied at the AB, GK, and MC generated STP >100 mm Hg above SBP for 30 minutes in standing, sedated horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Wide-rubber tourniquets as applied in this study can achieve and maintain the current recommended STP (SBP + 100 mm Hg) for equine IV regional limb perfusion. Number and magnitude of limb movement can decrease STP over time, potentially reducing the efficacy of a WRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Plunkett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mike J Schoonover
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jenna M Young
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Todd C Holbrook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Taylor JD, Rodenburg M, Snider TA. Comparison of a commercially available oral nutritional supplement and intravenous fluid therapy for dehydration in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4839-4846. [PMID: 28390725 PMCID: PMC7127077 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calf scours is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the dairy industry. Effective treatments are needed to minimize death, maximize welfare, and maintain growth and productivity. The objective of this trial was to compare the efficacy of a commercially available nutritional supplement (Diaque, Boehringer-Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, MO) and i.v. lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in rehydrating, preventing acidemia, and correcting electrolyte imbalances in an experimental model for calf scours. Twenty-four colostrum-fed suckling dairy calves were used in a modified crossover design. An osmotic diarrhea was induced by orally feeding commercial milk replacer modified with high level of sucrose to create a hypertonic milk solution, and administering oral hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone for 48 h. The intention was to create a challenge sufficient to result in moderately dehydrated, standing calves without producing severe depression or loss of suckle. The efficacy of i.v. fluid therapy and a commercial nutritional supplement were subsequently compared for reversing the effects of the diarrheal disease. Treatment A consisted of administering the nutritional supplement according to label directions (100 g in 1.9 L of warm water, 3 times a day), and treatment B consisted of i.v. LRS (2 L, once a day). Clinical signs and laboratory results were obtained once daily by a blinded observer. The induction method was effective in creating the desired effect, as demonstrated by weight loss and subjective health and hydration scores. Both treatment groups experienced increases in body weight, base excess, and bicarbonate, and decreases in total protein and packed cell volume following treatment. Both i.v. LRS and Diaque are effective methods to correct hypovolemia and control derangements in acid-base status in calves with diarrhea and dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007.
| | - Merel Rodenburg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2007
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Williams ST, Foster PG, Hughes C, Harper EM, Taylor JD, Littlewood DTJ, Dyal P, Hopkins KP, Briscoe AG. Curious bivalves: Systematic utility and unusual properties of anomalodesmatan mitochondrial genomes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 110:60-72. [PMID: 28274686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogenomic trees for Bivalvia have proved problematic in the past, but several highly divergent lineages were missing from these analyses and increased representation of these groups may yet improve resolution. Here, we add seven new sequences from the Anomalodesmata and one unidentified semelid species (Bryopa lata, Euciroa cf. queenslandica, Laternula elliptica, Laternula truncata, Lyonsia norwegica, Myadora brevis, Tropidomya abbreviata, "Abra" sp.). We show that relationships in a mitogenomic tree for the Class are improved by the addition of seven anomalodesmatans from this highly divergent clade, but are still not completely consistent with relationships recovered in studies of nuclear genes. We suggest that some anomalous relationships (for instance the non-monophyly of Bivalvia) may be partially explained by compositional heterogeneity in the mitogenome and suggest that the addition of more taxa may help resolve both this effect and possible instances of long branch attraction. We also identify several curious features about anomalodesmatan mitogenomes. For example, many protein-coding gene boundaries are poorly defined in marine bivalves, but particularly so in anomalodesmatans, primarily due to non-conserved boundary sequences. The use of transcriptomic and genomic data together enabled better definition of gene boundaries, the identification of possible pseudogenes and suggests that most genes are translated monocistronically, which contrasts with many other studies. We also identified a possible case of gene duplication of ND5 in Myadora brevis (Myochamidae). Mitogenome size in the Anomalodesmata ranges from very small compact molecules, with the smallest for Laternula elliptica (Laternulidae) only 14,622bp, to Bryopa lata (Clavagellidae) which is at least 31,969bp long and may be >40,000bp. Finally, sampled species show a high degree of sequence divergence and variable gene order, although intraspecific variation in Laternula elliptica is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Williams
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - P G Foster
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - C Hughes
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - E M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - J D Taylor
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - D T J Littlewood
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - P Dyal
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - K P Hopkins
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom(1)
| | - A G Briscoe
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Boileau MJ, Mani R, Breshears MA, Gilmour M, Taylor JD, Clinkenbeard KD. Efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J for the treatment of dairy calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1017-28. [PMID: 27580114 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.9.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J for the treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). ANIMALS 12 healthy dairy calves. PROCEDURES For each calf, a grid keratotomy was performed on both eyes immediately before inoculation with Moraxella bovis hemolytic strain Epp63-300 (n = 11 calves) or nonhemolytic strain 12040577 (1 calf). For each calf inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, the eyes were randomly assigned to receive an artificial tear solution with (treatment group) or without (control group) lyophilized B bacteriovorus 109J. Six doses of the assigned treatment (0.2 mL/eye, topically, q 48 h) were administered to each eye. On nontreatment days, eyes were assessed and corneal swab specimens and tear samples were collected for bacterial culture. Calves were euthanized 12 days after M bovis inoculation. The eyes were harvested for gross and histologic evaluation and bacterial culture. RESULTS The calf inoculated with M bovis 12040577 did not develop corneal ulcers. Of the 22 eyes inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, 18 developed corneal ulcers consistent with IBK within 48 hours after inoculation; 4 of those eyes developed secondary corneal ulcers that were not consistent with IBK. Corneal ulcer size and severity and the time required for ulcer healing did not differ between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that B bacteriovorus 109J was not effective for the treatment of IBK; however, the experimental model used produced lesions that did not completely mimic naturally occurring IBK.
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Confer AW, Snider TA, Taylor JD, Montelongo M, Sorensen NJ. Clinical disease and lung lesions in calves experimentally inoculated with Histophilus somni five days after metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:358-66. [PMID: 27027834 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical disease and lung lesions in calves experimentally inoculated with Histophilus somni 5 days after metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin. ANIMALS Twenty-four 3-month-old Holstein and Holstein-crossbreed steers. PROCEDURES Calves were randomly allocated to 3 groups of 8 calves. On day 0, calves in group 1 received tildipirosin (4 mg/kg, SC), calves in group 2 received tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg, SC), and calves in group 3 received isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/45 kg, SC; control). On day 5, calves were inoculated with 10 mL of a solution containing H somni strain 7735 (1.6 × 10(9) CFUs/mL, intrabronchially; challenge). Calves were clinically evaluated on days 5 through 8 and euthanized on day 8. The lungs were grossly evaluated for evidence of pneumonia, and bronchial secretion samples underwent bacteriologic culture. RESULTS The mean clinical score for each group was significantly increased 12 hours after challenge, compared with that immediately before challenge, and was significantly lower for tildipirosin-treated calves on days 6, 7, and 8, compared with those for tulathromycin-treated and control calves. The mean percentage of lung consolidation for tildipirosin-treated calves was significantly lower than those for tulathromycin-treated and control calves. Histophilus somni was isolated from the bronchial secretions of some tulathromycin-treated and control calves but was not isolated from tildipirosin-treated calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin to calves 5 days prior to H somni challenge prevented subsequent culture of the pathogen from bronchial secretions and was more effective in minimizing clinical disease and lung lesions than was metaphylactic administration of tulathromycin.
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Reppert EJ, Streeter RN, Simpson KM, Taylor JD. Retrograde catheterization of the urinary bladder in healthy male goats by use of angiographic catheters. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1295-1299. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gilliam JN, Shearer JK, Bahr RJ, Crochik S, Woods J, Hill J, Reynolds J, Taylor JD. Evaluation of brainstem disruption following penetrating captive-bolt shot in isolated cattle heads: comparison of traditional and alternative shot-placement landmarks. Anim Welf 2016. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.25.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Agbeworvi G, Assefa Z, Sykora RE, Taylor JD. Crystal structure of tert-butyldiphenylphosphine oxide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o400. [PMID: 26090188 PMCID: PMC4459331 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015008919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the structure of the title triorganophosphine oxide, C16H19OP, the P—O bond is 1.490 (1) Å. The P atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The O atom interacts with both phenyl groups of a neighboring molecule [C...O = 2.930 (3) and 2.928 (4) Å]. The C—O interaction directs an extended supramolecular arrangement along thea-axis.
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Turner WA, Chen ST, Wahn H, Lightbody LT, Bagnara JT, Taylor JD, Tchen TT. Trophic effects of MSH on melanophores. Front Horm Res 2015; 4:105-16. [PMID: 207587 DOI: 10.1159/000400355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Simpson KM, Streeter RN, Taylor JD, Gull TB, Step DL. Bacteremia in the pedal circulation following regional intravenous perfusion of a 2% lidocaine solution in cattle with deep digital sepsis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 245:565-70. [PMID: 25148098 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.5.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether pedal bacteremia develops following regional IV perfusion (RIVP) of a 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution in cattle with deep digital sepsis (DDS) and to determine which bacterial pathogens are most commonly isolated from the pedal circulation. DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. ANIMALS 9 adult cattle with DDS in 10 limbs and 10 healthy adult cattle with no evidence of lameness or digital infection. PROCEDURES Blood samples were obtained aseptically from the dorsal common digital vein immediately following tourniquet application and 30 to 60 minutes after aseptic RIVP with a 2% lidocaine solution. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed on all samples collected. For cattle with DDS, clinical examination with or without debridement of digital lesions was performed after RIVP. RESULTS Bacteria were isolated from pedal blood prior to RIVP in 1 cow with DDS and after RIVP and examination with or without debridement in that cow and 4 additional cattle with DDS. Bacteria were not isolated from any blood sample obtained from the healthy cattle. Of the 8 bacterial isolates identified, 5 were gram-positive facultative anaerobes. Cattle with DDS were significantly more likely to develop bacteremia in the pedal circulation than were healthy cattle following RIVP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that bacteremia may be present in the pedal circulation before and following RIVP and examination with or without debridement in cattle with DDS. Thus, systemic or local antimicrobial treatment might be warranted prior to or concurrently with RIVP in cattle with DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Simpson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
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Rizzi TE, Reichard MV, Cohn LA, Birkenheuer AJ, Taylor JD, Meinkoth JH. Prevalence of Cytauxzoon felis infection in healthy cats from enzootic areas in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:13. [PMID: 25566776 PMCID: PMC4297400 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats can cause fever, lethargy, depression, inappetence, icterus, and often death. With a high mortality rate, cytauxzoonosis was historically considered a fatal disease. Within the last 15 years, cats with or without treatment have been recognized as chronically infected survivors of C. felis infection. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of C. felis in healthy domestic cats from Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Methods Infection with C. felis was determined using DNA extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and PCR amplification using C. felis-specific primers. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, and odds ratios were used to compare proportions of cats infected with C. felis. Results Blood samples were collected from 902 healthy domestic cats between October 2008 and April 2012. DNA from Cytauxzoon felis was detected in 56 of 902 (6.2%; 95% confidence interval, 4.7–7.9) samples. The highest prevalence of C. felis infection (15.5%; 10.3–21.7) was observed in cats from Arkansas, followed by cats from Missouri (12.9%; 6.1–24.0), and cats from Oklahoma (3.4%; 2.2–5.1). Cats sampled in Arkansas and Missouri were 5.1 and 4.2, respectively, times more likely to be chronically infected with C. felis than cats from Oklahoma. Conclusions Infection with C. felis is common in domestic cats through Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The high prevalence of C. felis reported herein suggests that infected domestic cats are likely reservoirs of infection for naive felines. The high prevalence of C. felis substantiates the importance for the use of approved acaricides on cats to prevent cytauxzoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Rizzi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Jared D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - James H Meinkoth
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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Taylor JD, Doyle DJ, Blackall PJ, Confer AW. Use of REP-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for comparison of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease in the USA and Australia. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:15-23. [PMID: 24471877 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the variability of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates obtained from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in the USA and Australia using repetitive sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. METHODS We examined 22 isolates from the USA and 36 isolates from Australia using (GTG)5 and BOX-A1R REP-PCR primers, as well as sequencing a 700-base pair length of the 16S rRNA gene. The discriminatory ability of each typing method was assessed and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between the results of each approach. RESULTS All methods appeared to discriminate among isolates, with BOX-A1R being the most sensitive and sequencing the least sensitive. Modest to moderate diversity was seen among the isolates, with as much variation within a continent as between the two. CONCLUSIONS Using samples from diverse origins may permit extrapolation even to isolates with distant geographic and temporal relationships. Further, this information can serve as a baseline in assessing whether M. haemolytica is an opportunistic pathogen or if there are notable features that distinguish commensal isolates from those more likely to be associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007, USA.
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Hall KJ, Parker JS, Ellis TH, Turner L, Knox MR, Hofer JM, Lu J, Ferrandiz C, Hunter PJ, Taylor JD, Baird K. The relationship between genetic and cytogenetic maps of pea. II. Physical maps of linkage mapping populations. Genome 2012; 40:755-69. [PMID: 18464863 DOI: 10.1139/g97-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cytogenetic analysis of inbred lines that have been used to generate genetic maps of pea is presented. Mitotic karyotyping of the inbred lines and meiotic studies of their F1 hybrids have been used to test the prediction that structural differences exist between the parental lines. The results are not compatible with the previously published molecular data. A reordered and updated linkage map of pea is presented that is consistent with the cytogenetic data.
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Gilliam JN, Shearer JK, Woods J, Hill J, Reynolds J, Taylor JD, Bahr RJ, Crochik S, Snider TA. Captive-bolt euthanasia of cattle: determination of optimal-shot placement and evaluation of the Cash Special Euthanizer Kit® for euthanasia of cattle. Anim Welf 2012. [DOI: 10.7120/096272812x13353700593806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL, Confer AW. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for preventive measures? Can Vet J 2010; 51:1351-1359. [PMID: 21358927 PMCID: PMC2978987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly disease of beef cattle in North America. Despite extensive research, industry practices are often more informed by dogma than by fact. Frequently advocated interventions, including vaccination, various processing procedures, and nutritional manipulation, have limited impact on morbidity and mortality. Evidence for use of oral antimicrobials, either in feed or water, appears to be equivocal. In contrast, preconditioning and metaphylaxis have significant scientific evidence of efficacy, with weaning prior to sale potentially being the most important component of preconditioning. The inability to reach more definitive conclusions in preventing BRD may be attributable to difficulties in investigating the disease. Study challenges include potential for extensive confounding, tremendous variability, the multi-factorial nature of the disease, and inadequate methods for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL, Confer AW. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: What is the evidence for predisposing factors? Can Vet J 2010; 51:1095-102. [PMID: 21197200 PMCID: PMC2942046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most costly disease of beef cattle in North America. It is multi-factorial, with a variety of physical and physiological stressors combining to predispose cattle to pneumonia. However, efforts to discern which factors are most important have frequently failed to establish definitive answers. Calves are at highest risk shortly after transport. Risk factors include purchasing from sale barns and commingling. It is unclear whether or not these practices increase susceptibility, increase exposure, or are proxies for poor management. Lighter-weight calves appear to be at greater risk, although this has not been consistent. Persistent infection (PI) with bovine virus diarrhea virus increases BRD occurrence, but it is unclear if PI calves affect other cattle in the feedlot. The complexity of BRD has made it difficult to define involvement of individual factors. Stressors may play a role as "necessary but not sufficient" components, requiring additive effects to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA.
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Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Dabo SM, Lehenbauer TW, Confer AW. Comparison of genotypic and phenotypic characterization methods for Pasteurella multocida isolates from fatal cases of bovine respiratory disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:366-75. [PMID: 20453209 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most costly disease of beef cattle in North America. Because Pasteurella multocida is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract, it is generally considered an opportunistic pathogen. However, studies in swine indicated that there may be a limited number of strains associated with disease, suggesting that some are more virulent than others. Although this may also be true of isolates from cattle, appropriate typing methods must be established before this possibility can be investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting to more traditional approaches for typing bovine P. multocida isolates. Isolates were obtained from 41 cases of fatal BRD and subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR), whole cell protein (WCP) profiles, outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles, and serotyping. The discrimination index was calculated for each typing method and combinations of each using Simpson's index of diversity. Correlation coefficients were calculated to assess concordance between classification results achieved through genotypic (RAPD-PCR) and phenotypic (WCP, OMP, and serotyping) approaches. All characterization methods were capable of discriminating between isolates. However, there was poor concordance between techniques. There were also few significant associations between typing results and epidemiologic data. Random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR was validated as being a repeatable and reliable means of discriminating between P. multocida isolates obtained from cattle. Isolates obtained from fatal cases of BRD in calves in a commercial feedlot demonstrated significant diversity, justifying additional investigation into whether P. multocida is a strictly opportunistic pathogen in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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Abstract
A unique mode of asexual reproduction in recently collected specimens of Goniopora (Scleractinia) is reported. Skeleton is absent from new polyps; the skelton develops independently of the parent colony as the new polyps themselves increase. The young colonies eventually become detached. The cycle seems to be a response to a sandy habitat, a conclusion reached by analogy With Fungia and Manicina.
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McKenzie RA, Carmichael AM, Schibrowski ML, Duigan SA, Gibson JA, Taylor JD. Sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia in cattle grazing plants in the Family Brassicaceae. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:27-32. [PMID: 19178473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polioencephalomalacia was diagnosed histologically in cattle from two herds on the Darling Downs, Queensland, during July-August 2007. In the first incident, 8 of 20 18-month-old Aberdeen Angus steers died while grazing pastures comprising 60%Sisymbrium irio (London rocket) and 40%Capsella bursapastoris (shepherd's purse). In the second incident, 2 of 150 mixed-breed adult cattle died, and another was successfully treated with thiamine, while grazing a pasture comprising almost 100%Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish). Affected cattle were either found dead or comatose or were seen apparently blind and head-pressing in some cases. For both incidents, plant and water assays were used to calculate the total dietary sulfur content in dry matter as 0.62% and 1.01% respectively, both exceeding the recommended 0.5% for cattle eating more than 40% forage. Blood and tissue assays for lead were negative in both cases. No access to thiaminase, concentrated sodium ion or extrinsic hydrogen sulfide sources were identified in either incident. Below-median late summer and autumn rainfall followed by above-median unseasonal winter rainfall promoted weed growth at the expense of wholesome pasture species before these incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McKenzie
- Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries' Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Animal Research Institute, Locked Mail Bag No.4, Moorooka, Queensland 4105, Australia.
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Ayalew S, Confer AW, Payton ME, Garrels KD, Shrestha B, Ingram KR, Montelongo MA, Taylor JD. Mannheimia haemolytica chimeric protein vaccine composed of the major surface-exposed epitope of outer membrane lipoprotein PlpE and the neutralizing epitope of leukotoxin. Vaccine 2008; 26:4955-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Taylor JD, Lehmann ED, Belli AM, Nicholson AA, Kessel D, Robertson IR, Pollock JG, Morgan RA. Strategies for the Management of SVC Stent Migration into the Right Atrium. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30:1003-9. [PMID: 17605069 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-007-9109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stent migration into the right atrium is a potentially fatal complication of stenting in the venous system and is most likely to occur during the treatment of superior vena cava obstruction. Endovascular approaches that can salvage this hazardous situation are described and the keys to successful treatment are highlighted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four different strategies are reviewed: (1) snaring the stent directly, (2) angioplasty balloon-assisted snaring of the stent, (3) guide wire-assisted snaring of the stent, and (4) superior vena cava-to-inferior vena cava bridging stent. RESULTS These techniques have been employed in the successful management of four cases. No short- or long-term complications as a result of these maneuvers have been identified. Additional treatment of the underlying disease was possible at the same time in each case. CONCLUSION We conclude that prompt management of right atrial stent migration is essential and can be successfully achieved by a variety of "bale-out" techniques which are within the technical range of most interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Department of Radiology, St. George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, UK.
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Karim K, Taylor JD, Cullen DC, Swann MJ, Freeman NJ. Measurement of Conformational Changes in the Structure of Transglutaminase on Binding Calcium Ions Using Optical Evanescent Dual Polarisation Interferometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3023-31. [PMID: 17367112 DOI: 10.1021/ac051254b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The conformational changes occurring when the protein transglutaminase binds calcium ions have been studied using the optical evanescent technique of dual polarization interferometry (DPI) implemented via a dual slab waveguide structure. Immobilized transglutaminase layers of 4-5 nm in thickness were obtained, which when challenged with calcium ions underwent a contraction of approximately 0.5 nm (depending on the concentration of calcium) and an increase in refractive index of approximately 1 x 10-2. The affinity constant for the calcium binding was found to be in the range of 0.95 +/- 0.2 mM. The results reported are in good agreement with those found in the literature obtained by other techniques. It has also been shown that the structural changes occurring during the binding event are considerably larger than the mass changes that take place; thus, DPI offers a potentially valuable method to study real-time structural changes occurring to proteins when they bind metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karim
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK
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Abstract
Renal transplantation is the best treatment for end-stage renal disease. The discrepancy between donor organ supply and demand continues to widen. Maximum efforts should be made to make use of donor kidneys and we suggest that polycystic kidneys can be suitable marginal donor organs. Five polycystic cadaveric donor kidneys were transplanted in four recipients at our institution between year 2000 and 2004. The donor kidneys were either of normal size or moderately enlarged (less than 15 x 10 cm). Donor ages were 24, 46 and 55 years. All donors had normal serum creatinine at the time of organ retrieval. Recipients gave informed consent to be transplanted with the polycystic kidneys. Three of four recipients had primary graft function. The patient with primary nonfunction required graft nephrectomy 8 weeks post-transplantation. One patient died due to cardiovascular causes with a functioning graft 18 months after transplantation. Two patients remain well, 26 and 58 months after transplantation, with normal graft function. Our experience and the limited evidence from the literature suggest that, with careful selection of both donor and recipient, transplantation of cadaveric polycystic donor kidneys should be considered given the current organ shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Olsburgh
- Department of Urology, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & GKT School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Taylor JD. What practitioners should know about bovine spongiform encephalopathy to serve clients and the cattle industry. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1070-8. [PMID: 16220665 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Taylor
- Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Halford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, UK
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Vicente JG, Taylor JD, Sharpe AG, Parkin IAP, Lydiate DJ, King GJ. Inheritance of Race-Specific Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica Genomes. Phytopathology 2002; 92:1134-1141. [PMID: 18944224 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.10.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The inheritance of resistance to three Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races was studied in crosses between resistant and susceptible lines of Brassica oleracea (C genome), B. carinata (BC genome), and B. napus (AC genome). Resistance to race 3 in the B. oleracea doubled haploid line BOH 85c and in PI 436606 was controlled by a single dominant locus (Xca3). Resistance to races 1 and 3 in the B. oleracea line Badger Inbred-16 was quantitative and recessive. Strong resistance to races 1 and 4 was controlled by a single dominant locus (Xca1) in the B. carinata line PI 199947. This resistance probably originates from the B genome. Resistance to race 4 in three B. napus lines, cv. Cobra, the rapid cycling line CrGC5, and the doubled haploid line N-o-1, was controlled by a single dominant locus (Xca4). A set of doubled haploid lines, selected from a population used previously to develop a restriction fragment length polymorphism map, was used to map this locus. Xca4 was positioned on linkage group N5 of the B. napus A genome, indicating that this resistance originated from B. rapa. Xca4 is the first major locus to be mapped that controls race-specific resistance to X. campestris pv. campestris in Brassica spp.
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Hueston WD, Taylor JD. Protecting US cattle. The role of national biosecurity programs. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2002; 18:177-96, viii. [PMID: 12064167 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine practitioner has a critical role to play in promoting biosecurity at both the farm level and the national level. Successful exclusion of exotic diseases, biocontainment of endemic diseases, and emergency preparedness rest soundly on bovine practitioners as part of the national biosecurity team. Bovine practitioners must voice their opinions on the strengths and weaknesses of existing and proposed national biosecurity programs. Healthy debate about national biosecurity programs and consideration of biosecurity issues by national veterinary organizations provide valuable feedback for the continual improvement of the programs and enhance their credibility. The health and productivity of US agriculture depend on national biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hueston
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108-1016, USA.
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Taylor JD, Conway J, Roberts SJ, Astley D, Vicente JG. Sources and Origin of Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica Genomes. Phytopathology 2002. [PMID: 18944146 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.200292.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two hundred and seventy-six accessions of mainly Brassica spp. were screened for resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races. In Brassica oleracea (C genome), the majority of accessions were susceptible to all races, but 43% showed resistance to one or more of the rare races (2, 3, 5, and 6) and a single accession showed partial resistance to races 1, 3, 5, and 6. Further searches for resistance to races 1 and 4, currently the most important races worldwide, and race 6, the race with the widest host range, were made in accessions representing the A and B genomes. Strong resistance to race 4 was frequent in B. rapa (A genome) and B. napus (AC genome), indicating an A genome origin. Resistance to races 1 and 4 was present in a high proportion of B. nigra (B genome) and B. carinata (BC genome) accessions, indicating a B genome origin. B. juncea (AB genome) was the most resistant species, showing either strong resistance to races 1 and 4 or quantitative resistance to all races. Potentially race-nonspecific resistance was also found, but at a lower frequency, in B. rapa, B. nigra, and B. carinata. The combination of race-specific and race-nonspecific resistance could provide durable control of black rot of crucifers.
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Taylor JD, Conway J, Roberts SJ, Astley D, Vicente JG. Sources and Origin of Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica Genomes. Phytopathology 2002; 92:105-11. [PMID: 18944146 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2002.92.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two hundred and seventy-six accessions of mainly Brassica spp. were screened for resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris races. In Brassica oleracea (C genome), the majority of accessions were susceptible to all races, but 43% showed resistance to one or more of the rare races (2, 3, 5, and 6) and a single accession showed partial resistance to races 1, 3, 5, and 6. Further searches for resistance to races 1 and 4, currently the most important races worldwide, and race 6, the race with the widest host range, were made in accessions representing the A and B genomes. Strong resistance to race 4 was frequent in B. rapa (A genome) and B. napus (AC genome), indicating an A genome origin. Resistance to races 1 and 4 was present in a high proportion of B. nigra (B genome) and B. carinata (BC genome) accessions, indicating a B genome origin. B. juncea (AB genome) was the most resistant species, showing either strong resistance to races 1 and 4 or quantitative resistance to all races. Potentially race-nonspecific resistance was also found, but at a lower frequency, in B. rapa, B. nigra, and B. carinata. The combination of race-specific and race-nonspecific resistance could provide durable control of black rot of crucifers.
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Vicente JG, Conway J, Roberts SJ, Taylor JD. Identification and Origin of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Races and Related Pathovars. Phytopathology 2001; 91:492-9. [PMID: 18943594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT One hundred sixty-four isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and other X. campestris pathovars known to infect cruciferous hosts (X. campestris pvs. aberrans, raphani, armoraciae, and incanae) were inoculated onto a differential series of Brassica spp. to determine both pathogenicity to brassicas and race. Of these, 144 isolates were identified as X. campestris pv. campestris and grouped into six races, with races 1 (62%) and 4 (32%) being predominant. Other races were rare. The remaining 20 isolates from brassicas and other cruciferous hosts were either nonpathogenic or very weakly pathogenic on the differential series and could not be race-typed. Five of these isolates, from the ornamental crucifers wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri), stock (Matthiola incana) and candytuft (Iberis sp.), showed clear evidence of pathovar-like specificity to the hosts of origin. A gene-for-gene model based on the interaction of four avirulence genes in X. campestris pv. campestris races and four matching resistance genes in the differential hosts is proposed. Knowledge of the race structure and worldwide distribution of races is fundamental to the search for sources of resistance and for the establishment of successful resistance breeding programs.
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Ye F, Li MS, Taylor JD, Nguyen Q, Colton HM, Casey WM, Wagner M, Weiner MP, Chen J. Fluorescent microsphere-based readout technology for multiplexed human single nucleotide polymorphism analysis and bacterial identification. Hum Mutat 2001; 17:305-16. [PMID: 11295829 DOI: 10.1002/humu.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale human genotyping requires technologies with a minimal number of steps, high accuracy, and the ability to automate at a reasonable cost. In this regard, we have developed a rapid, cost-effective readout method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping that combines an easily automatable single-tube allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) with an efficient high throughput flow cytometric analysis performed on a Luminex 100 flow cytometer. This robust technique employs an ASPE reaction using PCR-derived target DNA containing the SNP and a pair of synthetic complementary capture probes that differ at their 3' end-nucleotide defining the alleles. Each capture probe has been synthesized to contain a unique 25-nucleotide identifying sequence (ZipCode) at its 5' end. An array of fluorescent microspheres, covalently coupled with complementary ZipCode sequences (cZipCodes), was hybridized to biotin-labeled ASPE reaction products, sequestering them for flow cytometric analysis. ASPE offers both an advantage of streamlining the SNP analysis protocol and an ability to perform multiplex SNP analysis on any mixture of allelic variants. All steps of the assay are simple additions of the solutions, incubations, and washes. This technique was used to assay 15 multiplexed SNPs on human chromosome 12 from 96 patients. Comparison of the microsphere-based ASPE assay results to gel-based oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) results showed 99.2% agreement in genotype assignments. In addition, the microsphere-based multiplex SNPs assay system was adapted for the identification of bacterial samples by both ASPE and single base chain extension (SBCE) assays. A series of probes designed for different variable sites of bacterial 16S rDNA permitted multiplex analysis and generated species- or genus-specific patterns. Seventeen bacterial species representing a broad range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were analyzed within 16 variable sites of 16S rDNA sequence. The results were consistent with the published sequences and confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ye
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA
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Taylor JD, Briley D, Nguyen Q, Long K, Iannone MA, Li MS, Ye F, Afshari A, Lai E, Wagner M, Chen J, Weiner MP. Flow cytometric platform for high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Biotechniques 2001; 30:661-6, 668-9. [PMID: 11252801 DOI: 10.2144/01303dd04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, cost-effective, high-throughput readout for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using flow cytometric analysis performed on a Luminex 100 flow cytometer. This robust technique employs a PCR-derived target DNA containing the SNP, a synthetic SNP-complementary ZipCode-bearing capture probe, a fluorescent reporter molecule, and a thermophilic DNA polymerase. An array of fluorescent microspheres, covalently coupled with complementary ZipCode sequences (cZipCodes), was hybridized to the reaction products and sequestered them for flow cytometric analysis. The single base chain extension (SBCE) reaction was used to assay 20 multiplexed SNPs for 633 patients in 96-well format. Comparison of the microsphere-based SBCE assay results to gel-based oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) results showed 99.3% agreement in genotype assignments. Substitution of direct-labeled R6G dideoxynucleotide with indirect-labeled phycoerythrin dideoxynucleotide enhanced signal five- to tenfold while maintaining low noise levels. A new assay based on allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) was validated on a set of 15 multiplexed SNPs for 96 patients. ASPE offers both the advantage of streamlining the SNP analysis protocol and the ability to perform multiplex SNP analysis on any mixture of allelic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Taylor
- Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Jackson RW, Mansfield JW, Arnold DL, Sesma A, Paynter CD, Murillo J, Taylor JD, Vivian A. Excision from tRNA genes of a large chromosomal region, carrying avrPphB, associated with race change in the bean pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Mol Microbiol 2000; 38:186-97. [PMID: 11069647 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) race 4 strain 1302A carries avirulence gene avrPphB. Strain RJ3, a sectoral variant from a 1302A culture, exhibited an extended host range in cultivars of bean and soybean resulting from the absence of avrPphB from the RJ3 chromosome. Complementation of RJ3 with avrPphB restored the race 4 phenotype. Both strains showed similar in planta growth in susceptible bean cultivars. Analysis of RJ3 indicated loss of > 40 kb of DNA surrounding avrPphB. Collinearity of the two genomes was determined for the left and right junctions of the deleted avrPphB region; the left junction is approximately 19 kb and the right junction > 20 kb from avrPphB in 1302A. Sequencing revealed that the region containing avrPphB was inserted into a tRNALYS gene, which was re-formed at the right junction in strain 1302A. A putative lysine tRNA pseudogene (PsitRNALYS) was found at the left junction of the insertion. All tRNA genes were in identical orientation in the chromosome. Genes near the left junction exhibited predicted protein homologies with gene products associated with a virulence locus of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Specific oligonucleotide primers that differentiate 1302A from RJ3 were designed and used to demonstrate that avrPphB was located in different regions of the chromosome in other strains of Pph. Deletion of a large region of the chromosome containing an avirulence gene represents a new route to race change in Pph.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Jackson
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Tsiamis G, Mansfield JW, Hockenhull R, Jackson RW, Sesma A, Athanassopoulos E, Bennett MA, Stevens C, Vivian A, Taylor JD, Murillo J. Cultivar-specific avirulence and virulence functions assigned to avrPphF in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the cause of bean halo-blight disease. EMBO J 2000; 19:3204-14. [PMID: 10880434 PMCID: PMC313945 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.13.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2000] [Revised: 05/03/2000] [Accepted: 05/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The avrPphF gene was cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola (PPH:) races 5 and 7, based on its ability to confer avirulence towards bean cultivars carrying the R1 gene for halo-blight resistance, such as Red Mexican. avrPphF comprised two open reading frames, which were both required for function, and was located on a 154 kb plasmid (pAV511) in PPH: Strain RW60 of PPH:, lacking pAV511, displayed a loss in virulence to a range of previously susceptible cultivars such as Tendergreen and Canadian Wonder. In Tendergreen virulence was restored to RW60 by avrPphF alone, whereas subcloned avrPphF in the absence of pAV511 greatly accelerated the hypersensitive resistance reaction caused by RW60 in Canadian Wonder. A second gene from pAV511, avrPphC, which controls avirulence to soybean, was found to block the activity of avrPphF in Canadian Wonder, but not in Red Mexican. avrPphF also conferred virulence in soybean. The multiple functions of avrPphF illustrate how effector proteins from plant pathogens have evolved to be recognized by R gene products and, therefore, be classified as encoded by avirulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tsiamis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wye College, University of London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK
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Abusaidi R, Akerib DS, Barnes PD, Bauer DA, Bolozdynya A, Brink PL, Bunker R, Cabrera B, Caldwell DO, Castle JP, Clarke RM, Colling P, Crisler MB, Cummings A, Da Silva A, Davies AK, Dixon R, Dougherty BL, Driscoll D, Eichblatt S, Emes J, Gaitskell RJ, Golwala SR, Hale D, Haller EE, Hellmig J, Huber ME, Irwin KD, Jochum J, Lipschultz FP, Lu A, Mandic V, Martinis JM, Nam SW, Nelson H, Neuhauser B, Penn MJ, Perera TA, Perillo Isaac MC, Pritychenko B, Ross RR, Saab T, Sadoulet B, Schnee RW, Seitz DN, Shestople P, Shutt T, Smith A, Smith GW, Sonnenschein AH, Spadafora AL, Stockwell W, Taylor JD, White S, Yellin S, Young BA. Exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section from the cryogenic dark matter search. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84:5699-5703. [PMID: 10991035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2000] [Revised: 04/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) employs Ge and Si detectors to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their elastic-scattering interactions with nuclei while discriminating against interactions of background particles. CDMS data, accounting for the neutron background, give limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross section that exclude unexplored parameter space above 10 GeV/c2 WIMP mass and, at >75% C.L., the entire 3sigma allowed region for the WIMP signal reported by the DAMA experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abusaidi
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Chen J, Iannone MA, Li MS, Taylor JD, Rivers P, Nelsen AJ, Slentz-Kesler KA, Roses A, Weiner MP. A microsphere-based assay for multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism analysis using single base chain extension. Genome Res 2000; 10:549-57. [PMID: 10779497 PMCID: PMC310857 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.4.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/1999] [Accepted: 02/10/2000] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, high throughput readout for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was developed employing single base chain extension and cytometric analysis of an array of fluorescent microspheres. An array of fluorescent microspheres was coupled with uniquely identifying sequences, termed complementary ZipCodes (cZipCodes), which allowed for multiplexing possibilities. For a given assay, querying a polymorphic base involved extending an oligonucleotide containing both a ZipCode and a SNP-specific sequence with a DNA polymerase and a pair of fluoresceinated dideoxynucleotides. To capture the reaction products for analysis, the ZipCode portion of the oligonucleotide was hybridized with its cZipCodes on the microsphere. Flow cytometry was used for microsphere decoding and SNP typing by detecting the fluorescein label captured on the microspheres. In addition to multiplexing capability, the ZipCode system allows multiple sets of SNPs to be analyzed by a limited set of cZipCode-attached microspheres. A standard set of non-cross reactive ZipCodes was established experimentally and the accuracy of the system was validated by comparison with genotypes determined by other technologies. From a total of 58 SNPs, 55 SNPs were successfully analyzed in the first pass using this assay format and all 181 genotypes across the 55 SNPs were correct. These data demonstrate that the microsphere-based single base chain extension (SBCE) method is a sensitive and reliable assay. It can be readily adapted to an automated, high-throughput genotyping system. [Primer sequences used in this study are available as online supplementary materials at www.genome.org.]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Genomic Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA.
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Iannone MA, Taylor JD, Chen J, Li MS, Rivers P, Slentz-Kesler KA, Weiner MP. Multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by oligonucleotide ligation and flow cytometry. Cytometry 2000. [PMID: 10679731 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000201)39:2<131::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a rapid, high throughput method for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping that employs an oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) and flow cytometric analysis of fluorescent microspheres. METHODS A fluoresceinated oligonucleotide reporter sequence is added to a "capture" probe by OLA. Capture probes are designed to hybridize both to genomic "targets" amplified by polymerase chain reaction and to a separate complementary DNA sequence that has been coupled to a microsphere. These sequences on the capture probes are called "ZipCodes". The OLA-modified capture probes are hybridized to ZipCode complement-coupled microspheres. The use of microspheres with different ratios of red and orange fluorescence makes a multiplexed format possible where many SNPs may be analyzed in a single tube. Flow cytometric analysis of the microspheres simultaneously identifies both the microsphere type and the fluorescent green signal associated with the SNP genotype. RESULTS Application of this methodology is demonstrated by the multiplexed genotyping of seven CEPH DNA samples for nine SNP markers located near the ApoE locus on chromosome 19. The microsphere-based SNP analysis agreed with genotyping by sequencing in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Multiplexed SNP genotyping by OLA with flow cytometric analysis of fluorescent microspheres is an accurate and rapid method for the analysis of SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Iannone
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA.
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