1
|
O'Neill AK, Petzel CE, Connolly JH, Vaughan JL, Rotne R. Assessing colostral and serum immunoglobulin G in alpacas using Brix refractometry and total serum protein. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1563-1572. [PMID: 38396169 PMCID: PMC11147829 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The adequate transfer of passive immunity is a critical factor in neonatal development and survivability. Although well documented in the dairy and equine industries, the recognition of inadequate immunoglobulin transfer on-farm and its impact on the ability of alpaca cria to thrive is largely unknown. Colostrum samples were collected from female alpaca within 24 h of parturition by the owners and whole blood collected from cria by the investigators between 1 and 7 days of age. Direct IgG concentration of milk and serum was determined using radial immunodiffusion assay (RID) and was indirectly estimated using optical and digital Brix refractometry for total solids and clinical refractometry for total serum protein. There was a strong correlation between optical and digital Brix refractometry, and colostral IgG concentration determined by RID. There was a moderate correlation between serum IgG concentration determined by RID and total serum protein in crias. Optical and digital Brix refractometry for colostral IgG estimation and total serum protein for serum IgG estimation are reliable, accurate and easy-to-use tools that can be used on-farm by trained, competent technicians to assess a failure of passive transfer in alpacas. A pilot study at one property only was performed, due to COVID-19 travel restriction interference. Further research is required to determine the reference intervals for these tools to be practical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber K O'Neill
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Christopher E Petzel
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Joanne H Connolly
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Jane L Vaughan
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Randi Rotne
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva FG, Silva SR, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Conceição C. A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1130. [PMID: 38612369 PMCID: PMC11010951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio G. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Severiano R. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Joaquim Lima Cerqueira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cristina Conceição
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Avendaño-Reyes L, Macías-Cruz U, Sánchez-Castro MA, Anzures-Olvera F, Vicente-Pérez R, Mellado M, Zamorano-Algándar R, Robinson PH, Castañeda-Bustos VJ, López-Baca A. Effects of parity, seasonal heat stress, and colostrum collection time postpartum on colostrum quality of Holstein cattle in an arid region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:427-434. [PMID: 38147120 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine effects of parity (primiparous vs. multiparous), seasonal heat stress at calving (summer vs. winter), and time postpartum on some parameters associated with colostrum quality in Holstein cows reared in the Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Forty-seven cows (11 primiparous and 36 multiparous) expected to calve during summer, and 46 cows during winter (14 primiparous and 32 multiparous) were randomly selected. Management and feeding before and after parturition were similar for cows in both seasons. After parturition, colostrum from all cows was evaluated for volume, weight, temperature, density, and content of fat, protein, solids non-fat (SNF), and immunoglobulins (IGG). Data were analyzed with a model that included effects of parity status, calving season, and time postpartum, as well as all interactions. Colostrum produced in summer was warmer (P < 0.01) by almost 6 °C than winter colostrum, while colostrum from multiparous was warmer (P = 0.02) by 1.2 °C than that produced by primiparous cows. Colostrum volume and weight were not impacted by parity, calving season or time postpartum. Density, protein, and SNF content in colostrum were higher (P < 0.01) in multiparous vs. primiparous cows, as well as at parturition (0 h postpartum) than at 12 h postpartum (P < 0.01). At calving (0 h), spring colostrum had higher fat content (P < 0.01) and lower (P < 0.01) IGG concentration than that collected in summer, and no difference (P > 0.05) between seasons was observed for these components at 12 h postpartum. Multiparous cows produced colostrum with higher (P < 0.01) IGG concentrations than primiparous cows. In conclusion, only 0-h colostrum and that from multiparous cows was categorized as "Excellent," meanwhile the colostrum produced under summer heat stress was characterized as "Good" with reduced fat content. While the lacteal secretion collected at 12 post-partum still classified as colostrum, substantially lower contents of IGG, protein, fat, and SNF decreased its classification to "Poor" from the classification of "Excellent" at 0 h postpartum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Avendaño-Reyes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Valle de Mexicali, 21705, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - U Macías-Cruz
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Valle de Mexicali, 21705, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - M A Sánchez-Castro
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - F Anzures-Olvera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Sur, Campo Experimental Iguala, 40000, Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - R Vicente-Pérez
- Centro Universitario de La Costa Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, 48900, Autlan de Navarro, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M Mellado
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, 25315, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - R Zamorano-Algándar
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, 83323, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - P H Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - V J Castañeda-Bustos
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Valle de Mexicali, 21705, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - A López-Baca
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Valle de Mexicali, 21705, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Westhoff TA, Borchardt S, Mann S. INVITED REVIEW: Nutritional and management factors that influence colostrum production and composition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00034-1. [PMID: 38246551 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is a rich source of nutritional and non-nutritional components and is recognized as essential to transfer passive immunity to newborn calves. Because of the individual and seasonal variability in colostrum yield and composition, maintaining an adequate supply of high-quality colostrum year-round remains a challenge for commercial dairy producers. In this narrative review, we described the individual, seasonal, and herd-level variability of colostrum production and summarized the association between individual animal factors such as parity, sex of the calf, calf birth weight, as well as indicators of the cow's metabolic status and the yield and composition of colostrum. Further, we reviewed the current knowledge on the influence of prepartum nutrition and management strategies on colostrum production. Research on the metabolizable energy and protein supplied in the prepartum diet as well as into the inclusion and source of vitamins, minerals, and feed additives suggests prepartum nutrition influences the yield, quality, and composition of colostrum. Furthermore, the prepartum environment and dry period length remain influential factors in the production of colostrum. However, additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which prepartum nutrition and management affects colostrum production. Lastly, time to colostrum harvest and oxytocin administration as well as the current knowledge on the effect of heat-treatment and colostrum storage strategies on colostral components were discussed. To conclude, we identify critical gaps in knowledge for future focus of investigation in colostrum research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Westhoff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853..
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Röder M, Borchardt S, Heuwieser W, Rauch E, Sargent R, Sutter F. Evaluation of laboratory and on-farm tests to estimate colostrum quality for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9164-9173. [PMID: 37641363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate different analytical methods to determine colostrum quality in dairy cattle, including one laboratory-based method (ELISA) and 4 on-farm tests. We hypothesized that the colostral IgG concentration using different analytical methods, such as ELISA (mg/mL), digital Brix refractometer (% Brix), colostrometer (specific gravity and mg/mL), an outflow funnel (seconds), and a lateral flow assay (mg/mL), were highly correlated with the reference method, radial immunodiffusion (RID; mg/mL) and would generate comparable results. Colostrum samples were collected from 209 Holstein Friesian cows on 2 commercial dairy farms in Germany. Colostrum weight and colostrum temperature were measured. Test characteristics, such as optimum thresholds, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for each test. Out of 209 colostrum samples assessed by RID, 186 (89%) samples had high quality (≥50 mg IgG/mL), while 23 colostrum samples (11%) showed poor quality with IgG concentrations less than 50 mg/mL. The mean IgG concentration (±SD) was 101.3 ± 45.9 mg/mL and the range was 6.0 to 244.3 mg/mL. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between RID and ELISA was r = 0.78. In comparison to RID, Pearson correlation coefficients for the on-farm tests were: r = 0.79 (digital Brix refractometry), r = 0.58 (colostrometer: specific gravity), r = 0.61 (colostrometer: temperature corrected), r = 0.26 (outflow funnel) and r = 0.43 (lateral flow assay), respectively. The optimal threshold to identify high-quality colostrum using ELISA was 50.8 mg/mL with sensitivity 91.3%, specificity 92.3%, and AUC of 0.94. For the on-farm tests sensitivity ranged from 95.7% (Brix refractometry) to 60.9% (lateral flow assay). Specificity ranged from 88.6% (lateral flow assay) to 75.9% (colostrometer: temperature corrected). The AUC ranged from 0.93 (Brix refractometry) to 0.73 (outflow funnel). Based on the AUC, ELISA (0.94) and Brix refractometry (0.93) can be considered highly accurate. In conclusion, the ELISA is accurate to assess colostrum quality. Regarding the on-farm tests only the digital Brix refractometer and the colostrometer were adequate to determine colostrum quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Röder
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - E Rauch
- Unit of Animal Welfare, Behavioral Science, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärstr 13/R, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - R Sargent
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, S7K 6A2, Canada
| | - F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goi A, Costa A, Visentin G, De Marchi M. Mid-infrared spectroscopy for large-scale phenotyping of bovine colostrum gross composition and immunoglobulin concentration. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6388-6401. [PMID: 37479582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G is the fundamental antibody for acquisition of passive transfer of immunity in ruminant newborns. Colostrum, in fact, must be administered as soon as possible after birth to ensure a successful transfer of IgG from the dam to the calf. Assessment of colostrum Ig concentration and gross composition via gold standards is expensive, time consuming, and hardly implementable for large-scale investigations. Therefore, in the present study we evaluated the predictive ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) as an indirect determination method. A total of 714 colostrum samples collected within 6 h from parturition from Italian Holstein cows, 30% primiparous and 70% pluriparous, were scanned using a benchtop spectrometer after dilution in pure water. The prediction models were developed by correlating spectral information with the reference measurements: IgG concentration (93.54 ± 33.87 g/L), total Ig concentrations (102.82 ± 35.04 g/L), and content of protein (14.71 ± 3.51%), fat (4.61 ± 3.04%), and lactose (2.36 ± 0.51 mg/100 mg). We found a good to excellent performance in prediction of colostrum IgG concentration and traditional composition traits in cross-validation (R2CV ≥ 0.92) and a promising and good predictive ability in external validation with R2V equal to 0.84, 0.89, and 0.74 for IgG, protein, and fat, respectively. In the case of IgG and protein content, for example, the coefficient of determination in external validation was greater than 0.84. The other Ig fractions, A and M, presented insufficient prediction accuracy likely due to their extremely low concentration compared with IgG (4.56 and 5.06 g/L vs. 93.54 g/L). The discriminant ability of MIRS-predicted IgG and protein content was outstanding when trying to classify samples according to the quality level (i.e., low vs. high concentration of IgG). In particular, the cut-off that better discriminate low- from high-quality colostrum was 75.40 g/L in the case of the MIRS-predicted IgG and 13.32% for the MIRS-predicted protein content. Therefore, MIRS is proposed as a rapid and cheap tool for large-scale punctual IgG, protein, and lactose quantification and for the screening of low-quality samples. From a practical perspective, there is the possibility to install colostrum models in the MIRS benchtop machineries already present in laboratories in charge of official milk testing. Colostrum phenotypes collected on an individual basis will be useful to breeders for the definition of specific selection strategies and to farmers for management scopes. Finally, our findings may be relevant for other stakeholders, given the fact that colostrum is an emerging ingredient for the animal and human food and pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Goi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - G Visentin
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pérez-Marín CC, Cano D, Arrebola FA, Petrusha VH, Skliarov PM, Entrenas JA, Pérez-Marín DC. Colostrum Quality Assessment in Dairy Goats: Use of an On-Farm Optical Refractometer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040626. [PMID: 37106827 PMCID: PMC10135588 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Failure of passive immunity transfer is one of the main causes of increased susceptibility to infectious agents in newborn kids. To ensure successful transfer of passive immunity, kids need to be fed high-quality colostrum, containing an adequate concentration of IgG. This work evaluated the quality of colostrum obtained in the first 3 days postpartum from Malagueña dairy goats. The IgG concentration in colostrum was measured using an ELISA as a reference method, and it was estimated by optical refractometer. Colostrum composition in terms of fat and protein was also determined. The mean concentration of IgG was 36.6 ± 2.3 mg/mL, 22.4 ± 1.5 mg/mL and 8.4 ± 1.0 mg/mL on days 1, 2 and 3 after parturition, respectively. Brix values obtained using the optical refractometer were 23.2%, 18.6% and 14.1% for days 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In this population, 89% of goats produced high-quality colostrum with IgG concentrations of >20 mg/mL on the day of parturition, but this percentage declined dramatically over the following 2 days. The quality of the fresh colostrum estimated with the optical refractometer was positively correlated with those obtained using ELISA (r = 0.607, p = 0.001). This study highlights the importance of feeding first-day colostrum to newborn kids and demonstrates that the optical Brix refractometer is suitable for the on-farm estimation of IgG content in colostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Pérez-Marín
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - David Cano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco A Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Carretera el Viso km 2, Hinojosa del Duque, 14270 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Valerii H Petrusha
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Serhii Yefremov Str. 25, 49600 Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Pavlo M Skliarov
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Serhii Yefremov Str. 25, 49600 Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - José A Entrenas
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Dolores C Pérez-Marín
- Department of Animal Production, Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kovács L, Pajor F, Bakony M, Fébel H, Edwards JE. Prepartum Magnesium Butyrate Supplementation of Dairy Cows Improves Colostrum Yield, Calving Ease, Fertility, Early Lactation Performance and Neonatal Vitality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081319. [PMID: 37106882 PMCID: PMC10135157 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate promotes rumen epithelium growth and function; however, the effect of prepartum butyrate supplementation on dairy cow productivity, health and their offspring has not been extensively studied. Furthermore, no studies have investigated the effect of magnesium butyrate (MgB), which is also a source of magnesium. A trial was performed to test the hypothesis that prepartum MgB supplementation (105 g/cow/day) would increase colostrum quality and improve calving, newborn calf vitality and cow health. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to MgB supplemented (n = 107) and Control groups (n = 112). Colostrum yield and the total yield of IgG, protein and lactose were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the supplemented group. The calving assistance rate was lower (p ≤ 0.012), and the neonatal vitality score was higher (p ≤ 0.001) in the MgB group. Improved parameters related to cow health and fertility were observed in the supplemented group. The MgB group also had higher milk yield during the first week of lactation (p ≤ 0.001), and a higher (p ≤ 0.05) body condition score from 3 to 9 weeks after calving. In conclusion, prepartum MgB supplementation provides a wide range of benefits for dairy cows, as well as their newborn calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kovács
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- Bona Adventure Ltd., 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Pajor
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Mikolt Bakony
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Fébel
- Nutrition Physiology Research Group, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2053 Herceghalom, Hungary
| | - Joan E Edwards
- Palital Feed Additives B.V., 5334 LH Velddriel, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galdino ABS, Anaya K, Barbosa IM, Borba LHF, Silva EGSO, Macêdo CS, Ribeiro CVDM, Oliveira JPF, Rangel AHN. Nutritional and physicochemical quality of formulations based on colostrum and bovine whey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267409. [PMID: 35500007 PMCID: PMC9060355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional quality of bovine colostrum and whey mixtures. Five whey with bovine colostrum formulations were prepared (90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 and 50:50 whey:colostrum v:v) to be subjected to low-temperature pasteurization (63°C to 65°C for 30 minutes) and freeze-drying. The samples underwent chemical composition characterization, fatty acid profile analysis, determination of contamination by Enterobacteriaceae, pH, and Dornic acidity measurements before and after vat pasteurization. The amount of protein, fat, total solids, defatted dry extract, Brix and density increased as the bovine colostrum concentration increased. The level of saturated fatty acids and the thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices reduced, while unsaturated fatty acids increased as the level of added bovine colostrum increased. The low-temperature pasteurization of the formulations was possible and effective, eliminating contamination by Enterobacteriaceae in the samples. Mixing bovine colostrum and whey reduced the colostrum viscosity, allowing a successful pasteurization procedure. Due to colostrum composition, the formulations yielded a higher nutritional value when compared to whey alone. The parameters applied in the formulation of mixtures of bovine colostrum and whey resulted in valuable ingredients for preparing novel dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyne B. S. Galdino
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Katya Anaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | - Idiana M. Barbosa
- Academic Unit Specialized in Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Luís H. F. Borba
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Emerson G. S. O. Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S. Macêdo
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriano H. N. Rangel
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Production, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Swinbourne AM, Blagojevic N, Murdock NJ, Mills HB, Flinn T, McCarthy NL, Kelly JM, Kleemann DO, van Wettere WHEJ. Validation of hand-held refractometers for assessing Merino ewe colostrum and neonatal lamb serum. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ContextThe high incidence of lamb mortality in Merino sheep is a persistent issue for the industry. Poor-quality colostrum or inadequate colostrum consumption increases the risk of low energy intake and failed passive immunity transfer, resulting in lamb mortality. The rapid assessment of colostrum quality and intake would be a valuable tool for producers which house ewes for lambing.AimsThis experiment determined the relationship and accuracy of analysis techniques to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and total protein (TP) concentrations within ewe colostrum and lamb serum and compared those results against digital hand-held refractometers.MethodsMerino ewe colostrum and lamb blood were sampled at 4 and 24 h post-partum during autumn (n=93 ewes) and spring (n=79 ewes) in 2018. Colostrum was analysed for total milk solids (%) and lamb serum was analysed for total blood serum protein (%), and both colostrum and lamb serum were analysed for IgG and TP using in-house laboratory analysis techniques. Correlation coefficients were performed to identify the relationship between the different assessment methods.Key resultsThere was a significant Pearson’s correlation (P<0.05) between 4 h total milk solids and TP (R=0.19), between total milk solids and IgG (R=0.19), and TP and IgG (R=0.38). For 24 h colostrum samples, the significant correlations (P<0.001) between TP and IgG (R=0.54) and total milk solids and IgG (R=0.56) were higher than the correlation between total milk solids and TP (R=0.24; P=0.006). Further, 4 h serum IgG (R=–0.14; P=0.026) and 24 h total blood serum protein (R=0.21; P=0.009) were correlated with lamb survival to 72 h.ConclusionsWhile the refractometer provided a crude measure of colostrum IgG and TP and was valuable in identifying lambs with low IgG transfer at 24 h, further research is required regarding analysis techniques to allow for reliable measures need to be refined.ImplicationsThe use of refractometers to assess colostrum quality and intake could benefit researchers or producers who practice indoor lambing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Buranakarl C, Thammacharoen S, Nuntapaitoon M, Semsirmboon S, Katoh K. Validation of Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in goat colostrum. Vet World 2021; 14:3194-3199. [PMID: 35153412 PMCID: PMC8829410 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3194-3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is high in goat colostrum, particularly in the first few hours after parturition, and this is important for the kid’s immunity and growth. IgG levels vary depending on several factors, including breed, disease status, colostrum management, handling, and collection time postpartum. A handheld optical refractometer, an affordable instrument that is simple to use in the field, is used widely in dairy farms to measure total solids. However, it can also be applied to estimate colostrum IgG content on the basis of comparison with standard measurement methods, usually radial immunodiffusion. Studies comparing %Brix values in relation to IgG concentration measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in goats are limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of a handheld optical Brix refractometer for the measurement of IgG concentration in goat colostrum, compare results with those using ELISA, and estimate the %Brix cutoff value equating to low-quality colostrum. Materials and Methods: Colostrum samples were collected on day 0 from 21 goats (nine Black Bengal, six Saanen, and six of their crossbred offspring) and were frozen. Subsequently, they were analyzed for IgG concentration using a goat-specific ELISA test and Brix percentage using a handheld refractometer. The optimum %Brix cutoff value for the evaluation of colostrum quality was evaluated. Results: The mean IgG concentration and %Brix in colostrum were 10.60±0.64 mg/mL and 25.0±0.9, respectively. There was a significant (p<0.01) correlation between %Brix and IgG concentration. For an IgG concentration of 6.9 mg/dL, the cutoff value for %Brix was 18.5, equating to high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (50%). A higher %Brix cutoff value of 21.5 showed high specificity (95%) and high sensitivity (100%). Conclusion: A Brix refractometer can be used to estimate goat colostrum quality with a proposed %Brix cutoff value of <18.5%-21.5% for poor-quality colostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sumpun Thammacharoen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Morakot Nuntapaitoon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Swine Reproduction Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sapon Semsirmboon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kazuo Katoh
- Division of Functional and Developmental Science of Livestock Production, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-0845, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmann J, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Büscher W. Determining Immunoglobulin Content of Bovine Colostrum and Factors Affecting the Outcome: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3587. [PMID: 34944362 PMCID: PMC8697873 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin concentration in bovine colostrum should be measured to ensure feeding with sufficient immunoglobulins (≥50 mg immunoglobulin G mL-1). Adequate feeding prevents diseases, promotes development, and has a positive influence on the adult animal. Indirect and direct measurement methods are available for this purpose. Direct measurement methods cannot be easily used in practice; therefore, farmers use indirect methods such as a colostrometer and a refractometer. Many factors influence the immunoglobulin concentration of colostrum; some of them have already been intensively researched. In particular, lactation and temporal aspects play an essential role. Newer aspects such as dry period, seasonal influences, and genetics are gaining importance, but their impact on immunoglobulin content has not been sufficiently investigated. Developments are still needed, especially in data management. This review analyzes the outcome of different studies on the indirect and direct measurement methods and discusses different factors influencing the immunoglobulin concentration of bovine colostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ahmann
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | | | - Wolfgang Büscher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borchardt S, Sutter F, Heuwieser W, Venjakob P. Management-related factors in dry cows and their associations with colostrum quantity and quality on a large commercial dairy farm. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1589-1602. [PMID: 34799117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the association of management-related factors in dry cows and colostrum quantity and quality in Holstein cows on a large commercial dairy farm. This study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2020 on a commercial dairy farm in Germany, milking approximately 2,500 Holstein cows. Dairy personnel recorded colostrum quantity (n = 7,562) and evaluated colostrum quality in a subsample of animals (n = 2,600) using a digital Brix refractometer. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to evaluate the association of management-related factors and colostrum quantity and quality. Models were run separately for primiparous or multiparous cows. The outcome variable was either colostrum quantity (kg) or quality (% Brix). Average colostrum quantity was 4.0 ± 2.5 kg, 5.1 ± 3.4 kg, and 5.5 ± 3.5 kg for cows in lactation 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively. In primiparous cows (n = 2,351), colostrum quantity was affected by month of calving (greatest in April = 4.1 kg, and lowest in November = 3.2 kg), sex of the calf (female singleton = 3.50 ± 0.26 kg; male singleton = 3.76 ± 0.27 kg; twins = 2.97 ± 0.66 kg), stillbirth (stillbirth = 3.14 ± 0.39 kg; no stillbirth = 3.68 ± 0.31 kg). In multiparous cows (n = 5,216), colostrum quantity was affected by month of calving (greatest in May = 5.5 kg, and lowest in October = 3.8 kg), calving ease (calving ease 0 = 4.23 ± 0.26 kg; score 1 = 4.77 ± 0.21 kg; score 2 = 4.98 ± 0.22 kg; score 3 = 5.30 ± 0.22 kg), sex of the calf (female singleton = 4.42 ± 0.21 kg; male singleton = 5.00 ± 0.21 kg; twins = 5.03 ± 0.30 kg), stillbirth (stillbirth = 4.24 ± 0.38 kg; no stillbirth = 5.39 ± 0.11 kg), milk yield in previous lactation (+0.1 kg increase for 1,000 kg more milk yield in previous lactation), days spent in the far-off group (0.05 ± 0.003 kg for every day), and days in the close-up pen (0.06 ± 0.010 kg for every day). Average colostrum quality was 25.1 ± 3.4% Brix, 24.7 ± 3.3% Brix, and 27.6 ± 4.4% Brix for cows in lactation 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively. In primiparous cows (n = 817), colostrum quality was affected only by month of calving. Colostrum quality in primiparous cows was greatest in December (26.8% Brix) and lowest in August (23.9% Brix). In multiparous cows (n = 1,783), colostrum quality was affected by parity (lactation 2 = 25.2 ± 2.7% Brix; lactation 3+ = 27.9 ± 2.7% Brix), month of calving (greatest in February = 27.5% Brix, and lowest in August = 25.7% Brix), milk yield in previous lactation, and colostrum quantity. We observed a seasonal pattern for colostrum quantity and quality. Future intervention studies using multiple farms need to elucidate whether management of the photoperiod or length of exposure to close-up diets, or both, can help to optimize colostrum production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Venjakob
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sobral GGD, Neto OCG, da Silva AM, Carneiro GF. Evaluation of Optical Refractometer for Assessing Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 106:103758. [PMID: 34670691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between the total protein measured by an optical refractometer and the concentration of IgG by radial immunodiffusion (RID) to determine the performance of the optical refractometer to diagnose the failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPTI) in 12-hour-old foals. Blood was collected from foals (n = 30) 12 hours after birth. A study was carried out to measure the serum IgG concentration by RID test and measure total protein (TP) by optical refractometer. The correlation coefficient was measured between the TP concentration and the IgG-RID. Correlation was made between the IgG-IDR levels of colostrum in mares and the IgG-IDR concentration of the plasma of the foals. A ROC curve was made to identify the ideal cutoff point, in addition to the tests for sensitivity and specificity. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The IgG concentration by RID was positively correlated with a refractometer. Colostrum IgG concentration by RID was moderately correlated with foal plasma IgG-RID concentration. In the ROC curve, AUC was 0.931, and the cutoff point found was ≤5,7 g/dL as the most optimal combination, with 100% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity. Thus, it can be concluded that the total protein concentration by refractometer shows effective utility in the evaluation of FPTI in foals since they are highly sensitive, associated with a low cost, easy to handle, and easily carried out in the field.
Collapse
|
15
|
Giammarco M, Chincarini M, Fusaro I, Manetta AC, Contri A, Gloria A, Lanzoni L, Mammi LME, Ferri N, Vignola G. Evaluation of Brix Refractometry to Estimate Immunoglobulin G Content in Buffalo Colostrum and Neonatal Calf Serum. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092616. [PMID: 34573582 PMCID: PMC8464908 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protective effects of colostrum in relation to the incidence and severity of newborn ruminant diseases are well established. Neonatal calf depends on the timely supply of high-quality colostrum to prevent the failure of passive transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig), which has been linked to increased risk of different diseases and mortality in early stages of life. Despite the relevance of Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis) in world dairy production, the available knowledge regarding colostrum quality management remains scarce for this species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for predicting the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. For this aim, correlation analysis was performed between Brix results and ELISA-IgG determination from colostrum and serum samples. A strong correlation was found between Brix measurements and IgG content in colostrum and serum samples. Moreover, cut point values for Brix measurements for colostrum and serum samples were determined. Brix refractometry was found to be an acceptable tool for on-farm estimations of colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Buffalo calves. Abstract Brix refractometry has been widely demonstrated to be a useful tool for monitoring colostrum management program and passive immunity transfer (PIT) in Bovines, but its suitability has never been verified in Buffalo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of a simple and rapid tool such as a digital Brix refractometer to estimate colostrum quality and for evaluating the success of passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Buffalo calves. The optimal cut points levels for Brix Refractometry for distinguishing good- and poor-quality colostrum and for assessing the adequacy of passive immunity transfer in calves were determined. For this aim, 26 first-milking maternal colostrum (MC) were collected from first-calf heifers. Blood samples were obtained from their calves at birth (T0) and 72 hours after (T3). Colostrum and Serum IgG content were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas total protein (TP, g/dL) and percentage Brix (%Brix) by means of a digital Brix refractometer. The mean colostrum IgG was 64.9 ± 29.3 mg/mL. The mean serum %Brix at T3 was 9.6 ± 0.9 %. The mean serum IgG content at T3 was 11.1 ± 2.0 mg/mL. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) was determined between Brix and ELISA measurements: colostrum %Brix showed a significant correlation with serum %Brix (rp = 0.82, p < 0.001); serum %Brix was highly correlated with serum TP (STP, g/dL) (rp = 0.98, p < 0.001) and serum IgG (mg/mL) (rp = 0.85, p < 0.001). A cut point of 18% Brix to estimate samples of MC ≥ 50 mg/mL from first-calf heifers was more appropriate for the buffalo. A cut point of 8.4% Brix resulted in the greatest percentage of calf serum samples being correctly classified. Based on our findings, a digital Brix refractometer could be a useful tool to monitor colostrum quality and to estimate PIT in Buffalo calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Giammarco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Matteo Chincarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Chiara Manetta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Alberto Contri
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Alessia Gloria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Lydia Lanzoni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Ludovica Maria Eugenia Mammi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.); (A.C.M.); (A.G.); (L.L.); (G.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suitability of Protein Content Measured by MilkoScan FT-Plus Milk Analyzer to Evaluate Bovine and Ovine Colostrum Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092587. [PMID: 34573557 PMCID: PMC8464752 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A rapid and reliable method for assessing colostrum quality is needed to ensure enough immunoglobulins available to offspring in order to avoid the failure of the passive transfer of immunity. This study evaluates MilkoScan FT-plus as a rapid tool for the evaluation of immunoglobulin content indirectly by protein content measurement and thus colostrum quality with a particular focus on bovine and ovine colostrum. The results indicate that MilkoScan FT-plus has good agreement with the reference method for the measurement of immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum represented by the radial immunodiffusion method. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate MilkoScan FT-plus for the estimation of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in bovine and ovine colostrum. Between April and May 2016, a total of 94 colostrum samples (54 from Simmental dairy cows and 39 from Sarda ewes) were collected within 6 h (T0) and after 24 h (T24) from parturition. Colostrum samples were subjected to the radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the quantification of IgG and to MilkoScan FT-plus for the estimation of protein content (TP, %), which was then used as an indirect method for the evaluation of colostrum quality. To compare the two methods, correlation and regression analysis of IgG quantification by RID and protein (%) content estimation by MilkoScan FT-plus data was performed using Procedure CORR and Procedure REG of SAS, respectively (version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Thresholds for the classification of good colostrum quality (as determined by RID assay, the gold standard method) were set at 50 g of IgG/L in cows and 20 g of IgG/L in ewes. The concentration of IgG in bovine colostrum assayed by RID showed a variation ranging from 41.45 to 199.97 g/L with an average of 99.85 ± 40.84 g/L at T0, and from 2.83 to 75.93 g/L with an average of 19.76 ± 19.01 g/L at T24. Regarding ovine colostrum, the concentration of IgG assayed by RID ranged from 34.45 to 156.32 g/L with an average value of 77.82 ± 37.58 g/L at T0, and from 5.6 to 69.74 g/L with an average of 27.90 ± 19.81 g/L at T24. Colostrum TP ranged from 3.70 to 23.96% for bovine colostrum and 6.32 to 22.88% for ovine colostrum using MilkoScan FT-plus. MilkoScan FT-plus and RID data were highly and significantly correlated (r = 0.91 for bovine and r = 0.94 for ovine colostrum), and regression analysis showed a strong relationship between IgG concentration provided by RID assay and TP provided by MilkoScan FT-plus (R2 = 0.84 and 0.88 for bovine and ovine, respectively). Optimal cut-off points for the greatest accuracy of TP (%) determined by MilkoScan FT-plus were 12.8% in cows [with 88.9% sensitivity (Se) and 100% specificity (Sp)] and 9% in ewes (with 96.7% Se and 100% Sp). In conclusion, these outcomes indicate that MilkoScan FT-plus as an indirect method may be a reliable tool for the estimation of the total IgG concentration and quality in bovine and ovine colostrum. Moreover, the cut-off levels of 12.8% for bovine and 9% for ovine of TP, seem sufficient to ensure that all poor-quality colostrum can be classified as such, with only a low proportion of good-quality colostrum being misclassified as poor-colostrum, thereby increasing the probability of delivering good-quality colostrum to new-born calves and lambs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Robbers L, Jorritsma R, Nielen M, Koets A. A Scoping Review of On-Farm Colostrum Management Practices for Optimal Transfer of Immunity in Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:668639. [PMID: 34350226 PMCID: PMC8327206 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn calves are agammaglobulinemic and rely for their first immune protection almost completely on the transfer of immune constituents via colostrum. Inadequate colostrum management practices such as on-farm colostrum storage practices and colostrum feeding methods could affect immune components in colostrum and subsequently immune status of the newborn calf. We conducted a scoping review to identify all literature on the interactions between several colostrum management factors and immunological colostrum quality and passive transfer of immunity. Three major stages were defined: milking methods, colostrum treatment and storage, and administration procedures. Separate CAB Abstracts searches were performed for each of the subjects of interest. The search process was completed on November 9, 2020. Colostrum should be milked as soon as possible, as IgG concentration diminishes over time, probably due to dilution. To minimize bacterial contamination, it is advised to pasteurize colostrum in small batches at maximal 60°C for 30 or 60 min. Freeze/thawing of colostrum does not or only slightly affect IgG concentrations, as long as thawing is done au bain-marie and temperature does not exceed 40°C. In on-farm situations, it is difficult to determine the volume that should be fed as the variables contributing to the absorption of IgG by the newborn calf are many and include the quality of the colostrum, the bacterial contamination, the time interval between birth and first moment of feeding and the weight of the calf. Despite all knowledge regarding optimal colostrum management strategies, it remains challenging to predict the effects of certain colostrum management choices in field conditions. Therefore, we recommend measuring the colostral quality, weighing the newborn calf, adjusting the feeding volume accordingly to ensure optimal colostrum intake for each calf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Robbers
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Jorritsma
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Nielen
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ad Koets
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Provision of good quality colostrum is essential for the passive immunity and nutrition of newborn calves. In order to better predict the quality of colostrum and the transfer of passive immunity, the relationships between colostrum components and between calf serum components were examined in this study. Samples of bulk tank milk, colostrum pooled from several cows 0-4 d postpartum, and colostrum collected from individual cows twice daily for 3 d post-partum were compared. With the exception of fat percentage, there were strong correlations between the levels of the components in the pooled colostrum and in the individual cow colostrum collected 0-1 d postpartum. The correlations between total solids as measured by Brix refractometry and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactose % and protein % in colostrum within 1 d postpartum and pooled colostrum were 0.92, 0.90, -0.88 and 0.98, respectively. These high correlations enabled these colostrum components to be accurately predicted from Brix % and therefore, the volume of colostrum required to feed neonate calves can be optimised based on Brix refractometry to avoid failure of passive immunity transfer. To assess whether the components obtained from colostrum were correlated in calf blood, newborn calves were separated from their dams before suckling and blood sampled before feeding (day 0), and on days 1 and 7, after receiving colostrum or milk twice a day. The correlations between glucose, total protein, IgG, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the calf blood were lower than the correlations observed between the colostrum components. The highest correlation was between serum protein measured by refractometer and serum IgG within one week postpartum. GGT activity was not a good indicator of serum IgG levels. However, serum protein refractometer measurements predicted serum IgG level with high accuracy, providing an on-farm test to determine that calves have received sufficient passive immunity and colostrum components.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hue DT, Skirving R, Chen T, Williams JL, Bottema CDK, Petrovski K. Colostrum source and passive immunity transfer in dairy bull calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8164-8176. [PMID: 33865574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum is essential for good neonate health; however, it is not known whether different calves absorb the nutrients from colostrum equally well. In this study, the absorption of protein, IgG, and γ-glutamyl transferase was compared in newborn dairy bull calves for 1 wk after feeding colostrum from different sources. Thirty-five Holstein-Friesian bull calves were randomly allocated into 3 groups and fed colostrum within 4 h after birth. Group A calves (n = 12) were bottle fed colostrum from their own dam for 3 d. Colostrum from these group A cows was also used as foster cow colostrum for the group B calves (n = 12), such that each group A and B calf pair received identical colostrum from each milking of the respective group A dam (10% of birth weight per day). The group C calves (n = 11) were fed 1 bottle (2 L) of pooled colostrum and transition milk (referred to as pooled colostrum), as was the standard practice on the dairy farm. The pooled colostrum was collected from the other dairy cows on the farm 0 to 4 d postpartum and stored at 4°C for less than 12 h. Blood was sampled from calves before the first feeding and at 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after birth. Levels of total solids, total protein, and IgG were higher in the dam colostrum than in the pooled colostrum. At birth, there were no differences between the calf groups for any measurements, and all calves had very low IgG levels. After receiving colostrum, the glucose, plasma γ-glutamyl transferase, serum total protein, and IgG concentrations increased significantly in all calves. There were no differences in any blood measurements at any time point between the pairs of group A and group B calves that received colostrum from the same cow except for the IgG concentration 2 d after birth. However, the group A calves had a higher total serum protein level and IgG concentration than the group C calves for all the time points after the first feeding. The group B calves had a higher IgG concentration than the group C calves on d 1, 2, and 7 after birth. Compared with groups A and B, there was no difference in the proportion of calves in group C that failed to have passive immunity transferred adequately based on the IgG threshold (<10 g/L). Thus, the calves receiving identical colostrum from the same cow had the same levels of IgG, and even the pooled colostrum provided sufficient transfer of IgG as the calves were fed within 4 h after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do T Hue
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Rebel Skirving
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Gambier Vets, Mount Gambier, SA 5290, Australia
| | - Tong Chen
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - John L Williams
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Cynthia D K Bottema
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Kiro Petrovski
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Garimano N, Diaz Vergara LI, Kim AD, Badin EE, Sodero S, Bernal AM, Gonzalez DD, Amaral MM, Lespinard AR, Porporatto C, Montenegro MA, Palermo MS, Larzabal M, Cataldi AA, Ibarra C, Sacerdoti F. Preservation of protective capacity of hyperimmune anti-Stx2 bovine colostrum against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 pathogenicity after pasteurization and spray-drying processes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5229-5238. [PMID: 33685676 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a major etiologic agent that causes bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin (Stx) is the main virulence factor of EHEC responsible for the progression to HUS. Although many laboratories have made efforts to develop an effective treatment for Stx-mediated HUS, a specific therapy has not been found yet. Human consumption of bovine colostrum is known to have therapeutic effects against several gastrointestinal infections because of the peptide and proteins (including antibodies) with direct antimicrobial and endotoxin-neutralizing effects contained in this fluid. We have previously demonstrated that colostrum from Stx type 2 (Stx2)-immunized pregnant cows effectively prevents Stx2 cytotoxicity and EHEC O157:H7 pathogenicity. In this study we evaluated the preservation of the protective properties of hyperimmune colostrum against Stx2 (HIC-Stx2) after pasteurization and spray-drying processes by performing in vitro and in vivo assays. Our results showed that reconstituted HIC-Stx2 colostrum after pasteurization at 60°C for 60 min and spray-dried under optimized conditions preserved specific IgG that successfully neutralized Stx2 cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Furthermore, this pasteurized/dehydrated and reconstituted HIC-Stx2 preserved the protective capacity against EHEC infection in a weaned mice model. The consumption of hyperimmune HIC-Stx2 bovine colostrum could be effective for HUS prevention in humans as well as in EHEC control in calves. However, further studies need to be done to consider its use for controlling EHEC infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Garimano
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - L I Diaz Vergara
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - A D Kim
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - E E Badin
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - S Sodero
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - A M Bernal
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX-CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1425
| | - D D Gonzalez
- Instituto de Virología/INVIT-CICVyA, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA)-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1686
| | - M M Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - A R Lespinard
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - C Porporatto
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - M A Montenegro
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CIT-VM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Argentina, 5900
| | - M S Palermo
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX-CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1425
| | - M Larzabal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO)-CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - A A Cataldi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO)-CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - C Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121
| | - F Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1121.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin P, Vinet A, Denis C, Grohs C, Chanteloup L, Dozias D, Maupetit D, Sapa J, Renand G, Blanc F. Determination of immunoglobulin concentrations and genetic parameters for colostrum and calf serum in Charolais animals. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3240-3249. [PMID: 33455791 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum samples from 366 Charolais primiparous cows, as well as serum from their calves at 24 to 48 h of age, were collected to gain an overview of the situation regarding passive immune transfer in beef cattle, from both the phenotypic and genetic points of view. All samples were analyzed to quantify their G1 immunoglobulins by radial immunodiffusion (RID) and their IgG, IgA, and IgM using ELISA. The average concentrations obtained in colostrum were 84 mg/mL for RID-IgG1, and 158 mg/mL, 4.5 mg/mL and 10.8 mg/mL for ELISA-IgG, -IgA, and -IgM, respectively. The corresponding values in calf serum were 19.9, 30.6, 1.0, and 1.9 mg/mL. Apart from the general environmental effect (farm-year combination and laboratory conditions), the characteristics of the dams tested did not reveal any influence on colostrum immunoglobulin concentrations. Calving difficulty, as well as the birth weight and sex of calves, were found to be associated with serum concentrations in some cases. Heritability estimates were low to moderate, with the highest being for RID-IgG1 in colostrum (h2 = 0.28, standard error = 0.14) and serum (h2 = 0.36, standard error = 0.18). Phenotypic correlations among the different immunoglobulins were generally positive or null, and none of the genetic correlations were significant due to large standard errors. The phenotypic correlation between dam colostrum and calf serum values was 0.2 for RID-IgG1 and null for the 3 ELISA measurements. The correlation between RID-IgG1 and ELISA-IgG was, unexpectedly, null for colostrum and 0.4 for serum. Increased RID-IgG1 levels in calf serum were associated with improved survival, as well as better early growth and fewer health problems. These results thus showed that despite generally higher concentrations in beef than in dairy cattle, passive transfer was unsuccessful in a considerable number of calves. This should be brought to the attention of breeders to avoid negative effects on survival and subsequent performance. The heritability estimates were encouraging; however, obtaining phenotypes on a large scale constitutes a real limitation regarding these traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - A Vinet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Denis
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Grohs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - L Chanteloup
- INRAE UE326 Domaine Expérimental du Pin, 61310 Exmes, France
| | - D Dozias
- INRAE UE326 Domaine Expérimental du Pin, 61310 Exmes, France
| | - D Maupetit
- INRAE UE0332 Domaine Expérimental Bourges-La Sapinière, 18390 Osmoy, France
| | - J Sapa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Renand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F Blanc
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kessler EC, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Short communication: Comparative estimation of colostrum quality by Brix refractometry in bovine, caprine, and ovine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2438-2444. [PMID: 33246611 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Newborn ungulates depend on the timely supply of colostrum containing sufficient immunoglobulins to obtain passive immunity against disease. Brix refractometry enables a rapid on-farm estimation of colostrum quality and has been intensively studied in bovines. However, the suitability of Brix refractometers for assessing colostrum quality in goats and ewes has been scarcely evaluated. The present study compared bovine, caprine, and ovine colostrum quality estimation using an optical Brix refractometer. In addition, between-species variations in the relationships between Brix values and colostrum constituents (IgG, fat, protein, and lactose) and the accuracy of Brix refractometry at different cutoff values were evaluated by a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We measured the Brix value and contents of IgG, fat, protein, and lactose in 324 colostrum samples (108 cows, 116 does, and 100 ewes). Thresholds for classification of good colostrum quality (as determined by ELISA) were set at 50 mg IgG/mL in cows and 20 mg/mL in does and ewes. Bovine colostrum showed the greatest IgG concentrations compared with caprine and ovine colostrum. Fat and protein content was higher in sheep colostrum compared with the other species, whereas the highest lactose concentrations were detected in goat colostrum. Brix values ranged from 11.4 to 34.6% (22.1 ± 4.2%; mean ± standard deviation), 15.4 to 40.0% (28.5 ± 6.8%), and 8.8 to 39.8% (21.6 ± 5.3%) in bovine, ovine, and caprine colostrum, respectively. In all 3 species, Brix was highly correlated with IgG and protein concentrations (cows, r = 0.83 and 0.98; goats, r = 0.83 and 0.89; sheep, r = 0.75 and 0.87). Optimal cutoff points for greatest accuracy of Brix measurements were 19.3% Brix in cows [with 87.1% sensitivity (Se) and 100% specificity (Sp)], 20.7% Brix in does (with 53.5% Se and 100% Sp), and 26.5% Brix in ewes (with 75% Se and 91.3% Sp). In conclusion, Brix refractometry is an acceptable tool for on-farm estimations of colostrum quality in does and ewes despite distinct between-species variations in colostrum composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Kessler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr. 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zobel G, Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Hea SY, Weatherall A, Sargent R. Validation of Brix refractometers and a hydrometer for measuring the quality of caprine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9277-9289. [PMID: 32747116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On-farm assessment of caprine colostrum quality is important for goat farmers; the ability to quickly recognize whether colostrum is suitable to feed to kids helps achieve successful passive transfer of immunity. The study compared the use of optical and digital Brix refractometers and a hydrometer against the international gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID), using both fresh and frozen samples. A locally available ELISA methodology was included for comparison. A total of 300 samples were collected from 2 farms (farm 1: n = 157, collected by research staff within 24 h of parturition; farm 2: n = 143, collected by the farmer within 12 h of parturition). Farm 1 provided doe age for a subset of samples (n = 86). Samples were tested fresh and then frozen for shipment and repeated testing. Specific gravity was measured using a hydrometer in a subset of samples (n = 22) from farm 2. Because no gold standard thresholds are currently available for caprine colostrum, RID-derived values of 30, 40, and 50 g/L IgG were used as potential "good quality" thresholds. Pearson (ρ) and Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were calculated for comparison of methods. Optimum thresholds were established maximizing the Youden index and minimizing the "distance closest to the top left corner" of the receiver operator characteristic curves. Brix values were correlated with RID (optical Brix, fresh: ρ = 0.73; digital Brix, fresh: ρ = 0.71; digital Brix, frozen: ρ = 0.76) and with each other (range: ρ = 0.93 to 0.99; CCC = 0.91 to 0.99). Specific gravity measured by the hydrometer yielded a strong relationship with RID (ρ = 0.83) and with Brix values (range: ρ = 0.88 to 0.90). The ELISA method was not correlated with Brix methods (range: ρ = 0.02 to 0.09) or RID (ρ = 0.20). Depending on the colostrum IgG threshold, the hydrometer yielded high Youden indices (range: 0.78 to 0.93) and low distance closest to the top left corner criteria (0 to 0.05) at a threshold of 1.047 specific gravity. For all RID IgG thresholds, the best Brix threshold (regardless of type or whether the sample was fresh or frozen) was 18 or 19%, with the highest Youden indices (range: 0.47 to 0.61) and lowest distance to the top left corner criteria (range: 0.09 to 0.16); however, we recommend 19%, because this reduces the potential of feeding poor-quality colostrum. The ELISA method was the poorest predictor of colostrum concentration. Age was not found to affect colostrum quality; however, the sample size of this subset was small. Hydrometers are inexpensive and easy to use, whereas Brix methods use only a small amount of colostrum; we suggest that either method could be used on-farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
| | - R Rodriguez-Sanchez
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - S Y Hea
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - A Weatherall
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - R Sargent
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7K 6A2
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hassan AA, Ganz S, Schneider F, Wehrend A, Khan IUH, Failing K, Bülte M, Abdulmawjood A. Quantitative assessment of German Holstein dairy cattle colostrum and impact of thermal treatment on quality of colostrum viscosity and immunoglobulins. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:191. [PMID: 32228687 PMCID: PMC7106573 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the color, fat, viscosity, IgG concentration, %Brix and refractive index of fresh postpartum colostrum of German Holstein dairy cattle and assess the impact of different thermal treatments on the visual and dynamic viscosity, in association to IgG concentration, of colostrum that can be used for pasteurization process. RESULTS Of the total 40 fresh postpartum colostrum, the color of colostrum (ranging from white-pale yellow to yellow and dark-yellowish), fat (1.4-8.2 100 g-1), IgG (4-116 mg mL-1), %Brix (8.5-35.4%), refractive index (1.3454-1.3905 nD), visual (ranging from watery to liquid and thick) and dynamic (4.9-219 cp) viscosity, were recorded. Statistical analysis between visual and dynamic viscosity of fresh colostrum showed significant correlation coefficients (rs = 634). Moreover, a significant correlation between viscosity and three IgG concentrations was also observed. Heat-treated colostrum showed dynamic viscosity ranged from 25 to 3066 cP, where dynamic viscosity of colostrum before- and after heat-treatment showed no significant correlation. Treated colostrum at 60 °C/60 min and 63.5 °C/30 min containing IgG concentration ≤ 80 mg mL-1 and ≤ 68 mg mL-1 showed no significant change in the viscosity and can successfully be applied for pasteurization of first postpartum colostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health (DVPH), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.
| | - Sebastian Ganz
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Schneider
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Klaus Failing
- Biomathematik und Datenverarbeitung, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Johnsen JF, Sørby J, Mejdell CM, Sogstad ÅM, Nødtvedt A, Holmøy IH. Indirect quantification of IgG using a digital refractometer, and factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian Red Cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:59. [PMID: 31805965 PMCID: PMC6896254 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased interest in using digital refractometers to indirectly assess colostrum quality of dairy cattle, but knowledge on diagnostic accuracy for Norwegian Red dairy cows is lacking. Recent research has indicated a profound variability in the colostrum quality among dairy cows and herds in Norway. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity of a digital refractometer (Brix refractometer) at different cut-offs in Brix% for detection of colostrum of high quality (> 50 g/L) defined by the gold standard single radial immunodiffusion (IgG g/L). Furthermore, we aimed to identify possible associations between selected herd and cow-level management factors and colostrum IgG-levels in Norwegian Red dairy cows. RESULTS Median colostrum IgG level across 167 cows from 19 herds was 35.0 g/L, ranging from 5 to 129 g/L. Mean Brix% (± SD) was 19.7 ± 4.12%, ranging from 10.1 to 30.5. Most samples (72.5%) had inferior quality as compared to the international standard of 50 g/L. Brix% and IgG in colostrum were strongly correlated (r = 0.71, P < 0.001). A Brix cut-off of 22%, which is currently recommended, yielded a sensitivity of (95% CI) 69.4% (54.6-81.7) and a specificity of 83.1% (75.0-89.3) for identifying colostrum with high quality (> 50 g/L). The only factor found to be associated with low colostrum quality was parity. Specifically, cows in the second parity were found to produce colostrum with low quality compared to cows in parities four and later. CONCLUSIONS The agreement between colostrum IgG and Brix% is good. However, the diagnostic test evaluation indicates suboptimal performance in identifying high vs. low colostrum quality in this population, possibly related to a high proportion of the samples with < 50 g/L IgG. The only factor found to be associated with low colostrum quality was parity. Specifically, cows in the second parity were found to produce colostrum with lower quality. Future research should investigate colostrum and serum IgG levels which best prevent calf illness under Norwegian conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Føske Johnsen
- Section of Terrestrial Animal Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Sørby
- Biri Dyreklinikk, Birivegen 75, PB 44, 2832 Biri, Norway
| | - Cecilie Marie Mejdell
- Section of Terrestrial Animal Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Margrethe Sogstad
- ANIMALIA, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Lørenveien 38, PB 396, Økern, 0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PB 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sutter F, Borchardt S, Schuenemann GM, Rauch E, Erhard M, Heuwieser W. Evaluation of 2 different treatment procedures after calving to improve harvesting of high-quantity and high-quality colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9370-9381. [PMID: 31378489 PMCID: PMC7126935 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate 2 different treatment procedures at the first milking after calving to increase colostrum quantity and to improve colostrum quality in dairy cows. We hypothesized that either exogenous treatment with oxytocin or the presence of the calf at first milking would lead to higher colostrum quantity and higher IgG concentration. The study was conducted from October to December 2017 on a commercial dairy farm in Germany. A total of 567 cows at the time of calving were enrolled, but for the final analyses only 521 animals were considered. The cows were randomly assigned on a daily basis into 1 of 3 groups: (1) control group (n = 177), (2) application of 20 IU of oxytocin i.m. (OXY; n = 163), and (3) presence of the calf (CA; n = 181) before and during milking. Cows in the control and oxytocin group had no contact with their calves after calving and were milked in a separate milking parlor. Cows in the oxytocin group were injected with 20 IU of oxytocin i.m. 3 min before manual stimulation. For cows in the third group, the calf was placed into a calf cart and located in front of the cow 3 min before manipulation of the cow. Colostrum quantity was determined by a digital hanging scale. The colostrum quality was assessed with digital Brix refractometry and ELISA. To evaluate the effect of 2 different treatment procedures, a generalized linear mixed model was constructed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., IBM, Ehningen, Germany). The mean (±SE) colostrum quantity was 4.17 ± 0.30 kg. The treatment procedures and the harvesting time after calving had no effect on colostrum quantity. Parity, calf birth weight, and calving time affected colostrum quantity. Cows in second parity had the lowest quantity of colostrum (3.74 ± 0.37 kg) compared with cows in parity 1 (4.75 ± 0.34 kg) and cows in parity 3 or greater (4.75 ± 0.38 kg). Cows calving during the night (2200 until 0600 h; 4.93 ± 0.37 kg) had the highest quantity of colostrum compared with cows calving in the morning (0600 until 1400 h; 4.17 ± 0.38 kg) or afternoon (1400 until 2200 h; 4.14 ± 0.34 kg). Regarding colostrum quality, 48% of the colostrum samples contained ≥50 mg of IgG/mL. The mean IgG concentration was 54.6 ± 2.80 mg of IgG/mL. Colostrum quality was affected by the treatment procedures, colostrum quantity, parity, calving time, harvesting time after calving, and the calving day during the week. Both treatment procedures (i.e., OXY with mean IgG concentration results of 57.0 mg of IgG/mL and CA with 56.0 mg of IgG/mL) resulted in higher IgG concentrations in colostrum compared with the control group (50.7 mg of IgG/mL). With increasing colostrum quantity, the colostrum quality decreased in primiparous and multiparous cows. A longer time lag between calving and milking negatively affected the colostrum quality. Concentration of IgG was higher for cows in parity 3 or greater (64.6 ± 2.59 mg of IgG/mL) compared with cows in parity 1 (48.5 ± 2.86 mg of IgG/mL) and cows in parity 2 (50.7 ± 2.89 mg of IgG/mL). Cows calving during the night had greater IgG concentrations (60.4 ± 2.92 mg of IgG/mL) compared with cows calving in the morning (51.9 ± 2.98 mg of IgG/mL) or afternoon (51.3 ± 2.71 mg of IgG/mL). Harvesting colostrum on quieter days, such as Sundays, resulted in higher IgG concentrations (61.4 ± 3.70 mg of IgG/mL). The assessment by Brix refractometry resulted in a mean result of 26.0 ± 0.20% Brix. Treatment procedures and the harvesting time after calving had no effect on colostrum quality. A negative association was observed between colostrum quantity and quality in primiparous and multiparous cows determined by Brix refractometry. Brix readings were greater for cows in parity 3 or higher (27.7 ± 0.26% Brix) compared with cows in parity 1 (25.3 ± 0.30% Brix) and cows in parity 2 (25.0 ± 0.32% Brix). In conclusion, the treatment procedure for the first milking is irrelevant to improve the quantity of colostrum. Both treatment procedures, however, increased IgG concentrations as determined by ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G M Schuenemann
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Rauch
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - M Erhard
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Staněk S, Nejedlá E, Fleischer P, Pechová A, Šlosárková S. Prevalence of Failure of Passive Transfer of Immunity in Dairy Calves in the Czech Republic. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201967010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
28
|
Johnsen JF, Chincarini M, Sogstad ÅM, Sølverød L, Vatne M, Mejdell CM, Hänninen L. Salivary IgG levels in neonatal calves and its association to serum IgG: an observational pilot study. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:589-593. [PMID: 32704829 PMCID: PMC7200538 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of inadequate transfer of colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) to calf serum, often known as failure of passive transfer (<10 g/L IgG1 at 24 to 48 h), necessitates blood sampling from the calf and in some instances the presence of a veterinarian. Sampling saliva is both less invasive and easy for the producer. Previous research has shown that quantification of saliva IgG is possible in juvenile and adult cattle. The objectives of this observational pilot study were to investigate whether IgG can be quantified in neonatal calf saliva, if it is correlated to serum IgG concentrations, and if the indirect quantification of saliva IgG is achievable by use of a digital refractometer. Paired blood and saliva samples were collected from 20 healthy dairy calves aged 1 to 3 d. In these samples, IgG was quantified directly with single radial immunodiffusion and indirectly by use of a digital refractometer indicating Brix % (a subsample of n = 12 saliva samples). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.7, P < 0.001) between saliva IgG (mean ± SD; 0.2 ± 0.11 g/L) and serum IgG (32.1 ± 11.94 g/L) was found. Saliva IgG ranged from the lowest detectable value, 0.1 g/L (n = 6 samples) to 0.6 g/L. Saliva Brix (1.2 ± 0.69%) was not significantly correlated to serum IgG (n = 12, r = 0.43, P = 0.155); however, it was significantly correlated to saliva IgG (n = 12, r = 0.7, P = 0.018) and Brix in serum (n = 12, r = 0.7, P = 0.013). We conclude that IgG was quantifiable in most of the saliva samples. For saliva IgG to be of any value with regards to detecting failure of passive transfer, future studies should investigate methods that can detect IgG <0.1 g/L. The results indicate that saliva IgG can be used to predict serum IgG at levels above 10 g/L, which may warrant further exploration of the use of saliva in the surveillance of failure of passive transfer. The results of the current pilot study did not support the potential usage of a Brix % refractometer to quantify saliva IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Føske Johnsen
- Department of Health Surveillance, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matteo Chincarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Marie Vatne
- TINE Mastittlaboratoriet i Molde, Molde, Norway
| | | | - Laura Hänninen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Castro N, Gómez-González LA, Earley B, Argüello A. Use of clinic refractometer at farm as a tool to estimate the IgG content in goat colostrum. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1546585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lenny Andrea Gómez-González
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Drikic M, Windeyer C, Olsen S, Fu Y, Doepel L, De Buck J. Determining the IgG concentrations in bovine colostrum and calf sera with a novel enzymatic assay. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:69. [PMID: 30214721 PMCID: PMC6131873 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune protection in newborn calves relies on a combination of the timing, volume and quality of colostrum consumed by the calf after birth. Poor quality colostrum with inadequate immunoglobulin concentration contributes to failed transfer of passive immunity in calves, leading to higher calf morbidity and mortality. Therefore, estimating colostrum quality and ensuring the transfer of passive immunity on farm is of critical importance. Currently, there are no on-farm tools that directly measure immunoglobulin content in colostrum or serum. The aim of this study was to apply a novel molecular assay, split trehalase immunoglobulin G assay (STIGA), to directly estimate immunoglobulin content in dairy and beef colostrum and calf sera, and to examine its potential to be developed as on-farm test. The STIGA is based on a split version of trehalase TreA, an enzyme that converts trehalose into glucose, enabling the use of a common glucometer for signal detection. In a first study, 60 dairy and 64 beef colostrum and 83 dairy and 84 beef calf sera samples were tested with STIGA, and the resulting glucose production was measured and compared with radial immunodiffusion, the standard method for measuring immunoglobulin concentrations. Results Pearson correlation coefficients between the methods were determined and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the test were calculated for different colostrum quality and failed transfer of passive immunity cut-off points. The correlations of the STIGA measured by colorimetric enzymatic reaction compared to radial immunodiffusion for dairy and beef colostrum were 0.72 and 0.73, respectively, whereas the correlations for dairy and beef sera were 0.9 and 0.85, respectively. Next, STIGA was tested in a blinded study with fresh colostrum and serum samples where the correlation coefficient was 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of STIGA followed by glucometer readings resulted in correlations with radial immunodiffusion of 0.7 and 0.85 for dairy and beef colostrum and 0.94 and 0.83 for dairy and beef calf serum. Conclusions A split TreA assay was validated for measurement of the immunoglobulin content of colostrum and calf sera using both a lab-based format and in a more user-friendly format compatible with on-farm testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Drikic
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - C Windeyer
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - S Olsen
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Y Fu
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - L Doepel
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stojić M, Fratrić N, Kovačić M, Ilić V, Gvozdić D, Savić O, Đoković R. Brix Refractometry of Colostrum from Primiparous Dairy Cows and New-Born Calf Blood Serum in the Evaluation of Failure of Passive Transfer. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunoglobulins (IgG) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality of calves. In this study we evaluated the digital Brix refractometer usefulness for the assessment of FPT. A number of 16 colostrum samples from the first milking (2-3h post-partum) of Holstein-Friesian dairy heifers and 29 blood sera of 3-6 days old calves were analyzed with a digital Brix refractometer. Total proteins were determined by the biuret reaction. Colostral IgG were determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID), and colostral whey and blood serum γ globulin (composed almost entirely of IgG) were determined by agarose protein gel electrophoresis (APE) and densitometry. Colostral % Brix score was 25.5±3.4%. Concentrations of colostrum IgG and colostral whey γ globulin were 130±33 g/L and 100±24 g/L respectively. The concentration of total proteins in colostral whey was 134±30 g/L. The correlations between Brix values and the concentrations of IgG determined with RID and the concentrations of γ globulin determined with APE were positive and highly significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01). The concentration of serum proteins of new-born calves was 57.75±11.8 g/L, the concentration of γ globulin was 14.4±7.8 g/L, and the Brix score was 8.6±1.0%. FPT (serum γ globulin<10 g/L) was detected in 34.5% (10/29) calves. Brix score correlated with the concentration of blood serum γ globulins in all examined calves. The results have confirmed that digital Brix refractometry allows the producers to use this technique in order to estimate colostral and calf serum IgG, thereby monitoring both colostrum quality and success of passive transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Stojić
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Natalija Fratrić
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Marijana Kovačić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Vesna Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragan Gvozdić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Olivera Savić
- Institute for Blood Transfusion of Serbia, Svetog Save 39, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Radojica Đoković
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, Čačak , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lago A, Socha M, Geiger A, Cook D, Silva-Del-Río N, Blanc C, Quesnell R, Leonardi C. Efficacy of colostrum replacer versus maternal colostrum on immunological status, health, and growth of preweaned dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1344-1354. [PMID: 29153521 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available colostrum replacers (CR) are commonly used when maternal colostrum (MC) is unavailable, for managerial convenience, to ensure quality consistency at first feeding, or in disease control and eradication programs. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of feeding First Day Formula (Accelerated Genetics, Baraboo, WI) CR versus pooled MC on immunological status, growth, and health of preweaned dairy calves. A total of 1,220 Jersey and Jersey × Holstein calves born on a California Central Valley dairy farm were assigned after birth to receive either CR or MC following a systematic allocation procedure. Calves assigned to MC were tube fed 2.8 L of MC, and calves assigned to CR were tube fed a total of 500 g of CR (150 g of immunoglobulin G; IgG) mixed into 1.9 L of water at 1 h ± 5 min after the calf was born. A subset of calves was selected for passive transfer (n = 592) and growth (n = 268) analyses. Although both coliform count and total bacteria count were low for MC and CR fed to calves during the study, the predicted probability of calves receiving contaminated liquid feed (coliform count >10,000 cfu/mL) at first feeding was reduced for calves fed CR (1.5%) compared with calves fed MC (6.1%). The mean blood concentration of IgG was lower for calves fed CR than for calves fed MC (19.6 vs. 23.4 mg/mL). However, the apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG did not differ between treatments (34.4 and 35.9% for CR and MC, respectively). Total proteins were lower in calves fed CR compared with MC at 24 h (5.16 vs. 5.84 g/dL, respectively). Calves fed CR were 1.5 kg lighter at weaning and gained 0.03 kg less per day (0.30 vs. 0.33 kg/d, respectively) than calves fed MC before weaning. Height at weaning did not differ between the 2 treatment groups. Calves fed CR tended to have a higher predicted probability of not being treated for diarrhea than calves fed MC (0.142 vs. 0.110, respectively). However, when the disease was present, CR had a higher number of treatment days compared with MC (11.6 vs. 10.8 d, respectively). The hazard ratio of dying did not differ between MC and CR; however, CR calves had a numerically higher risk (hazard ratio = 1.347) of dying compared with calves that received MC. In conclusion, IgG absorption and serum concentration of calves were adequate when calves were fed either CR or MC. The CR-fed calves had a lower probability of receiving contaminated liquid feed and performed similar in terms of health compared with calves receiving high-quality MC, although they were slightly lighter at weaning. Therefore, the CR evaluated in this study is a valid alternative to high-quality (>50 mg of IgG/mL) MC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lago
- DairyExperts Inc., Tulare, CA 93274.
| | - M Socha
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
| | - A Geiger
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN 55344
| | - D Cook
- Milk Products Inc., Chilton, WI 53014
| | - N Silva-Del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - C Blanc
- GTV Dairies, Tipton, CA 93272
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Denholm KS, Hunnam JC, Cuttance EL, McDougall S. Influence of preservation methods on the quality of colostrum sourced from New Zealand dairy farms. N Z Vet J 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1342574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KS Denholm
- Anexa FVC, 1126 Gordonton Road, Gordonton, New Zealand
| | - JC Hunnam
- Cognosco, 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville, New Zealand
| | - EL Cuttance
- VetEnt, 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu 3800, New Zealand
| | - S McDougall
- Cognosco, 25 Moorhouse Street, Morrinsville, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva-del-Río N, Rolle D, García-Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Valldecabres A, Lago A, Pandey P. Colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration of multiparous Jersey cows at first and second milking is associated with parity, colostrum yield, and time of first milking, and can be estimated with Brix refractometry. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5774-5781. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Verhegghe M, Rasschaert G, Herman L, Goossens K, Vandaele L, De Bleecker K, Vlaemynck G, Heyndrickx M, De Block J. Reduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in colostrum: Development and validation of 2 methods, one based on curdling and one based on centrifugation. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3497-3512. [PMID: 28318591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate 2 protocols (for use on-farm and at a central location) for the reduction of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in colostrum while preserving beneficial immunoglobulins (IgG). The on-farm protocol was based on curdling of the colostrum, where the IgG remain in the whey and the MAP bacteria are trapped in the curd. First, the colostrum was diluted with water (2 volumes colostrum to 1 volume water) and 2% rennet was added. After incubation (1 h at 32°C), the curd was cut and incubated again, after which whey and curd were separated using a cheesecloth. The curd was removed and milk powder was added to the whey. Approximately 1 log reduction in MAP counts was achieved. A reduction in total proteins and IgG was observed due to initial dilution of the colostrum. After curd formation, more than 95% of the immunoglobulins remained in the whey fraction. The semi-industrial protocol was based on centrifugation, which causes MAP to precipitate, while the IgG remain in the supernatant. This protocol was first developed in the laboratory. The colostrum was diluted with skimmed colostrum (2 volumes colostrum to 1 volume skimmed colostrum), then skimmed and centrifuged (at 15,600 × g for 30 min at room temperature). We observed on average 1.5 log reduction in the MAP counts and a limited reduction in proteins and IgG in the supernatant. To obtain a semi-industrial protocol, dairy pilot appliances were evaluated and the following changes were applied to the protocol: after 2:1 dilution as above, the colostrum was skimmed and subsequently clarified, after which the cream was heat treated and added to the supernatant. To investigate the effect of the colostrum treatment on the nutritional value and palatability of the colostrum and the IgG transfer, an animal experiment was conducted with 24 calves. Six received the dam's colostrum, 6 were given untreated purchased colostrum (control), and 2 groups of 6 calves received colostrum treated according to both of the above-mentioned methods. No significant differences were found between the test groups and the dam's colostrum group in terms of animal health, IgG uptake in the blood serum, milk, or forage uptake. Two protocols to reduce MAP in colostrum (for use on-farm or at a central location) were developed. Both methods preserve the vital IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Verhegghe
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - G Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Herman
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K Goossens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L Vandaele
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K De Bleecker
- Diergezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Deinze Horsweg 1, 9040 Drongen, Belgium
| | - G Vlaemynck
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J De Block
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gross JJ, Kessler EC, Bruckmaier RM. Quarter vs. composite colostrum composition assessed by Brix refractometry, specific gravity and visual color appearance in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:26-35. [PMID: 32704627 PMCID: PMC7235461 DOI: 10.2527/tas2016.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of colostrum quality is essential for successful calf rearing. Instruments for on-farm colostrum quality determination are mostly utilized for testing composite colostrum samples, but do not take potential variation between quarters into account. In cases of low composite colostrum quality, feeding of better quality colostrum from individual quarters might be beneficial. The objective of the present study was to identify relationships between colostrum color, colostrum quality and composition. Besides laboratory methods, a colostrometer and a Brix refractometer were used to assess colostrum quality at quarter levels. Quarter and composite colostrum samples from 17 primiparous and 11 multiparous Holstein cows were analyzed for total IgG, fat, protein and lactose content; color was measured by a spectrophotometer. In the present study, an IgG concentration below 50 g/L as determined by ELISA was found in 14.3% of the analyzed quarter samples. Concentration and mass of IgG in composite colostrum samples were greater in multiparous compared with primiparous cows. Specific gravity (SG) of colostrum of individual and composite samples was lower in primiparous compared with multiparous cows. Milk fat content was greater in quarter and composite colostrum samples of primiparous compared with multiparous dairy cows. No clear relationships between IgG content and SG, Brix, and the color space coordinates L*, a*, and b* were detected. Interestingly, results indicate that despite a similar range of the variables investigated, correlations between those parameters can differ at quarter compared to composite level. Not only for SG and Brix determination, but also for the color space coordinates measured, correlation coefficients with IgG concentration of the respective samples were greater at a composite compared with the individual quarter level. In conclusion, accuracy and limitations of on-farm instruments estimating colostrum quality apply to both quarter colostrum samples and composite evaluations. Identification of quarters with superior colostrum quality would possibly be a way to improve the immunization of newborn calves. However, the potential on-farm methods validated in the present study to estimate quarter colostrum quality are not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between quarters. This is due to the variation of gross colostrum composition between individual quarters of a cow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - E C Kessler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, CH-3012 Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Cameron M, Heider LC, Keefe GP. Rapid assessment of bovine colostrum quality: How reliable are transmission infrared spectroscopy and digital and optical refractometers? J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1427-1435. [PMID: 27988130 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the transmission infrared (IR) spectroscopic method and digital and optical Brix refractometers for measurement of colostral IgG concentration and assessment of colostrum quality of dairy cows. Colostrum samples (n = 258) were collected from Holstein cows on 30 commercial dairy farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada. Colostral IgG concentrations of 255 samples were measured by the reference radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and IR spectroscopy. The Brix scores were determined on 240 of these samples using both the digital and optical Brix refractometers. Approximately half (48%) of the colostrum samples had RID IgG concentrations <50 g/L, which was the cut-point for poor quality. The correlation between RID and IR IgG concentrations was 0.88. The correlations between RID IgG concentration and Brix scores, as determined by the digital and optical refractometers, were 0.72 and 0.71, respectively. The optimal cutoff levels for distinguishing good- and poor-quality colostrum using IR spectroscopy, and digital and optical Brix refractometers were at 35 g/L and 23% Brix, respectively. The IR spectroscopy showed higher sensitivity (90%) and specificity (86%) than the digital (74 and 80%, respectively) and optical (73 and 80%, respectively) Brix refractometers for assessment of colostrum quality, as compared with RID. In conclusion, the transmission-IR spectroscopy is a rapid and accurate method for assessing colostrum quality, but is a laboratory-based method, whereas Brix refractometers were less accurate but could be used on-farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Phipps A, Beggs D, Murray A, Mansell P, Stevenson M, Pyman M. Survey of bovine colostrum quality and hygiene on northern Victorian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8981-8990. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
Buczinski S, Vandeweerd JM. Diagnostic accuracy of refractometry for assessing bovine colostrum quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7381-7394. [PMID: 27423958 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Provision of good quality colostrum [i.e., immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration ≥50g/L] is the first step toward ensuring proper passive transfer of immunity for young calves. Precise quantification of colostrum IgG levels cannot be easily performed on the farm. Assessment of the refractive index using a Brix scale with a refractometer has been described as being highly correlated with IgG concentration in colostrum. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of Brix refractometry to diagnose good quality colostrum. From 101 references initially obtain ed, 11 were included in the systematic review meta-analysis representing 4,251 colostrum samples. The prevalence of good colostrum samples with IgG ≥50g/L varied from 67.3 to 92.3% (median 77.9%). Specific estimates of accuracy [sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp)] were obtained for different reported cut-points using a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve model. For the cut-point of 22% (n=8 studies), Se=80.2% (95% CI: 71.1-87.0%) and Sp=82.6% (71.4-90.0%). Decreasing the cut-point to 18% increased Se [96.1% (91.8-98.2%)] and decreased Sp [54.5% (26.9-79.6%)]. Modeling the effect of these Brix accuracy estimates using a stochastic simulation and Bayes theorem showed that a positive result with the 22% Brix cut-point can be used to diagnose good quality colostrum (posttest probability of a good colostrum: 94.3% (90.7-96.9%). The posttest probability of good colostrum with a Brix value <18% was only 22.7% (12.3-39.2%). Based on this study, the 2 cut-points could be alternatively used to select good quality colostrum (sample with Brix ≥22%) or to discard poor quality colostrum (sample with Brix <18%). When sample results are between these 2 values, colostrum supplementation should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, Québec, Canada.
| | - J M Vandeweerd
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cummins C, Lorenz I, Kennedy E. Short communication: The effect of storage conditions over time on bovine colostral immunoglobulin G concentration, bacteria, and pH. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4857-4863. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
41
|
Bartens MC, Drillich M, Rychli K, Iwersen M, Arnholdt T, Meyer L, Klein-Jöbstl D. Assessment of different methods to estimate bovine colostrum quality on farm. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:263-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1184109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M-C Bartens
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Rychli
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Arnholdt
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Meyer
- First Farms A/S, 900 68 Plavecký Štvrtok, Slovakia
| | - D Klein-Jöbstl
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Covariance structures of fat and protein influence the estimation of IgG in bovine colostrum. J DAIRY RES 2016; 83:58-66. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
On-farm instruments for assessing colostrum quality are needed in order to ensure that the calf is supplied with enough IgG to avoid failure of passive transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods for estimating the IgG concentration in cows' colostrum. This research included 126 colostrum samples from 21 Danish farms with different breeds, ensuring a broad variation pattern in IgG, total protein and fat concentration. Approximately one third of the samples did not fulfil the recommendation of >50 g IgG/l colostrum, and the IgG concentration decreased with time from calving to milking. The ratio of IgG to total protein varied from 6 to 61%, however IgG and total protein were correlated with r2 = 0·70. The variation in fat was independent of variations in protein and IgG. The IgG concentration was measured by ELISA and compared to fast measurements by specific gravity by colostrometer, Brix by refractometer and prediction from infrared spectroscopy. The three fast methods were all correlated to the total protein concentration of colostrum; however specific gravity was also influenced by the fat concentration. Furthermore, specific gravity generally overestimated the IgG concentration, and the cut-off level should be raised to 1050 in order to ensure adequate IgG in colostrum. None of the methods estimated IgG concentration better than the correlation of total protein and IgG, meaning that they all depended on the indirect correlation between total protein and IgG. The results suggest that using a refractometer for quality control of colostrum is an easy and feasible method, and a cut-off level of Brix 22 seems sufficient to assure adequate IgG concentration in colostrum fed to the calf.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Hogan I, Doherty M, Fagan J, Kennedy E, Conneely M, Brady P, Ryan C, Lorenz I. Comparison of rapid laboratory tests for failure of passive transfer in the bovine. Ir Vet J 2015; 68:18. [PMID: 26309724 PMCID: PMC4548692 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-015-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Failure of passive transfer of maternal immunity via colostrum can occur in the bovine, and a number of blood tests have been developed to test calves for this failure. It is not clear which test is most suitable for this purpose. The objective was to examine the most commonly used tests for failure of passive transfer and to decide which is most suitable for routine laboratory use. 126 serum samples were taken from calves of dairy cows after birth but prior to colostrum feeding, and at 48 h of age. Five different tests were compared against radial immunodiffusion which is considered the appropriate reference method. These tests were serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, serum protein levels, serum globulin levels, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the zinc sulphate turbidity test. Results The tests examined displayed high sensitivity but widely varying specificity. Examination of the use of different cut-off points allowed some improvement in specificity at the expense of sensitivity, but the tests which had performed best at the original cut-off points still displayed the best performance. Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels as a measure of colostrum absorption returned, in this study, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. The ELISA used in this study and serum globulin levels displayed performance similar to the gamma-glutamyltransferase levels. Serum total protein was less successful than others examined at providing both sensitivity and specificity but may, when performed via refractometer, be useful for on-farm testing. As currently performed the poor sensitivity for which the zinc sulphate turbidity test is most often criticized is evident. Modification of the cut-off point to increase specificity is less successful at balancing these parameters than the ELISA, gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and globulin levels. Conclusions Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, ELISA testing and circulating globulin levels performed best in detecting failure of passive transfer in serum samples, although all three had some practical considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hogan
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael Doherty
- Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John Fagan
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Coosan, Athlone, CO. Westmeath Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Muireann Conneely
- Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork Ireland
| | - Paula Brady
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clare Ryan
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ingrid Lorenz
- Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|