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Reed H, Mueller B, Groves CL, Smith DL. Presence and Correlation of Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Silage Corn Plant Parts. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:87-92. [PMID: 34491093 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0641-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corn silage, made from Zea mays, is a high-energy feed that is important for feeding dairy cows. Plant diseases, such as those caused by Fusarium graminearum, can decrease silage corn yields and quality. F. graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is an ascomycete fungus that causes Gibberella ear and stalk rot in corn. F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a secondary metabolite toxic to humans and animals. An understanding of the distribution of DON and F. graminearum throughout the corn plant is important for determining the quality of corn silage. A partitioned sample experiment that included two brown midrib silage hybrids and three fungicide treatments was conducted in research plots located in Arlington, WI, U.S.A., in 2018 and 2019. At harvest, stalk and ear parts were physically separated, dried, and ground for analysis. DON concentration (in parts per million) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and F. graminearum DNA concentration (in picograms per nanogram) was determined using quantitative PCR. DON and F. graminearum DNA were detected in all samples, demonstrating accumulation of the fungus in stalks and ears of the plant. In 2018, DON contamination was as high as 30 ppm and varied drastically between stalks and ears. In 2019, DON concentrations were much lower (<5 ppm), but were consistently higher in stalk samples than ear samples. Across all samples, DON concentrations and F. graminearum accumulation were highly correlated within the separated stalk (r = 0.78) and ear portions (r = 0.87) but were not correlated between ears and stalks. Depending on the weather and planting conditions in a given year, stalk infections or ear infections may occur by F. graminearum, leading to subsequent DON increases in those respective parts that are independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Reed
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Carol L Groves
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Kolackova I, Gruberova HA, Kratochvil O, Baholet D, Skladanka J, Jancar J, Skarpa P. Effect of Foliar Copper-Containing Superabsorbent Polymers on Nutritional Characteristics and Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat Kernel. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Effect of a Commercial Bentonite Clay (Smectite Clay) on Dairy Cows Fed Aflatoxin-Contaminated Feed. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the impact of dietary supplementation with a commercially available smectite clay (TOXO® MX, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands), that binds to aflatoxins (AFs), on the performance and health status of multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows that received dietary AFB1 (the main AF). The carry-over of AFB1 was determined by measuring AFM1 (the main metabolite) in dairy milk. Performance values, blood markers, and liver inflammatory markers were also measured. Nine multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows (parity: 2.67 ± 0.86; days in milk: 91 ± 15 days; milk yield: 40.4 ± 2.7 kg/cow/day) were assigned to one of three treatments in a 3 periods × 3 treatments Latin square design (n = 3). In particular, three cows each received the CTR-0 diet (total mixed ration (TMR) with normal corn meals), the CTR-AFLA diet (CTR-0 diet with 17.53 ± 6.55 µg/kg DM AFBI), or the TRT diet (CTR-AFLA diet with 100 ± 1 g/cow/day of smectite clay). The AFB1 level was 0.63 ± 0.50 µg/kg DM in the CTR-0 diet, 2.28 ± 1.42 µg/kg DM in the CTR-AFLA diet, and 2.13 ± 1.11 µg/kg DM in the TRT diet. The experiment consisted of an adaptation period (21 days) and three 17-day experimental periods, each consisting of a 10-day intoxication period and 7-day clearance period. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with or without repeated measurements. Overall, the addition of AFB1 reduced the DM intake, but the groups had no significant differences in milk yields. The highest feed efficiency was in the TRT group. Measurement of AFM1 in milk indicated a “plateau” period, from day 4 to day 10 of the intoxication period, when the AFM1 level exceeded the guidelines of the European Union. The commercial smectite clay reduced milk AFM1 concentration by 64.8% and reduced the carry-over by 47.0%. The CTR-0 and TRT groups had similar carry-over levels of AFM1, although the absolute concentrations differed. The groups had no significant differences in plasma biomarkers. These results indicate that the commercially available smectite clay tested here was effective in adsorbing AFs in the gastro-intestinal tracts of cows, thus reducing the excretion of AFM1 into dairy milk.
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Bellingeri A, Cabrera V, Gallo A, Liang D, Masoero F. A survey of dairy cattle management, crop planning, and forages cost of production in Northern Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1580153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bellingeri
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Victor Cabrera
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Di Liang
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Pate RT, Paulus Compart DM, Cardoso FC. Aluminosilicate clay improves production responses and reduces inflammation during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11421-11434. [PMID: 30316598 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitigation strategies are vital in minimizing the health and economic risks associated with dairy cattle exposure to aflatoxin (AF). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available aluminosilicate clay in a lactation diet on production responses, blood chemistry, and liver inflammatory markers of multiparous lactating Holstein cows during an AF challenge. Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 758 ± 76 kg; days in milk = 157 ± 43 d] were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods: no adsorbent and no AF challenge (CON), no adsorbent and an AF challenge (POS), 113 g of aluminosilicate clay top-dressed on the total mixed ration (adsorbent; FloMatrix, PMI Nutritional Additives, Arden Hills, MN) with an AF challenge (F4), or 227 g of adsorbent with an AF challenge (F8). The challenge consisted of 100 μg of AFB1/kg of dietary dry matter intake administered orally. For each period, milk was sampled 3× daily from d 14 to 21; blood, feces, and urine were sampled on d 14, 18, and 21; and liver samples were taken on d 18. Liver tissue was assessed for gene expression and histological hepatocyte inflammation. Statistical analysis was preformed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Fat-corrected milk (POS = 37.2, F4 = 39.2, and F8 = 38.9 kg/d) increased as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased. There was a decrease in milk AFM1 concentration at d 18 as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased (POS = 0.33, F4 = 0.32, and F8 = 0.27 µg/kg). There was a decrease in AFM1 concentration in urine (POS = 2.10, F4 = 1.89, and F8 = 1.78 µg/kg) and AFB1 concentration in feces (POS = 4.68, F4 = 3.44, and F8 = 3.17 µg/kg) as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased. Cows in CON had greater concentrations of serum cholesterol (202 mg/dL) and plasma superoxide dismutase (2.8 U/mL) compared with cows in POS (196 mg/dL and 2.6 U/mL, respectively). Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase increased as concentration of adsorbent in the diet increased (POS = 37.8, F4 = 39.3, and F8 = 39.1 U/L). The expression of NFKB1 was greater in the liver of cows in POS (0.78) compared with cows in CON (0.70). The expression of MTOR was greater in the liver of cows in CON (1.19) compared with cows in POS (0.96). When compared with cows in CON, cows in POS had greater odds ratio for hepatocyte inflammation (odds ratio = 5.14). In conclusion, the adsorbent used in this study had a positive effect on milk production and hepatocyte inflammation and reduced AF transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Esker PD, Shah DA, Bradley CA, Conley SP, Paul PA, Robertson AE. Perceptions of Midwestern Crop Advisors and Growers on Foliar Fungicide Adoption and Use in Maize. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1078-1088. [PMID: 29658843 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-17-0342-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foliar fungicide use in hybrid maize in the United States was rare before 2000. The decade from 2000 to 2010 saw foliar fungicides increasingly applied to maize in the absence of appreciable disease pressure, a practice seemingly at odds with integrated pest management philosophy. Yet, it is commonly believed that growers do not employ management strategies unless there are perceived benefits. Maize (corn) growers (CGs) and certified crop advisors (CCAs) across four Midwestern states (Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin) were surveyed to better understand their practices, values and perceptions concerning the use of foliar fungicides during 2005 to 2009. The survey results demonstrated the rapid rise in maize foliar fungicide applications from 2000 through 2008, with 84% of CGs who sprayed having used a foliar fungicide in maize production for the very first time during 2005 to 2009. During 2005 to 2009, 73% of CCAs had recommended using a foliar fungicide, but only 35% of CGs sprayed. Perceived yield gains, conditional on having sprayed, were above the break-even point on average. However, negative yield responses were also observed by almost half of CCAs and a quarter of CGs. Hybrid disease resistance was a more important factor to economically successful maize production than foliar fungicides. Diseases as a yield-limiting factor were more important to CGs than CCAs. As a group, CGs were not as embracing of foliar fungicide as were CCAs, and remained more conservative about the perceived benefits to yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Esker
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - D A Shah
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - C A Bradley
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - S P Conley
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - P A Paul
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - A E Robertson
- First author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park 16802; second author: Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky Research and Education Center, Princeton 42445; fourth author: Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
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Foliar fungicide (pyraclostrobin) application on corn and its effects on corn silage composition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kalebich C, Weatherly M, Robinson K, Fellows G, Murphy M, Cardoso F. Foliar fungicide (pyraclostrobin) application effects on plant composition of a silage variety corn. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Haerr K, Pineda A, Lopes N, Weems J, Bradley C, Pereira M, Murphy M, Fellows G, Cardoso F. Effects of corn treated with foliar fungicide on in situ corn silage degradability in Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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