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Driesen M, Timmermans M, Cargnel M, Simons X, Filippitzi ME, Catry B, Dal Pozzo F, Vanderhaeghen W, Callens B, Dispas M, Boland C. Risk Factor Analysis for Occurrence of Linezolid-Resistant Bacteria in the Digestive and Respiratory Tract of Food-Producing Animals in Belgium: A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:707. [PMID: 39200007 PMCID: PMC11350643 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Linezolid is a critically important antimicrobial used in human medicine. While linezolid is not licensed for food-producing animals, the veterinary use of other antimicrobials, such as phenicols (e.g., florfenicol), could cross/co-select for linezolid-resistant (LR) bacteria. Such LR strains pose a great concern for public health due to their potential transfer between animals and humans. This study explored possible associations between epidemiological risk factors, including phenicol use, and the occurrence of LR bacteria, such as enterococci and staphylococci, in poultry, pigs, and veal calves in Belgium. Florfenicol use significantly increased the likelihood of harboring LR bacteria in veal calves, sows, and fattening pigs, particularly for the digestive tract (odds ratio (OR): [3.19-5.29]) and the respiratory tract (OR: [6.11-9.09]). LR strains from feces from fattening pigs were significantly associated with production type (OR: [3.31-44.14]) and the presence of other animal species (OR: 0.41). The occurrence of LR strains in the respiratory tract from sows was also significantly associated with using antimicrobials other than florfenicol (OR: 10.07) and purchasing animals (OR: 7.28). Our study highlights the potential risks of using certain veterinary antimicrobials, such as florfenicol, in food-producing animals and emphasizes the need for responsible antimicrobial use to safeguard both animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Driesen
- Coordination of Veterinary Activities and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.D.); (M.C.); (X.S.)
| | - Michaël Timmermans
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Mickaël Cargnel
- Coordination of Veterinary Activities and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.D.); (M.C.); (X.S.)
| | - Xavier Simons
- Coordination of Veterinary Activities and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.D.); (M.C.); (X.S.)
| | - Maria-Eleni Filippitzi
- Laboratory of Animal Health Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Center of Expertise on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals, 1210 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.P.); (W.V.); (B.C.)
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Center of Expertise on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals, 1210 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.P.); (W.V.); (B.C.)
| | - Bénédicte Callens
- Center of Expertise on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals, 1210 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.P.); (W.V.); (B.C.)
| | - Marc Dispas
- Health Information, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Cécile Boland
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
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Tegegne H, Ejigu E, Woldegiorgis D, Mengistu A. Isolation and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from raw cow's milk in dairy farms of Wolaita Sodo Town, Southwest, Ethiopia. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4735-4744. [PMID: 39055220 PMCID: PMC11266931 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium-contaminating milk and milk products causing food poisoning primarily due to its enterotoxins. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 in Wolaita Sodo Town, to detect Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw cow's milk and assess their resistance levels to different antimicrobials. Purposive sampling was used to select 34 dairy farms. Accordingly, 419 raw milk samples from the farm and collection centers were collected. Isolates of S. aureus showing resistance to Cefoxitin were classified as MRSA. From the total 419 samples, 22.19% (93/419) were contaminated with S. aureus in dairy cows. The prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk, bulk milk from the farm, and bulk tank milk from the collection centers was 16.9%, 2.1%, and 3.1%, respectively. The risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farm owners and milkers who do not take food safety training was 5.303 times higher than the risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farm owners and milkers who take food safety training. The risk of S. aureus contamination in dairy farms kept under poor management system was 7.34 times more than that of dairy farms kept under good management. The cefoxitin disk diffusion method was used to detect MRSA, 57.14% being resistant to Cefoxitin in total while approximately 87.5% were sensitive to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and Gentamycin, while Erythromycin registered 75%, Ciprofloxacin 62.5%, Chloramphenicol 62.5%, and Tetracycline 25%. This study revealed that MRSA exhibited a notable multidrug resistance pattern, encompassing resistance to multiple drugs, with a prevalence of 75%. Significantly, the hands of milkers and the milking containers emerged as pivotal sources of contamination. This underscores the crucial importance of maintaining stringent hygienic practices during the milking process, with particular emphasis on thorough cleaning and decontamination of utensils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailehizeb Tegegne
- College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceDebre Tabor UniversityDebre TaborEthiopia
| | - Eyoel Ejigu
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Dese Woldegiorgis
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Azeb Mengistu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceDebre Tabor UniversityDebre TaborEthiopia
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González-Machado C, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Dairy Products and Bulk-Tank Milk (BTM). Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:588. [PMID: 39061270 PMCID: PMC11273636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to contribute to an assessment of the role of food in the risks of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a review was undertaken of research on this microorganism in milk and dairy products published from January 2001 to February 2024. A total of 186 publications were selected, 125 for dairy products and 61 for bulk-tank milk (BTM). MRSA was detected in 68.8% of the research into dairy products and 73.8% of investigations relating to BTM, although in most studies the prevalence was less than 5%. Of the set of S. aureus strains isolated, approximately 30% corresponded to MRSA. The foods most extensively contaminated with this microorganism were raw milk and some types of soft cheese. Determination of the mecA gene on its own is known not to suffice for the detection of all MRSA strains. The great diversity of techniques used to study MRSA in milk and dairy products made it difficult to draw comparisons between studies. It would thus be advisable to develop a standardized protocol for the study of this microorganism in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino González-Machado
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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4
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Kos A, Papić B, Golob M, Avberšek J, Kušar D, Ledina T, Đorđević J, Bulajić S. Genomic Insights into Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci from Bulk Tank Milk of Dairy Farms in Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1529. [PMID: 37887230 PMCID: PMC10604148 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential risk to human and animal health provides a rationale for research on methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and mammaliicocci (MRM) in dairy herds. Here, we aimed to estimate their occurrence in the bulk tank milk (BTM) samples collected in 2019-2021 from 283 bovine dairy farms in the Belgrade district. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize the obtained isolates and assess their genetic relatedness. A total of 70 MRS/MRM were recovered, most frequently Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Five clusters of 2-4 genetically related isolates were identified and epidemiological data indicated transmission through, e.g., farm visits by personnel or milk collection trucks. Most MRSA isolates belonged to the typical livestock-associated lineage ST398-t034. One MRSA isolate (ST152-t355) harbored the PVL-encoding genes. Since MRS/MRM isolates obtained in this study frequently harbored genes conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), this argues for their role as reservoirs for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. The pipeline milking system and total bacterial count >100,000 CFU/mL were significantly associated with higher occurrences of MRS/MRM. Our study confirms that BTM can be a zoonotic source of MRS, including MDR strains. This highlights the urgent need for good agricultural practices and the continuous monitoring of MRS/MRM in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kos
- Directorate for National Reference Laboratories, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Batajnički drum 7, 11186 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Bojan Papić
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Majda Golob
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Jana Avberšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Darja Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.P.); (M.G.); (J.A.); (D.K.)
| | - Tijana Ledina
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Jasna Đorđević
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Snežana Bulajić
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.L.); (J.Đ.)
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5
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Rowe S, Cunningham C, Ingenhoff L, Norris JM, Zadoks RN. Low prevalence of antimicrobial resistant organisms (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin resistant enterococci) in bulk tank milk in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:339-344. [PMID: 37403520 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in bulk tank milk in dairy herds in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. METHODS Bulk tank milk samples (n = 80) were collected from dairy farms (n = 40, i.e. 2 per farm) in NSW during 2021. Bacteria were cultured using selective chromogenic indicator media with isolate identity confirmed using biochemical testing, Gram stain, and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was confirmed using antibiotic disk diffusion. RESULTS No samples tested positive to the targeted AMR organisms. CONCLUSION The prevalence of MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and VRE is low in NSW dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Cunningham
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Ingenhoff
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Tenhagen BA, Alt K, Grobbel M, Maurischat S. MRSA in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Germany - changes over time. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2023; 51:63-69. [PMID: 37230140 DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have repeatedly been isolated from dairy herds. It was the purpose of this study to compare the results of 3 subsequent national scale cross-sectional investigations in dairy herds in Germany on the prevalence of MRSA in bulk tank milk and the characteristics of the isolates. MATERIAL AND METHODS The investigations were carried out in 2010, 2014 and 2019, respectively. MRSA were isolated from 25 ml of bulk tank milk using a double selective enrichment protocol. Samples were distributed across the country according to the regional dairy cattle population. RESULTS The prevalence of MRSA in bulk tank milk samples was lower in 2010 than in 2014 and tended to decrease until 2019. Prevalence was higher in samples from conventional than from organic herds and increased with herd size. Most isolates (75/78) were assigned to the clonal complex 398 and the spa-types t011 and t034. Resistance of the isolates to other antimicrobials than beta-lactams decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS MRSA remain present in the German dairy population and are found more frequently in larger vs. smaller herds and in conventional vs. organic herds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE MRSA should be considered in biosecurity protocols and with respect to occupational health of farm staff. Presence of MRSA in raw milk supports the recommendation not to drink unpasteurized raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Alt
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, Germany
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Szczuka E, Porada K, Wesołowska M, Łęska B. Occurrence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Dairy Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144649. [PMID: 35889521 PMCID: PMC9319653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food, particularly milk and cheese, may be a reservoir of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, which can be considered an important issue in terms of food safety. Furthermore, foods of animal origin can be a cause of staphylococcal food poisoning via the production of heat-stable enterotoxins (SE). For this reason, we investigated the prevalence of and characterized Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk and fresh soft cheese obtained from farms located in Wielkopolskie and Zachodniopomorskie Provinces in Poland. Overall, 92% of S. aureus isolates were positive for at least one of the 18 enterotoxin genes identified, and 26% of the strains harbored 5 to 8 enterotoxin genes. Moreover, the S. aureus strains contained genes conferring resistance to antibiotics that are critically important in both human and veterinary medicine, i.e., β-lactams (mecA), aminoglycosides (aac(6′)/aph(2″), aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(4′)-Ia) and MLSB (erm(A), msr(A), lun(A)). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus to 16 antibiotics representing 11 different categories showed that 74% of the strains were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. Moreover, 28% of the strains showed multidrug resistance; in particular, two methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains (MRSA) exhibited significant antibiotic resistance. In summary, our results show that dairy products are contaminated by S. aureus strains carrying genes encoding a variety of enterotoxins as well genes conferring resistance to antibiotics. Both MRSA strains and MSSA isolates showing multidrug resistance were present in foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-829-59-36; Fax: +48-61-829-55-50
| | - Karolina Porada
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Maria Wesołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Bogusława Łęska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07312. [PMID: 35582361 PMCID: PMC9087474 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for cattle and horses in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. aureus can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (60-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 1-5%, 5-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-90% and 60-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. aureus according to Article 8 criteria include mainly mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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9
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Youn HY, Seo KH. Isolation and characterization of halophilic Kocuria
salsicia strains from cheese brine. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:252-265. [PMID: 35310564 PMCID: PMC8907793 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kocuria salsicia can survive in extreme environments and cause
infections, including catheter-related bacteremia, in humans. Here, we
investigated and evaluated the characteristics of nine K.
salsicia strains (KS1–KS9) isolated from cheese brine from a
farmstead cheese-manufacturing plant in Korea from June to December, 2020.
Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC) 29213 was used as a positive control in the growth curve analysis and
biofilm-formation assays. All K. salsicia isolates showed
growth at 15% salt concentration and temperatures of 15°C,
25°C, 30°C, 37°C, and 42°C. KS6 and KS8 showed
growth at 5°C, suggesting that they are potential psychrotrophs. In the
biofilm-formation analysis via crystal violet staining, KS6 exhibited the
highest biofilm-forming ability at various temperatures and media [phosphate
buffered saline, nutrient broth (NB), and NB containing 15% sodium
chloride]. At 25°C and 30°C, KS3, KS6, and KS8 showed higher
biofilm-forming ability than S. aureus ATCC 29213. The
antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was evaluated using the
VITEK® 2 system; most isolates were resistant to
marbofloxacin and nitrofurantoin (both 9/9, 100%), followed by
enrofloxacin (7/9, 77.8%). Five of the nine isolates (5/9, 55.6%)
showed multidrug resistance. Our study reports the abilities of K.
salsicia to grow in the presence of high salt concentrations and at
relatively low temperatures, along with its multidrug resistance and tendency to
form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Youn
- Center for One Health, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Corresponding author: Kun-Ho
Seo, Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of
Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea, Tel:
+82-2-450-4121, Fax: +82-2-3436-4128, E-mail:
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10
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Dos Santos IC, Barbosa LN, da Silva GR, Otutumi LK, Zaniolo MM, Dos Santos MC, de Paula Ferreira LR, Gonçalves DD, de Almeida Martins L. Pet dogs as reservoir of oxacillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Res Vet Sci 2021; 143:28-32. [PMID: 34959042 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the bacterial resistance profile and detect the presence of mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nasal microbiota of domiciled dogs. For this purpose 100 nasal swabs from 100 domiciled dogs were collected from the central area of the city of Umuarama (PR), along with a questionnaire answered by their owners. After the isolation all Staphylococcus spp. isolates were submitted to the diffusion disc test by the Kirby-Bauer method, and only oxacillin-resistant samples were submitted to the PCR technique to search for the mecA gene and the results were then submitted to statistical analysis to verify possible risk variables. The 100 Staphylococcus spp. and coagulase negative, among which 41 isolates were resistant to oxacillin, no samples were positive for the mecA gene presence, however, 12 resistant to vancomycin were found. It can be concluded that the domiciled dogs are carriers of Staphylococcus spp. multiresistant, being these a possible source of human contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Bolsista PROSUP/CAPES - Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil.
| | - Lidiane Nunes Barbosa
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ratti da Silva
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana Kazue Otutumi
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Marchi Zaniolo
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carvalho Dos Santos
- Centro Universitário Cesumar (UNICESUMAR), Avenida Guedner, 1610, Jardim Aclimacao, 87050-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, 4282, Centro, 87502-210 Umuarama, PR, Brazil.
| | - Lisiane de Almeida Martins
- Faculdade de Ensino Superior Santa Bárbara (FAESB), Rua Onze de Agosto, 2900, Jardim Lucila, 18277-000 Tatuí, SP, Brazil
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11
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Schnitt A, Lienen T, Wichmann-Schauer H, Cuny C, Tenhagen BA. The occurrence and distribution of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 on German dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11806-11819. [PMID: 33041041 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on 20 German dairy farms. Farms were selected based on previous MRSA reports from phenotypic susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens. Samples were collected from predefined groups of cows, young stock, farm personnel, and the environment. A high MRSA-positive test rate was detected in swab samples from milk-fed calves (22.7%; 46/203). In postweaning calves, the MRSA-positive test rate was 9.1% (17/187). From prefresh heifers, both nasal swabs and udder cleft swabs were collected if possible. Including both sample types, the MRSA-positive test rate in prefresh heifers was 13.0% (26/200). The positive test rate was 8.9% (17/191) in nasal swabs and 6.5% (11/170) in udder cleft swabs. In quarter milk samples (QMS), the MRSA-positive test rate was 2.9% (67/2347), and on cow level, 7.9% (47/597) of the dairy cows were affected. Among all cows included in this study, the geometric mean of somatic cell counts was higher in QMS that carried MRSA (345,000 cells/mL) in comparison to all QMS (114,000 cells/mL). No differences in parity or the affected mammary quarter position on the udder were observed among the 47 infected cows. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was also detected in boot swab samples (dust), teat liners, and in suckers from automatic calf feeders. All isolates belonged to livestock-associated sequence type 398 and most common staphylococcal protein A (spa)-types were t011 and t034. Most isolates harbored the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec)-type V, with the exception of some isolates with SCCmec-type IVa on 1 farm. Similar MRSA genotypes in samples from humans and dairy cows underline the possible zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission of livestock-associated MRSA strains from dairy farms. Similar MRSA genotypes in pig and cattle barns were detected on only 1 of 5 farms that kept both cattle and pigs. Similar MRSA spa-types were detected in samples from different sources (dairy cows, young stock, environment, and humans), suggesting a possible contagious transmission on some of the farms. Sporadically, up to 3 different MRSA spa-types were detected in QMS from the respective farms. On MRSA-affected farms, improper milking hygiene procedures and elevated bulk-tank milk somatic cell counts (>250,000 cells/mL) were observed. The occurrence of livestock-associated MRSA ST398 in different samples from dairy farms, and especially in young calves, should be considered for future MRSA-monitoring programs and biosecurity guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schnitt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Lienen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Wichmann-Schauer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Cuny
- Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - B-A Tenhagen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Hansen JE, Ronco T, Stegger M, Sieber RN, Fertner ME, Martin HL, Farre M, Toft N, Larsen AR, Pedersen K. LA-MRSA CC398 in Dairy Cattle and Veal Calf Farms Indicates Spillover From Pig Production. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2733. [PMID: 31849885 PMCID: PMC6887863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible spillover from pigs into other production animals incites concern for unresolved reservoirs of human exposure. The present investigation was therefore initiated, to elucidate if Danish veal and dairy farms constitute a reservoir of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) CC398 and to potentially identify the source of introduction. We collected nasal swab samples from 17 Danish veal farms, 2 slaughterhouses, and received bulk tank milk samples from 286 dairy farms. All samples were analyzed by culturing and screening on MRSA selective plates and presumed MRSA was verified by MALDI-TOF and PCR. MRSA isolates were subjected to spa typing and whole-genome sequencing. LA-MRSA was found on two veal farms in one and three calves, respectively, with subsequent follow-up samples found negative. Eight of 286 dairy farms (2.8%) were found LA-MRSA positive and follow-up samples, from five farms showed intermittent detection of LA-MRSA. The spa types, t034 and t011, were the most common while a single isolate from a dairy farm belonged to spa type t843 associated to mecC-MRSA CC130 and is the first report of mecC-MRSA in the Danish dairy production. A phylogenetic analysis showed that some of the isolates grouped within or close to the dominant Danish pig clusters, suggesting spillover into cattle farms. Other isolates clustered outside the dominant pig clusters suggesting that other routes of introduction cannot be excluded. Results of the investigation indicated a contamination of veal farms while some dairy farms seemed to be a permanent reservoir. Thus, Danish cattle represent a low prevalence reservoir of LA-MRSA CC398, which at present, is not of major human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Hansen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Troels Ronco
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette E Fertner
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nils Toft
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders R Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Schnitt A, Tenhagen BA. Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Herds: An Update. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:585-596. [PMID: 31433237 PMCID: PMC7549011 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis pathogen and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been reported from dairy farms around the world. The risk of foodborne zoonotic infections with bovine MRSA strains seems to be low since MRSA prevalence is low in dairy herds and milk is commonly heat treated before consumption. However, bovine mastitis caused by MRSA is an important issue in veterinary medicine since treatment options with non-β-lactam antibiotics are limited. For the development of effective MRSA prevention strategies, it is necessary to know which factors increase the risk for MRSA transmission into and within dairy herds. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in dairy herds and to identify the respective knowledge gaps. MRSA was more frequently detected in conventional dairy farms than in organic farms and in larger farms than in smaller farms. Dairy farms housing pigs along with cattle are more frequently affected by MRSA. Moreover, humans carrying MRSA can probably infect dairy cows. Consequently, pigs and humans may introduce new MRSA strains into dairy herds. MRSA transmission within dairy herds was associated with improper milking hygiene procedures. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) were repeatedly isolated from dairy farms. This is an important issue since MR-CoNS may transfer resistance genes to S. aureus. The role of antimicrobial exposure as a risk factor for the occurrence of MRSA within dairy herds needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schnitt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Papadopoulos P, Angelidis AS, Papadopoulos T, Kotzamanidis C, Zdragas A, Papa A, Filioussis G, Sergelidis D. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in bulk tank milk, livestock and dairy-farm personnel in north-central and north-eastern Greece: Prevalence, characterization and genetic relatedness. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103249. [PMID: 31421759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased tendency towards raw-milk consumption, which may pose a consumer risk, due to the possible presence of human pathogenic microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and even methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was investigated in 40 dairy (cattle, sheep and goat) farms in northern Greece. S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 47.8% and 4.1% of the 387 samples (raw milk, farmers and animal samples) tested, respectively. Most (81.3%) of the MRSA isolates harbored the mecA gene, whereas the mecC or Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) genes were not detected. Seven spa types were identified, with t127 being the most prevalent. Spa type t034 (CC398) was isolated for the first time from livestock in Greece. Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were detected in 93.8% of the MRSA isolates. The MRSA isolates were genetically diverse and were all capable of biofilm production. Our results confirm the lurking threat of MRSA in raw milk and dairy farms and suggest the need for surveillance programs starting at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofilos Papadopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Greek Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57006, Thermi, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Barberio A, Mazzolini E, Dall'Ava B, Rosa G, Brunetta R, Zandonà L, Drigo I, Moschioni C, Guolo A, Bonamico S, Busa A, Segalin C, Biasio L, Moroni P, Agnoletti F. A Longitudinal Case Study on Dissemination of ST398 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Within a Dairy Cow Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:761-768. [PMID: 31225744 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to describe the dynamics of ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on a dairy herd in northeastern Italy. MRSA was first identified in this herd of 120 cows in 2016, after which the herd was sampled once every 3 months for 1 year (April 2016-May 2017). Samples collected included nasal swabs and milk samples from cows and nasal swabs from farmworkers. In addition, pen fencing and teat milk liners were swabbed and air samples from cow pens and the milking parlor were collected. All samples were tested for MRSA using a selective medium; positive isolates were confirmed by mecA PCR. A representative set of MRSA isolates was genotyped using spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. Overall, 34 (mean 23%, range 16-30%) milking cows were found harboring MRSA in the mammary gland and only 6 recovered from infection or colonization. The mean incidence rate was 14% (range 8-20%), mean cure rate was 23% (range 13-43%), and estimated basic reproduction number (R0) was 1.08. The average of positive quarters found was 35.1% and most of the positive quarters (82.4%) developed subclinical mastitis. The mean duration of MRSA colonization in quarters during the study was 247 days, but quarters affected by subclinical mastitis harbored MRSA for a longer time than healthy ones (285 days vs. 131 days). After the second sampling, the farmer segregated MRSA-positive cows from the uninfected cows and milked them last. Despite segregation, 25 newly infected or colonized cows were detected. MRSA isolates from cows, environment, and two farmworkers belonged to the same sequence type (ST398) and spa type (t034). This study highlights the ability of ST398 MRSA to cause a persistent infection of the mammary gland and to survive in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Dipartimento di Epidemiologia Veterinaria, Osservatorio epidemiologico veterinario del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Udine, Italy
| | - Brunella Dall'Ava
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Romina Brunetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Luca Zandonà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Drigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Chiara Moschioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Angela Guolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Sondra Bonamico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Busa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Segalin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lara Biasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Agnoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
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16
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Chehabi CN, Nonnemann B, Astrup LB, Farre M, Pedersen K. In vitro Antimicrobial Resistance of Causative Agents to Clinical Mastitis in Danish Dairy Cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:562-572. [PMID: 31059284 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of major causative agents to clinical mastitis in Danish dairy cows collected in 2016 to provide data on the current resistance patterns. Such data may subsequently serve as basis for a guideline for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in mastitis treatment. In addition, this study serves as a baseline for future comparison. The minimum inhibitory concentrations in Escherichia coli (n = 62), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 18), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 63), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) (n = 49), Streptococcus uberis (n = 61), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 33), and Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 13) were determined to antimicrobial agents representing most classes relevant for treatment. The occurrence of resistance in the 299 bacterial isolates in total was evaluated using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute clinical breakpoints or in-house breakpoint values. For E. coli, low resistance levels were detected, 11.3% being resistant to ampicillin while resistance to other compounds was lower or zero. In contrast, K. pneumoniae revealed frequent ampicillin resistance (83.3%), but was susceptible to most other antimicrobial agents tested. Staphylococci were susceptible to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested, only 17.7% of the S. aureus isolates and 22.4% of the CNS being resistant to penicillin. Species distribution of the CNS isolates revealed that Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most prevalent species. One S. aureus and one S. chromogenes isolate was found to be cefoxitin resistant and confirmed as methicillin resistant by polymerase chain reaction detection of the mecA gene, showing that methicillin resistance in staphylococci is present. All species of streptococci were susceptible to penicillin. No other critical resistance was found in any species, and resistance was in general low to all clinically relevant compounds. We emphasize the need for continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance in major mastitis pathogens and the need for harmonization of methods and interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaza Nazih Chehabi
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bettina Nonnemann
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lærke Boye Astrup
- 1National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Karl Pedersen
- 3Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Tenhagen BA, Alt K, Pfefferkorn B, Wiehle L, Käsbohrer A, Fetsch A. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in conventional and organic dairy herds in Germany. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3380-3386. [PMID: 29395146 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been described repeatedly in dairy herds. In this study, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MRSA in bulk tank milk from conventional and organic dairy herds in Germany. Samples were collected from 372 conventional and 303 organic dairy herds throughout Germany. Bulk tank milk (25 mL) was tested for MRSA using an established double selective enrichment method. The MRSA isolates were typed using spa typing and tested for resistance to 19 antimicrobials using the broth microdilution method. Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus was detected more frequently in bulk tank milk from conventional (9.7%) than from organic (1.7%) dairy herds. Herd size and region were associated with differences in prevalence. Most isolates (38/41) were from spa types associated with the livestock-associated clonal complex CC398. Isolates from conventional herds tended to be more resistant to antimicrobials; however, because of the limited number of isolates from organic herds, no statistical tests were performed. In conclusion, prevalence of MRSA in dairy herds in Germany seems to be increasing and is more prevalent in regions with high livestock density. Organic herds are also affected although at a lower level. Therefore, MRSA should be specifically included in biosecurity protocols for dairy herds, and effective control measures need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katja Alt
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pfefferkorn
- Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wiehle
- Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Fetsch
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Klaas IC, Zadoks RN. An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:166-185. [PMID: 29083115 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental mastitis is the most common and costly form of mastitis in modern dairy herds where contagious transmission of intramammary pathogens is controlled through implementation of standard mastitis prevention programmes. Environmental mastitis can be caused by a wide range of bacterial species, and binary classification of species as contagious or environmental is misleading, particularly for Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and other streptococcal species, including Streptococcus agalactiae. Bovine faeces, the indoor environment and used pasture are major sources of mastitis pathogens, including Escherichia coli and S. uberis. A faeco-oral transmission cycle may perpetuate and amplify the presence of such pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. agalactiae. Because of societal pressure to reduce reliance on antimicrobials as tools for mastitis control, management of environmental mastitis will increasingly need to be based on prevention. This requires a reduction in environmental exposure through bedding, pasture and pre-milking management and enhancement of the host response to bacterial challenge. Efficacious vaccines are available to reduce the impact of coliform mastitis, but vaccine development for gram-positive mastitis has not progressed beyond the "promising" stage for decades. Improved diagnostic tools to identify causative agents and transmission patterns may contribute to targeted use of antimicrobials and intervention measures. The most important tool for improved uptake of known mastitis prevention measures is communication. Development of better technical or biological tools for management of environmental mastitis must be accompanied by development of appropriate incentives and communication strategies for farmers and veterinarians, who may be confronted with government-mandated antimicrobial use targets if voluntary reduction is not implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Mehli L, Hoel S, Thomassen GMB, Jakobsen AN, Karlsen H. The prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in milk, whey, and cheese from artisan farm dairies. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Caprioli A, Carfora V, Ianzano A, Barberio A, Morandi S, Casula A, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle herds, related swine farms, and humans in contact with herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:608-619. [PMID: 27865508 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 2 dairy cattle farms (farm A and B), previously identified as MRSA-positive in bulk tank milk samples, and epidemiologically related to swine farms. Collected specimens included quarter milk samples and nasal swabs from dairy cows, pig nasal swabs collected at both the farm and slaughterhouse level, environmental dust samples, and human nasal swabs from the farms' owners and workers. The prevalence of MRSA was estimated at the herd level by testing quarter milk samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 4.8% (3/63; 95% confidence interval=0-10.2%) and 60% (33/55; 95% confidence interval=47.05-72.95) in farm A and B, respectively. In farm A, MRSA was also isolated from humans, pigs sampled at both farm and slaughterhouse level, and from environmental samples collected at the pig facilities. The dairy cattle facilities of farm A tested negative for MRSA. In farm B, MRSA was isolated from environmental dust samples in both the cattle and pig facilities, whereas nasal swabs collected from cows and from humans tested negative. Sixty-three selected MRSA isolates obtained from different sources in farm A and B were genetically characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa-typing, ribosomal spacer-PCR, and also tested for the presence of specific virulence genes and for their phenotypical antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution method. Different clonal complex (CC) and spa-types were identified, including CC398, CC97, and CC1, CC already reported in livestock animals in Italy. The MRSA isolates from quarter milk of farm A and B mostly belonged to CC97 and CC398, respectively. Both lineages were also identified in humans in farm A. The CC97 and CC398 quarter milk isolates were also identified as genotype GTBE and GTAF by ribosomal spacer-PCR respectively, belonging to distinct clusters with specific virulence and resistance patterns. The GTBE and GTAF clusters also included swine, environmental, and human isolates from both farms. A high heterogeneity in the genetic and phenotypic profiles was observed in environmental isolates, in particular from farm B. These results demonstrate the possibility of a dynamic sharing and exchange of MRSA lineages or genotypes between different species and farm compartments in mixed-species farms. The risk of transmission between swine and related dairy cattle herds should be considered. Our findings also confirm the zoonotic potential of livestock-associated MRSA and underline the importance of applying biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and throughout the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - V Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Ianzano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, (ISPA-CNR), via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Casula
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Animal Heath Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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