1
|
Gallo A, Catellani A, Ghilardelli F, Lapris M, Mastroeni C. Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health. Animal 2024:101280. [PMID: 39129068 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are often considered less susceptible to mycotoxins than monogastrics, owing to rumen microflora converting mycotoxins to less toxic compounds or several compounds present in the rumen-reticulum compartment, being able to bind the mycotoxin "mother" molecule that make them unavailable for absorption process in the gastro-intestinal tract of host animals. However, if ruminants consume feed contaminated by mycotoxins for long periods, their growth, development, and fertility can be compromised. Among regulated mycotoxins, the most studied and known for their effects are aflatoxins (AFs) AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, as well as the AFM1 for its high importance in dairy sector, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites 3/15 acetyl-DON and 3-glucoside DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, in particular that belong to the B class, and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, because of the emergence of multiple emerging mycotoxins that are detectable in feed utilised in ruminant diets, such as ensiled forage, there is now a growing focus on investigating these compounds by the scientific community to deepen their toxicity for animal health. Despite the enhancement of research, it is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo trials, as well as limited studies on nutrient digestibility and the impact of these molecules on rumen and intestinal functions or milk yield and quality. In this review, recent findings regarding the occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in forage and their possible adverse effects on dairy cattle are described, with special emphasis on animal performance and on rumen functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - A Catellani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Lapris
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C Mastroeni
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Ran R, Meng X, Liu S. Research advances in the degradation of aflatoxin by lactic acid bacteria. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20230029. [PMID: 37901116 PMCID: PMC10601132 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that often contaminate food and animal feed, causing huge economic losses and serious health hazards. Aflatoxin contamination has become a major concern worldwide. Biological methods have been used to reduce aflatoxins in food and feed by inhibiting toxin production and detoxification. Among biological methods, lactic acid bacteria are of significant interest because of their safety, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to review the mechanisms by which lactic acid bacteria degrade aflatoxins and the factors that influence their degradation efficiency, including the action of the lactic acid bacteria themselves (cell wall adsorption) and the antifungal metabolites produced by the lactic acid bacteria. The current applications of lactic acid bacteria to food and feed were also reviewed. This comprehensive analysis provided insight into the binding mechanisms between lactic acid bacteria and aflatoxins, facilitating the practical applications of lactic acid bacteria to food and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- Institute of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Jiang
- Institute of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Ran
- School of Light Industry and Materials, Chengdu Textile College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Institute of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shukun Liu
- Institute of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smaoui S, D’Amore T, Tarapoulouzi M, Agriopoulou S, Varzakas T. Aflatoxins Contamination in Feed Commodities: From Occurrence and Toxicity to Recent Advances in Analytical Methods and Detoxification. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2614. [PMID: 37894272 PMCID: PMC10609407 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesized by the secondary metabolic pathway in Aspergilli, aflatoxins (AFs) cause economic and health issues and are culpable for serious harmful health and economic matters affecting consumers and global farmers. Consequently, the detection and quantification of AFs in foods/feeds are paramount from food safety and security angles. Nowadays, incessant attempts to develop sensitive and rapid approaches for AFs identification and quantification have been investigated, worldwide regulations have been established, and the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the AF degradation process has been explored. Here, occurrences in feed commodities, innovative methods advanced for AFs detection, regulations, preventive strategies, biological detoxification, removal, and degradation methods were deeply reviewed and presented. This paper showed a state-of-the-art and comprehensive review of the recent progress on AF contamination in feed matrices with the intention of inspiring interests in both academia and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Teresa D’Amore
- IRCCS CROB, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong T, Liang Y, Shao T, Wang W, Ma P, Wang W, Li J, Yuan X. Detoxifying mycotoxins and antifungal properties of two rumen-derived Enterococcus species in artificially contaminated corn silages. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023. [PMID: 37115188 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins contamination in food and feed has emerged as an issue of serious concern because they pose serious health risks to both humans and livestock. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of two rumen-derived Enterococcus spp. on fermentation and hygienic quality of artificially contaminated corn silages. The toxigenic fungal-infested (FI) and non-fungal infested (NFI) corn was harvested at 1/2 milk line stage and ensiled without additives (CON) or with Enterococcus faecalis (E) or Enterococcus faecium (M). RESULTS The pH of FI silages was higher than that of NFI silages, the pH in NFI-M was lower than in NFI-CON. Inoculating E. faecium markedly increased lactic acid concentration compared to CON and E silages. Both E. faecium and E. faecalis decreased the deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) concentrations compared with the CON for FI silages, while E. faecium was more effective in eliminating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ). The FI silage had higher bacterial and fungal Shannon indexes than NFI silages. The relative abundance (RA) of Aspergillus and Fusarium marked a decline from day 5 to day 90. Inoculating E. faecium and E. faecalis reduced the RA of Penicillium compared to CON. In vitro mycotoxins removal assay indicated that E. faecium was more effective in AFB1 detoxification while having lower detoxifying ZEN capacity than E. faecalis. CONCLUSION Inoculating rumen-derived Enterococcus spp. isolates alleviated the negative effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silages by changing the microbial communities and detoxifying mycotoxins. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Liang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Ma
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkang Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Agents for Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic and Ochratoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110807. [PMID: 36422981 PMCID: PMC9699002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites that have carcinogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects in humans and animals. The increased consumption of plant-based foods and environmental conditions associated with climate change have intensified the risk of mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the abilities of eleven selected LAB strains to reduce/inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus steynii, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Penicillium verrucosum and AF and OTA production under different temperature regiments. Data were treated by ANOVA, and machine learning (ML) models able to predict the growth inhibition percentage were built, and their performance was compared. All factors LAB strain, fungal species, and temperature significantly affected fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The fungal growth inhibition range was 0-100%. Overall, the most sensitive fungi to LAB treatments were P. verrucosum and A. steynii, while the least sensitive were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. The LAB strains with the highest antifungal activity were Pediococcus pentosaceus (strains S11sMM and M9MM5b). The reduction range for AF was 19.0% (aflatoxin B1)-60.8% (aflatoxin B2) and for OTA, 7.3-100%, depending on the bacterial and fungal strains and temperatures. The LAB strains with the highest anti-AF activity were the three strains of P. pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3), and those with the highest anti-OTA activity were Leuconostoc paracasei ssp. paracasei (3T3R1) and L. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3). The best ML methods in predicting fungal growth inhibition were multilayer perceptron neural networks, followed by random forest. Due to anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxin capacity, the LABs strains used in this study could be good candidates as biocontrol agents against aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungi and AFL and OTA accumulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Emadi A, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Abdolshahi A. In vitro strain specific reducing of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1929323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Emadi
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Anna Abdolshahi
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Interventions to Control Aflatoxins in the Dairy Production Chain—Feed Production and Animal Feeding Interventions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020115. [PMID: 35202142 PMCID: PMC8878089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents a systematic review of published scientific articles investigating the effects of interventions aiming at aflatoxin reduction at the feed production and animal feeding phases of the milk value chain in order to identify the recent scientific trends and summarize the main findings available in the literature. The review strategy was designed based on the guidance of the systematic review and knowledge synthesis methodology that is applicable in the field of food safety. The Web of Science and EBSCOhost online databases were searched with predefined algorithms. After title and abstract relevance screening and relevance confirmation with full-text screening, 67 studies remained for data extraction, which were included in the review. The most important identified groups of interventions based on their mode of action and place in the technological process are as follows: low-moisture production using preservatives, acidity regulators, adsorbents and various microbiological additives. The results of the listed publications are summarized and compared for all the identified intervention groups. The paper aimed to help feed producers, farmers and relevant stakeholders to get an overview of the most suitable aflatoxin mitigation options, which is extremely important in the near future as climate change will likely be accompanied by elevated mycotoxin levels.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan X, Yang X, Wang W, Li J, Dong Z, Zhao J, Shao T. The effects of natamycin and hexanoic acid on the bacterial community, mycotoxins concentrations, fermentation profiles, and aerobic stability of high moisture whole-crop corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
9
|
GONÇALVES BL, ULIANA RD, LEE SH, COPPA CF, OLIVEIRA CAFD, KAMIMURA ES, CORASSIN CH. Use of scanning electron microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography to assess the ability of microorganisms to bind aflatoxin M1 in Minas Frescal cheese. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.47220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Li J, Wang W, Chen S, Shao T, Tao X, Yuan X. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Fermentation Quality and Mycotoxins Concentrations of Corn Silage Infested with Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100699. [PMID: 34678992 PMCID: PMC8537395 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality, mycotoxin concentrations, and microbial communities of whole-crop corn silages infested with mycotoxigenic fungi. Cultured spores (106 cfu/mL) of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum were sprayed (5 mL) on corn forage on 27 July and 10 August 2018. On 21 August 2018, sprayed (FI; 3 plots) and unsprayed (NFI; 3 plots) corn forage were harvested at the 1/2 kernel milk line stage, followed by chopping and ensiling without inoculants (CON), or with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), Lactobacillus plantarum (LT, 1 × 106 cfu/g FW), or L. buchneri + L. plantarum (BT: both L. buchneri and L. plantarum applied at 0.5 × 106 cfu/g FW). After 90 d of ensiling, FI silages had a higher (p < 0.05) pH value and higher acetic acid (ACA), ethanol, and ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N) concentrations, but lower (p < 0.05) lactic acid (LA) concentrations than NFI silage. The inoculants decreased pH and increased LA concentration and LA/ACA compared with CON. The aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was only detected in FI fresh corn and silages; ensiling decreased (p < 0.05) AFB1 concentration compared with fresh corn, and LB and BT decreased AFB1 concentration compared with CON. The zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations were similar (p < 0.05) for NFI silages, while ZEN concentration in BT was the lowest (p < 0.05) among all FI silages; DON and FB1 concentrations in LB, LT, and BT silages were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of CON in FI silages. The fungal infestation increased the bacterial and fungal diversity of silages compared with NFI silages. The FI silages had a higher relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia, and Epicoccum than the corresponding NFI silages. The RA of Aspergillus and Fusarium markedly decreased after 90 d of ensiling, and the inoculation expanded this trend irrespective of fungal infestation. The Penicillium in FI silages survived after 90 d of ensiling, while the inoculants decreased the RA of Penicillium. Inoculants mitigate the adverse effects of fungal infestation on corn silage quality by changing the bacterial and fungal communities.
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of several lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation and mycotoxins in corn silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Jiang Y, Ogunade IM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040283. [PMID: 33920591 PMCID: PMC8074160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens produced by fungi, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins can contaminate a variety of livestock feeds and cause enormous economic losses, estimated at between US$52.1 and US$1.68 billion annually for the U.S. corn industry alone. In addition, aflatoxin can be transferred from the diet to the milk of cows as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), posing a significant human health hazard. In dairy cows, sheep and goats, chronic exposure to dietary aflatoxin can reduce milk production, impair reproduction and liver function, compromise immune function, and increase susceptibility to diseases; hence, strategies to lower aflatoxin contamination of feeds and to prevent or reduce the transfer of the toxin to milk are required for safeguarding animal and human health and improving the safety of dairy products and profitability of the dairy industry. This article provides an overview of the toxicity of aflatoxin to ruminant livestock, its occurrence in livestock feeds, and the effectiveness of different strategies for preventing and mitigating aflatoxin contamination of feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Diwakar Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Adegbola T. Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kosztik J, Mörtl M, Székács A, Kukolya J, Bata-Vidács I. Aflatoxin B1 and Sterigmatocystin Binding Potential of Lactobacilli. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120756. [PMID: 33266172 PMCID: PMC7760014 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to global climate change, mould strains causing problems with their mycotoxin production in the tropical–subtropical climate zone have also appeared in countries belonging to the temperate zone. Biodetoxification of crops and raw materials for food and feed industries including the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) binding abilities of lactobacilli is of growing interest. Despite the massive quantities of papers dealing with AFB1-binding of lactobacilli, there are no data for microbial binding of the structurally similar mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (ST). In addition, previous works focused on the detection of AFB1 in extracts, while in this case, analytical determination was necessary for the microbial biomass as well. To test binding capacities, a rapid instrumental analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed and applied for measurement of AFB1 and ST in the biomass of the cultured bacteria and its supernatant, containing the mycotoxin fraction bound by the bacteria and the fraction that remained unbound, respectively. For our AFB1 and ST adsorption studies, 80 strains of the genus Lactobacillus were selected. Broths containing 0.2 µg/mL AFB1and ST were inoculated with the Lactobacillus test strains. Before screening the strains for binding capacities, optimisation of the experiment parameters was carried out. Mycotoxin binding was detectable from a germ count of 107 cells/mL. By studying the incubation time of the cells with the mycotoxins needed for mycotoxin-binding, co-incubation for 10 min was found sufficient. The presence of mycotoxins did not affect the growth of bacterial strains. Three strains of L. plantarum had the best AFB1 adsorption capacities, binding nearly 10% of the mycotoxin present, and in the case of ST, the degree of binding was over 20%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kosztik
- Department of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (J.K.); (I.B.-V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Mörtl
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - András Székács
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - József Kukolya
- Department of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (J.K.); (I.B.-V.)
| | - Ildikó Bata-Vidács
- Department of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 1022 Budapest, Hungary; (J.K.); (I.B.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tao Y, Niu D, Li F, Zuo S, Sun Q, Xu C. Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101733. [PMID: 32987662 PMCID: PMC7598582 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Inner Mongolia, developing innovative forages is an indispensable way to ease the shortage of animal feed. Oxytropis glabra (OG) has become a dominant population, with a high nature yield in the degraded grassland of Inner Mongolia. As a typical legume, it is rich in amino acids and trace elements, so using OG to feed livestock is a valuable strategy. However, it contains swainsonine (SW), which hinders the utilization of OG. This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and SW removal from OG ensiled with whole-plant corn at different proportions, and the result showed ensiling a mixture of OG and corn could be a valuable approach for producing livestock feed, as it had a positive effect on fermentation quality and SW detoxification; the optimal ratio was 1:1. In the silages, Lactobacillus plantarum was the most common microorganism present in all mixture silages, and Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillusbrevis were prevalent at lower ratios of corn to OG. All representative strains were able to remove SW from OG fermentation, and the strains of L. amylovorus and L. plantarum had a higher SW removal rate. These mixtures of silages could make OG useable as a feed source in ruminant production. Abstract Oxytropis glabra (OG) is a leguminous forage that is potentially valuable for solving the shortage of feed for livestock production, while, in large quantities, it may be toxic because of its swainsonine (SW) content. In this study, OG was ensiled with whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) at 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 0:10 ratios on a fresh matter basis, and, after 60 d of ensiling, the chemical composition, fermentation characteristic, SW removal rate, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, and their capabilities for SW removal were analyzed. As the proportion of corn in the silage increased, the pH, as well as the propionic acid, ammonia-N, dry matter, crude protein, and SW contents, decreased linearly, while the lactic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents increased linearly. Lactobacillus plantarum was the most common microorganism present in all mixture silages. Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillusbrevis were prevalent at lower ratios of corn to OG. Meanwhile, the LAB strains belong to L. amylovorus and L. plantarum had a higher SW removal rate. Our results suggested that ensiling OG with whole-plant corn improves fermentation and decreases SW content, and that 5:5 is the optimal ratio, so this type of mixed silage could make OG useable for ruminant production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.T.); (S.Z.)
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Dongze Niu
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China;
| | - Feng Li
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Sasa Zuo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qizhong Sun
- Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China; (F.L.); (Q.S.)
| | - Chuncheng Xu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.T.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62736480
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carvalho BF, Sales GFC, Schwan RF, Ávila CLS. Criteria for lactic acid bacteria screening to enhance silage quality. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:341-355. [PMID: 32869919 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge of ensiling is conserving the feed through a fermentative process that results in high nutritional and microbiological quality while minimizing fermentative losses. This challenge is of growing interest to farmers, industry and research and involves the use of additives to improve the fermentation process and preserve the ensiled material. Most studies involved microbial additives; lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been the focus of much research and have been widely used. Currently, LABs are used in modern and sustainable agriculture because of their considerable potential for enhancing human and animal health. Although the number of studies evaluating LABs in silages has increased, the potential use of these micro-organisms in association with silage has not been adequately studied. Fermentation processes using the same strain produce very different results depending on the unique characteristics of the substrate, so the choice of silage inoculant for different starting substrates is of extreme importance to maximize the nutritional quality of the final product. This review describes the current scenario of the bioprospecting and selection process for choosing the best LAB strain as an inoculant for ensiling. In addition, we analyse developments in the fermentation process and strategies and methods that will assist future studies on the selection of new strains of LAB as a starter culture or inoculant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - G F C Sales
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - R F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - C L S Ávila
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Asurmendi P, Gerbaldo G, Pascual L, Barberis L. Lactic acid bacteria with promising AFB 1 binding properties as an alternative strategy to mitigate contamination on brewers' grains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:1002-1008. [PMID: 32816607 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1807834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of molecules to the cell walls of microorganisms plays an important role in helping to prevent animal exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxins (AFs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of LAB strains, isolated from brewers' grains, to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). All LAB were able to reduce the bioavailability of AFB1 from phosphate buffered-saline (PBS). In addition, the strains retained their effectiveness even after heat treatment. The AFB1-LAB complex stability was first evaluated through sequential washing steps. These assays demonstrated that a low percentage of AFB1 was released after consecutive washes. After subjecting the complex to different pH and bile salt treatments, the percentage of bound AF decreased, as compared to the control, but remained at high levels. Finally, to simulate the formation of the AFB1-LAB complex at conditions similar to those of the gastrointestinal tract, LAB and AFB1 were homogenized in PBS adjusted at acidic conditions or under different bile salt concentrations. In general, LAB strains showed the highest AFB1 adsorption at the lowest pH (2) and bile salt concentration (0.05%). In conclusion, the studied strains represent promising biocontrol agents for preventing and/or ameliorating the AFB1 contamination of feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Asurmendi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Gerbaldo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Pascual
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila Barberis
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds. Foods 2020; 9:E644. [PMID: 32443392 PMCID: PMC7278662 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Nazhand
- Department of Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resource University, 9th km of Farah Abad Road, Mazandaran 48181-68984, Iran;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Polo III-Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan H, Ke W, Yan Y, Shuai Y, Li X, Ran Q, Yang Z, Wang X, Cai Y, Zhang X. Screening of natural lactic acid bacteria with potential effect on silage fermentation, aerobic stability and aflatoxin B1 in hot and humid area. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1301-1311. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Guan
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - W. Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro‐Ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Probiotics and Biological Feed Research Center Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Y. Yan
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Y. Shuai
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - X. Li
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Q. Ran
- Institute of Grass Science Chongqing Academy of Animal Husbandry Chongqing China
| | - Z. Yang
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - X. Wang
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Y. Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS) Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - X. Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of Supplemental Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii on Aflatoxin M 1 Excretion in Milk of Lactating Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040709. [PMID: 32325721 PMCID: PMC7222717 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A recent survey determining the occurrence of mycotoxins showed that almost all feedstuffs fed to dairy cattle contained aflatoxin, predominantly B1 type. The present study illustrated the potential application of aflatoxin-detoxifying yeast isolated from ruminal fluid of dairy cows to enhance the aflatoxin B1 detoxification in the rumen, to reduce the aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and to improve dairy cattle performances. The inclusion of 2 g/day yeast into total mixed ration (TMR) diet reduced the transfer of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1 in raw milk by 72.08% and negative effects of aflatoxin B1 on dry matter intake (DMI) and milk compositions. Aflatoxin-detoxifying yeast isolates could potentially be developed for use as a feed additive to reduce aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy products. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing Kluyveromyces marxianus CPY1, K. marxianus RSY5 and Pichia kudriavzevii YSY2 isolated from ruminal fluid of dairy cows on transfer of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from feed into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk, DMI, milk production and nutrient digestibility. Four multiparous Holsteins in mid-lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design trial consisting of 14 days in each experimental period for sample collection. Between each period, 14 clearance days prior to the next treatment were allowed to minimize carryover effects. In each treatment, subsequent supplementation of isolated yeast was compared, i.e., (1) control (without yeast supplementation), (2) K. marxianus CPY1 (K1Y), (3) K. marxianus RSY5 (K2Y) and (4) P. kudriavzevii YSY2 (PY). All diets contained 22.28 µg of AFB1/kg. Treatments were individually fed at the rate of 2 g/day (1 × 109 CFU/g) of yeast biomass or corn meal in the control group. Concentrations of AFM1 in milk was reduced with yeast and averaged 1.54, 0.36, 0.43 and 0.51 µg/L for control, K1Y, K2Y and PY, respectively (p < 0.01). The transfer of AFB1 from feed into AFM1 in milk was higher in control compared with K1Y, K2Y and PY (7.26% vs. 1.18%, 1.44% and 1.69% respectively, p < 0.01). Supplementation of yeast also improved DMI and milk compositions, but no differences were observed in nutrient digestibility or milk yield among treatments. Concentration and yield of milk protein, fat, lactose, solid-not-fat (SNF) and total solids were greater in cows fed yeast compared with the control (p < 0.01). These results indicate that K. marxianus CPY1, RSY5 and P. kudriavzevii YSY2 shows promise as a dietary supplementation to detoxify AFB1 and improve DMI and yield of milk components.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mugabe W, Shao T, Li J, Dong Z, Yuan X. Effect of hexanoic acid, Lactobacillus plantarum and their combination on the aerobic stability of napier grass silage. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:823-831. [PMID: 32248604 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of hexanoic acid (Hex) as a silage additive. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of Hex, Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) and their combination (Hex + Lp) on the aerobic stability of napier grass silage was investigated. Napier grass was ensiled without additives (C) or with Lp, Hex or Hex + Lp for 60 days followed by 7 days of aerobic exposure. After 60 days of ensiling, the Lp silage had the lowest pH and the highest lactic acid (LA) concentration among all silage, whereas the highest water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content was observed in Hex + Lp silage, followed by Hex silage. After 60 days of ensiling, the population of yeasts in C and Lp silages was > 3·0 log10 CFU per g FW, while that of Hex and Hex + Lp was <2·0 log10 CFU per g FW. During aerobic exposure, the pH in the Lp and C silages increased (P < 0·05) above 7·0 on day 5. The pH of Hex silage was the lowest among all silages on day 3 and 5, followed by a significant (P < 0·05) increase until 7 days of aerobic exposure. There were no significant changes in pH and AA of Hex + Lp silage over the duration of aerobic exposure. The concentrations of LA in C, Lp and Hex silages decreased while that of Hex + Lp silage remained stable after 3 days of aerobic exposure. The Hex delayed the decline of WSC contents and the increase in yeasts over the aerobic exposure period. CONCLUSION Addition of Hex (97 h) and Hex + Lp (>168 h) improved aerobic stability (P < 0·05) as compared to the control (83 h). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Hex or in combination with L. plantarum inhibited the proliferation of yeasts during aerobic exposure of napier grass. Thus, Hex is an alternative antifungal additive to improve aerobic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wazha Mugabe
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Afshar P, Shokrzadeh M, Raeisi SN, Ghorbani-HasanSaraei A, Nasiraii LR. Aflatoxins biodetoxification strategies based on probiotic bacteria. Toxicon 2020; 178:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
23
|
Peles F, Sipos P, Győri Z, Pfliegler WP, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pagliuca G, Gazzotti T, Pócsi I. Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2861. [PMID: 31921041 PMCID: PMC6917664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are wide-spread harmful carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, which cause serious feed and food contaminations and affect farm animals deleteriously with acute or chronic manifestations of mycotoxicoses. On farm, both pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies are applied to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contaminations in feeds. The great economic losses attributable to mycotoxin contaminations have initiated a plethora of research projects to develop new, effective technologies to prevent the highly toxic effects of these secondary metabolites on domestic animals and also to block the carry-over of these mycotoxins to humans through the food chain. Among other areas, this review summarizes the latest findings on the effects of silage production technologies and silage microbiota on aflatoxins, and it also discusses the current applications of probiotic organisms and microbial products in feeding technologies. After ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in various animals depending on their inherent and acquired physiological properties. These mycotoxins may cause primary aflatoxicoses with versatile, species-specific adverse effects, which are also dependent on the susceptibility of individual animals within a species, and will be a function of the dose and duration of aflatoxin exposures. The transfer of these undesired compounds from contaminated feed into food of animal origin and the aflatoxin residues present in foods become an additional risk to human health, leading to secondary aflatoxicoses. Considering the biological transformation of aflatoxins in livestock, this review summarizes (i) the metabolism of aflatoxins in different animal species, (ii) the deleterious effects of the mycotoxins and their derivatives on the animals, and (iii) the major risks to animal health in terms of the symptoms and consequences of acute or chronic aflatoxicoses, animal welfare and productivity. Furthermore, we traced the transformation and channeling of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins into food raw materials, particularly in the case of aflatoxin contaminated milk, which represents the major route of human exposure among animal-derived foods. The early and reliable detection of aflatoxins in feed, forage and primary commodities is an increasingly important issue and, therefore, the newly developed, easy-to-use qualitative and quantitative aflatoxin analytical methods are also summarized in the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Drouin P, Tremblay J, Chaucheyras-Durand F. Dynamic Succession of Microbiota during Ensiling of Whole Plant Corn Following Inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus hilgardii Alone or in Combination. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120595. [PMID: 31766494 PMCID: PMC6955939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as silage additives have been shown to improve several fermentation parameters, including aerobic stability. Inoculation with a combination of Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB40788 and Lactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785, contributes to an increase in aerobic stability, compared to each strain inoculated independently. To understand the mode of action of the combination on the LAB community, a fermentation-kinetic study was performed on corn. Four treatments, Control, Lb. buchneri,Lb. hilgardii, and a combination of the two strains, were fermented 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 days. Corn silage inoculated by both strains had a lactate:acetate ratio of 0.59 after 64 days and a higher concentration of lactate than Lb. buchneri. Analysis of the microbiota by 16S and ITS amplicon metasequencing demonstrated that inoculation led to lower bacterial diversity after 1 day, from 129.4 down to 40.7 observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Leuconostocaceae represented the dominant population by day 1, with 48.1%. Lactobacillaceae dominated the succession by day 4, with 21.9%. After 32 days, inoculation by both strains had the lowest bacterial alpha diversity level, with 29.0 observed OTUs, compared to 61.3 for the Control. These results confirm the increased fermentation efficiency when the two Lactobacillus strains are co-inoculated, which also led to a specific yeast OTUs diversity profile, with Hannaella as the main OTU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Drouin
- Lallemand Specialities Inc., Milwaukkee, WI 53218, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-538-2165
| | - Julien Tremblay
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada;
| | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, 31702 Blagnac CEDEX, France;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 454 Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sadiq FA, Yan B, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1403-1436. [PMID: 33336904 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination of food and animal feed, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, is not only a global food quality concern for food manufacturers, but it also poses serious health concerns because of the production of a variety of mycotoxins, some of which present considerable food safety challenges. In today's mega-scale food and feed productions, which involve a number of processing steps and the use of a variety of ingredients, fungal contamination is regarded as unavoidable, even good manufacturing practices are followed. Chemical preservatives, to some extent, are successful in retarding microbial growth and achieving considerably longer shelf-life. However, the increasing demand for clean label products requires manufacturers to find natural alternatives to replace chemically derived ingredients to guarantee the clean label. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the status generally recognized as safe (GRAS), are apprehended as an apt choice to be used as natural preservatives in food and animal feed to control fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. LAB species produce a vast spectrum of antifungal metabolites to inhibit fungal growth; and also have the capacity to adsorb, degrade, or detoxify fungal mycotoxins including ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and Fusarium toxins. The potential of many LAB species to circumvent spoilage associated with fungi has been exploited in a variety of human food and animal feed stuff. This review provides the most recent updates on the ability of LAB to serve as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents. In addition, some recent trends of the use of LAB as biopreservative agents against fungal growth and mycotoxin production are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bowen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Effects of hexanoic acid, Lactobacillus plantarum and their combination on the fermentation characteristics of Napier grass. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
27
|
Ferrero F, Prencipe S, Spadaro D, Gullino ML, Cavallarin L, Piano S, Tabacco E, Borreani G. Increase in aflatoxins due to Aspergillus section Flavi multiplication during the aerobic deterioration of corn silage treated with different bacteria inocula. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1176-1193. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
28
|
Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4034-4059. [PMID: 29685276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C Martinez-Tuppia
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - O C M Queiroz
- Chr Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - F Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
| |
Collapse
|