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Zhao C, Jiang B, Yan W, Wang X, Ding H, Xia C. Changes in adiponectin levels of subclinical ketosis cows and their effects on steroid hormone secretion and proliferation in follicular granulosa cells. Reprod Biol 2024; 24:100898. [PMID: 38889545 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In dairy cows, the occurrence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) is particularly high during early lactation. Previously, we documented alterations in the abundance of adiponectin (ADPN) in anestrus cows with SCK in comparison to cows in estrus. In the present study, 60 cows were divided into two groups: control (C, n = 30) and SCK (n = 30). Based on cow's estrus situation in two group at 55-60 days postpartum, 15 anestrus SCK cows and estrus cows were designated the SCK-A group and C-E group, respectively. The SCK-A group had downregulated serum and follicular fluid ADPN levels compared with the C-E group. The serum ADPN level was positively correlated with the insulin level and follicle growth rate, and there was a positive correlation between ADPN and glucose in the follicular fluid. Primary culture of dairy cow granulosa cells (GCs) was established to observe the effect of low glucose (Glu) and/or ADPN on GCs cyclins and proteins important for steroid synthesis. The results showed that the addition of 1 µg/mL ADPN alleviated the negative effects of low Glu treatment on the proliferation of GCs and the expression of steroid secretion related protein proteins. Treatment with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) four experimental GCs groups: control (0 µg/mL ADPN), 1 µg/mL ADPN, LY294002 inhibitor, and 1 µg/mL ADPN+LY294002. The results showed that ADPN promotes the secretion of steroid hormones by GCs through the PI3K-AKT. In summary, ADPN plays a crucial role in ameliorating postpartum anestrus in dairy cows with SCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - BenZheng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weizhe Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
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2
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Gu F, Zhu S, Tang Y, Liu X, Jia M, Malmuthuge N, Valencak TG, McFadden JW, Liu JX, Sun HZ. Gut microbiome is linked to functions of peripheral immune cells in transition cows during excessive lipolysis. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:40. [PMID: 36869370 PMCID: PMC9983187 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dairy cows experiencing excessive lipolysis are prone to severe immunosuppression. Despite the extensive understanding of the gut microbial regulation of host immunity and metabolism, its role during excessive lipolysis in cows is largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the potential links between the gut microbiome and postpartum immunosuppression in periparturient dairy cows with excessive lipolysis using single immune cell transcriptome, 16S amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and targeted metabolomics. RESULTS The use of single-cell RNA sequencing identified 26 clusters that were annotated to 10 different immune cell types. Enrichment of functions of these clusters revealed a downregulation of functions in immune cells isolated from a cow with excessive lipolysis compared to a cow with low/normal lipolysis. The results of metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolome analysis together revealed that secondary bile acid (SBA) biosynthesis was significantly activated in the cows with excessive lipolysis. Moreover, the relative abundance of gut Bacteroides sp. OF04 - 15BH, Paraprevotella clara, Paraprevotella xylaniphila, and Treponema sp. JC4 was mainly associated with SBA synthesis. The use of an integrated analysis showed that the reduction of plasma glycolithocholic acid and taurolithocholic acid could contribute to the immunosuppression of monocytes (CD14+MON) during excessive lipolysis by decreasing the expression of GPBAR1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alterations in the gut microbiota and their functions related to SBA synthesis suppressed the functions of monocytes during excessive lipolysis in transition dairy cows. Therefore, we concluded that altered microbial SBA synthesis during excessive lipolysis could lead to postpartum immunosuppression in transition cows. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Gu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Senlin Zhu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yifan Tang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Minghui Jia
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nilusha Malmuthuge
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Teresa G Valencak
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Joseph W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 507 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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3
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Duplessis M, Lapierre H, Sauerwein H, Girard CL. Combined biotin, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 supplementation given during the transition period to dairy cows: Part I. Effects on lactation performance, energy and protein metabolism, and hormones. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7079-7096. [PMID: 35840411 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biotin (B8), folates (B9), and vitamin B12 (B12) are involved and interrelated in several metabolic reactions related to energy and protein metabolism. We hypothesized that a low supply of one of the latter vitamins during the transition period would impair metabolic status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of B8 supplementation on the response of lactation performance and selected energy and protein metabolites and hormones to a combined supplementation of B9 and B12 given to periparturient dairy cows, from d -21 to 21 relative to calving. A total of 32 multiparous Holstein cows housed in tie stalls were randomly assigned, according to their previous 305-d milk yield, to 8 incomplete blocks of 4 treatments: (1) a 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of saline (0.9% NaCl; B8-/B9B12-); (2) 20 mg/d of dietary B8 (unprotected from ruminal degradation) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 0.9% NaCl (B8+/B9B12-); (3) 2.6 g/d of dietary B9 (unprotected) and 2-mL weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8-/B9B12+); and (4) 20 mg/d of dietary B8, 2.6 g/d of dietary B9, and weekly i.m. injection of 10 mg of B12 (B8+/B9B12+) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Milk yield and dry matter intake were obtained daily and milk components weekly. Blood samples were taken weekly from d -21 to calving and 3 times per week from calving to 21 d following parturition. Prepartum plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and adiponectin were unaffected by treatments. Biotin, B9, and B12 supplements increased their respective concentrations in plasma and milk. Cows fed the B8 supplement tended to have lower dry matter intake, but only cows in B8+/B9B12- had greater plasma concentrations of NEFA compared with B8-/B9B12-. Milk and total solid yields were greater by 13.5 and 13.9%, respectively, for B8-/B9B12+ [45.5 (standard error, SE: 1.8) and 5.81 (0.22) kg/d, respectively] compared with B8-/B9B12- [40.1 (1.9) and 5.10 (0.23) kg/d, respectively], but these effects were suppressed when combined with the B8 supplement. Cows in the B8-/B9B12+ group had decreased plasma insulin and tended to have increased NEFA concentrations, but postpartum plasma concentrations of glucose, BHB, leptin, and adiponectin were not affected. These cows also mobilized more body fat reserves, as suggested by a tendency to increased plasma NEFA and more milk total solids compared with B8-/B9B12- cows. However, plasma concentrations of BHB and adiponectin were similar among treatments. This suggests that the B9 and B12 supplements enhanced efficiency of energy metabolism in early lactation cows. Folic acid and B12 supplementation increased postpartum plasma Cys and homocysteine concentrations but did not affect plasma Met concentration, suggesting an upregulation of the transsulfuration pathway. In summary, our results showed that, under the current experimental conditions, increasing B8 supply did not improve responses to the B9 and B12 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duplessis
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - C L Girard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
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Pereira G, Simões P, Bexiga R, Silva E, Mateus L, Fernandes T, Alves SP, Bessa RJB, Lopes-da-Costa L. Effects of feeding rumen-protected linseed fat to postpartum dairy cows on plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations and metabolic and reproductive parameters. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:361-374. [PMID: 34635360 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-yielding dairy cows experience a negative energy balance and inflammatory status during the transition period. Fat supplementation increases diet energy density, and plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been proposed to improve immune function. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with a rumen-protected and n-3 PUFA-enriched fat could ameliorate both the energetic deficit and immune status of postpartum high-yielding dairy cows, improving overall health and reproductive efficiency. At 11 d in milk (DIM), cows were randomly allocated to groups (1) n-3 PUFA (n = 29), supplemented with encapsulated linseed oil supplying additional up to 64 g/d (mean 25 ± 4 g/d) of α-linolenic acid (ALA), or (2) control (n = 31), supplemented with hydrogenated palm oil without ALA content. Fat supplements of the n-3 PUFA and control groups were available through an automated, off-parlor feeding system, and intake depended on the cow's feeding behavior. Plasma ALA concentrations were higher in n-3 PUFA than control cows, following a linear relation with supplement ingestion, resulting in a lower n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma. Metabolic parameters (body condition score and glucose and β-hydroxybutyric acid blood concentrations) were unaffected, but milk yield improved with increased intake of fat supplements. Plasma total adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with ingestion of n-3 PUFA-enriched fat supplement, following a linear relation with intake. Conception rate to first AI increased with higher intake of both fats, but a decrease of calving-to-conception interval occurred only in n-3 PUFA cows. Postpartum ovarian activity and endometrial inflammatory status at 45 DIM were unaffected. In conclusion, this study evinced a positive linear relation between rumen-protected linseed fat intake and plasma n-3 PUFA concentrations, which modulated adiponectin expression and improved reproductive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Pereira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Simões
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Silva
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luisa Mateus
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tatiane Fernandes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana P Alves
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Lopes-da-Costa
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Ghaffari MH, Schuh K, Kuleš J, Guillemin N, Horvatić A, Mrljak V, Eckersall PD, Dusel G, Koch C, Sadri H, Sauerwein H. Plasma proteomic profiling and pathway analysis of normal and overconditioned dairy cows during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4806-4821. [PMID: 32173013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study applied a quantitative proteomics approach along with bioinformatics analyses to investigate changes in the plasma proteome of normal and overconditioned dairy cows during the transition period. Fifteen weeks before their anticipated calving date, 38 multiparous Holstein cows were selected based on their current and previous body condition scores (BCS) and allocated to either a high or a normal BCS group (19 cows each). They received different diets until dry-off to reach targeted differences in BCS and back fat thickness (BFT) until dry-off. At dry-off, normal BCS cows had a BCS <3.5 (minimum, 2.75) and BFT <1.2 cm (minimum, 0.58), and the high BCS cows had a BCS >3.75 (maximum, 4.50) and BFT >1.4 cm (maximum, 2.90). The proteomics study used a subset of 5 animals from each group. These cows were selected based on their circulating concentrations of fatty acids (FA) on d 14 postpartum and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) on d 21 postpartum, representing the greater or the lower extreme values within their BCS group, respectively. The high BCS subset (HE-HBCS) had 4.50 < BCS > 3.75, FA = 1.17 ± 0.46 mmol/L, and BHB = 2.15 ± 0.42 mmol/L (means ± SD), and the low BCS subset (LE-NBCS) had 3.50 < BCS > 2.75, FA = 0.51 ± 0.28 mmol/L, and BHB = 0.84 ± 0.17 mmol/L. Plasma samples from d -49, +7, and +21 relative to parturition were used for proteome profiling by applying the quantitative tandem mass tags (TMT) approach. Nondepleted plasma samples were subjected to reduction and digestion and then labeled with TMT 10plex reagents. High-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of TMT-labeled peptides was carried out, and the acquired spectra were analyzed for protein identification and quantification. In total, 254 quantifiable proteins (criteria: 2 unique peptides and 5% false discovery rate) were identified in the plasma samples. From these, 24 differentially abundant proteins (14 more abundant, 10 less abundant) were observed in the LE-NBCS cows compared with the HE-HBCS cows during the transition period. Plasma α-2-macroglobulins were more abundant in HE-HBCS versus LE-NBCS cows at d +7 and +21. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses of differentially abundant proteins revealed that the acute inflammatory response, regulation of complement activation, protein activation cascade, and regulation of humoral immune response were the most enriched terms in the LE-NBCS group compared with the HE-HBCS group. In addition, we identified 24 differentially abundant proteins (16 in the LE-NBCS group, and 8 in the HE-HBCS group) during the transition period. The complement components C1q and C5 were less abundant, while C3 and C3d were more abundant in LE-NBCS compared with HE-HBCS cows. Overall, overconditioning around calving was associated with alterations in protein pathways related to acute inflammatory response and regulation of complement and coagulation cascades in transition cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Schuh
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Animal Nutrition, and Hygiene Unit, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Dusel
- VetMedZg Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Hassan Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology & Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Urh C, Denißen J, Harder I, Koch C, Gerster E, Ettle T, Kraus N, Schmitz R, Kuhla B, Stamer E, Spiekers H, Sauerwein H. Circulating adiponectin concentrations during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in high-yielding dairy cows: testing the effects of farm, parity, and dietary energy level in large animal numbers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69:1-12. [PMID: 31103886 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows experience a negative energy balance due to increasing energy demands and insufficient voluntary feed intake in the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. For supplying sufficient energy toward the conceptus and the mammary gland, insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues is reduced leading to adipose tissue mobilization. Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, is presumably related to energy metabolism and could play an important role in these metabolic adaptations. We hypothesize (1) that primiparous cows would differ from pluriparous cows in their circulating adiponectin concentrations during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation and (2) that feeding different energy levels would affect the adiponectin concentrations during early lactation in dairy cows. For the first hypothesis, we examined 201 primiparous and 456 pluriparous Holstein dairy cows on three experimental farms. Ante partum, primiparous cows had lower adiponectin and greater NEFA concentrations than pluriparous cows, but vice versa post partum. Hence, adiponectin might be involved in the energy partitioning in primiparous cows (conceptus and lactation vs other still growing body tissues) with changing priorities from pregnancy to lactation. For the second hypothesis, 110 primiparous and 558 pluriparous Holstein and Simmental dairy cows in six experimental farms received either roughage with 6.1 or 6.5 MJ NEl/kg dry matter (adjusted with different amounts of wheat straw) ad libitum, combined with either 150 or 250 g concentrates/kg energy corrected milk. Greater amounts of concentrate lead to greater milk yield, but did not affect the blood variables. The higher energy level in the roughage led to greater glucose and IGF-1 but lower adiponectin in pluriparous cows. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the roughage effect and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Urh
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Denißen
- Chamber of Agriculture North Rhine-Westphalia, Center of Agriculture Haus Riswick, Elsenpaß 5, 47533, Kleve, Germany
| | - I Harder
- Christian-Albrechts-University, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Olshausenstr 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - E Gerster
- Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum Baden-Württemberg (LAZBW), Atzenberger Weg 99, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - T Ettle
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof-Dürrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - N Kraus
- Center for Agricultural Learning, Markgrafenstraße 1, 91746 Weidenbach, Germany
| | - R Schmitz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Stamer
- TiDa Tier und Daten GmbH, Bosseer Street 4c, 24259 Westensee, Brux, Germany
| | - H Spiekers
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof-Dürrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- University of Bonn, Institute for Animal Science, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Staub C, Venturi E, Cirot M, Léonard L, Barrière P, Blard T, Gaudé Y, Gascogne T, Yvon JM, Lecompte F, Ramé C, Reigner F, Dupont J. Ultrasonographic measures of body fatness and their relationship with plasma levels and adipose tissue expression of four adipokines in Welsh pony mares. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69:75-83. [PMID: 31374538 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is responsible for metabolic dysregulations that alter fertility and induce pathologies. The objectives of the present study were to validate a reliable method for the evaluation of body fatness in mares and to associate the body fat estimation data to metabolic changes, including adipokines at the plasma and adipose tissue levels. To reach this purpose, animals were subjected to two extreme breeding conditions to study the variation of morphological, ultrasound, and physiological parameters. Twenty Welsh mares were followed up monthly from April to October before and after animals were moved outdoors to grasslands. Body weight (BW), body length (BL), height at the withers (HW), thoracic perimeter (TP), 5-point body condition score (BCS), and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at the level of the shoulder, the lumbar region, and the rump, measured by ultrasonography, and plasma and adipose tissue metabolic indicators were assessed in parallel. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model, whereas Pearson tests were used for the analysis of the correlations between the different parameters. Although mean BW did not increase significantly (P = 0.0940), TP (P = 0.0002) and BCS (P < 0.0001) increased during the study period. Ultrasonographic examination of subcutaneous adipose tissue showed an increase in SFT at the level of the shoulder (P < 0.0001), lumbar region (P < 0.0001), and rump (P < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (P < 0.0001), phospholipids (P < 0.0001), and cholesterol (P < 0.0001) increased significantly, whereas triglycerides (P < 0.0001) decreased significantly during the study period. Although both plasma concentrations and adipose tissue expression of leptin (P < 0.0001) and resistin (P < 0.0001) increased significantly, adiponectin (P < 0.0001) significantly decreased and visfatin remained unchanged (P = 0.8401). Expression of adipokine receptors studied showed the opposite pattern compared with their ligand. Ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at the shoulder, lumbar region, and rump are relevant indicators of fatness related with adipokine plasma concentrations and expression of adipokine-related receptors in adipose tissue, and particularly highlight seasonal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Staub
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France.
| | - E Venturi
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - M Cirot
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - L Léonard
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - P Barrière
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - T Blard
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Y Gaudé
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - T Gascogne
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - J M Yvon
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - F Lecompte
- INRA, Plateforme CIRE, Service d'imagerie, UMR0085 PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - C Ramé
- INRA, UMR0085 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - F Reigner
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - J Dupont
- INRA, UMR0085 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly F-37380, France
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Krumm CS, Giesy SL, Caixeta LS, Perfield JW, Sauerwein H, Moore BL, Boisclair YR. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) administration to early-lactating dairy cows. I. Effects on signaling and indices of insulin action. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11586-11596. [PMID: 31548053 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern dairy cows rely on hormonally driven mechanisms to coordinate the metabolic adaptations needed to meet the energy and nutrient deficits of early lactation. In the case of glucose, dairy cows cope with its scarcity during early lactation via reduced plasma concentrations of insulin and the insulin sensitizing hormone adiponectin and increased insulin resistance. Reduced insulin action promotes diversion of available glucose to the mammary gland but increases susceptibility to diseases if excessive. In earlier work, we reported that the insulin sensitizing hormone fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is increased in periparturient dairy cows and identified liver and adipose tissue as possible targets. These observations raised the possibility that FGF21 acts directly on these tissues to limit the insulin resistance of early lactation. To test this hypothesis, dairy cows were randomly assigned on d 12.6 ± 2.2 (± standard error) of lactation to receive either excipient (n = 6) or recombinant human FGF21 (n = 7), first as an FGF21 bolus of 3 mg/kg of body weight, followed 2 d later by a constant i.v. infusion of FGF21 at the rate of 6.3 mg/kg of metabolic body weight for 9 consecutive days. Biopsies of liver and adipose tissue were collected during the bolus phase of the experiment and used to analyze FGF21 signaling by Western blotting and expression of its receptor components by quantitative PCR. Bolus FGF21 administration caused a 4-fold increase in p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) activation in adipose tissue but had no effect on AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling. The liver expressed negligible levels of the preferred FGF21 receptor FGFR1c and failed to mount any FGF21 signaling response. The FGF21 administered as a bolus had no effect on plasma glucose or insulin and did not stimulate an acute release of adiponectin from adipose tissue. Similarly, FGF21 infusion had no effect on plasma levels of glucose or insulin measured over the 9-d infusion or on glucose disposal during an i.v. glucose tolerance test performed on d 8 of infusion. Finally, the chronic FGF21 infusion had no effect on indices of adiponectin production, including plasma adiponectin and adipose tissue mRNA abundance of adiponectin and the endoplasmic reticulum chaperones ERO1A and DSBA-L involved in the assembly of adiponectin into multimeric complexes. These data show that human FGF21 does not act as an insulin sensitizer during the energy and glucose deficit of early lactation but do not rule out such a role in other physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Krumm
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S L Giesy
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - L S Caixeta
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J W Perfield
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology, and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B L Moore
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y R Boisclair
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Maeda M, Kawasumi K, Sato S, Arai T. Evaluation of blood adiponectin levels as an index for subacute ruminal acidosis in cows: a preliminary study. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:215-224. [PMID: 31485844 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate blood levels of various hormones and compounds related to energy metabolism in cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). We investigated 11 lactating cows presumed to have SARA based on duration of ruminal pH <5.6 and reticulum pH <6.3 in 2015-2016. Kraft pulp (KP) was used to supplement feed of 7 of the cows studied in an effort to reduce SARA. We continuously monitored ruminal pH and measured blood concentrations of hormones and metabolites related to energy metabolism. Blood measurements included glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), insulin, adiponectin (ADN), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, we analyzed milk data (milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, and protein fat ratio) and reproduction data. The results demonstrated that ADN levels at 4 weeks post-parturition correlated with the total amount of time that the ruminal or reticulum fluid pH was under the threshold during 1 week post-parturition, as well as the numbers of days the cows were diagnosed with SARA (SARA-positive days) up to 30 days post-parturition. SARA-positive days in 2016 were higher than those in 2015. In both years, numbers of SARA-positive days for cows supplemented with KP were lower than those for cows without KP. Increased ADN levels may be a compensatory reaction to frequent SARA which modulates the inflammatory response against high LPS levels and improves insulin resistance caused by LPS. ADN may serve as an estimative index for SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Maeda
- Mogami Veterinary Clinical Center, Yamagata Prefectural Federated Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 260 Ipponyanagi, Matsumotoaza, Shinjo, Yamagata, 996-0051, Japan
| | - Koh Kawasumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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McFadden JW, Rico JE. Invited review: Sphingolipid biology in the dairy cow: The emerging role of ceramide. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7619-7639. [PMID: 31301829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The physiological control of lactation through coordinated adaptations is of fundamental importance for mammalian neonatal life. The putative actions of reduced insulin sensitivity and responsiveness and enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis spare glucose for the mammary synthesis of milk. However, severe insulin antagonism and body fat mobilization may jeopardize hepatic health and lactation in dairy cattle. Interestingly, lipolysis- and dietary-derived fatty acids may impair insulin sensitivity in cows. The mechanisms are undefined yet have major implications for the development of postpartum fatty liver disease. In nonruminants, the sphingolipid ceramide is a potent mediator of saturated fat-induced insulin resistance that defines in part the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In ruminants including the lactating dairy cow, the functions of ceramide had remained virtually undescribed. Through a series of hypothesis-centered studies, ceramide has emerged as a potential antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues in dairy cattle. Importantly, bovine data suggest that the ability of ceramide to inhibit insulin action likely depends on the lipolysis-dependent hepatic synthesis and secretion of ceramide during early lactation. Although these mechanisms appear to fade as lactation advances beyond peak milk production, early evidence suggests that palmitic acid feeding is a means to augment ceramide supply. Herein, we review a body of work that focuses on sphingolipid biology and the role of ceramide in the dairy cow within the framework of hepatic and fatty acid metabolism, insulin function, and lactation. The potential involvement of ceramide within the endocrine control of lactation is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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PANDEY VIJAY, NIGAM RAJESH, SINGH SATYENDRAPAL, SHARMA DEEPAK, TIWARI MADHU, CHAUDHARY SOUMEN. Circulating levels of adipokines and hormones in periparturient primiparous Sahiwal cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i6.91135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The circulating levels of adipokines and other hormones were determined in periparturient Sahiwal cows. Blood samples were collected from 6 Sahiwal cows during periparturient period (–30 to +90 days) at 15 days interval. The results revealed decrease in adiponectin, leptin and progesterone levels from pregnancy to parturition which subsequently increased to prepartum levels. The resistin and estrogen levels increased from pregnancy to parturition and reduced to prepartum levels during lactation. Adiponectin levels showed positive association with average milk yield (AMY) and leptin while negative association with estrogen; resistin revealed positive association with estrogen and negative with AMY and leptin and leptin showed positive association with AMY, adiponectin and resistin and negative with estrogen. In conclusion, the study provides data on plasma levels of adipokines in primiparous periparturient cows that may be useful for clinical and experimental interpretation and significant association among adipokines, lipid profile and AMY indicating their significant role in lactogenesis.
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Comparison of performance and metabolism from late pregnancy to early lactation in dairy cows with elevated v. normal body condition at dry-off. Animal 2019; 13:1478-1488. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Krumm CS, Giesy SL, Orndorff CL, Boisclair YR. Variation in x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) expression and its dependent endoplasmic reticulum chaperones does not regulate adiponectin secretion in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5559-5570. [PMID: 29550138 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing hormone produced predominantly by adipose tissue; it circulates as oligomers of 3, 6, 18, or more units. Plasma adiponectin might be involved in the development of insulin resistance in transition dairy cows because it falls to a nadir around parturition. The possibility that this regulation occurs through a post-transcriptional mechanism was suggested in a previous study that showed unchanged adiponectin mRNA abundance combined with reduced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones implicated in assembly of adiponectin oligomers. Expression of ER chaperones is controlled by x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), suggesting a model whereby transcriptional regulation of ER chaperones during the transition period contributes to the regulation of adiponectin production. In support of this model, XBP1 expression in adipose tissue, measured either as the active spliced XBP1 mRNA or as the total of all XBP1 mRNA isoforms, was 45% lower on d 8 of lactation than 4 wk before parturition; ATF6 mRNA abundance remained unchanged over the same period. To assess the functional importance of XBP1, preadipocytes isolated from pregnant cows were differentiated into adipocytes that secrete adiponectin. Infection of differentiating cells with an adenovirus expressing the active spliced version of bovine XBP1 did not alter adiponectin mRNA but increased the expression of ER chaperones 1.5- to 5-fold. Despite the latter, XBP1 overexpression did not affect the total amount of adiponectin secreted in medium. In additional experiments, adiponectin production was dependent on exogenous lipid in the medium and was reduced during incubation with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Accordingly, we asked whether the repressive effects of these factors on adiponectin production were related to a reduction in the expression of adiponectin or determinants of ER function (XBP1, ATF6, and ER chaperones). Exogenous lipid had no effect on the expression of any of these genes, whereas TNFα repressed adiponectin mRNA abundance by 61% but had little effect on determinants of ER function. Overall, this work shows that XBP1 is a positive regulator of ER chaperone expression in adipose tissue but provides no support for XBP1 and its dependent ER chaperones in the regulation of adiponectin production in bovine adipocytes. Mechanisms accounting for reduced plasma adiponectin in transition cows remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Krumm
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S L Giesy
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C L Orndorff
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y R Boisclair
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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