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MacNeill AL. Comparative Pathology of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080892. [PMID: 36015017 PMCID: PMC9412692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a brief history of the impacts that a human-specific Orthopoxvirus (OPXV), Variola virus, had on mankind, recalls how critical vaccination was for the eradication of this disease, and discusses the consequences of discontinuing vaccination against OPXV. One of these consequences is the emergence of zoonotic OPXV diseases, including Monkeypox virus (MPXV). The focus of this manuscript is to compare pathology associated with zoonotic OPXV infection in veterinary species and in humans. Efficient recognition of poxvirus lesions and other, more subtle signs of disease in multiple species is critical to prevent further spread of poxvirus infections. Additionally included are a synopsis of the pathology observed in animal models of MPXV infection, the recent spread of MPXV among humans, and a discussion of the potential for this virus to persist in Europe and the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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2
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050511. [PMID: 33922509 PMCID: PMC8145679 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças não Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
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José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
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Kato M, Kawashima D, Ito Y, Yamamoto O, Nakajima H, Oizumi T, Shimizu K, Inoshima Y. Successful measures to prevent the spread of bovine papular stomatitis in a dairy farm. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:304-308. [PMID: 33310999 PMCID: PMC7972889 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal papules and oral ulcers were observed in calves that were group-housed at a dairy farm. The calves were diagnosed with bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) due to parapoxvirus (PPV) infection based on virologic examinations using polymerase chain reaction to detect PPV. To prevent the spread of BPS, we isolated the affected calves, made procedural changes so that the affected herd was managed after the healthy herd, disinfected the bedding with slaked lime, disinfected the stalls and fences with invert soap, and changed the animals' feed to soft grass which does not damage the oral cavity. As a result, we succeeded in control the infection quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kato
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 6931 Nishigawara, Shimauchi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Daiki Kawashima
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 6931 Nishigawara, Shimauchi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Yui Ito
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 6931 Nishigawara, Shimauchi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 6931 Nishigawara, Shimauchi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakajima
- Ina Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 5764 Nishimachi, Ina, Nagano 396-0026, Japan
| | - Takuya Oizumi
- Ina Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 5764 Nishimachi, Ina, Nagano 396-0026, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Ebling R, Martins B, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Diel DG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Late development of pustular, erosive lesions in the muzzle of calves inoculated with Pseudocowpox virus. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104122. [PMID: 32169495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pathogenesis of Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), a zoonotic parapoxvirus associated with mucocutaneous lesions in cattle. Inoculation of calves with PCPV isolate SD 76-65 intranasally (n = 6) or transdermally in the muzzle (n = 2) resulted in virus replication and shedding up to day 13 post-infection (pi). No local or systemic signs were observed in inoculated calves up to day 20pi, when the clinical monitoring was discontinued. However, from days 28-34 pi, seven (7/8) inoculated calves underwent an asynchronous clinical course characterized by development of a few (one or two) to countless papulo-pustular, erosive-fibrinous and scabby lesions in the muzzle, in some cases extending to the lips and gingiva. In some animals, the lesions coalesced, forming extensive fibrinotic/necrotic and scabby plaques covering almost entirely the muzzle. The clinical course lasted 8-15 days and spontaneously subsided after day 42pi. Infectious virus and/or viral DNA were detected in swabs collected from lesions of 5/8 animals between days 34 and 42pi. Histological examination of fragments collected from the muzzle lesions of two affected calves (day 36pi) revealed marked epidermal hyperplasia and severe orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, covered by thick scabs. The epidermis showed multifocal areas of keratinocyte coalescing necrosis and mild multifocal vacuolar degeneration. Sera of inoculated calves at 50pi showed partial virus neutralization at low dilutions, demonstrating seroconversion. The delayed and severe clinical course associated with virus persistence in lesions are novel findings and contribute for the understanding of PCPV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ebling
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - B Martins
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, UFSM, Brazil
| | - J C Jardim
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M M Flores
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - D G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R Weiblen
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Virology Section, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Proteomic analyses reveal that Orf virus induces the activation and maturation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:563-573. [PMID: 32466866 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is known for its immunostimulatory capacities and has been utilized as an efficient viral vector vaccine in non-permissive host species. Murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) are able to react with ORFV. In this study, we aimed to identify pivotal differentially expressed proteins involved in the process of DCs' differentiation in response to ORFV. Our findings showed that ORFV activates the maturation and differentiation of DCs. We further identified and validated seven differentially expressed proteins following ORFV stimulation. With functions in biological processes such as stimulus response, DCs maturation, antigen presentation and Th1 cell activation. Western blot analyses validated the respective changes in protein expression. The huge number of differentially expressed proteins identified in this study will be valuable for elucidating the mechanisms underlying ORFV-induced immunomodulation of murine BMDCs.
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