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Thénard V, Quénon J, Arsenos G, Bailo G, Baptista TR, Byrne T, De Barbieri I, Bruni G, Freire F, Theodoridis A, Vouraki S. Identifying selection strategies based on the practices and preferences of small ruminant farmers to improve the sustainability of their breeding systems. Animal 2024; 18:101208. [PMID: 38905776 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant farming is of socio-economic and environmental importance to many rural communities around the world. The SMARTER H2020 project aims to redefine genetic selection criteria to increase the sustainability of the sector. The objective of this study was to analyse the selection and breeding management practices of small ruminant producers and breeders, linked with socio-technical elements that shape them. The study is based on farm surveys using semi-structured interviews conducted in five countries (France, Spain, Italy, Greece, and Uruguay) across 272 producers and breeders of 13 sheep and goat breeds, and 15 breed × system combinations. The information was collected in four sections. The first and second sections dealt with general elements of structure and management of the system and the flock/herd. The third section focused on selection and breeding management practices: criteria for culling and replacement of females, selection criteria for males, use of estimated breeding values and global indexes, and preferences for indexing new traits to increase the sustainability of their system. The fourth section aimed to collect socio-technical information. We used a data abstraction method to standardise the representation of these data. A mixed data factor analysis followed by a hierarchical ascending classification allowed the characterisation of three profiles of selection and breeding management: (1) a profile of producers (n = 93) of small flocks/herds, with little knowledge or use of genetic selection and improvement tools (selection index, artificial insemination, performance recording); these farmers do not feel that new traits are needed to improve the sustainability of their system. (2) a profile of producers (n = 34) of multibreed flocks/herds that rely significantly on grazing; they are familiar with genetic tools, they currently use AI; they would like the indexes to include more health and robustness characteristics, to make their animals more resistant and to increase the sustainability of their system. And (3) a profile of producers or breeders (n = 145) of large flocks/herds, with specific culling criteria; these farmers are satisfied with the current indexes to maintain the sustainability of their system. These results are elements that can be used by private breeding companies and associations to support the evolution of selection objectives to increase the resilience of animals and to improve the sustainability of the small ruminant breeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thénard
- UMR 1248 AGIR, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, INP-EI Purpan, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - J Quénon
- UMR 1248 AGIR, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, INP-EI Purpan, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - G Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Bailo
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Via Kennedy, 30, 26013 Crema, Italy
| | | | - T Byrne
- AbacusBio International Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - G Bruni
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Lombardia, Via Kennedy, 30, 26013 Crema, Italy
| | - F Freire
- OVIGEN, Granja Florencia s/n, 49800 Toro - Zamora, Spain
| | - A Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Livestock Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Vouraki
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gudra D, Valdovska A, Jonkus D, Kairisa D, Galina D, Ustinova M, Viksne K, Fridmanis D, Kalnina I. Genetic characterization of the Latvian local goat breed and genetic traits associated with somatic cell count. Animal 2024; 18:101154. [PMID: 38703755 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Latvian local goat (LVK) breed represents the only native domestic goat breed in Latvia, but its limited population places it within the endangered category. However, the LVK breed has not yet undergone a comprehensive genetic characterization. Therefore, we completed whole genome sequencing to reveal the genetic foundation of the LVK breed while identifying genetic traits linked to the somatic cell count (SCC) levels. The study included 40 genomes of LVK goats sequenced to acquire at least 35x or 10x coverage. A Principal component analysis, a genetic distance tree, and an admixture analysis showed LVK's similarity to some European breeds, such as Finnish Landrace, Alpine, and Saanen, which aligns with the breed's history. An analysis of genome-wide heterozygosity, nucleotide diversity, and LD analysis indicated that the LVK population exhibits substantial levels of genetic diversity. LVK genome was dominated by short runs of homozygosity (ROHs, ≤ 500 kb) with a median length of 25 kb. With FROH 2.49%, average inbreeding levels were low; however, FROH ranged broadly from 0.13 to 12.2%. With the exception of one pure-blood breeding buck exhibiting FROH of 9.3% and FSNP of 8.5%, animals with at least 66% LVK ancestry showed moderate or no inbreeding. Overall, this study demonstrated that the LVK goats can be differentiated from imported breeds, although the population has a complex genetic structure. We were able to identify potential genetic traits associated with SCC levels, although the kinship of the animals and the heterogenic substructure of the population might have largely influenced the association analysis. We identified 26 genetic variants associated with SCC levels, which included the potentially relevant SNP rs662053371 in the OSBPL8 gene, indicating a potential signal linked to lipid metabolism in goats. To conclude, these findings present valuable insight into the genetic structure of the LVK breed for the conservation of local genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gudra
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Department, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1 K-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - A Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Helmana iela 8 K, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia; Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia.
| | - D Jonkus
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - D Kairisa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - D Galina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Helmana iela 8 K, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia; Scientific Laboratory of Biotechnology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Lielā iela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - M Ustinova
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Department, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1 K-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - K Viksne
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Department, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1 K-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - D Fridmanis
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Department, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1 K-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - I Kalnina
- Human Genetics and Disease Mechanisms Department, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rātsupītes iela 1 K-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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Salomone-Caballero M, Fresno M, Álvarez S, Torres A. Effects of Parity and Somatic Cell Count Threshold on Udder Morphology, Milkability Traits, and Milk Quality in Canarian Goats. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1262. [PMID: 38731266 PMCID: PMC11083688 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of parity and somatic cell count in milk (SCC) threshold on the udder morphology, milkability traits, and milk composition was evaluated in 41 Canarian goats in mid-lactation. The animals were divided according to parity (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), and a SCC threshold of 2000 × 103 cells/mL in milk was set to evaluate the effect of this factor on the different measured parameters. Results showed that primiparous goats had the udder smaller and less distended than multiparous goats, but no differences were detected on milk flow parameters. Furthermore, SCC and total bacterial count (TBC) tended to be higher when the parity increased. On the other hand, goats with SCC ≤ 2000 × 103 had higher cistern-floor distance (CF) and lower TBC values compared with those goats with a count above the predetermined threshold. The results suggest that a reduction in SCC can be achieved by a selection of udder morphological traits. Moreover, milk flow parameters do not seem to be a tool to determine the udder health status in Canarian goats, but long-term studies are needed to verify it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandr Torres
- Unit of Animal Production, Pasture, and Forage in Arid and Subtropical Areas, Canary Islands Institute for Agricultural Research (ICIA), 28260 Tenerife, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (M.F.); (S.Á.)
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Amiri S, Puillet L, Huau C, Fassier T, Rupp R, Friggens NC. Analysis of reproduction success, growth and milk trajectories and response to nutritional challenge in two Alpine goat lines selected on divergent longevity. Animal 2023; 17:101004. [PMID: 37944363 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether the variation in reproduction success, growth, and milk trajectories is associated with different adaptive strategies in the short term (response to an acute nutritional challenge), using two Alpine goat lines. A total of 382 Alpine goats (179 low longevity (low_LGV) and 203 high longevity (high_LGV)), selected for divergent functional longevity from a commercial population, were monitored for 4 years and recorded for BW, reproduction and milking performance. Every year, an average of fifty primiparous goats were exposed to a 2-d nutritional challenge in early lactation. A polynomial model was used to analyse the lifetime trajectory of lactation and BW. A piecewise model was used to analyse the individual milk yield and responses of milk components to the nutritional challenges. The statistical analysis revealed that the two lines had a similar performance for total milk yield in the first lactation, BW at birth and at first kidding, litter size and weight, kidding interval and interval from the first insemination to conception. BW trajectories revealed that low_LGV goats had a greater BW in pregnancy but then lost more weight in early lactation compared to high_LGV goats, which showed a greater BW after kidding. Milk trajectories showed that the high_LGV goats had a higher initial milk yield, an earlier but less marked lactation peak and more persistency in milk production in late lactation than low_LGV goats. Except for milk protein content, quite similar response and recovery profiles of milk yield and milk fat content were observed during the challenge for both lines. The response to the challenge was positively correlated to the initial level of milk production in early lactation but negatively correlated with milk production decline after the peak. This finding suggests that the low_LGV goats were more adapted to allocate resources to meet an expected physiological change such as gestation and lactation. However, high_LGV goats allocate more than low_LGV goats for structural mass and may better cope with an unexpected environmental change such as nutritional deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amiri
- UMR 0791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Puillet
- UMR 0791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C Huau
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - T Fassier
- UE P3R Bourges, domaine de Bourges, INRAE, Osmoy F-31326, France
| | - R Rupp
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France.
| | - N C Friggens
- UMR 0791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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Effects of Macleaya Cordata Extract on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibilities, Milk Composition, and Plasma Metabolites of Dairy Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040566. [PMID: 36830352 PMCID: PMC9951673 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) supplementation on performance, nutrient apparent digestibilities, plasma metabolites, and milk quality in dairy goats. Twenty-four lactating Guanzhong dairy goats (n = 24) were randomly divided into two groups (each containing 12 goats) in a 52-day trial: the CON group was fed a basal diet; the MCE group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg MCE. The results indicated that the 4% fat corrected milk yield (4% FCM); uncorrected milk yield; milk-fat concentration; content of C4:0, C18:0, and C18:1n9c fatty acids in milk; and apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the MCE group were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactoferrin (LTF), alpha-lactalbumin (α-La), and beta-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) of the milk and feed conversion rate (FCR) of the goats were significantly greater (p < 0.01) in the MCE group than in the CON group. In contrast, the somatic cell count (SCC) (p < 0.01), content of C14:0 fatty acids (p < 0.01) of milk, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations (p < 0.05) were significantly lower in the in the MCE goats. These results show that the feeding of MCE can increase the performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of fiber in dairy goats, improving the quality of goat milk.
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Physiological Aspects of Milk Somatic Cell Count in Small Ruminants—A Review. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to focus on the physiological aspects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) in small ruminants (SM). The SCC is an important component naturally present in milk and is generally used as an indicator of milk quality and udder health in milk producing ruminants. SCC contains the following cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), macrophages, lymphocytes, and many milk epithelial (MEC) cells, cell fragments, and cytoplasmic particles/vesicles. PMN (40–80%) represent the major cell type in milk in healthy uninfected goats, whereas the macrophages (45–88%) are the major cell type in sheep’s milk. However, dairy goats and sheep have an apocrine secretory system that produces cytoplasmic cellular particles/vesicles and large numbers of cell fragments, resulting in the physiological SCC limit being exceeded. It is obvious that the SCC level in milk of SM can be affected by various influencing factors, such as milk fraction, breed, stage of lactation, parity, type of birth, milking system, and others. An increase in the SCC above the physiological level not only indicates an udder or general health problem but reduces milk production, changes the milk composition, and hence affects milk processing. Moreover, the milking machine plays an important role in maintaining udder health in SM and stable SCC at physiological levels in the milk obtained. So far, there are no healthy or pathological physiological SCC levels defined in SM milk. Furthermore, a differential cell count (DCC) or even a high resolution DCC (HRDCC), which were recently developed for cattle milk, could also help in SM to gain deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and find biomarkers to assess udder health. In conclusion, SCC is an indication of udder health or exposure of the udder to infectious agents or mechanical stress and should therefore always be considered a warning sign.
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Vouraki S, Gelasakis AI, Fotiadou V, Banos G, Arsenos G. Repeatability of Health and Welfare Traits and Correlation with Performance Traits in Dairy Goats Reared under Low-Input Farming Systems. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060289. [PMID: 35737341 PMCID: PMC9231351 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to estimate the repeatability of health and welfare traits and investigate their association with performance in three breeds of dairy goats reared under low-input farming systems in Greece. A total of 1210 goats of Eghoria (n = 418), Skopelos (n = 429), and Damascus (n = 363) breeds were assessed. Udder health, parasitic resistance, welfare, milk yield and quality, and body condition score were recorded monthly for two milking periods. Udder health records included somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC). Based on combinations of SCC and TVC and thresholds set at >106 cells/mL and >2 × 104 cfu/mL, respectively, additional udder health phenotypes were defined. Parasitism included myiasis, tick infestation, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and cestode faecal egg count (FEC), and lungworm faecal larval count (FLC). Infection with each of the endoparasites was defined based on FEC/FLC. Welfare assessment parameters included the presence of ear and horn injuries, ocular and nasal discharge, body and udder abscesses, injury and lesions on the skin of different regions, diarrhoea, hernias, overgrown hooves, arthritis, lameness, and udder asymmetry. Trait repeatability and animal correlations were estimated. Significant (p < 0.05) repeatability was reported for all udder health and most welfare traits in all breeds, GIN and cestode FEC, and GIN and lungworm infection in Eghoria, and myiasis in Skopelos. Correlations of health and most of welfare traits with performance were non-significant or favourable. Overall, results demonstrate potential to improve health and welfare of the studied breeds without compromising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Vouraki
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.); or (G.B.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310999977
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasileia Fotiadou
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.); or (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Georgios Banos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.); or (G.B.); (G.A.)
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.F.); or (G.B.); (G.A.)
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Genetic Parameters of Somatic Cell Score in Florida Goats Using Single and Multiple Traits Models. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081009. [PMID: 35454255 PMCID: PMC9025430 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,031,143 records of daily dairy control test of Spanish Florida goats were used for this study. The database was edited, and only the records of the first three lactations were kept. The final database contained 340,654 daily-test somatic cell counts from 27,749 daughters of 941 males and 16,243 goats. The evolution of this count in the last 14 years was analyzed following French and American international associations’ criteria for the risk of mastitis in goats, and confirmed the slight increase in SCS in the last years and the importance of this problem (50% of dairy control tests show a risk of suffering mastitis). For the genetic analysis, the SCS records were log-transformed to normalize this variable. Two strategies were used for the genetic analysis: a univariate animal model for the SCS assuming that SCS does not vary throughout the parities, and a multi-character animal model, where SCS is not considered as the same character in the different parities. The heritabilities (h2) were higher in the multiple traits models, showings an upward trend from the first to the third parity (h2 between 0.245 to 0.365). The genetic correlations of the same trait, as well as between breeding values (GVs) between different parities, were different from unity. The breeding values (EBVs) obtained for both models were subjected to a PCA: the first eigenvector (λ1) explained most of the variations (between 74% to 90%), while the second λ2 accounted for between 9% to 20% of the variance, which shows that the selection will be proportionally favorable but not equivalent in all parities and that there are some variations in the type of response.
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Ithurbide M, Huau C, Palhière I, Fassier T, Friggens N, Rupp R. Selection on functional longevity in a commercial population of dairy goats translates into significant differences in longevity in a common farm environment. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4289-4300. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aguerre S, Astruc JM, Legarra A, Bordes L, Prevot F, Grisez C, Vial Novella C, Fidelle F, Jacquiet P, Moreno-Romieux C. Unfavorable genetic correlations between fecal egg count and milk production traits in the French blond-faced Manech dairy sheep breed. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:14. [PMID: 35172716 PMCID: PMC8848663 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic selection has proven to be a successful strategy for the sustainable control of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. However, little is known on the relationship between resistance to parasites and production traits in dairy breeds. In this study, we estimated the heritabilities and genetic correlations for resistance to parasites and milk production traits in the blond-faced Manech breed. The resistance to parasites of 951 rams from the selection scheme was measured through fecal egg counts (FEC) at 30 days post-infection under experimental conditions. Six milk production traits [milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), fat content (FC), protein content (PC) and somatic cell score (LSCS)], were used in this study and were collected on 140,127 dairy ewes in first lactation, as part of the official milk recording. These ewes were related to the 951 rams (65% of the ewes were daughters of the rams). Results Fecal egg counts at the end of the first and second infections were moderately heritable (0.19 and 0.37, respectively) and highly correlated (0.93). Heritabilities were moderate for milk yields (ranging from 0.24 to 0.29 for MY, FY and PY) and high for FC (0.35) and PC (0.48). MY was negatively correlated with FC and PC (− 0.39 and − 0.45, respectively). FEC at the end of the second infection were positively correlated with MY, FY and PY (0.28, 0.29 and 0.24, respectively with standard errors of ~ 0.10). These slightly unfavorable correlations indicate that the animals with a high production potential are genetically more susceptible to gastrointestinal parasite infections. A low negative correlation (− 0.17) was also found between FEC after the second infection and LSCS, which suggests that there is a small genetic antagonism between resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and resistance to mastitis, which is another important health trait in dairy sheep. Conclusions Our results indicate an unfavorable but low genetic relationship between resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and milk production traits in the blond-faced Manech breed. These results will help the breeders’ association make decisions about how to include resistance to parasites in the selection objective. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-022-00701-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Aguerre
- GenPhySE, UMR 1388, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Andrés Legarra
- GenPhySE, UMR 1388, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Léa Bordes
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Prevot
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Grisez
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Jacquiet
- UMR INRAE-ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, UMT Pilotage de la Santé des Ruminants, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Moreno-Romieux
- GenPhySE, UMR 1388, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Nayik GA, Jagdale YD, Gaikwad SA, Devkatte AN, Dar AH, Dezmirean DS, Bobis O, Ranjha MMAN, Ansari MJ, Hemeg HA, Alotaibi SS. Recent Insights Into Processing Approaches and Potential Health Benefits of Goat Milk and Its Products: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:789117. [PMID: 34938763 PMCID: PMC8685332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.789117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat milk is considered to be a potential source of various macro- and micro-nutrients. It contains a good proportion of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and other nutritional components which help in promoting nutritional and desirable health benefits. Goat milk is considered to be superior in terms of numerous health benefits, and lower risk of allergy, when compared to the milk of other species. Several processing techniques such as pasteurization, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and ultrasound have been employed to enhance the quality and shelf life of goat milk and its products. The diverse range of goat milk-based products such as yogurt, cheese, fermented milk, goat milk powder, and others are available in the market and are prepared by the intervention of advanced processing technologies. Goats raised in pasture-based feeding systems are shown to have a better milk nutritional composition than its counterpart. Goat milk contains potential bioactive components, which aids in the maintenance of the proper metabolism and functioning of the human body. This review gives insight into the key nutritional ingredients and bioactive constituents present in goat milk and their potential role in the development of various functional foods using different processing technologies. Goat milk could be considered as a significant option for milk consumption in infants, as compared to other milk available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Government Degree College Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yash D Jagdale
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) School of Food Technology, Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Sailee A Gaikwad
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) School of Food Technology, Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Anupama N Devkatte
- Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) School of Food Technology, Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Aamir Hussain Dar
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science & Technology, Awantipora, India
| | - Daniel Severus Dezmirean
- Department of Technological Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Otilia Bobis
- Department of Technological Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Association of Breed of Sheep or Goats with Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts of Bulk-Tank Milk. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to describe potential associations of somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in bulk-tank milk from sheep and goat farms with breeds of these animals in Greece. In total, 325 dairy sheep flocks and 119 dairy goat herds were visited for the collection of milk; the breed of animals in farms was evaluated for a potential association with SCC or TBC. The most frequently seen sheep breeds were the Lacaune (95 flocks) and the Chios (44 flocks). The most frequently seen goat breeds were the indigenous Greek (Capra prisca) (50 herds) and the Murciano-Granadina (13 herds). In a multivariable analysis, the breed and the application of machine-milking in sheep flocks, and the breed and the management system in goat herds emerged as significant factors for increased SCC (>0.75 × 106 cells mL−1) in bulk-tank milk. Further, the month of lactation at sampling in sheep flocks emerged a significant factor for increased TBC (>1500 × 103 cfu mL−1) in bulk-tank milk.
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13
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Gazzola A, Minozzi G, Biffani S, Mattiello S, Bailo G, Piccinini R. Effect of Weeping Teats on Intramammary Infection and Somatic Cell Score in Dairy Goats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:622063. [PMID: 34350222 PMCID: PMC8326401 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.622063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease affecting dairy goats and causing economic losses. Although it is accepted that increased somatic cell count (SCC) is mainly a response to infection, its reliability for subclinical mastitis detection in goats is controversial. Indeed, many physiological and extrinsic variables can increase SCC, including breed, parity, age, stage of lactation, seasonal variations, and milking methods. In some animals, milk-secreting tissue is present in the wall of the teat and, in some instances, milk can filter through pores in the skin to the udder surface. This condition is known as "weeping teat" (WT). In these animals, mammary tissue might be prone to develop bacterial infections, although limited information is provided. Weeping teat seems to have a genetic background and is reported to be especially found in goat breeds selected for high milk production. Moreover, it is observed a genetic correlation between WT and decreased milk yield as well as increased somatic cell scores (SCS). Since information on this topic is very limited, this study aimed at investigating any possible relationship between WT, high SCC, and the presence of bacteria in goat milk. Alpine goat farms in Northern Italy were selected based on the presence of WT. Each herd was divided into two age-matched groups, identified as case (WT+) and control (WT-). Half-udder milk samples were collected aseptically at three timepoints; bacteriological analysis was performed, and SCC were determined and transformed in SCS. There was a positive association between SCS and the presence of bacteria in milk (P = 0.037) overall, whereas WT udder defect was associated with positive bacterial culture in just one herd (P = 0.053). Thus, this herd was further investigated, repeating the sampling and the analysis on the following year. The positive association between high SCS and the presence of bacteria in milk was then confirmed (P = 0.007), whereas no association with WT condition was found. These results indicate that WT defect is usually unrelated to both the outcome of milk bacterial culture and SCS. As a side outcome, we could confirm the role of bacterial infection in increasing SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Mattiello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bailo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Podhorecká K, Borková M, Šulc M, Seydlová R, Dragounová H, Švejcarová M, Peroutková J, Elich O. Somatic Cell Count in Goat Milk: An Indirect Quality Indicator. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051046. [PMID: 34064642 PMCID: PMC8150430 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A high somatic cell count (SCC) impacts dairy quality to a large extent. The goal of this work was to investigate differences in goat milk composition and technological parameters according to SCC cut-off (600, 700, 800, and 1000.103/mL). Thirty-four individual milk samples of White Shorthair goats in a similar stage of lactation were investigated. The first differences in milk quality appeared already at SCC cut-off of 600.103/mL (5.58 LSCS-linear somatic cell score), yet the most striking differences were found for SCC over 1000.103/mL (6.32 LSCS), which was expressed by lowering heat stability (126 vs. 217 s, p = 0.034), increasing protein (3.41 vs. 3.04%, p = 0.009), casein (2.80 vs. 2.44%, p = 0.034) and chloride (164 vs. 147 mg/100 mL, p = 0.004) levels, as well as non-fat dry matter (8.79 vs. 8.45%, p = 0.045). It has been shown that low levels of Staphylococcus spp. bacteria (120-1600 CFU/mL) in the mammary gland correlated with decreased lactose content (4.60 vs. 4.47 g/100 g, p = 0.022). Since our results indicate that even low SCC values may significantly affect the technological properties of goat milk, SCC should therefore be routinely screened and reported to dairy manufacturers to assure the consumer of high end-product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Podhorecká
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Markéta Borková
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Miloslav Šulc
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiova 1285, 10200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Růžena Seydlová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Hedvika Dragounová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Martina Švejcarová
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Jitka Peroutková
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Ondřej Elich
- Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.B.); (R.S.); (H.D.); (M.Š.); (J.P.); (O.E.)
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15
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Capoferri R, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Pisoni G, Roccabianca P, Riva F, Filipe J, Del Corvo M, Stella A, Williams JL, Rupp R, Moroni P. Comparison of the response of mammary gland tissue from two divergent lines of goat with high and low milk somatic cell scores to an experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110208. [PMID: 33640660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis represents one of the major economic and health threats to the livestock sector associated with reduction in milk quality, loss of production and is a major reason for culling. Somatic cell score (SCS) is used as a criterion in breeding programmes to select cows genetically less susceptible to mastitis. The relevance of SCS as a predictor of udder health and susceptibility to mastitis is still untested in goats. In this study, two lines of French Alpine goats selected for extreme breeding values for somatic cell scores, one line with high SCS (HSCS) and the other with low SCS (LSCS), were used to test the hypothesis that the mammary response and function differed between the lines. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in the early immune response in caprine mammary gland tissues challenged with Staphylococcus aureus, one of the main pathogens responsible for the intra-mammary infection in small ruminants, using transcriptomic and histopathology analyses. The comparison between HSCS and LSCS goat lines, showed differences in the response at the histological level for inflammation, presence of neutrophils and micro-abscess formation, and at the molecular level in the expression of CXCL8, IL-6, NFKBIZ and IL-1β. CXCL8 and CXCL2 genes, which showed a higher level of expression in the experimentally infected HSCS line. The molecular data and histopathology both suggested that following S. aureus infection, mobilization, recruitment, infiltration, and chemotaxis of neutrophil, leads to a more severe inflammation in the HSCS compared to LSCS animals. Our results represent an initial basis for further studies to unravel the genetic basis of early mastitis inflammatory responses and the selection of dairy animals more resistant to bacterial mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Capoferri
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano "L. Spallanzani" Località La Quercia 26027 Rivolta d'Adda, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Pisoni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marcello Del Corvo
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L Williams
- The Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Rachel Rupp
- INRA, UR631, Station d'Amèlioration Gènètique des Animaux, Castanet-Tolosan F-31326, France
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Heath Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Ithaca, NY, USA
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16
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Gonzalo C, Juárez M, García-Jimeno M, De La Fuente L. Bulk tank somatic cell count and total bacterial count are affected by target practices and milking machine features in dairy sheep flocks in Castilla y León region, Spain. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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