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Li N, Han J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Xu X, He B, Liu M, Wang J, Wang Q. A rumen-derived bifunctional glucanase/mannanase uncanonically releases oligosaccharides with a high degree of polymerization preferentially from branched substrates. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121828. [PMID: 38368107 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are known to depolymerize polysaccharides into oligo-/mono-saccharides, they are extensively used as additives for both animals feed and our food. Here we reported the characterization of IDSGH5-14(CD), a weakly-acidic mesophilic bifunctional mannanase/glucanase of GH5, originally isolated from sheep rumen microbes. Biochemical characterization studies revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) exhibited preferential hydrolysis of mannan-like and glucan-like substrates. Interestingly, the enzyme exhibited significantly robust catalytic activity towards branched-substrates compared to linear polysaccharides (P < 0.05). Substrate hydrolysis pattern indicated that IDSGH5-14(CD) predominantly liberated oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-7 as the end products, dramatically distinct from canonical endo-acting enzymes. Comparative modeling revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) was mainly comprised of a (β/α)8-barrel-like structure with a spacious catalytic cleft on surface, facilitating the enzyme to target high-DP or branched oligosaccharides. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further suggested that the branched-ligand, 64-α-D-galactosyl-mannohexose, was steadily accommodated within the catalytic pocket via a two-sided clamp formed by the aromatic residues. This study first reports a bifunctional GH5 enzyme that predominantly generates high-DP oligosaccharides, preferentially from branched-substrates. This provides novel insights into the catalytic mechanism and molecular underpinnings of polysaccharide depolymerization, with potential implications for feed additive development and high-DP oligosaccharides preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yebo Zhou
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Huien Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Mhlongo LC, Kenyon P, Nsahlai IV. Effect of dietary inclusions of different types of Acacia mearnsii on milk performance and nutrient intake of dairy cows. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100299. [PMID: 37333507 PMCID: PMC10276135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of including different types of Acacia mearnsii (tannin extract and forage) on nutrient intake and milk performance in dairy cattle. Holstein-Friesian x Jersey dairy cows (n per Experiment = 24) that had 200 days in milk were selected for this study in a completely randomized study design. This study was conducted under on-farm conditions at Springfontein dairy farm, a farm that lacked a functional bodyweight scale to measure the cow bodyweight and a computer system to register cow parity. Cows were assigned Acacia mearnsii tannin extract (ATE) pellets which were added with 0 (0ATE), 0.75 (0.75ATE), 1.5 (1.5ATE) or 3 (3ATE) % ATE in pellets while 0ATE was a commercial protein concentrate (Experiment 1). Cows were assigned Acacia mearnsii forage (AMF) at a rate of 0 (0AMF), 5 (5AMF), 15 (15AMF) or 25 (25AMF) % AMF inclusion in corn silage-based diet (Experiment 2). For both Experiments, treatments had six cows each, in which they were adapted (14 d) to diets before data collection (21 d). All AMF inclusions decreased (P<0.0001) dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein intake (CPI), neutral detergent fibre intake (NDFI), acid detergent fibre intake (ADFI) and organic matter intake (OMI) at 25AMF. Linear (P<0.0001) and quadratic (P<0.001) effects were observed on DMI, CPI, NDFI, ADFI and OMI. Inclusions of AMF in corn silage diets affected milk yield, protein yield, lactose yield and milk protein percentage (P<0.001). Linear effect was present in milk yield per DMI (P<0.0001). In conclusion, the dairy cow diet supplemented with ATE pellets did not have a beneficial effect on the nutrient intakes and milk yield. However, the AMF supplemented in corn silage of the dairy cow diet, increased milk production due to positive effects on nutrient intake, which was favourably influenced from a nutritional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle C. Mhlongo
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Piers Kenyon
- Ntlangwini Makhoba Farming (PTY) LTD, Makhoba Land, Swartberg, KwaZulu-Natal, 4170, South Africa
| | - Ignatius V. Nsahlai
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Golder HM, LeBlanc SJ, Duffield T, Rossow HA, Bogdanich R, Hernandez L, Block E, Rehberger J, Smith AH, Thomson J, Lean IJ. Characterizing ruminal acidosis risk: A multiherd, multicountry study. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3155-3175. [PMID: 36894423 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
A multicenter observational study was conducted on early lactation Holstein cows (n = 261) from 32 herds from 3 regions (Australia, AU; California, CA; and Canada, CAN) to characterize their risk of acidosis into 3 groups (high, medium, or low) using a discriminant analysis model previously developed. Diets ranged from pasture supplemented with concentrates to total mixed ration (nonfiber carbohydrates = 17 to 47 and neutral detergent fiber = 27 to 58% of dry matter). Rumen fluid samples were collected <3 h after feeding and analyzed for pH, and ammonia, d- and l-lactate, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Eigenvectors were produced using cluster and discriminant analysis from a combination of rumen pH, and ammonia, d-lactate, and individual VFA concentrations and were used to calculate the probability of the risk of ruminal acidosis based on proximity to the centroid of 3 clusters. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data were analyzed to characterize bacteria. Individual cow milk volume, fat, protein, and somatic cell count values were obtained from the closest herd test to the rumen sampling date (median = 1 d before rumen sampling). Mixed model analyses were performed on the markers of rumen fermentation, production characteristics, and the probability of acidosis. A total of 26.1% of the cows were classified as high risk for acidosis, 26.8% as medium risk, and 47.1% as low risk. Acidosis risk differed among regions with AU (37.2%) and CA (39.2%) having similar prevalence of high-risk cows and CAN only 5.2%. The high-risk group had rumen phyla, fermentation, and production characteristics consistent with a model of acidosis that reflected a rapid rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Namely, acetate to propionate ratio (1.98 ± 0.11), concentrations of valerate (2.93 ± 0.14 mM), milk fat to protein ratio (1.11 ± 0.047), and a positive association with abundance of phylum Firmicutes. The medium-risk group contains cows that may be inappetant or that had not eaten recently or were in recovery from acidosis. The low-risk group may represent cattle that are well fed with a stable rumen and a slower rumen fermentation of carbohydrates. The high risk for acidosis group had lower diversity of bacteria than the other groups, whereas CAN had a greater diversity than AU and CA. Rumen fermentation profile, abundance of ruminal bacterial phyla, and production characteristics of early lactation dairy cattle from 3 regions were successfully categorized in 3 different acidosis risk states, with characteristics differing between acidosis risk groups. The prevalence of acidosis risk also differed between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - H A Rossow
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - R Bogdanich
- Cross Street Veterinary Clinic, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - E Block
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - J Rehberger
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - A H Smith
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - J Thomson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570; Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, 2570.
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Lean I, LeBlanc S, Sheedy D, Duffield T, Santos J, Golder H. Associations of parity with health disorders and blood metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:500-518. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sizova E, Yausheva E, Marshinskaia O, Kazakova T, Khlopko Y, Lebedev S. Elemental composition of the hair and milk of black-spotted cows and its relationship with intestinal microbiome reorganization. Vet World 2022; 15:2565-2574. [PMID: 36590114 PMCID: PMC9798049 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2565-2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The cattle breeding system is facing severe problems associated with the increased negative impact of various human activity areas on the environment and the bodies of farm animals. The use of heavy metals in different production areas leads to their accumulation in the environment due to the ingestion of animals and humans through animal products. This study aimed to assess the elemental composition of the hair and milk of black-spotted cows and to identify the relationship between the content of toxic and essential elements and the state of the intestinal microbiome. Materials and Methods The element status was estimated by studying the chemical composition of the biosubstrates using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. Based on the analysis of hair, the elemental composition, and the use of the coefficient of toxic load, two groups of animals were formed: Group I, which included cows with a lower load factor, and Group II, which included cows with a higher load factor. Results An increase in the heavy metal concentrations in the hair and milk of animals in Group II was observed. The As, Fe, Pb, Al, Co, Ni, and V concentrations in the hair of cows from Group II increased relative to Group I by 19%, 29%, 24.5%, 32.3%, 35.6%, 21.5%, and 18.2%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the level of Fe by 11.5%, Cr by 8.25%, Mn by 17.6%, Pb by 46.1%, and Cd by 25% in Group II compared with Group I in the assessment of elemental milk composition. There were no apparent changes in the intestinal microbiome of Group II. Conclusion Some heavy metals were accumulated in the bodies and milk of animals. This shows a high probability of heavy metals causing harm to the health of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sizova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
| | - Elena Yausheva
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
| | - Olga Marshinskaia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia,Corresponding author: Tatiana Kazakova, e-mail: Co-authors: ES: , EY: , OM: , YK: , SL:
| | - Yuriy Khlopko
- Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
| | - Svyatoslav Lebedev
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000 Orenburg, Russia
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Lean I, Golder H, LeBlanc S, Duffield T, Santos J. Increased parity is negatively associated with survival and reproduction in different production systems. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:476-499. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu ZK, Li Y, Zhao CC, Liu ZJ, Wang LM, Li XY, Pellikaan WF, Yao JH, Cao YC. Effects of a combination of fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes on ruminal enzyme activities, bacterial diversity, blood profile and milk production in dairy cows. Animal 2022; 16:100595. [PMID: 35907385 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that adding a combination of fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes to the diet of early-lactation dairy cows would improve rumen enzyme activity and bacterial diversity, promote energy metabolism, and benefit milk production in cows. Twenty multiparous early-lactation (90 ± 5 d) Holstein cows with similar body conditions were randomly allocated to control (CON, n = 10) and experimental (EXP, n = 10) groups in a completely randomised single-factor design. The CON was fed only a basal total mixed ration diet, and the diet of the EXP was supplemented with a combination of fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes at 70 g/cow/d (cellulase 3 500 CU/g, xylanase 2 000 XU/g, β-glucanase 17 500 GU/g, and amylase 37 000 AU/g). The experiment lasted 28 days, with 21 days for adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Enzyme addition increased the activity levels of α-amylase and xylanase, and the ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.05) tended to increase the activity of β-glucanase (P = 0.08) in rumen fluid. However, there was no significant difference in the rumen bacterial richness and diversity, phylum (richness > 0.1%) or genus (richness > 1%) composition between the CON and EXP groups (P > 0.05). A tendency of difference was found between CON and EXP (R = 0.22, P = 0.098) in principal component analysis. Ten genera showed different abundances across the CON and EXP groups (linear discriminant analysis effect size, linear discriminant analysis > 2). EXP increased the ratio of albumin to globulin and the concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05) and tended to increase triglycerides (P = 0.09) in blood. Milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield and energy-corrected milk yield increased with enzyme supplementation (P < 0.05). The production levels of milk fat and lactose increased, but the percentage of solids, not fat and protein, decreased in EXP (P < 0.05). Although the DM intake was not affected, the feed efficiency tended to increase (P = 0.07) in EXP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with a mixture of fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes on multiparous early-lactation dairy cows increased α-amylase and xylanase activity levels in rumen fluid, enhanced milk performance and tended to improve the feed efficiency in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Y Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - C C Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Z J Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - L M Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - X Y Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - W F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J H Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Y C Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Martins LF, Oh J, Harper M, Melgar A, Räisänen SE, Chen X, Nedelkov K, Karnezos TP, Hristov AN. Effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation extracted from a mixed culture of Aspergillus spp. on lactational performance, metabolism, and digestibility in primiparous and multiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7344-7353. [PMID: 35879158 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation from Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger on lactational performance of dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein cows (32 primiparous and 16 multiparous) averaging (± SD) 36.3 ± 8.7 kg/d milk yield and 141 ± 52 d in milk were enrolled in a 10-wk randomized complete block design experiment (total of 24 blocks) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: basal diet, no enzyme supplementation (CON) or the basal diet supplemented with 4.2 g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) of an exogenous enzyme preparation containing amylolytic and fibrolytic activities (ENZ). After a 2-wk covariate period, premixes with the enzyme preparation or control were top-dressed daily by mixing with approximately 500 g of total mixed ration. Production data were collected daily and averaged by week. Milk samples were collected every other week, and milk composition was averaged by week. Blood, fecal, and urine samples were collected over 2 consecutive days at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 36 h after feeding during the last week of the experiment. Compared with CON, cows fed ENZ tended to increase DMI and had increased milk concentrations of true protein, lactose, and other solids. Milk fat content tended to be higher in CON cows. A treatment × parity interaction was found for some of the production variables. Primiparous cows receiving ENZ had greater yields of milk, energy-corrected milk, milk true protein, and lactose compared with CON primiparous cows; these production variables did not differ between treatments for multiparous cows. Intake and total-tract digestibility of nutrients did not differ between treatments. Concentrations of blood glucose and total fatty acids were not affected by ENZ supplementation, but β-hydroxybutyrate concentration tended to be greater in ENZ cows. Overall, the exogenous enzyme preparation used in this study increased milk protein and lactose concentrations in all cows, and milk production in primiparous but not multiparous cows. The differential production response between primiparous and multiparous cows was likely a result of a greater increase in DMI with ENZ supplementation in the younger animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Martins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Cargill Animal Nutrition, Seongnam, South Korea 13630.
| | - M Harper
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; CSA Animal Nutrition, Mill Creek, PA 17060
| | - A Melgar
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Agricultural Innovation Institute of Panama (IDIAP), City of Knowledge, Panama 07144
| | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014, Finland
| | - X Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Livestock Production Science Branch, Agri-Food Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, Co. Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - K Nedelkov
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria 6000
| | | | - A N Hristov
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Strong PJ, Self R, Allikian K, Szewczyk E, Speight R, O'Hara I, Harrison MD. Filamentous fungi for future functional food and feed. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102729. [PMID: 35525176 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we offer our opinion of current and expected trends regarding the use of mushrooms and mycelia in food and feed. Mushrooms have provided food for millennia and production methods and species diversity have recently expanded. Beyond mushrooms, cultured fungal mycelia are now harvested as a primary product for food. Mushrooms and mycelia provide dietary protein, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins, fibre, and flavour, and can improve the organoleptic properties of processed foods (including meat analogues). Further, they are often key ingredients in nutritional or therapeutic supplements because of diverse specialised metabolites. Mycelia can also improve feed conversion efficiency, gut health, and wellbeing in livestock. New molecular tools, coupled with quality genetic data, are improving production technologies, enabling the synthesis of specialised metabolites, and creating new processing and valorisation opportunities. Production systems for submerged culture are capital intensive, but investment is required considering the scale of the protein market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James Strong
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Rachel Self
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kathrine Allikian
- Nourish Ingredients, Unit 2, 6 Pelle Street, Mitchell, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia
| | - Edyta Szewczyk
- Bolt Threads, 5858 Horton St, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Robert Speight
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Ian O'Hara
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Mark D Harrison
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.
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11
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Lean IJ, Moate PJ. Cattle, climate and complexity: food security, quality and sustainability of the Australian cattle industries. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:293-308. [PMID: 33973228 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marked increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations are largely associated with the release of sequestered carbon in fossil fuels. While emissions of green-house gasses (GHG) from cattle have significant global warming potential, these are biogenic sources and substantially involve carbon in natural cycles, rather than fossil fuel. Cattle use human inedible feeds and by-products of human food production to produce nutrient-dense foods of great value to humans. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE GHG PRODUCTION Reductions in land clearing and burning of grasslands and increased carbon sequestration in soils and trees have potential to substantially reduce GHG emissions. Increased efficiencies of production through intensified feeding and enteric modification have markedly reduced intensity of GHG emissions for cattle in Australia. Genetic selection for lower emissions has modest, but cumulative potential to reduce GHG (mostly CH4 ) emissions and intensity. Improved reproductive performance can reduce intensity of GHG emissions, especially in beef production. Feeds and technologies that reduce GHG production and intensity include improved pastures, grain feeding, dietary lipids, nitrates, ionophores, seaweed, 3-NOP, hormonal growth promotants in beef, and improved diets for peri-parturient dairy cattle. There is considerable potential to further reduce emissions from cattle using the technologies reviewed. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS Cattle are susceptible to heat stress and ameliorating interventions include tree and shelter belts, shade, housing, cooling with fans and water and dietary manipulations. CONCLUSIONS Numerous interventions can reduce GHG emissions and intensity from cattle. There are opportunities to increase carbon capture and maintain biodiversity in Australia's extensive rangelands, but these require quantification and application. We can reduce the intensity of CH4 emissions for cattle in Australia and simultaneously improve their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Lean
- Scibus and University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - P J Moate
- Agriculture Victoria, Ellinbank, Victoria, 3821, Australia
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12
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Golder HM, McGrath J, Lean IJ. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 during prepartum transition and lactation on production, reproduction, and health of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5345-5374. [PMID: 33663856 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] during lactation and prepartum in conjunction with negative dietary cation-anion difference diets would improve milk production, increase the probability of pregnancy, and reduce the incidence of postcalving diseases. Cows from 4 dairies with prepartum transition diets negative in dietary cation-anion difference were used in 2 randomized cohort experiments. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), cows were assigned to control [CON; n = 645; no 25-(OH)D3] or treatment [TRT; n = 537; 2 mg/d of 25-(OH)D3 from ∼21 d prepartum to parturition and 1 mg/d in lactation] groups at ∼21 d prepartum. Cows were monitored for weekly milk yield, milk composition every 60 d, and health and reproductive measures. In Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), cows (n = 2,064; median 147 d in milk) were assigned to 4 groups and monitored for the same measures as in Exp. 1 to the end of that lactation (L1), the subsequent transition (∼21 d prepartum to parturition), and the next lactation (L2). Groups were as follows, with the amount of 25-(OH)D3 fed (mg/d) indicated in parentheses for L1, transition, and L2, respectively: (A) control-control (CON-CON; 0-0-0), (B) treatment-treatment (TRT-TRT; 1-2-1), (C) control-treatment (CON-TRT; 0-2-1), and (D) treatment-control (TRT-CON; 1-0-0). For L1, a total of 1,032 cows entered the control groups A or C and a total of 1,032 cows in groups B or D. The number of cows in groups A to D that entered L2 was 521, 523, 273, and 248, respectively. Blood calcium, phosphorus, and 25-(OH)D3 concentrations were measured from 17 cows/group at 5 times. In Exp. 1, TRT cows had 0.2 lower log somatic cell count than CON cows (4.21 ± 0.045 vs. 4.01 ± 0.050, respectively) and multiparous TRT cows had 41 ± 23% higher probability of pregnancy/day than multiparous CON cows, resulting in a 22-d median decrease in time to pregnancy. Primiparous TRT cows had 1.67 ± 0.40 times greater odds of mastitis/day than primiparous CON cows. In Exp. 2 TRT-TRT cows had between 16 and 29% lower probability to be bred/day than other groups. Multiparous CON-CON and TRT-CON cows had 20 ± 8% and 30 ± 17% greater probability of pregnancy, respectively, than multiparous TRT-TRT cows. Serum calcium concentrations were not affected by group, but phosphorus and 25-(OH)D3 concentrations were highest in the TRT-TRT cows. The study provides further insights into the use of 25(OH)D3 in transition and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J McGrath
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - I J Lean
- Scibus, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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