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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Transglutaminase in Foods and Biotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12402. [PMID: 37569776 PMCID: PMC10419021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the γ-carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Sabit H, Kassab A, Alaa D, Mohamed S, Abdel-Ghany S, Mansy M, Said OA, Khalifa MA, Hafiz H, Abushady AM. The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Patients. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4080-4099. [PMID: 37232729 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of several psychiatric diseases may entail disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and metabolic pathways. Variations in how these effects present themselves may be connected to individual variances in clinical symptoms and treatment responses, such as the observation that a significant fraction of participants do not respond to current antipsychotic drugs. A bidirectional signaling pathway between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract is known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The large and small intestines contain more than 100 trillion microbial cells, contributing to the intestinal ecosystem's incredible complexity. Interactions between the microbiota and intestinal epithelium can alter brain physiology and affect mood and behavior. There has recently been a focus on how these relationships impact mental health. According to evidence, intestinal microbiota may play a role in neurological and mental illnesses. Intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, such as short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that might stimulate the host's immune system, are mentioned in this review. We aim to shed some on the growing role of gut microbiota in inducing/manipulating several psychiatric disorders, which may pave the way for novel microbiota-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Sabit
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Areej Kassab
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Donia Alaa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Shaza Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mansy
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Said
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Mona A Khalifa
- Faculty of Art and Science, Samtah, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Halah Hafiz
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Factually of Applied Medical Science, Umm Alqura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M Abushady
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza 41516, Egypt
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Benedé S, Martínez-Blanco M, López-Fandiño R, Molina E. IgE-Binding and Immunostimulating Properties of Enzymatic Crosslinked Milk Proteins as Influenced by Food Matrix and Digestibility. Nutrients 2022; 14:4584. [PMID: 36364845 PMCID: PMC9659148 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy foods are essential in the diet, although in some susceptible individuals they may cause allergy to cow's milk proteins. Therefore, alternative methods are sought to reduce their allergenicity. Transglutaminase (TG) is widely used in dairy products mainly to improve texture. Although it has been claimed that TG can be used to modify the digestibility and allergenicity of foods, its impact within a real matrix has been rarely studied. The aim of this work was to assess the allergenic potential of crosslinked skim milk (SM), milk casein fraction (CN), and whey protein (WP). To this purpose, inhibition ELISA with sera from milk allergic patients, in vitro activation tests of mouse mast cells and splenocytes, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion assays were performed. The results showed that cross-linking increased the binding of IgE to WP, but decreased IgE-binding to SM and CN. However, no differences were observed in the ability of cross-linked proteins to induce mast cell degranulation compared to native proteins. The cross-linking of SM and CN reduced Th2 cytokine release from the splenocytes of sensitized mice. All TG-treated samples exhibited more resistance to in vitro digestion than the untreated proteins and the human IgE binding capacity after digestion was higher. In conclusion, TG treatment of milk proteins does not reduce the risk of eliciting allergic symptoms in cow's milk allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Luo X, Lu J, Wu Y, Duan W, An F, Huang Q, Chen L, Wei S. Reducing the potential allergenicity of amandin through binding to (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100482. [PMID: 36304206 PMCID: PMC9594120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amandin (AMP) binding to EGCG changed protein structure. AMP bound to EGCG primarily through glutamate and cysteine residues. Alkaline and free radical methods dented AMP allergenic, but the principles differed.
Potential allergenicity of amandin was reduced by binding amandin with (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) via alkaline, free radical, ultrasound-assisted alkaline, and ultrasound-assisted free radical methods. These results of total phenol content, free sulfhydryl group, free amino group, surface hydrophobicity, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that amandin might be covalently bound to EGCG through reactive groups such as sulfhydryl and amino groups, or non-covalently through hydrophobic interactions. Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed structural changes of amandin-EGCG conjugate, which also caused significant reduction in potential allergenicity of amandin. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) found that amandin bound to EGCG mainly through cysteine and glutamate residues, and linear epitope for amandin was reduced. This provided a new method and theoretical basis of hypoallergenic almond food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jiankang Lu
- Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Special Agricultural Products Further Processing in Southern Xinjiang, Xinjiang Province, 843300, China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wenshan Duan
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Fengping An
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qun Huang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China,Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China,Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China,Corresponding authors at: Guizhou Medical University, Gui 'an New District, Guizhou Province 550025, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China,Corresponding authors at: Guizhou Medical University, Gui 'an New District, Guizhou Province 550025, China.
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China,Corresponding authors at: Guizhou Medical University, Gui 'an New District, Guizhou Province 550025, China.
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Ogrodowczyk AM, Dimitrov I, Wróblewska B. Two Faces of Milk Proteins Peptides with Both Allergenic and Multidimensional Health Beneficial Impact- Integrated In Vitro/ In Silico Approach. Foods 2021; 10:163. [PMID: 33466712 PMCID: PMC7828788 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main food-origin antigens that the infant's body is in contact with are cow's milk proteins (CMP). Still, CMP are one of the main sources of beneficial biologically active peptides that play a role in treatment of non-communicable diseases. Safe methods to quickly predict the sensitizing potential of food proteins among their range of health-promoting properties are essential. The aim of study was to adapt an integrated approach combining several in silico (IS) studies and in vitro (IV) assays to screen the multifunctionality of CMP-derived peptides. Major histocompatability complex type II MHC II-binders, interleukin-4 and -10 inducers, interferon γ -inducers and immunobioactivity tools were used to predict the peptide-power of inducing allergies or tolerance. A comparison of the peptide profiless revealed the presence of one identical and one overlapping sequence in IS and IV hydrolysate. By IS analysis, four of 24 peptides were found to have high affinity and stimulate IL-4 expression, and by IV, one of seven peptides had this potential (Bos d9 peptide DIPNPIGSENSEK (195-208)). Three IV peptides may induce IL-10 expression. The IV/IS assessment seems promising agents for peptides' potential determination dedicated only to preliminary screening of peptides. The IV verification is still crucial in further steps of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ogrodowczyk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
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