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Tang Y, Zhang J, Li W, Liu X, Chen S, Mi S, Yang J, Teng J, Fang L, Yu Y. Identification and characterization of whole blood gene expression and splicing quantitative trait loci during early to mid-lactation of dairy cattle. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:445. [PMID: 38711039 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of regulatory variants (e.g., gene expression quantitative trait loci, eQTL; gene splicing QTL, sQTL) is crucial for biologically interpreting molecular mechanisms underlying loci associated with complex traits. However, regulatory variants in dairy cattle, particularly in specific biological contexts (e.g., distinct lactation stages), remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored regulatory variants in whole blood samples collected during early to mid-lactation (22-150 days after calving) of 101 Holstein cows and analyzed them to decipher the regulatory mechanisms underlying complex traits in dairy cattle. RESULTS We identified 14,303 genes and 227,705 intron clusters expressed in the white blood cells of 101 cattle. The average heritability of gene expression and intron excision ratio explained by cis-SNPs is 0.28 ± 0.13 and 0.25 ± 0.13, respectively. We identified 23,485 SNP-gene expression pairs and 18,166 SNP-intron cluster pairs in dairy cattle during early to mid-lactation. Compared with the 2,380,457 cis-eQTLs reported to be present in blood in the Cattle Genotype-Tissue Expression atlas (CattleGTEx), only 6,114 cis-eQTLs (P < 0.05) were detected in the present study. By conducting colocalization analysis between cis-e/sQTL and the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from four traits, we identified a cis-e/sQTL (rs109421300) of the DGAT1 gene that might be a key marker in early to mid-lactation for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, and somatic cell score (PP4 > 0.6). Finally, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) revealed certain genes (e.g., FAM83H and TBC1D17) whose expression in white blood cells was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with complex traits. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated the genetic regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing in dairy cows during early to mid-lactation and provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying complex traits of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinyan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Anger JC, Loncke C, Omphalius C, Boutinaud M, Guinard-Flament J, Lapierre H, Lemosquet S. Synthesis of milk components involves different mammary metabolism adaptations in response to net energy and protein supplies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2883-2899. [PMID: 38101733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) are the 2 main nutritional forces that drive synthesis of milk components. This study investigated mammary-gland metabolism in dairy cows in response to variations in the supply of NEL and MP. Four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which each experimental period consisted of 14 d of dietary treatment. The diets provided 2 levels of NEL (low energy, 25.0 Mcal/d vs. high energy, 32.5 Mcal/d) and 2 levels of MP (low protein, 1,266 g/d vs. high protein, 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured during the last 5 d of each period, and the mammary net balance was measured on d 13 by collecting 6 sets of blood samples from the left carotid artery and left mammary vein. Mammary plasma flow was measured according to the Fick principle for Phe and Tyr. The mammary net balance of carbon equaled the uptake of nutrients expressed as carbon minus the output of lactose, fatty acids (FA) synthesized in the mammary gland, AA of milk protein, and glycerol-3P from triglyceride on d 13. Milk, lactose, fat, and protein yields increased when NEL and MP supplies increased. However, increasing the NEL supply increased FA synthesis more than increasing the protein supply did. In addition, FA secretion increased more than lactose secretion when the NEL supply increased. Increasing the NEL supply increased the left half-udder uptake of all major energy-yielding nutrients by increasing mammary plasma flow. However, nutrient uptake increased more than milk output did, which in turn increased carbon dioxide output. This increase in nutrient oxidation by the mammary gland decreased the mammary efficiency of nutrients utilization when the NEL supply increased. Increasing MP supply tended to increase glucose uptake through mammary clearance and increased mammary AA uptake with no change in mammary plasma flow. In addition, the protein supply did not change the mammary uptake of acetate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase in milk-component secretions in response to either NEL or MP supplies occurred through different metabolic adaptations (increase in mammary plasma flow vs. clearances, respectively). These results suggest that the nutrient use by the mammary gland is highly flexible, which helps in maintaining milk and milk-component yields even with limiting nutrient supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anger
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France; Provimi France, Cargill Animal Nutrition & Health, 35320 Crevin, France
| | - C Loncke
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Omphalius
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - M Boutinaud
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - H Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - S Lemosquet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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3
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Reyes GC, Innes DJ, Ellis JL, Fox MK, Cant JP. Relationship between rate of glucose or propionate infusion and milk protein yield and concentration in dairy cows: A meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2785-2796. [PMID: 37806622 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Although postruminal glucose infusion into dairy cows has increased milk protein yield in some past experiments, the same trend has not been observed in others. A meta-regression of 64 sets of observations from 29 previously published glucose and propionate infusion studies in dairy cattle, treating study and experiment (study) as random effects, was performed to establish the general effects of glucose equivalent (GlcE) infusion rate on milk true protein (MTP) yield and content, if any, and to identify independent, fixed-effect variables that accounted for the changes in MTP yield and content that were observed. Candidate explanatory variables included rate and site of infusion, diet composition and intake, body weight and lactation stage of the cows, and the change in nutrient intake between GlcE and control treatments. Across all studies, according to a model containing only the random effects of study and experiment, GlcE infusion at an average of 954 g/d increased MTP yield by 26 g/d, on average, whereas mean MTP content was not affected. Backward stepwise elimination of potential explanatory variables from a full mixed model produced a final, reduced model for MTP yield that retained a positive, second-order quadratic effect of infusion rate of GlcE and a positive, linear effect of the change in crude protein intake (CPI) between GlcE treatment and control. This change in CPI due to GlcE infusion ranged from -0.546 to 0.173 kg/d in the dataset. The model fit indicated that when CPI was allowed to drop during GlcE infusion, the effect of GlcE on MTP yield was smaller than when CPI was maintained or increased, in a manifestation of the classic protein:energy interaction. The final reduced model for MTP content contained the same explanatory variables as for MTP yield, plus a negative effect of intravenous compared with gastrointestinal infusion. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that both MTP yield, and content were positively related to GlcE infusion rate and to the change in CPI between glucose treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Reyes
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| | - D J Innes
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J L Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M K Fox
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J P Cant
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
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4
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Ferreira FG, Leite LC, Alba HDR, Pina DDS, Santos SA, Tosto MSL, Rodrigues CS, Silva RR, de Freitas Júnior JE, Mesquita BMADC, de Carvalho GGP. Licury Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Intake, Digestibility, Feeding Behavior, Milk Production and Composition, and Nitrogen Metabolism. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2535. [PMID: 37570343 PMCID: PMC10416849 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of licury cake (LC) inclusion in the diets of lactating goats on productive and metabolic performance. Twelve lactating goats, eight Saanen and four Anglo-Nubian, were distributed in a triplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments (0, 66.7, 133.3, and 200 g kg-1 of dry matter-DM). On the one hand, the LC inclusion increased neutral detergent fiber, indigestible neutral detergent fiber, and potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001) intake. On the other hand, LC inclusion reduced ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrate (p < 0.001) intake. There was a reduction in dry matter digestibility (p = 0.018) and an increase in neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.036). Feeding (p = 0.005) and rumination (p < 0.001) efficiencies increased with LC inclusion. The nitrogen balance was similar for all tested diets; however, we observed recycling metabolism. Based on the studied parameters, mainly milk production and composition, we recommend the LC inclusion of up to 200 g kg-1 DM in diets for lactating goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G. Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Laudí C. Leite
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380000, Brazil;
| | - Henry D. R. Alba
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Douglas dos S. Pina
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Stefanie A. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Manuela S. L. Tosto
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Carlindo S. Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Robério R. Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Sudoeste da Bahia, Itapetinga 45700000, Brazil;
| | - José E. de Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
| | - Bruna M. A. de C. Mesquita
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros 39404547, Brazil;
| | - Gleidson G. P. de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador 40170110, Brazil; (F.G.F.); (H.D.R.A.); (D.d.S.P.); (S.A.S.); (M.S.L.T.); (C.S.R.); (J.E.d.F.J.)
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Danes MAC, Paula EM, Parys C, Souza GM, Rezende JPA, Broderick GA, Wattiaux MA. Effects of Amount and Profile of Amino Acids Supply on Lactation Performance, Mammary Gland Metabolism, and Nitrogen Efficiency in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1866. [PMID: 37889775 PMCID: PMC10252093 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of amount and profile of amino acid (AA) on milk protein yield (MPY), mammary metabolism, and efficiency of nitrogen use (ENU), ten cows were used in 5 × 5 replicated Latin squares and fed a positive control (16.1% crude protein-CP) or two lower CP diets (14.6 and 13.2%) with or without essential AA (EAA) infusion. The EAA solutions provided predicted limiting EAA in each treatment and were continuously infused into the abomasum of the cows. Milk production and MPY were not affected by treatment (mean 35.4 kg/d and 1.03 kg/d, respectively). Efficiency of nitrogen utilization was increased as dietary CP decreased but was not affected by EAA infusion (p < 0.01). Energy-corrected milk production was increased by EAA infusion into 13.2% CP, but not into 14.6% CP diet (p = 0.09), reaching the positive control value. Infusions increased mammary affinity for non-infused EAA (Ile, Phe, Thr, and Trp), allowing the same MPY despite lower arterial concentrations of these AA. Higher arterial concentrations of infused EAA did not increase their mammary uptake and MPY (p = 0.40; p = 0.85). Mammary metabolism did not fully explain changes in N efficiency, suggesting that it might be driven by less extramammary catabolism as AA supply was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. C. Danes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | - Eduardo M. Paula
- Institute of Animal Science, Beef Cattle Research Center, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Claudia Parys
- Evonik Operations GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany;
| | - Gleiciele M. Souza
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | - João Pedro A. Rezende
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil; (G.M.S.); (J.P.A.R.)
| | | | - Michel A. Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Effects of essential oils supplementation, associated or not with amylase, on dry matter intake, productive performance, and nitrogen metabolism of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Sun M, Li Z, Xing Y, Mu X, Cao Y, Hao Y, Yang J, Li D. Effects of glucose availability on αS1-casein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac330. [PMID: 36222748 PMCID: PMC9694429 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose has been demonstrated to affect milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. However, its potential mechanisms has not been thoroughly studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of glucose availability on αS1-casein synthesis, glucose uptake, metabolism, and the expression of proteins involved in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). BMEC were treated for 24 h with different concentrations of glucose (0, 7, 10.5, 14, 17.5, and 21 mM). The results showed that 10.5 and 14 mM glucose supply increased the expression of αS1-casein, glucose uptake, cellular ATP content, and the phosphorylation of mTOR and P70S6K, but repressed AMPK phosphorylation in BMEC. Compared with 10.5 and 14 mM glucose supply, 17.5 and 21 mM glucose decreased the expression of αS1-casein, P70S6K phosphorylation as well as the activity of hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), but increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). These results indicate that 10.5 to 14 mM glucose supply is the proper range for αS1-casein synthesis, and the promotion effects may be related to the increase of glucose uptake, ATP content and the changes of key proteins' phosphorylation in AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. However, the inhibition of the expression of αS1-casein by 17.5 and 21 mM glucose may be associated with the changes of key enzymes' activity involved in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Zinan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xing
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Xiaojia Mu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yue Cao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Yihong Hao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Dabiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China
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Pszczolkowski VL, Hu H, Zhang J, Connelly MK, Munsterman AS, Arriola Apelo SI. Effects of methionine, leucine, and insulin on circulating concentrations and mammary extraction of energy substrates and amino acids in lactating dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106730. [PMID: 35580513 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to test whether insulin potentiates the effects of two abomasally infused amino acids (AA), leucine and methionine (LM), on mammary extraction efficiency of energetic and nitrogenous nutrients. Six lactating Holstein cows (155 ± 9 DIM) were ruminally-cannulated and had the right carotid artery subcutaneously transposed. Cows were fed a 20% metabolizable protein-restricted diet and abomasally infused with water (8 L/d) or AA (Met 26 g/d, Leu 70 g/d) for 8 h/d, for 7 days. On the last day of each period, cows were intravenously infused with saline (0.9% NaCl, 110 mL/h) or subjected to 8 h hyperinsulinemic clamp (IC) alongside abomasal infusions. For IC, insulin was infused at 1 µg/kg/h. Normoglycemia was maintained by varying glucose (50% w/v in water) infusion rate based on coccygeal vein glucose concentration. Carotid arterial and subcutaneous abdominal (mammary) vein blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h from the start of infusions. Milk weights and samples for baseline measurements of production were taken on day 5 PM, day 6 AM and PM, and day 7 AM of the experimental period. A final milk weight and sample was taken immediately after abomasal and intravenous infusions on day 7 PM for assessing the interaction between insulin and the infused AA. The experiment had an incompletely replicated Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (abomasal and intravenous infusion). Baseline milk production when cows were only receiving abomasal infusions was largely unaffected by LM, but milk protein yield tended to be decreased. On day 7, LM tended to positively increase milk fat and de novo fatty acid content, and IC tended to decrease milk protein content. Both milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen were decreased by IC. Circulating AA concentrations in plasma were decreased by both LM and IC, but mammary extraction efficiency was affected by neither. Infusion of LM had no effect on any energy metabolite analyzed. Circulating non-esterified fatty acid concentration was decreased by IC, with no effect on mammary extraction efficiency. Mammary extraction efficiency of both acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate were decreased by IC. Overall, while both circulating concentrations of energy metabolites and amino acids were decreased in response to treatments, this was not due to improved mammary extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Pszczolkowski
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Haowen Hu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Meghan K Connelly
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Amelia S Munsterman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Matamoros C, Hao F, Tian Y, Patterson AD, Harvatine KJ. Interaction of sodium acetate supplementation and dietary fiber level on feeding behavior, digestibility, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8824-8838. [PMID: 36175230 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acetate supplementation has been shown to increase milk fat yield in diets with low risk of biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression. The interaction of acetate supplementation with specific dietary factors that modify rumen fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been investigated. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of acetate supplemented as sodium acetate at 2 dietary fiber levels. Our hypothesis was that acetate would increase milk fat production more in animals fed the low-fiber diet. Twelve lactating multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary fiber level and acetate supplementation with 21-d experimental periods. The high-fiber diet had 32% neutral detergent fiber and 21.8% starch, and the low-fiber diet had 29.5% neutral detergent fiber and 28.7% starch created by substitution of forages predominantly for ground corn grain. Acetate was supplemented in the diet at an average 2.8% of dry matter (DM) to provide approximately 10 mol/d of acetate as anhydrous sodium acetate. Acetate supplementation increased DM intake by 6%, with no effect on meal frequency or size. Furthermore, acetate supplementation slightly increased total-tract apparent DM digestibility and tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Acetate supplementation increased milk fat concentration and yield by 8.6 and 10.5%, respectively, but there was no interaction with dietary fiber. The increase in milk fat synthesis was associated with 46 and 85 g/d increases in the yield of de novo (<16C) and mixed source (16C) FA, respectively, with no changes in yield of preformed FA (>16C). There was a 9% increase in the concentration of milk mixed-source FA and a 7% decrease in milk preformed FA with acetate supplementation, regardless of dietary fiber level. Acetate supplementation also increased the concentrations of plasma acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, major metabolic substrates for mammary lipogenesis. Overall, acetate supplementation increased milk fat yield regardless of dietary fiber level through an increase mostly caused by an increase in longer-chain de novo FA, suggesting stimulation of mammary lipogenesis. The heightened mammary de novo lipogenesis was supported by an increase in the concentration of metabolic substrates in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - F Hao
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - Y Tian
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Intake, Digestibility, Feeding Behavior, Milk Production, and Nitrogen Metabolism. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182323. [PMID: 36139182 PMCID: PMC9495131 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the optimal inclusion rate of palm kernel cake (PKC) in diets for lactating goats based on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, milk production and nitrogen metabolism. Twelve goats were used, eight Saanen and four Anglo Nubian, with a body weight of 46.0 ± 9.4 kg and 105 ± 5 days of lactation, distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design in triplicate. The diets were composed of increasing levels of PKC; 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 of dry matter (DM). The DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates intakes decreased (p < 0.01) with the PKC inclusion. Milk production and milk protein decreased (p = 0.001), and milk production efficiency was not affected (p > 0.05) by the PKC inclusion. The ether extract intake varied quadratically (p < 0.01). Feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter and NDF were reduced (p < 0.001). The fat and total solids contents of the milk were influenced quadratically (p < 0.05). Nitrogen excretion (feces and milk), and retained nitrogen decreased (p < 0.001). Moderate use of up to 80 g kg−1 DM of PKC in the diet of lactating goats is recommended since at these levels milk production or body weight are significantly affected.
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11
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Matamoros C, Salfer IJ, Bartell PA, Harvatine KJ. Effect of the timing of sodium acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites and hormones in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7432-7445. [PMID: 35931478 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered by the timing of feed availability. Nutrients can regulate physiological rhythms, but it is unclear which specific nutrients affect the rhythms of milk synthesis in the cow. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of feed intake, milk synthesis, milk fatty acids, plasma insulin and metabolites, and core body temperature. Ten lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (127 ± 24.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were ruminal infusions of 600 g/d of acetate either continuously throughout the day (CON) or over 8 h/d during the day (day treatment, DT; 0900 to 1700 h) or the night (night treatment, NT; 2100 to 0500 h). Experimental periods were 14 d with a 7-d washout between periods. Cows were milked every 6 h during the final 7 d of each experimental period to determine the daily pattern of milk synthesis. Blood samples were taken to represent every 4 h across the day and plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, and acetate concentration were measured. An intravaginal temperature logger was used to measure core body temperature. Data were analyzed with cosinor-based rhythmometry to test the fit of a cosine function with a period of 24 h and to determine the acrophase (time at peak) and amplitude (peak to mean) of each rhythm. Milk yield fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT and NT phase-delayed the rhythm and DT increased the robustness of the rhythm. Milk protein concentration fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT increased robustness, whereas NT phase-delayed the rhythm. Plasma acetate concentration also fit a daily rhythm in all treatments. Plasma acetate peaked at ∼1600 h in CON and DT and at 0053 h in NT, reflecting the timing of treatment infusions. There was a daily rhythm in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate that reflected the plasma acetate rhythm. Core body temperature fit a rhythm for all treatments, but the amplitude of the rhythm was smaller than previously observed. In conclusion, the timing of acetate infusion influences peripheral rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - I J Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - P A Bartell
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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12
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Silva AS, Cortinhas CS, Acedo TS, Morenz MJF, Lopes FCF, Arrigoni MB, Ferreira MH, Jaguaribe TL, Ferreira LD, Gouvêa VN, Pereira LGR. Effects of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 with an acidogenic diet during the prepartum period in dairy cows: Mineral metabolism, energy balance, and lactation performance of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5796-5812. [PMID: 35570040 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) on plasma, mineral, and metabolite concentrations, mineral balance, mineral excretion, rumination, energy balance, and milk production of dairy cows. We hypothesized that supplementing 3 mg/d of 25(OH)D3 during the prepartum period would be more effective than supplementing vitamin D3 at the National Research Council (2001) levels to minimize calcium imbalance during the transition period and improve milk production of dairy cows. Forty multiparous, pregnant nonlactating-Holstein cows were enrolled in this study. Body weight, body condition score, parity, and milk yield in the previous lactation (mean ± standard deviation) were 661 ± 59.2, 3.46 ± 0.35, 1.79 ± 0.87, and 33.2 ± 6.43 kg/d, respectively. Cows were enrolled into the blocks (n = 20 for each treatment) at 30 d of the expected day of calving to receive an acidogenic diet (373 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 136 g/kg of crude protein, dry matter basis; -110 mEq/kg) associated with the treatments: (1) control (CTRL), vitamin D3 at 0.625 mg/d (equivalent to 25,000 IU of vitamin D3/d) or (2) 25(OH)D3 at 3 mg/d (equivalent to 120,000 IU of vitamin D3/d). All cows were fed with the base ration for 49 d after calving. Blood samples were taken on d 7, 0, 1, 2, 21, and 42, relative to calving. No effect of treatment was observed for prepartum dry matter intake or body condition score. A trend for increase of ionized Ca was observed for the cows fed 25(OH)D3, compared with the CTRL, but no effect of treatment was detected for total Ca or total P. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increased colostrum yield. The plasmatic concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was increased with 25(OH)D3 supplementation. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation increased plasma glucose concentration at parturition. The postpartum dry matter intake was not influenced by treatments. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increases milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk and improves milk yield components in early lactation. Overall, these findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 at 3 mg/d can improve the energy metabolism and lactation performance, compared with the current-feeding practice of supplementing vitamin D3 at 0.625 mg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Silva
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-68, Brazil
| | - C S Cortinhas
- DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, SP, 04543-907, Brazil
| | - T S Acedo
- DSM Nutritional Products, São Paulo, SP, 04543-907, Brazil
| | - M J F Morenz
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - F C F Lopes
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - M B Arrigoni
- Department of Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-68, Brazil
| | - M H Ferreira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - T L Jaguaribe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - L D Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - V N Gouvêa
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo 79106
| | - L G R Pereira
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
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13
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Letelier P, Zanton GI, Dórea JRR, Wattiaux MA. Plasma essential amino acid concentration and profile are associated with performance of lactating dairy cows as revealed through meta-analysis and hierarchical clustering. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5044-5061. [PMID: 35525617 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to explore whether changes in plasma essential AA (EAA) concentration ([EAA]p) or profile (defined here as the molar proportion of individual [EAA]p relative to the total [EAA]p) may serve as an indicator of the EAA status of a cow. We undertook a meta-analysis with the objectives to determine if different plasma EAA profiles exist among cows and to explore the association of [EAA]p or the profile of EAA with lactating cow performance and measures of N utilization. We hypothesized the existence of differences in [EAA]p and different plasma EAA profile for cows with greater milk output, feed efficiency, and greater N use efficiency (NUE; milk true protein-N:N intake) compared with cows with lower milk output, feed efficiency, and lower NUE. The data set included 22 feeding trials and 96 dietary treatments. First, a mixed-effect model analysis was used to predict [EAA]p in response to the categorical fixed effect of EAA, continuous fixed effect of National Research Council model-predicted metabolizable protein (MP) supply, continuous fixed effect of body weight, the fixed effect of EAA and MP supply interaction, the fixed effect of EAA and body weight interaction, and the random effect of study. Then, residuals of the model were standardized based on Z-score and clustered using the hierarchical method (Euclidean distance and Ward's minimum variance method) resulting in 2 clusters. Finally, a fixed-effect model was used to evaluate the significance with which clusters were associated with [EAA]p, cow performance, feed efficiency, and NUE. The total concentration of [EAA]p was lower (784 vs. 983 µM) and the concentration of each EAA was on average 22 µM lower for cows in cluster 1 compared with cluster 2 with the smallest and greatest difference found for Met (4 µM) and Val (59 µM), respectively. The percentage difference in [EAA]p was the smallest for Thr (-5.3%) and the greatest for Leu (-37.1%). There was no difference between clusters for Arg, His, and Met molar proportions; however, cows in cluster 1 had a lower molar proportion of Leu and a tendency for lower molar proportion of Val compared with cows in cluster 2. Additionally, cows in cluster 1 had greater molar proportions of Ile, Lys, and Thr and a tendency for greater molar proportion of Phe compared with cows in cluster 2. The fixed-effect model analysis indicated that cows in cluster 1 had higher milk energy output (+3.2 Mcal/d), true protein yield (+87 g/d) and fat yield (+236 g/d), feed efficiency (milk Mcal:dry matter intake; +8% unit), and a tendency for greater MP efficiency (Milk true protein/MP supply; +2.3% unit) than cows in cluster 2. These results suggested greater use of EAA by the mammary gland (as reflected by greater milk protein synthesis) and lower hepatic catabolism of AA (as reflected by a tendency to greater MP efficiency) in cows of cluster 1 compared with cluster 2. Our findings should be evaluated further, including whether the relative molar proportions of plasma EAA might serve as a holistic indicator of the EAA status of cows as related to their productivity, feed efficiency and N utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Letelier
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - G I Zanton
- USDA Agricultural Research Service; US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J R R Dórea
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706.
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Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Qualitative Aspects of Milk and Cheese. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123501. [PMID: 34944277 PMCID: PMC8697908 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feedlotting lactating goats is a strategy to improve their productivity and the quality of their milk and dairy products. However, feedlotting is associated with increases in production costs, due mainly to the concentrate component of the diet. The use of agro-industrial byproducts allows the reduction of feed costs by replacing costly ingredients, as the former are more easily accessible. We tested the dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of the biofuel industry, at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1, to evaluate its impact on the qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. The inclusion of up to 80 g kg−1 PKC is recommended for the diet of goats whose milk will be used in the production of Minas Frescal cheese. Abstract We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg−1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg−1.
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15
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Meta-analysis of the effects of ionophores supplementation on dairy cows performance and ruminal fermentation. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Amino Acids Supplementation for the Milk and Milk Protein Production of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072118. [PMID: 34359247 PMCID: PMC8300144 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The composition of milk not only has nutritional implications, but is also directly related to the income of dairy producers. As regards milk’s composition, concerns around milk protein have emerged from the increased consumption of casein products. The synthesis of proteins in milk is a highly complex and high-cost process, because the conversion efficiency of dietary protein to milk protein is very low in dairy cows. Thus, some studies have increased milk protein by using protein supplements or a single amino acid (AA) supply. AAs are the building blocks of protein, and can also stimulate the protein synthetic pathway. This review mainly concerns the use of AAs for producing milk protein in high-producing dairy cows, particularly with methionine, lysine, and histidine. Understanding the mechanisms of AAs will help to promote milk protein synthesis in the dairy industry. Abstract As the preference of consumers for casein products has increased, the protein content of milk from dairy cows is drawing more attention. Protein synthesis in the milk of dairy cows requires a proper supply of dietary protein. High protein supplementation may help to produce more milk protein, but residues in feces and urine cause environmental pollution and increase production costs. As such, previous studies have focused on protein supplements and amino acid (AA) supply. This review concerns AA nutrition for enhancing milk protein in dairy cows, and mainly focuses on three AAs: methionine, lysine, and histidine. AA supplementation for promoting protein synthesis is related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex and its downstream pathways. Each AA has different stimulating effects on the mTOR translation initiation pathway, and thus manifests different milk protein yields. This review will expand our understanding of AA nutrition and the involved pathways in relation to the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cows.
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Matamoros C, Cai J, Patterson AD, Harvatine KJ. Comparison of the effects of short-term feeding of sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate on milk fat production. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7572-7582. [PMID: 33814140 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with sodium acetate (NaAcet) increases milk fat production through an apparent stimulation of de novo lipogenesis in the mammary gland. Sodium acetate increases acetate supply to the mammary gland, but it also increases dietary cation-anion difference, which can also increase milk fat yield. The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of NaAcet on milk fat production was due to an increase in acetate supply or an increase in dietary cation-anion difference. The study included 12 multiparous cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects, with 14-d experimental periods. Treatments were a basal total mixed ration (31.8% neutral detergent fiber, 14.8% crude protein, 25.5% starch, and 4.4% fatty acids on a dry matter basis) as a no-supplement control, acetate supplemented at 3.25% of dry matter as NaAcet, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) providing an equal amount of sodium to the NaAcet treatment. The NaAcet and NaHCO3 were mixed into the basal diet before feeding. Milk samples were taken at each milking during the last 3 d of each period. Plasma samples were taken every 9 h during the last 3 d (a total of 8 times) to determine concentrations of plasma metabolites and hormones. Eating behavior was monitored during the last week of each period using an automated system. The NaAcet and NaHCO3 treatments increased milk fat concentration and yield compared to the no-supplement control. The NaAcet treatment increased milk fat production predominantly by increasing the yield of de novo and mixed-source fatty acids. The NaHCO3 treatment increased the yield of preformed and de novo fatty acids, suggesting different mechanisms for the 2 treatments. The NaAcet treatment increased plasma acetate concentration in a period of the day concurrent with the highest dry matter intake. The NaAcet treatment increased milk fat production by stimulating the production of de novo fatty acids, a mechanism consistent with previous reports, possibly by increasing acetate supply to the mammary gland. The NaHCO3 treatment increased milk fat production by increasing the production of all biological categories of fatty acids, except for odd and branched-chain fatty acids, possibly by increasing overall diet digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Matamoros
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J Cai
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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