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Belli AL, Coelho SG, Campolina JP, Neves LFM, Neto HCD, Silva CS, Machado FS, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Carvalho WA, Costa SDF, M. Campos M. Effects of Supplementing Milk Replacer with Sodium Butyrate on Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38254446 PMCID: PMC10812747 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea and respiratory diseases pose significant challenges in the rearing of pre-weaned calves, motivating the investigation of tools to improve gastrointestinal tract development, health, and overall performance in young calves. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an additive incorporated into milk replacer to promote the development and health of the animals. Forty-six dairy calves were randomly assigned into two treatments: control (CON, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males), and sodium butyrate (SB, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males). The calves in the SB treatment group were supplemented with 4 g/d of unprotected sodium butyrate (Adimix, Adisseo, China), added to the milk replacer from 4 to 60 days of age. Water and starter were fed ad libitum. The study evaluated several parameters, including feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids, blood metabolites (glucose, insulin-like growth factor type 1, urea, β-hydroxybutyrate), hemogram, health scores, performance, and feed efficiency. Bull calves were euthanized at 60 days of age for organ comparison, while heifer calves were assessed for carryover effects up to 90 days of age. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the nlme package in R, and the Artools package for non-parametric categorical outcomes. Although the feed intake and performance variables exhibited differences within weeks, no divergence was observed between treatment groups. Notably, a positive treatment-by-week interaction was identified for starter feed intake (p = 0.02) and total dry matter intake (p = 0.04) during pre-weaning for CON animals. Ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, and hemogram values such as glucose, urea, insulin-like growth factor type 1, mean corpuscular value, lymphocytes, and neutrophils displayed differences within weeks during the pre-weaning stage, but similar results within groups. No differences between supplemented and non-supplemented calves were found across nutrient digestibility, organ development, and histology. Regarding health scores, differences were noted within weeks for fecal and respiratory scores during the pre-weaning stage, and only the respiratory score during the post-weaning stage. Consequently, butyrate supplementation did not elicit improvements or negative effects in the body development or health status of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza Belli
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Sandra G. Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Joana P. Campolina
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Luiz F. M. Neves
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Hilton C. Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Camila S. Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Fernanda S. Machado
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Luiz Gustavo R. Pereira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Thierry R. Tomich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Wanessa A. Carvalho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Suely de Fátima Costa
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil;
| | - Mariana M. Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
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Klobucher KN, Stahl TC, Islam T, Gray AS, Curreri SI, Erickson PS. Supplementing sodium butyrate to limit-fed heifers: Effects on growth, coccidiosis, urinary purine derivatives, and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6894-6902. [PMID: 37210371 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the growth, apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, the prevalence of coccidia, and purine derivatives in postweaning heifers when limit-fed a diet supplemented with sodium butyrate (SB). A 12 wk randomized complete block experiment was conducted using 24 Holstein heifers (92.8 d ± 1.9 d of age and initial body weight [BW] of 99.6 ± 15.2 kg [mean ± standard deviation]). Treatments were 100 g soybean meal (control; CON) and 0.75 g of SB/kg of BW + 100 g soybean meal (SB). Diets were formulated to contain 16.4% crude protein, 2.27 Mcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME), and fed at a feed out rate of 2.15% of BW on a dry matter basis. Intakes were recorded daily while growth measurements and BW were recorded weekly. Urine and fecal samples were taken every 2 wk. On d 42 through d 49 an apparent total-tract digestibility phase took place using acid detergent insoluble ash as a marker. Growth measurements were similar among treatments except CON heifers grew longer and tended to be taller at the withers. A trend was observed for CON animals to have lower levels of coccidian oocytes by week. Heifers fed SB had lower blood glucose levels and higher levels of ketones in their blood. Urinary volume was greater for heifers fed SB throughout the 12 wk study. Total purine derivatives were greater in CON heifers. Dry matter, organic matter and acid detergent fiber digestibilities were greater for heifers fed SB compared with CON heifers. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and ash digestibilities tended to be greater in heifers fed SB than in CON heifers. These results suggested no growth benefit of supplementing SB to limit-fed heifers; however, apparent total-tract fiber, ash, and crude protein digestibilities were improved in the SB fed heifers likely due to improved ruminal and intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Klobucher
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - T C Stahl
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - T Islam
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - A S Gray
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - S I Curreri
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - P S Erickson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824.
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Zhu J, Liu X, Lu Y, Yue D, He X, Deng W, Zhao S, Xi D. Exploring the Impact of Ampelopsis Grossedentata Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Ruminal Microbiota, and Plasma Physiology and Biochemistry of Kids. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2454. [PMID: 37570263 PMCID: PMC10417322 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of supplementing Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids (AGF) on the rumen bacterial microbiome, plasma physiology and biochemistry, and growth performance of goats. Twenty-four Nubian kids were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the 1.0 g/kg AGF treatment (AGF), and the 12.5 mg/kg monensin treatment (MN). This trial consisted of 10 days for adaptation and 90 days for data and sample collection. The results reveal that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are the dominant phyla in kids' rumen. Compared with the CON group, the alpha diversity in the MN and AGF groups significantly increased (p < 0.01). Beta-diversity shows that rumen microbial composition is more similar in the MN and AGF groups. LEfSe analysis shows that Prevotella_1 in the AGF group were significantly higher than those in the MN and CON group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose levels in the AGF group were significantly higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05), whereas the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels exhibited the opposite trend. The average daily gains in the AGF and MN groups significantly increased, while the feed-to-gain ratios were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The results suggest that adding AGF to the diet improves microbial composition and has important implications for studying juvenile livestock growth and improving economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Xingneng Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Yunnan Vocational College of Agriculture, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Dan Yue
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Xiaoming He
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Weidong Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Sumei Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (D.Y.); (X.H.); (W.D.)
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Wang M, Li Y, Feng J, Shen Y, Cao Y, Li Q, Gao Y, Li J. Effects of substitution of millet straw for corn silage and alfalfa hay on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in late-lactation Holstein dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Klobucher KN, Badger R, Foxall T, Erickson PS. Short Communication: effect of sodium butyrate, monensin, and butyric acid on the viability of Eimeria bovis sporozoites and their degree of damage to a bovine epithelial cell line. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac360. [PMID: 36315476 PMCID: PMC9733496 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the viability of sporozoites from Eimeria bovis when exposed to sodium butyrate (SB), monensin (MON), or butyric acid (BA), and to determine the effects of SB on sporozoite invasion of cells in comparison to MON as measured by the damage to a bovine epithelial cell line. To determine viability, isolated sporozoites were suspended in one of four treatments: control (CON) of cell culture medium alone, SB = 0.028 mg/mL suspended in control medium, MON = 0.01 mg/mL suspended in CON, and BA = 0.18 mg/mL suspended in CON. The number of live sporozoites was less for the MON and BA treatments compared to the CON and SB treatments. The number of dead sporozoites was similar regardless of treatment. There was a trend for treatment to affect the percent sporozoite viability. Control, SB and BA treatments were similar, while MON compared to control and SB had decreased percent viability. Results for MON, when compared to BA, were similar for percent viability. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was used to determine cellular damage to Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells when exposed to E. bovis sporozoites in vitro. Cells were exposed to similar numbers of sporozoites and treated with: CON, SB = 0.028 mg/mL in control medium, MON = 0.01 mg/mL in control medium. Control LDH result (with sporozoites) was greater than both the SB and MON treatments while the LDH for SB and Mon and cells not exposed to sporozoites were similar. SB and MON were both shown to decrease cellular damage to MDBK cells as determined by decreased LDH release. SB has the potential to act as an anticoccidial alternative to MON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina N Klobucher
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Rachel Badger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Thomas Foxall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Peter S Erickson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Role of butyrate as part of milk replacer and starter diet on intestinal development in pre-weaned calves. A systematic review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abdelsattar MM, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Zhuang Y, Fu Y, Zhang N. Impact of dietary supplementation of β-hydroxybutyric acid on performance, nutrient digestibility, organ development and serum stress indicators in early-weaned goat kids. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:16-22. [PMID: 35949983 PMCID: PMC9344317 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) on performance, nutrient digestibility, organ development, and serum composition in early-weaned goat kids. Sixty-four goat kids at 30 d of age were assigned to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) control (basal diet); 2) low (basal diet with 3 g/d per animal BHBA); 3) medium (basal diet with 6 g/d per animal BHBA; and 4) high (basal diet with 9 g/d per animal BHBA). Subsequently, 48 (6 kids per treatment) goat kids were randomly selected and slaughtered at 60 and 90 d of age. Compared with the control group, BHBA at low and high doses increased body weight (P < 0.05), average daily gain (P < 0.01), and average daily starter intake (P < 0.01). The BHBA improved organ development, especially at the lowest dose (P < 0.01). The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein increased with age (P < 0.05). However, BHBA did not affect nutrient digestibility. Compared with the control group, serum ceruloplasmin increased (P < 0.05) with high BHBA level at 90 d of age. However, the serum creatinine (P < 0.05) increased over time but was not affected by BHBA. The serum total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase decreased with the high dose of BHBA at 90 d of age (P < 0.01). In contrast, the serum glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde increased with the high doses of BHBA (P < 0.01). Overall, low doses of BHBA were positive for growth performance, organ development, and health status against weaning stress. Whereas high doses of BHBA in the long term could negatively affect antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abdelsattar
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Yimin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuze Fu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Naifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Corresponding author.
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Burakowska K, Penner GB, Korytkowski Ł, Flaga J, Kowalski ZM, Górka P. Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. I. Performance, digestibility, and selected blood variables. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6646-6662. [PMID: 33685691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to assess the effect of protein source and microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) inclusion in pelleted starter mixtures on growth performance, gain to feed (G:F) ratio, nutrient digestibility, and selected blood metabolites in calves. In study 1, 28 Holstein bull calves (8.7 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.0 ± 4.4 kg; mean ± SD) were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and fed a pelleted starter mixture containing canola meal (CM, 35% as fed) or soybean meal (SM, 24% as fed) as the main source of protein, with or without supplemental MSB (0.3% as fed). Starter mixtures were formulated to be similar for crude protein, Lys, and Met, and were fed ad libitum. Calves were weaned after 42 d of milk replacer feeding (51.7 ± 0.8 d of age) and observed for another 21 d. Furthermore, selected blood metabolites were measured on d 21, 42, and 63 of the study, and nutrient digestibility was measured after weaning. In study 2, 60 Holstein heifer calves (9.1 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.2 ± 4.2 kg) were assigned to the same treatments as in study 1. The calves were weaned after 49 d of milk replacer feeding (59.1 ± 0.8 d of age) and observed for an additional 14 d. Milk replacer and starter mixture intake and fecal score were recorded daily, whereas body weight (BW) was recorded weekly. In study 1, calves fed starter mixtures containing CM had or tended to have lesser preweaning starter intake, weaning average daily gain (ADG), weaning and overall G:F ratio, and postweaning total-tract dry matter digestibility, as opposed to those fed starter mixtures with SM. However, these differences did not affect overall starter intake, overall ADG, or final BW. Supplementation with MSB only tended to increase the preweaning starter mixture intake. In study 2, heifer calves that were fed starter mixtures with CM had greater cumulative starter intake after weaning, but the protein source in the starter mixture had no effect on ADG, BW, or G:F ratio. Inclusion of MSB in starter mixtures for calves tended to decrease postweaning starter mixture intake. In conclusion, use of CM or SM as the main source of protein in starter mixture resulted in similar growth performance of bull and heifer calves; however, CM use in starter mixtures reduced starter intake, ADG, and G:F ratio at least at some points of rearing. Supplementation of MSB had minor effects on the growth performance of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burakowska
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Ł Korytkowski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Z M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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