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Belli AL, Coelho SG, Campolina JP, Neves LFM, Neto HCD, Silva CS, Machado FS, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Carvalho WA, Costa SDF, M. Campos M. Effects of Supplementing Milk Replacer with Sodium Butyrate on Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38254446 PMCID: PMC10812747 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea and respiratory diseases pose significant challenges in the rearing of pre-weaned calves, motivating the investigation of tools to improve gastrointestinal tract development, health, and overall performance in young calves. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an additive incorporated into milk replacer to promote the development and health of the animals. Forty-six dairy calves were randomly assigned into two treatments: control (CON, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males), and sodium butyrate (SB, n = 23; with 15 females and 8 males). The calves in the SB treatment group were supplemented with 4 g/d of unprotected sodium butyrate (Adimix, Adisseo, China), added to the milk replacer from 4 to 60 days of age. Water and starter were fed ad libitum. The study evaluated several parameters, including feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids, blood metabolites (glucose, insulin-like growth factor type 1, urea, β-hydroxybutyrate), hemogram, health scores, performance, and feed efficiency. Bull calves were euthanized at 60 days of age for organ comparison, while heifer calves were assessed for carryover effects up to 90 days of age. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the nlme package in R, and the Artools package for non-parametric categorical outcomes. Although the feed intake and performance variables exhibited differences within weeks, no divergence was observed between treatment groups. Notably, a positive treatment-by-week interaction was identified for starter feed intake (p = 0.02) and total dry matter intake (p = 0.04) during pre-weaning for CON animals. Ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, and hemogram values such as glucose, urea, insulin-like growth factor type 1, mean corpuscular value, lymphocytes, and neutrophils displayed differences within weeks during the pre-weaning stage, but similar results within groups. No differences between supplemented and non-supplemented calves were found across nutrient digestibility, organ development, and histology. Regarding health scores, differences were noted within weeks for fecal and respiratory scores during the pre-weaning stage, and only the respiratory score during the post-weaning stage. Consequently, butyrate supplementation did not elicit improvements or negative effects in the body development or health status of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luiza Belli
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Sandra G. Coelho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Joana P. Campolina
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Luiz F. M. Neves
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Hilton C. Diniz Neto
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (A.L.B.); (S.G.C.); (J.P.C.); (L.F.M.N.); (H.C.D.N.)
| | - Camila S. Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Fernanda S. Machado
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Luiz Gustavo R. Pereira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Thierry R. Tomich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Wanessa A. Carvalho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
| | - Suely de Fátima Costa
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil;
| | - Mariana M. Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária—Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, MG, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (F.S.M.); (L.G.R.P.); (T.R.T.); (W.A.C.)
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Zhong H, Yu W, Wang M, Lin B, Sun X, Zheng N, Wang J, Zhao S. Sodium butyrate promotes gastrointestinal development of preweaning bull calves via inhibiting inflammation, balancing nutrient metabolism, and optimizing microbial community functions. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:88-100. [PMID: 37388163 PMCID: PMC10300058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate promotes the growth and gastrointestinal development of calves. But, the mechanisms behind its effects on signaling pathways of the gastrointestinal tract and rumen microbiome is unclear. This study aimed to reveal transcriptomic pathways of gastrointestinal epithelium and microbial community in response to butyrate supplementation in calves fed a high fiber starter. Fourteen Holstein bull calves (39.9 ± 3.7 kg, 14 d of age) were assigned to 2 groups (sodium butyrate group, SB; control group, Ctrl). The SB group received 0.5% SB supplementation. At d 51, the calves were slaughtered to obtain samples for analysis of the transcriptome of the rumen and jejunum epithelium as well as ruminal microbial metagenome. Sodium butyrate supplementation resulted in a higher performance in average daily gain and development of jejunum and rumen papillae. In both the rumen and jejunum epithelium, SB down-regulated pathways related to inflammation including NF-κB (PPKCB, CXCL8, CXCL12), interleukin-17 (IL17A, IL17B, MMP9), and chemokine (CXCL12, CCL4, CCL8) and up-regulated immune pathways including the intestinal immune network for immunoglobulin A (IgA) production (CD28). Meanwhile, in the jejunum epithelium, SB regulated pathways related to nutritional metabolism including nitrogen metabolism (CA1, CA2, CA3), synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies (HMGCS2, BDH1, LOC100295719), fat digestion and absorption (PLA2G2F, APOA1, APOA4), and the PPAR signaling pathway (FABP4, FABP6, CYP4A11). The metagenome showed that SB greatly increased the relative abundance of Bacillus subtilis and Eubacterium limosum, activated ruminal microbial carbohydrate metabolism pathways and increased the abundance of carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes. In conclusion, butyrate exhibited promoting effects on growth and gastrointestinal development by inhibiting inflammation, enhancing immunity and energy harvesting, and activating microbial carbohydrate metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the potential mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of butyrate in calf nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xuezhao Sun
- Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, 132109, China
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Jafarpour M, Alikhani M, Riasi A, Omidi-Mirzaei H, Khorvash M, Ghaffari MH. Effects of corn grain processing and protein source on calf performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10129. [PMID: 37349521 PMCID: PMC10287626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the interaction between corn grain processing and protein source on feed intake, growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. Seventy-two 3-day-old Holstein calves with an initial weight of 39.1 ± 3.24 kg were randomly assigned (n = 12 calves (6 male and 6 female) per treatment) to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with the factors of physical form of the corn grain [coarsely ground (CG) and steam-flaked (SF)] and protein type [canola meal (CAN), canola meal + soybean meal (CASY), and soybean meal (SOY)] were assigned. The study showed a significant correlation between corn grain processing method and protein source on calf performance, including starter feed intake, total dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (FE). The CG-CAN and SF-SOY treatments resulted in the highest feed intake and DMI in the post-weaning and total period, respectively. Interestingly, corn processing did not affect feed intake, ADG, and FE, but the highest ADG was observed at SF-SOY and CG-CAN. In addition, the interaction between corn processing method and protein source improved FE in calves fed CG-CAN and SF-SOY during the preweaning period and throughout the period. Although skeletal growth parameters were unchanged, calves fed SOY and CASY had greater body length and withers height than calves fed CAN during the preweaning period. Rumen fermentation parameters were also not affected by the treatments, except that calves fed CAN had a higher molar proportion of acetate than calves fed SOY and CASY. Corn grain processing and protein source did not affect glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, except for the highest blood glucose level observed in the CAN treatment and the highest BUN level observed in the preweaned calves fed SOY. However, a two-way interaction was observed for BHB concentration, suggesting that ground corn grain resulted in higher BHB concentration during the preweaning and postweaning periods than steam-flaked corn. In summary, it is recommended to incorporate canola meal with ground corn or soybean meal with steam-flaked corn in calf starters to enhance calf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafarpour
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M Alikhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - A Riasi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - H Omidi-Mirzaei
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Burakowska K, Penner GB, Flaga J, Przybyło M, Barć J, Wojciechowska-Puchałka J, Wojtysiak D, Kowalski ZM, Górka P. Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. II. Development of the gastrointestinal tract. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6663-6676. [PMID: 33685670 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of protein source, either soybean meal (SM) or canola meal (CM), and microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) supplementation in a pelleted starter mixture on the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in dairy calves. Twenty-eight bull calves (8.7 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.0 ± 4.4 kg; mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: CM as a main source of protein without or with MSB or SM without or with MSB. Calves were fed starters ad libitum and exposed to a gradual weaning program, with weaning taking place on 51.7 ± 0.8 d of age. Calves were observed for an additional 3 wk after weaning and slaughtered on d 72.1 ± 0.9 of age, after which the GIT was dissected. Morphometric measurements were recorded, and samples for determination of ruminal fermentation, histology, gene expression, and brush border enzyme activities were collected. Canola meal use in the starter mixture increased abomasal tissue weight, jejunal tissue weight and length, and mRNA expression of SLC16A4 (formerly known as MCT4) and FFAR2 (GPR43) in the ruminal epithelium, and decreased ruminal ammonia and mRNA expression of SLC15A2 (PEPT2) and SLC6A14 (ATB0+) in the proximal small intestine and ileum, respectively. However, MSB inclusion in the starter mixture decreased ruminal papillae length, ruminal epithelial surface, and ruminal epithelium dry weight, while increasing mRNA expression of SLC16A1 (MCT1) in ruminal epithelia. Reduced ruminal surface area associated with MSB supplementation was the most apparent when MSB was combined with CM in the starter mixture. Additionally, MSB supplementation decreased the thickness of omasal epithelium, omasal epithelium living strata, and stratum corneum, and increased duodenal and ileal aminopeptidase A enzymatic activity and ileal aminopeptidase N enzymatic activity. Overall, CM might increase growth of the GIT of calves, particularly of the small intestine, but may negatively affect intestinal epithelium function and peptide and AA absorption. Supplementation of MSB has a negative effect on the ruminal and omasal epithelium development, particularly when combined in a starter mixture with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burakowska
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - J Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - M Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Barć
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Wojciechowska-Puchałka
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - D Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Z M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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