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Physiological Aspects of Milk Somatic Cell Count in Small Ruminants—A Review. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to focus on the physiological aspects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) in small ruminants (SM). The SCC is an important component naturally present in milk and is generally used as an indicator of milk quality and udder health in milk producing ruminants. SCC contains the following cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), macrophages, lymphocytes, and many milk epithelial (MEC) cells, cell fragments, and cytoplasmic particles/vesicles. PMN (40–80%) represent the major cell type in milk in healthy uninfected goats, whereas the macrophages (45–88%) are the major cell type in sheep’s milk. However, dairy goats and sheep have an apocrine secretory system that produces cytoplasmic cellular particles/vesicles and large numbers of cell fragments, resulting in the physiological SCC limit being exceeded. It is obvious that the SCC level in milk of SM can be affected by various influencing factors, such as milk fraction, breed, stage of lactation, parity, type of birth, milking system, and others. An increase in the SCC above the physiological level not only indicates an udder or general health problem but reduces milk production, changes the milk composition, and hence affects milk processing. Moreover, the milking machine plays an important role in maintaining udder health in SM and stable SCC at physiological levels in the milk obtained. So far, there are no healthy or pathological physiological SCC levels defined in SM milk. Furthermore, a differential cell count (DCC) or even a high resolution DCC (HRDCC), which were recently developed for cattle milk, could also help in SM to gain deeper insight into the immunology of the mammary gland and find biomarkers to assess udder health. In conclusion, SCC is an indication of udder health or exposure of the udder to infectious agents or mechanical stress and should therefore always be considered a warning sign.
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Age and Seasonal Pattern of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants in Ukraine. J Vet Res 2021; 65:67-72. [PMID: 33817397 PMCID: PMC8009590 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to determine how the spread of contagious agalactia in sheep and goats in the Odesa region depended on the age of the animals and the season. Material and Methods From January 2016 to December 2018, 1,964 ewes and 1,484 nanny goats of different age groups were studied by ELISA for antibodies to Mycoplasma agalactiae. Results The highest incidence of contagious agalactia was registered in one-year-old animals and was 59.7‒83.0%, two-year-old ruminants showed 17.0‒40.3% prevalence, in livestock at the age of 3–4 years no serological evidence of the disease was registered and in ewes and nanny goats older than 5–6 years 1.5–3.6% were infected. The most susceptible were young animals at the age of one-month (11.6‒14.5%). The first peak of the disease was recorded in March‒April (21.0‒26.1%), in the lambing period, which coincided with the beginning of lactation and the suckling period, and the second peak occurred in June–July (28.9‒34.2%), the period of maximum lactation and of manual milking of sheep and goats. Conclusion The results of serological investigations indicate the circulation of M. agalactiae in small ruminants in the south of Ukraine. To avoid greater dissemination of the pathogen, appropriate measures should be applied and strategies for its control need to be drawn up.
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Monllor P, Muelas R, Roca A, Atzori AS, Díaz JR, Sendra E, Romero G. Long-Term Feeding of Dairy Goats with Broccoli By-Product and Artichoke Plant Silages: Milk Yield, Quality and Composition. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091670. [PMID: 32948051 PMCID: PMC7552285 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of a 40% inclusion of broccoli by-product (BB) and artichoke plant (AP) silages in dairy goat diets on the milk yield, composition and animal health status during a full lactation. Feed consumption was lower in AP and BB animals due to their composition and higher moisture content, and BB animals showed a significant reduction in body weight. Milk from the BB treatment had the highest fat content, total solids and useful dry matter content (5.02, 13.9 and 8.39%, respectively). The Se level was slightly lower in AP and BB animals; however, the milk of these treatments was the lowest in Na and, in the case of BB animals, the richest in Ca (1267 mg/kg). Control and AP milk showed a similar fatty acid profile, although AP had a more beneficial aptitude for human health (lower ratio of n6/n3, 12.5). Plasma components, as metabolic parameters, were adequate for goats. It was concluded that a 40% inclusion of AP is an adequate solution to reduce the cost of feeding without harming the animals' health or performance and to improve the nutritional milk quality. It is necessary to lower the BB level of inclusion to increase feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Amparo Roca
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Alberto S. Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-749-704
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Jaÿ M, Tardy F. Contagious Agalactia In Sheep And Goats: Current Perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:229-247. [PMID: 31921613 PMCID: PMC6938181 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s201847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease caused equally by four Mycoplasma species, in single or mixed infections. Clinical signs are multiple, including mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia, non-specific, and expressed differently depending whether sheep or goats are affected, on causative mycoplasmas as well as type of husbandry. CA has been reported worldwide and its geographic distribution maps to that of small ruminant breeding areas. However, as current diagnostic tests are expensive and difficult to implement, it is certainly underdiagnosed and prevalence data are only available for a few countries. CA control relies on vaccines, chemotherapy and good herd management practices. It requires long-term commitment but is often unsuccessful, with frequent clinical relapses. The persistence of the etiological agents, despite their overall susceptibility to antimicrobials, comes from their genetic plasticity and capacity to escape the host immune response. The existence of asymptomatic carriers and the numerous sources of infections contribute to rapid spread of the disease and complicate the control and prevention efforts. Here we review all these aspects in order to highlight recent progress made and identify gaps in knowledge or tools needed for better disease management. Discussion also underlines the detrimental effect of contagious agalactia on small ruminant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
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Gocmen H, Darbaz I, Ergene O, Esendal OM, Aslan S. The relationships between somatic cell count, total bacterial count and intramammary infection in milk samples of Damascus goats during postpartum days. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Narenji Sani R, Hajigolikhani B, Ahmadi-Hamedani M, Kafshdouzan K. Diagnostic evaluation of milk lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities by receiver operating characteristic analysis curve in early lactation of ewes with subclinical mastitis. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:343-348. [PMID: 30713613 PMCID: PMC6346489 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.33077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic evaluation of milk lactate dehydrogenase (mLDH) and alkaline phosphatase (mALP) activities by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis curve in early lactation of ewes with subclinical mastitis (SCM) and determine the correlation between number of somatic cell count (SCC) and mLDH and mALP activities. A total of 196 udder half milk samples were collected within the first 6 weeks of lambing. The SCM was determined by positive milk bacterial culture and positive California mastitis test (CMT); SCC was determined by fossomatic method and enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically. The mLDH and mALP of SCM cases were positively correlated with SCC values. Values of mLDH, mALP and SCC were significantly higher in SCM than non-SCM udder halves. The optimum cut-off points of mLDH and mALP activities for SCM diagnosis were determined at 203.61 (U L-1) and 329.84 (U L-1), respectively. In conclusion, SCC has positive correlation with mALP and mLDH activities in SCM ewes and mLDH and mALP activities could be considered as reliable indicators for intra-mammary inflammation diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Narenji Sani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahram Hajigolikhani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ahmadi-Hamedani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Khatereh Kafshdouzan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Todaro M, Puleio R, Sabelli C, Scatassa M, Console A, Loria G. Determination of milk production losses in Valle del Belice sheep following experimental infection of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Paterna A, Contreras A, Gómez-Martín A, Amores J, Tatay-Dualde J, Prats-van der Ham M, Corrales J, Sánchez A, De la Fe C. The diagnosis of mastitis and contagious agalactia in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gómez-Martín A, Amores J, Paterna A, De la Fe C. Contagious agalactia due to Mycoplasma spp. in small dairy ruminants: epidemiology and prospects for diagnosis and control. Vet J 2013; 198:48-56. [PMID: 23759248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious disease of small dairy ruminants that has a substantial economic impact on the goat and sheep milk industries. The main aetiological agent of the disease is Mycoplasma agalactiae, although other species, such as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens, are pathogenic in goats. There are two clinical-epidemiological states of CA in sheep and goats; herds and flocks may exhibit outbreaks of CA or may be chronically infected, the latter with a high incidence of subclinical mastitis and only occasional clinical cases. The complex epidemiology of CA is related to the genetic characteristics and mechanisms of molecular variation of the Mycoplasma spp. involved, along with presence of CA-mycoplasmas in wild ruminant species. In goats, the situation is particularly complex and asymptomatic carriers have been detected in chronically infected herds. The coexistence of other non-pathogenic mycoplasmas in the herd further complicates the diagnosis of CA and the design of efficient strategies to control the disease. Routes of infection, such as the venereal route, may be involved in the establishment of chronic infection in herds. Current challenges include the need for improved diagnostic methods for detection of chronic and subclinical infections and for the design of more efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gómez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Koop G, Nielen M, van Werven T. Diagnostic tools to monitor udder health in dairy goats. Vet Q 2012; 32:37-44. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2012.675634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Amores J, Sánchez A, Gómez-Martín Á, Corrales JC, Contreras A, de la Fe C. Surveillance of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in dairy goat herds. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oliveira C, Hisrich E, Moura J, Givisiez P, R.G.Costa, Gebreyes W. On farm risk factors associated with goat milk quality in Northeast Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Koop G, Dik N, Nielen M, Lipman LJA. Short communication: Repeatability of differential goat bulk milk culture and associations with somatic cell count, total bacterial count, and standard plate count. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:2569-73. [PMID: 20494165 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess how different bacterial groups in bulk milk are related to bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC), bulk milk total bacterial count (TBC), and bulk milk standard plate count (SPC) and to measure the repeatability of bulk milk culturing. On 53 Dutch dairy goat farms, 3 bulk milk samples were collected at intervals of 2 wk. The samples were cultured for SPC, coliform count, and staphylococcal count and for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, SCC (Fossomatic 5000, Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) and TBC (BactoScan FC 150, Foss) were measured. Staphylococcal count was correlated to SCC (r=0.40), TBC (r=0.51), and SPC (r=0.53). Coliform count was correlated to TBC (r=0.33), but not to any of the other variables. Staphylococcus aureus did not correlate to SCC. The contribution of the staphylococcal count to the SPC was 31%, whereas the coliform count comprised only 1% of the SPC. The agreement of the repeated measurements was low. This study indicates that staphylococci in goat bulk milk are related to SCC and make a significant contribution to SPC. Because of the high variation in bacterial counts, repeated sampling is necessary to draw valid conclusions from bulk milk culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Peixoto RDM, Mota RA, Costa MMD. Mastite em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Este artigo objetivou revisar as informações recentes sobre mastite em pequenos ruminantes, abrangendo etiologia, epidemiologia, aspectos de controle e profilaxia. Houve a preocupação em reunir resultados de estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil, uma vez que a mastite tem a interferência de uma série de fatores, como fatores ambientais e outros decorrentes dos sistemas de manejo empregados, condições essas determinantes para etiologia e epidemiologia da enfermidade. A prevalência da mastite em caprinos varia entre 22 e 75%, sendo que os casos de mastite subclínica são os mais frequentes. Existe uma carência de trabalhos voltados para os aspectos epidemiológicos da enfermidade no nosso país. Contudo, observa-se que a mastite vem assumindo importância cada vez maior nos rebanhos voltados para produção de carne, sendo encontrados resultados de pesquisa, principalmente na espécie ovina. A mastite estafilocócica corresponde à maior fração nas infecções intramamárias em pequenos ruminantes. O caráter zoonótico de alguns patógenos, a exemplo do Staphylococcus aureus ressalta a importância da implantação de programas de controle em propriedades leiteiras. Algumas das ferramentas de diagnóstico ainda necessitam de padronização, principalmente para espécie caprina que apresenta uma série de particularidades. Ainda são discutidas as principais estratégias de controle como o manejo de fêmeas e suas crias, os procedimentos de ordenha e a utilização de vacinas.
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Koop G, Nielen M, van Werven T. Bulk milk somatic cell counts are related to bulk milk total bacterial counts and several herd-level risk factors in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4355-64. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jiménez A, Andrés S, Sánchez J. Effect of melatonin implants on somatic cell counts in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Effects on goat milk quality of the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in herds without symptoms of contagious agalactia. J DAIRY RES 2008; 76:20-3. [DOI: 10.1017/s002202990800366x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the possible effects of mycoplasmas on the quality of milk produced by goat herds in a contagious agalactia (CA) endemic area with absence of classical symptoms. Several factors related to milk quality (percentages of fat, total protein, lactose and total solids, standard plate counts (SPC) and presence of Staphylococcus aureus) were compared in mycoplasma-infected and non-infected herds. To define the CA status of 26 herds on the island of Lanzarote (Spain), where CA is endemic, 570 individual milk samples and 266 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were microbiologically analysed for the presence of Mycoplasma spp. A herd was considered infected by mycoplasmas when at least a sample (individual or BTM) was positive. BTM samples were also used to determine milk quality parameters. Mycoplasma infection was confirmed in 13 herds. A total of 31, 10 and 11 strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (MmmLC), Mp. agalactiae and Mp. capricolum subsp. capricolum were isolated. No significant differences were observed between the least square means of the variables fat, total protein, lactose and total solids or SPC recorded for the infected v. non-infected herds. The Staph. aureus status of a herd was also found to be independent of the presence of Mycoplasma spp. Our findings indicate that neither the presence of mycoplasmas in a goat herd with absence of classical symptoms seem to compromise the quality of the BTM.
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Contreras A, Sierra D, Sánchez A, Corrales J, Marco J, Paape M, Gonzalo C. Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Raynal-Ljutovac K, Pirisi A, de Crémoux R, Gonzalo C. Somatic cells of goat and sheep milk: Analytical, sanitary, productive and technological aspects. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paape M, Wiggans G, Bannerman D, Thomas D, Sanders A, Contreras A, Moroni P, Miller R. Monitoring goat and sheep milk somatic cell counts. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Assunção P, Davey HM, Rosales RS, Antunes NT, de la Fe C, Ramirez AS, de Galarreta CMR, Poveda JB. Detection of mycoplasmas in goat milk by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2007; 71:1034-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sánchez A, Sierra D, Luengo C, Corrales JC, Morales CT, Contreras A, Gonzalo C. Influence of Storage and Preservation on Fossomatic Cell Count and Composition of Goat Milk. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3095-100. [PMID: 16107398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different test conditions on the somatic cell count (SCC) and composition of goat milk. To this end, 3600 tests were performed on 1800 aliquots taken from 40 goat milk samples using a combined instrument set-up based on flow cytometry for SCC and Fourier transform infrared analysis for fat, total protein, lactose, total solids, and freezing point determinations. The conditions tested were storage temperature (refrigeration and freezing), use of a preservative [no preservative (NP), azidiol (AZ), and bronopol (BR)], and age of the milk samples at each storage temperature (24 h to 42 d at refrigeration temperature and 21 to 105 d at freezing temperature). Significant effects on logSCC variation were shown by the storage temperature, the preservation treatment, the interaction of storage temperature x preservation treatment, and milk age within the interaction of storage temperature x preservative. Highest counts were recorded in the BR-preserved milk samples (logSCC = 5.877), and lowest counts were recorded in milk samples preserved using AZ (logSCC = 5.803). The use of frozen/thawed samples led to a significantly decreased logSCC for the treatments AZ and NP; the logSCC was not modified when BR-preserved frozen/thawed samples were analyzed. During storage, variations in the SCC observed for BR-preserved samples stored at refrigeration temperature for up to 25 d and at freezing temperature for all times tested were always < 10%. The preservation treatment was the main factor affecting the milk composition variables examined. Highest values of most variables were obtained in the BR-preserved samples, and the lowest values were obtained in the AZ-preserved samples. The freezing point was lower in the preserved samples than in the NP samples. The levels of milk constituents recorded in the BR-preserved samples were independent of both the storage temperature and age of milk sample. Our findings indicate that the freezing point of goat milk must be interpreted according to the preservative used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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