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Borel P, Dangles O, Kopec RE. Fat-soluble vitamin and phytochemical metabolites: Production, gastrointestinal absorption, and health effects. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101220. [PMID: 36657621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which provide some fat-soluble vitamins and many phytochemicals, is associated with a lower risk of developing certain degenerative diseases. It is well accepted that not only the parent compounds, but also their derivatives formed upon enzymatic or nonenzymatic transformations, can produce protective biological effects. These derivatives can be formed during food storage, processing, or cooking. They can also be formed in the lumen of the upper digestive tract during digestion, or via metabolism by microbiota in the colon. This review compiles the known metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble phytochemicals (FSV and FSP) that have been identified in food and in the human digestive tract, or could potentially be present based on the known reactivity of the parent compounds in normal or pathological conditions, or following surgical interventions of the digestive tract or consumption of xenobiotics known to impair lipid absorption. It also covers the very limited data available on the bioavailability (absorption, intestinal mucosa metabolism) and summarizes their effects on health. Notably, despite great interest in identifying bioactive derivatives of FSV and FSP, studying their absorption, and probing their putative health effects, much research remains to be conducted to understand and capitalize on the potential of these molecules to preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Hassanabadi M, Mohri M, Seifi HA. Effects of vitamin D3 injection in close-up period on insulin resistance and energy balance in transition dairy cows. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:741-751. [PMID: 34919352 PMCID: PMC8959338 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies in dairy cows are towards calcium homeostasis and there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of vitamin D in preventing insulin resistance and improving energy balance in the transition period of dairy cows. Methods The trial was conducted in a commercial dairy farm with about 1500 lactating cows in Tehran province, Iran. Twenty‐four Holstein cows had been randomly selected and divided into control and treatment groups. In the treatment group, 12 cows, received a single dose of 8,000,000 IU vitamin D3 intramuscularly and in the control group, 12 cows were injected placebo (distilled water) 2–8 days before the expected calving time. Blood samples were collected between 8 and 10 AM 2 h after feeding on 21 and 7 days before calving and 1,3,7,15 and 30 days after calving. 25(OH)vitamin D, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), β‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), albumin, total protein, glucose, urea, triglyceride, cholesterol and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were measured by commercially available kits. The insulin resistance index was calculated. Results Vitamin D3 injection significantly affected the amounts of 25(OH) vitamin D, urea, insulin and insulin resistance index (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, the amounts of glucose, NEFA, BHBA concentration and AST activity were higher in control group (p ≤ 0.05). Time had a significant effect on the amounts of most measured variables except IGF‐1 and insulin. There were no group and time interactions for measured variables. Conclusion It seems that injection of vitamin D3 in close up period influenced lipolysis potentially modifying energy metabolism and resulted in reducing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hassanabadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam A Seifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Xu H, Wang L, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on growth performance, fecal scores, vitamin D3 metabolites, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and stress-related parameters in weaning calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tomkins NW, Elliott R, McGrath JJ, Schatz T. Managing plasma P concentrations in beef heifers with a slow release vitamin D supplementation. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an17601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context In extensive northern grazing systems, supplementation of P is recommended to maximise cattle growth rates and reproduction. Improving the absorption of P for the animal by influencing metabolic pathways has the potential to improve both the productivity and profitability of extensive livestock enterprises. Aims This study evaluated the efficacy of rumen bolus containing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), commercially available as Hy-D®, and/or monensin on blood P and Ca concentrations in young cattle. Methods A total of 84 heifers, initial liveweight (mean ± s.e.m.) 184 ± 2.0 kg, were allocated to four groups, dosed with one of four slow release bolus: (1) placebo (control), (2) monensin (120 mg/day), (3) Hy-D® (6 mg/day), or (4) monensin with Hy-D®, and managed on a common unimproved native pasture from August 2012 to February 2013. On four occasions postdosing, liveweight, hip height and body condition scores were recorded, and individual faecal and jugular blood samples were collected. Key results Supplementation with monensin had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gains for the first 25 days. Interactions between 25OHD and monensin and time × monensin were also significant (P < 0.05). After 188 days, heifers receiving monensin or 25OHD + monensin were 5 and 10 kg heavier respectively, compared with their counterparts in the control and 25OHD groups. Plasma P concentrations at 25 days were 6.6 mg/dL, then increased to between 8.5 and 9.0 mg/dL and maintained this level for up to 109 days with a bolus releasing 6.0 mg/day 25OHD. Conclusions The study demonstrated that sustained and elevated plasma concentrations of both 25OHD and P, compared with control animals, can be achieved. The slow release rumen bolus maintained an elevated plasma concentration of 25OHD, and indicated that a target plasma concentration for 25OHD for increasing P absorption in beef cattle is between 200 and 300 ng/mL. Implications Supplementation of a metabolite of vitamin D influences P metabolism in Brahman heifers under grazing conditions. Integration with standard supplementation practices would optimise growth rates and reproductive performance.
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Rodney RM, Celi P, McGrath JJ, Golder HM, Anderson ST, McNeill DM, Fraser DR, Lean IJ. Metabolic and production responses to calcidiol treatment in mid-lactation dairy cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of vitamin D in cattle has often focussed on its role in calcium and mineral metabolism. However, there is evidence of a wider role for vitamin D in bone and energy metabolism. Two studies were conducted to explore relationships between calcidiol supplementation, blood minerals and metabolites in mid-lactation dairy cows. In Experiment 1, a dose-response study was conducted in which 25 mid-lactation cows were fed one of five supplementary calcidiol doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 mg calcidiol/day) for 30 days, with blood samples taken every 10 days. Increasing calcidiol dose increased plasma calcidiol (P=0.001), 24,25-(OH)2-D3 (P=0.001) and serum phosphate (P=0.003) in a curvilinear manner, increased and then decreased plasma 25-OH-D2 (P=0.004) and linearly increased 3-epi 25-OH-D3 (P=0.001) and milk calcidiol concentrations (P=0.001). Calcidiol supplementation did not affect milk yield or composition, bodyweight or condition score. In Experiment 2, relationships between blood calcidiol and mineral and metabolite concentrations over time were explored using time-series analysis. Ten mid-lactation cows were fed either 0 or 0.5 mg calcidiol/day for 27 days, with blood samples taken every 3 days. Feeding calcidiol increased plasma calcidiol (P=0.001), 24,25-OH-D3 (P=0.038), and insulin (P=0.046), but decreased 25-OH-D2 (P=0.008) concentrations. Positive associations were identified between blood calcidiol and concentrations of other metabolites, including cholecalciferol, calcium, osteocalcin, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, magnesium, phosphorus and total protein at varying lags (±0, 3 or 6 days), while negative relationships were identified between calcidiol and 24,25-(OH)2-D3, and phosphorus 3 days later. Importantly, strong positive associations between calcidiol and indicators of energy metabolism were identified. Overall, these experiments provide support for a positive effect of calcidiol treatment on dairy cow metabolism.
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Kim ET, Lee SS, Lee JH, Jeong JS, Lee SJ, Jeong J, Park JK, Park BY, Kim SB, Jeong HY, Ki KS, Choi CW, Kim CH, Kim JW, Lee SS. Effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate supplementation on lactation performance, blood-biochemical profile, and economic efficacy of mid-lactation Holstein cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1458-1463. [PMID: 30056652 PMCID: PMC6127564 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was done to evaluate the effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) supplementation in a total mixed ration (TMR) on the lactation performance, blood parameters, and economic efficacy of mid-lactation Holstein cows. Methods Twenty-four cows (body weight 647±11.7 kg) were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, with six cows per group. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet (CON); CON+17.5 g of top dressed SSL (treatment [TRT] 0.05); CON+35 g of SSL (TRT 0.1); and CON+70 g of SSL (TRT 0.2) per 35 kg TMR. Results The highest level of SSL supplementation (TRT 0.2) significantly improved milk yield during the second period compared to the TRT 0.05 group (5 to 8 wks; 33.28 vs 31.09 kg/d), during the third period compared to both the CON and TRT 0.05 groups (p<0.05) (9 to 13 wks; 32.59 vs 30.64 and 30.01 kg/d) and during the overall experimental period compared to both the CON and TRT 0.05 groups (p<0.05) (1 to 13 wks; 33.43 vs 32.06 and 31.40 kg/d), respectively. No negative effects on hematological or biochemical parameters were observed due to SSL supplementation. Considering both the milk fat and protein content, the total milk price was set at 1,073.60 (TRT 0.05), 1,085.60 (TRT 0.1), 1,086.10 (TRT 0.2), and 1,064.20 (CON) won/L, with consequent total milk profits of −1.7%, 5.4%, and 3.5% for the TRT 0.05, TRT 0.1, and TRT 0.2 diet, respectively, compared to those in the CON diet. Conclusion The milk sales revenue related to SSL supplementation of the TRT 0.1 diet was increased by up to 5.4% compared to the milk sales revenue of the CON diet. Therefore, 0.1% SSL supplementation might be effective and profitable during the mid-lactation period of cows, without producing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Tae Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 52825, Korea
| | - Jin Suk Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 52825, Korea
| | - Shin Ja Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 52825, Korea
| | - Joon Jeong
- Livestock Research Institute, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Anseong 17558, Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Livestock Research Institute, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Anseong 17558, Korea
| | - Beom Young Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Jeong
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ki
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Chang Weon Choi
- Department of Animal Resources, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Life and Environment Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 52825, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 52825, Korea
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Liu Q, Wang C, Guo G, Huo W, Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang S, Wang H. Effects of branched-chain volatile fatty acids supplementation on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, hepatic lipid content and gene expression of dairy calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Heinrichs A, Zanton G, Lascano G, Jones C. A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy heifer research. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10173-10188. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lee SJ, Kim DH, Guan LL, Ahn SK, Cho KW, Lee SS. Effect of Medicinal Plant By-products Supplementation to Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economic Efficacy in the Late Fattening Period of Hanwoo Steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1729-35. [PMID: 26580440 PMCID: PMC4647081 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of medicinal plant by-products (MPB) supplementation to a total mixed ration (TMR) on growth, carcass characteristics and economic efficacy in the late fattening period of Hanwoo steers. Twenty seven steers (body weight [BW], 573±57 kg) were assigned to 3 treatment groups so that each treatment based on BW contained 9 animals. All groups received ad libitum TMR throughout the feeding trial until slaughter (from 24 to 30 months of age) and treatments were as follows: control, 1,000 g/kg TMR; treatment 1 (T1), 970 g/kg TMR and 30 g/kg MPB; treatment 2 (T2), 950 g/kg TMR and 50 g/kg MPB. Initial and final BW were not different among treatments. Resultant data were analyzed using general linear models of SAS. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) for T1 than control, but there was no difference between control and T2. Plasma albumin showed low-, intermediate- and high-level (p<0.05) for control, T1 and T2, whereas non-esterified fatty acid was high-, intermediate- and high-level (p<0.05) for control, T1 and T2, respectively. Carcass weight, carcass rate, backfat thickness and rib eye muscle area were not affected by MPB supplementation, whereas quality and yield grades were highest (p<0.05) for T1 and T2, respectively. Daily feed costs were decreased by 0.5% and 0.8% and carcass prices were increased by 18.1% and 7.6% for T1 and T2 compared to control, resulting from substituting TMR with 30 and 50 g/kg MPB, respectively. In conclusion, the substituting TMR by 30 g/kg MPB may be a potential feed supplement approach to improve economic efficacy in the late fattening period of Hanwoo steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lee
- Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - D H Kim
- Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S K Ahn
- Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - K W Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52650, Korea
| | - Sung S Lee
- Eco-friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
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Kim DH, Kim KH, Nam IS, Lee SS, Choi CW, Kim WY, Kwon EG, Lee KY, Lee MJ, Oh YK. Effect of indigenous herbs on growth, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in the late fattening period of hanwoo steers. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1562-8. [PMID: 25049742 PMCID: PMC4093822 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of indigenous herbal supplements on growth, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in the late fattening period of Hanwoo steers. In a 6 month feeding trial, thirty Hanwoo steers (647±32 kg) were allotted to one of 5 treatment groups, control (basal diet contained lasalocid), licorice, clove, turmeric and silymarin, with six steers per pen. All groups received ad libitum concentrate and 1 kg rice straw/animal/d throughout the feeding trial. Blood samples were collected at the beginning, middle, and the end of the experiment and the steers were slaughtered at the end. Blood glucose, triglyceride, total protein, and albumin concentrations were higher in the turmeric treatment compared with other treatments. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were highest (p<0.003 and p = 0.071, respectively) in steers treated with silymarin. Alanine aminotransferase activity was lower (p<0.06) for licorice and silymarin compared with the control group. There were no alterations in serum aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase activities as a consequence of herb treatments (p = 0.203 and 0.135, respectively). Final body weight, body weight gain, average dairy gain and dry matter intake were not significantly different among treatments. Yield grade, marbling score and quality grade were higher for silymarin group than those of the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the results suggest that silymarin can be used an effective dietary supplement as an alternative to antibiotic feed additive and a productivity enhancer, providing safe and more consumer acceptable alternative to synthetic compounds during the late fattening period of steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - K H Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - I S Nam
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - S S Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - C W Choi
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - W Y Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - E G Kwon
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - K Y Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - M J Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
| | - Y K Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Suwon, 441-706, Korea
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McGrath JJ, Savage DB, Godwin IR. The potential for pharmacological supply of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to increase phosphorus utilisation in cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is recommended as a supplement for beef cattle grazing rangelands and for dairy cows grazing pastures. However, existing supplementation mechanisms are wasteful, labour intensive, and are becoming increasingly expensive. Cattle have an inability to absorb or retain >70% of the P they consume. Therefore, the need for supplementation could be reduced if the utilisation of dietary P was increased. Vitamin D and its metabolites are involved in the absorption and metabolism of calcium (Ca) and P. However, the use of vitamin D for improving utilisation of P is novel. This review presents information gathered from various studies that demonstrate the potential for vitamin D metabolites to increase P utilisation. The concentration of dietary Ca is demonstrated to be the controlling element for utilisation of endogenous sources of vitamin D. Therefore, the use of exogenous sources of vitamin D in greater than normal concentration is required to overcome the suppression of active absorption mechanisms by normal calcaemia. Use of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sufficient doses has been shown to increase active absorption of both Ca and P and therefore potentially provide a method of increasing utilisation of existing sources of P or increase the utilisation of P supplements for cattle.
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Cashman KD. The role of vitamers and dietary-based metabolites of vitamin D in prevention of vitamin D deficiency. Food Nutr Res 2012; 56:5383. [PMID: 22489218 PMCID: PMC3321253 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little doubt that vitamin D deficiency across all age groups in Europe is a problem. Low vitamin D status arises due to limited, if any, dermal synthesis during the winter months at latitudes above 40°N, putting increased importance on dietary supply of the vitamin. However, dietary intakes by most populations are low due to the limited supply of vitamin D-rich foods in the food chain. Thus strategies that effectively address this public health issue are urgently required. It has been emphasized and re-emphasized that there are only a limited number of public health strategies available to correct low dietary vitamin D intake: (1) improving intake of naturally occurring vitamin D-rich foods, (2) vitamin D fortification (mandatory or voluntarily) of food, and (3) vitamin D supplementation. Recent evidence suggests that the levels of vitamin D added to food would need to be high so as to ensure dietary requirements are met and health outcomes optimized. In addition, knowledge of the most effective forms of vitamin D to use in some of these preventative approaches is important. There is still uncertainty in relation to the relative efficacy of vitamin D2 versus D3, the two main food derived forms and those used in vitamin D supplements. The major metabolite of vitamin D with biological activity is 1,25(OH)2D; however, this is usually used for pharmacological purposes and is not typically used in normal, healthy people. The other major metabolite, 25(OH)D, which has also been used for pharmacological purposes is present in certain foods such as meat and meat products (particularly offal) as well as eggs. This metabolite may have the potential to boost vitamin D status up to five times more effectively that native vitamin D3 in foods. However, the exact bioactivity of this compound needs to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Cashman
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Taylor M, Knowlton K, McGilliard M, Seymour W, Herbein J. Blood Mineral, Hormone, and Osteocalcin Responses of Multiparous Jersey Cows to an Oral Dose of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 or Vitamin D3 Before Parturition. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2408-16. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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