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Chisato K, Yamazaki T, Kayasaki S, Fukumori R, Higuchi H, Makita K, Oikawa S. Metabolites and physical scores as possible predictors for postpartum culling in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2024; 179:105387. [PMID: 39213745 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to explore the associations of serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations with the body condition score (BCS) and rumen fill score (RFS) in order to predict the risk of postpartum culling, and to further investigate effective monitoring stages during the dry period. From October 2012 to March 2014, clinically healthy Holstein heifers and cows were sampled once before calving, and the occurrence of culling within 60 days in milk (DIM) was investigated. The discriminatory ability of each parameter was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Of the 720 cows sampled between 14 and 2 days before the actual day of calving in the study, 42 cull cows (mean DIM ± SE: 22.0 ± 2.6) were confirmed. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the ROC for predicting culling using serum NEFA concentrations were 0.6 and 0.7 at 14 to 2 and 7 to 2 days before calving, respectively. The AUC for the RFS was 0.7 for both periods, indicating the same diagnostic level as the serum NEFA concentration. Both the serum NEFA concentration and RFS were possible predictors in cows with ≥ 2 parities, but not in cows with 0-1 parity sampled even at 7 to 2 days before calving. The serum BHBA concentration and BCS were not suitable predictors of culling for any period or parity. These results indicate that RFS has a discriminatory ability comparable to the serum NEFA concentration for predicting culling within 60 DIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chisato
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takerou Yamazaki
- Memanbetsu Livestock Clinic, Ozora Central Branch, Okhotsk Regional Center Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Memanbetsu, Showa, Ozora-cho, Abashiri, -gun, Hokkaido 099-2356, Japan
| | - Shuji Kayasaki
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.; Teshikaga Livestock Clinic, Kushiro Central Branch, East Regional Center, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 3-10-13 Sakuraoka, Teshikaga-cho, Kawakami-gun, Hokkaido 088-3213, Japan
| | - Rika Fukumori
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Makita
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shin Oikawa
- Division of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan..
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Li M, Zhao B, Wang J, Zhang H, Yang Y, Song S, Psifidi A, Wu W, Loor JJ, Xu C. Caveolin 1 in bovine liver is associated with fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and the ER unfolded protein response: role in fatty liver development. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01178-0. [PMID: 39343220 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, i.e., ER stress, is intrinsically linked with lipid metabolism disorders in dairy cows. Caveolin 1 (CAV1) is a ubiquitously-expressed membrane-associated scaffolding protein involved in regulating the secretory pathway within the ER. Whether inhibiting the activity of CAV1 affects the ER and its potential role in hepatic lipid deposition in dairy cows is unknown. Biopsies of liver tissue from Holstein cows (days in milk: median = 13 d, range = 5 to 21) diagnosed as healthy (n = 6, hepatic TAG levels < 1%, milk production: median = 38.9 kg/day, Interquartile range = 38.0 and 40.8) or suffering from fatty liver (n = 6, hepatic TAG levels > 5%, milk production: median = 36.6 kg/day, Interquartile range = 35.7 and 38.1) revealed that fatty liver was associated with lower abundance of CAV1 gene and protein, higher phosphorylation (p) levels of PERK and IRE1α, and increased abundance of ATF6, GRP78, CHOP protein, and several unfolded protein response (UPR) genes (ATF4, sXBP1, and GRP78). Proteins related to de novo fatty acid synthesis, including ACC1, SREBP-1c, PPARγ, and downstream targets genes of SREBP1 (ACACA and FASN) also had greater abundance. This in vivo analysis highlighted a mechanistic link between CAV1 protein abundance, ER stress, and lipid metabolism during fatty liver. A mechanistic study was then performed in vitro with primary hepatocytes isolated from 5 healthy calves (weight, 40-45 kg; 1 d old). Initially, hepatocytes were treated with FFA (1.2 mM) for 1, 3, 6, or 12 h. FFA treatment reduced CAV1 protein abundance linearly while it reduced abundance of ER stress-related proteins, p-IRE1α, p-PERK, GRP78, ATF6, and CHOP. Proteins related to de novo fatty acid synthesis (ACC1, SREBP-1c, PPARγ) also increased linearly, and lipid droplets accumulated progressively over time following FFA treatment. Subsequently, to assess the role of CAV1 in FFA-induced ER stress and de novo fatty acid synthesis, hepatocytes were transfected with pCMV-CAV1 (cattle)-3 × FLAG-Neo (pc-CAV1) plasmid to overexpress CAV1 or with siRNA to silence CAV1 (siCAV1) transcription. Overexpression of CAV1 alleviated ER stress by reducing levels of p-PERK and p-IRE1α, as well as the protein abundance of ATF6, GRP78, CHOP, and several UPR genes (GRP78, ATF4, and sXBP1). Similarly, CAV1 overexpression decreased protein abundance of ACC1, SREBP-1c, PPARγ, and downstream targets genes of SREBP1 (ACACA and FASN). Conversely, silencing CAV1 exacerbated FFA-induced ER stress and de novo fatty acid synthesis. Considering the negative role of FFA-induced ER stress on lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, a second in vitro experiment involved hepatocytes treated with 0.5 μg/mL tunicamycin (TM, a typical ER stress inducer) for 24 h with or without overexpressing CAV1 (pc-CAV1). Overexpressing caveolin 1 reversed TM-induced increases in mRNA and protein associated with ER stress and de novo fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, use of hepatocytes transfected with pc-CAV1 for 48 h and subjected to co-immunoprecipitation revealed that CAV1 interacts with IRE1α and ATF6. Overall, the data suggest that CAV1 may help reduce hepatic ER stress and mitigate fatty acid synthesis by binding to and inhibiting IRE1α and ATF6 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Bichen Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Huijing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shihao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China..
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Zhou S, Ma N, Meng M, Chang G, Shen X. Lentinan Ameliorates β-Hydroxybutyrate-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Bovine Hepatocytes by Upregulating the Expression of Acetyl-coenzyme A Acetyltransferase 2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17392-17404. [PMID: 39056217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Ketosis in dairy cows is often accompanied by the dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in the liver. Acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is specifically expressed in the liver and is important for regulating lipid homeostasis in ketotic cows. Lentinan (LNT) has a wide range of pharmacological activities, and this study investigates the protective effects of LNT on β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA)-induced lipid metabolism disorder in bovine hepatocytes (BHECs) and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. BHECs were first pretreated with LNT to investigate the effect of LNT on BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. ACAT2 was then silenced or overexpressed to investigate whether this mediated the protective action of LNT against BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. Finally, BHECs were treated with LNT after silencing ACAT2 to investigate the interaction between LNT and ACAT2. LNT pretreatment effectively enhanced the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol, inhibited the synthesis of triglycerides, increased the expression of ACAT2, and elevated the contents of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thereby ameliorating BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder in BHECs. The overexpression of ACAT2 achieved a comparable effect to LNT pretreatment, whereas the silencing of ACAT2 aggravated the effect of BHBA on inducing disorder in lipid metabolism in BHECs. Moreover, the protective effect of LNT against lipid metabolism disorder in BHBA-induced BHECs was abrogated upon silencing of ACAT2. Thus, LNT, as a natural protective agent, can enhance the regulatory capacity of BHECs in maintaining lipid homeostasis by upregulating ACAT2 expression, thereby ameliorating the BHBA-induced lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Nana Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Meng
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Chang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
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Serbetci I, González-Grajales LA, Herrera C, Ibanescu I, Tekin M, Melean M, Magata F, Malama E, Bollwein H, Scarlet D. Impact of negative energy balance and postpartum diseases during the transition period on oocyte quality and embryonic development in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1328700. [PMID: 38249554 PMCID: PMC10797029 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1328700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition period is a critical time for dairy cows because a large proportion of clinical and subclinical diseases are observed in the first month after parturition. Occurrence of negative energy balance is associated with depressed immunity and these conditions can affect oocyte quality and further embryonic development. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of negative energy balance-associated disorders on in vitro embryo production (IVP) in dairy cattle. We hypothesized that subclinical metabolic and/or inflammatory disorders have a negative effect on oocyte developmental competence and morphokinetic parameters of the resulting embryos. The study was conducted on 30 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows which were assigned into four groups: healthy (HEAL, n = 6), metabolic disease (META, n = 8), inflammatory disease (INFL, n = 8), or combined metabolic and inflammatory disease (COMB, n = 8). Ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed twice weekly on all cows over a period of four weeks (n = 8 OPU sessions/cow) starting on the fifth week postpartum, and the collected oocytes were subjected to routine IVP. Donor's health status did not affect the number of oocytes/OPU or the recovery rate (p > 0.05). The number of quality 1 oocytes collected from INFL and COMB cows was lower compared to HEAL cows (p < 0.05). Also, the percentage of quality 1 embryos was reduced in META and COMB compared to HEAL cows (p < 0.05). Cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates were similar among groups (p > 0.05). Presence of disease did not affect the time required by zygotes to reach specific developmental stages, as recorded by means of time-lapse monitoring. Nevertheless, there was a higher probability of direct cleavage after IVF in oocytes of COMB cows compared to those of HEAL cows (p < 0.05). In conclusion, oocytes and embryos derived from dairy cows diagnosed with subclinical metabolic and/or inflammatory diseases during the transition period showed reduced quality but similar developmental potential and morphokinetics when compared to healthy cows. These results shed light on the consequences of subclinical disease on embryonic development in dairy cows which might be important for embryo transfer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Serbetci
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carolina Herrera
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iulian Ibanescu
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhittin Tekin
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Melean
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fumie Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eleni Malama
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Scarlet
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chisato K, Yamazaki T, Kayasaki S, Fukumori R, Oikawa S. Epidemiological Features of Postpartum Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Herds in Hokkaido, Japan. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:144. [PMID: 38200875 PMCID: PMC10778376 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out as an observational study in order to determine the prevalence of postpartum subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy herds in Hokkaido, Japan. From April 2012 to March 2014, blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration was measured once within 3-88 days in milk (DIM) in 1394 apparently healthy cows from 108 farms to diagnose SCK (≥1.2 mM). In cows within 14 DIM, this was classified as SCK II, and from 15 DIM, this was classified as SCK I. Herds with a combined percentage of SCK I and SCK II of less than 10% were classified as SCK-negative herds, those with percentages of 10-25%, were classified as alert herds, and those with one of 25% or more, we classified as positive herds. The prevalence of SCK in the entire DIM was 17.6%. The prevalence of SCK II (20.2%) tended to occur more frequently than SCK I (16.5%, p = 0.094). The frequency of SCK I was higher at the fourth parity. The number of milking cows in SCK-positive herds was significantly smaller than those of the other two types of herds (p = 0.004). The frequency of SCK-positive herds in tie stalls and with component feeding was higher than for free stall or free barn and with total mixed ration (p = 0.054 and p = 0.002). This study reveals the prevalence of SCK in Hokkaido, Japan, and shows that SCK is associated with parity and the management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chisato
- Veterinary Herd Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; (K.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Takerou Yamazaki
- Memanbetsu Livestock Clinic, Ozora Central Branch, Okhotsk Regional Center, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 149-10 Memanbetsu Syouwa, Ozora-cho, Abashiri-gun, Hokkaido 099-2356, Japan;
| | - Shuji Kayasaki
- Teshikaga Livestock Clinic, Kushiro Central Branch, East Regional Center, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 3-10-13 Sakuraoka, Teshikaga-cho, Kawakami-gun, Hokkaido 088-3213, Japan;
| | - Rika Fukumori
- Veterinary Herd Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; (K.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Shin Oikawa
- Veterinary Herd Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; (K.C.); (R.F.)
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Zhou S, Chen M, Meng M, Ma N, Xie W, Shen X, Li Z, Chang G. Subclinical ketosis leads to lipid metabolism disorder by downregulating the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9892-9909. [PMID: 37690731 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a metabolic disease that often occurs in dairy cows postpartum and is a result of disordered lipid metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) is important for balancing cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) metabolism; however, its role in subclinical ketotic dairy cows is unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential correlation between ACAT2 and lipid metabolism disorders in subclinical ketotic cows through in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vivo experiment, liver tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy cows (CON, n = 6, β-hydroxybutyric acid [BHBA] concentration <1.0 mM) and subclinical ketotic cows (subclinical ketosis [SCK], n = 6, BHBA concentration = 1.2-3.0 mM) to explore the effect of ACAT2 on lipid metabolism disorders in SCK cows. For the in vitro experiment, bovine hepatocytes (BHEC) were used as the model. The effects of BHBA on ACAT2 and lipid metabolism were investigated via BHBA concentration gradient experiments. Subsequently, the relation between ACAT2 and lipid metabolism disorder was explored by transfection with siRNA of ACAT2. Transcriptomics showed an upregulation of differentially expression genes during lipid metabolism and significantly lower ACAT2 mRNA levels in the SCK group. Compared with the CON group in vivo, the SCK group showed significantly higher expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulator element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and significantly lower expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A (CPT1A), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Moreover, the SCK group had a significantly higher liver TG content and significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol content. These results were indicative of TG and cholesterol metabolism disorders in the liver of dairy cows with SCK. Additionally, the SCK group showed an increased expression of perilipin-2 (PLIN2), decreased expression of apolipoprotein B, and decreased plasma concentration of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) by downregulating ACAT2, which indicated an accumulation of TG in liver. In vitro experiments showed that BHBA induced an increase in the TG content of BHEC, decreased content TC, increased expression of PPARγ and SREBP1c, and decreased expression of PPARα, CPT1A, SREBP2, and HMGCR. Additionally, BHBA increased the expression of PLIN2 in BHEC, decreased the expression and fluorescence intensity of ACAT2, and decreased the VLDL and LDL-C contents. Furthermore, silencing ACAT2 expression increased the TG content; decreased the TC, VLDL, and LDL-C contents; decreased the expression of HMGCR and SREBP2; and increased the expression of SREBP1c; but had no effect on the expression of PLIN2. These results suggest that ACAT2 downregulation in BHEC promotes TG accumulation and inhibits cholesterol synthesis, leading to TG and cholesterol metabolic disorders. In conclusion, ACAT2 downregulation in the SCK group inhibited cholesterol synthesis, increased TG synthesis, and reduced the contents of VLDL and LDL-C, eventually leading to disordered TG and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Zhou
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Mengru Chen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Meng
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Nana Ma
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xie
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Chang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China; Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia, P. R. China.
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Chang R, Jia H, Dong Z, Xu Q, Liu L, Majigsuren Z, Batbaatar T, Xu C, Yang Q, Sun X. Free Fatty Acids Induce Apoptosis of Mammary Epithelial Cells of Ketotic Dairy Cows via the Mito-ROS/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12645-12656. [PMID: 37585786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Early lactation increases metabolic stress in ketotic dairy cows, leading to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and inflammatory response in mammary epithelial cells. The pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) pathway involving the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (Mito-ROS)-induced nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor has been recognized as a key mechanism in this inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanism of Mito-ROS-NLRP3 pathway-mediated mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in dairy cows with ketosis. Mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptotic program and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were observed in the mammary gland of ketotic cows. Similar damage was detected in MAC-T cells treated with exogenous fatty acids (FFAs). However, NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 pretreatment or Mito-ROS scavenging by MitoTEMPO attenuated apoptosis in FFA-induced MAC-T cells by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. These findings reveal that the Mito-ROS-NLRP3 pathway activation is a potent mechanism underlying mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in response to metabolic stress in ketotic dairy cows, which further contributes to reduced milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongdou Jia
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Qiushi Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zolzaya Majigsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Tugsjargal Batbaatar
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, P. O. Box 53/33, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 210153, Mongolia
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xudong Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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Zhao C, Wu B, Li J, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Liu M, Chen L, Zhu Y, Gao W, Du X, Song Y, Liu G, Lei L, Li X. AdipoRon alleviates fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bovine hepatocytes by promoting autophagy. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00295-3. [PMID: 37268562 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the transition period in dairy cows, high circulating concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increase hepatic lipid deposits and are considered a major pathological factor for liver damage. We investigated whether AdipoRon, a synthetic small-molecule agonist of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 shown to prevent liver lipid accumulation in nonruminants, could alleviate NEFA-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Bovine hepatocytes were isolated from 5 healthy Holstein female newborn calves (1 d of age, 30-40 kg, fasting), and independently isolated hepatocytes from at least 3 different calves were used for each subsequent experiment. The composition and concentration of NEFA used in this study were selected according to hematological criteria of dairy cows with fatty liver or ketosis. First, hepatocytes were cultured with various concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mM) for 12 h. In a second experiment, hepatocytes were treated with AdipoRon at different concentrations (0, 5, 25, or 50 μM for 12 h) and times (25 μM for 0, 6, 12, or 24 h) with or without NEFA (1.2 mM) treatment. In the last experiment, hepatocytes were treated with AdipoRon (25 μM), NEFA (1.2 mM), or both for 12 h after treatment with or without the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Hepatocytes treated with NEFA had increased protein abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and mRNA abundance of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA), and decreased protein abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV), and mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), along with lower ATP concentrations. AdipoRon treatment reversed these effects, suggesting this compound had a positive effect on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction during the NEFA challenge. In addition, upregulated expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II, encoded by MAP1LC3) and downregulated expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62) indicated that AdipoRon enhanced autophagic activity in hepatocytes. The fact that chloroquine impeded the beneficial effects of AdipoRon on lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction suggested a direct role for autophagy during NEFA challenge. Our results suggest that autophagy is an important cellular mechanism to prevent NEFA-induced lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bovine hepatocytes, which is consistent with other studies. Overall, AdipoRon may represent a promising therapeutic agent to maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial function in dairy cows during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Jinxia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Menglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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9
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Gross JJ. Hepatic Lipidosis in Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:371-383. [PMID: 37032295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipidosis (ie, fatty liver) occurs primarily during the first weeks of lactation in dairy cows because of excessive lipolysis overwhelming the concomitant capacity for beta-oxidation and hepatic export of triglycerides. Besides economic losses due to reduced lactational and reproductive performance, close associations with concomitantly occurring infectious and metabolic health disorders, in particular ketosis, exist. Hepatic lipidosis is not only a consequence from the postpartal negative energy balance but also acts as a disease component for further health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Rodriguez M, Enger BD, Weiss WP, Lee K, Lee C. Effects of different vitamin A supplies on performance and the risk of ketosis in transition cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2361-2373. [PMID: 36823005 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of feeding low and high supplies of vitamin A (VA) during the transition period on plasma metabolites, prevalence of ketosis, and early milk production. In a randomized complete block design, 42 prefresh Holstein cows and 21 heifers were blocked by parity and calving date and assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (n = 21 per treatment unless noted): CON, a transition diet with supplemental VA (75,000 IU/d) to meet the requirement; LVA, a transition diet with no supplemental VA; or HVA, a transition diet receiving supplemental VA (187,500 IU/d) 2.5 times greater than the requirement. Experimental periods were prepartum (-14 d prepartum), postpartum (1 to 30 d in milk), and carryover period (31 to 58 d in milk; common lactating diet with adequate VA was fed). Differences in dry matter intake in the pre- and postpartum periods and milk yield were not detected among treatment. Milk fat, protein, and lactose yields were similar among treatments and not affected by VA. Somatic cell count increased linearly with increasing VA. Body weight and body condition score decreased postpartum, but no VA effect was observed. Plasma retinol concentrations (n = 10 per treatment) decreased at d 2 postpartum and increased as lactation progressed, but the concentrations were unaffected by treatment. Plasma β-carotene (n = 10 per treatment) had a treatment by time interaction and its concentration decreased after parturition and remained low for 2 wk. Plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate did not differ among treatments. Milk retinol concentration and yield (n = 10 per treatment) increased as VA supply increased. Segmented neutrophils (%) decreased, and lymphocytes (%) increased in blood with increasing VA supply. In conclusion, providing different supplies of VA did not affect production, mobilization of body fat, and risk of ketosis; however, excessive VA supply may have negatively affected the immune response, in part contributing to increased milk somatic cell counts during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodriguez
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - W P Weiss
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - K Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - C Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691.
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11
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Mastitis: What It Is, Current Diagnostics, and the Potential of Metabolomics to Identify New Predictive Biomarkers. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases continue to be the greatest challenge to both farmers and dairy cows. They are associated with a decrease in productivity, lower profitability, and a negative impact on cows’ health as well as public health. This review article discusses the pathophysiology and diagnostic opportunities of mastitis, the most common disease of dairy cows. To better understand the disease, we dive deep into the causative agents, traditional paradigms, and the use of new technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mastitis. This paper takes a systems biology approach by highlighting the relationship of mastitis with other diseases and introduces the use of omics sciences, specifically metabolomics and its analytical techniques. Concluding, this review is backed up by multiple studies that show how earlier identification of mastitis through predictive biomarkers can benefit the dairy industry and improve the overall animal health.
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12
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Li M, Zhang B, Yin Y, Wen J, Wang J, He Y, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Wang S, Yang W, Xu C. Intracellular Ca 2+ Signaling and Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Modulator ORAI1 Are Associated With CD4 + T Lymphocytes in Dairy Cows. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835936. [PMID: 35663942 PMCID: PMC9159785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional status of dairy cows and the metabolism of specific nutrients are critical regulators of immune cell function. Around the time of parturition, mobilization of body lipid and muscle helps compensate for the decrease in nutrient intake and the increased requirements of the mammary gland for lactation. An end-result of these processes is the marked increase in circulating concentrations of fatty acids (FA), which are a major risk factor for immune dysfunction. In food animal species such as dairy cows, any disturbance in nutritional or immunological homeostasis leads to deleterious feedback loops that can further risk health, efficiency of nutrient use, and compromise availability of safe and nutritious dairy foods for humans. Despite substantial progress with respect to regulation of innate immunity, such knowledge for adaptive immunity is scarce. To help bridge this gap in knowledge, we sought to study the role of calcium release-activated calcium modulator ORAI1 activation in T cells systemic immune function in vivo. CD4+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of dairy cows diagnosed as healthy or with ketosis, a common metabolic disorder of FA metabolism. Results revealed that levels of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with the abundance of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) moiety increased during ketosis. Further, plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were elevated, the balance of Th17/Treg cells was disrupted, mitochondrial function impaired, and the abundance of mitophagy-related proteins in CD4+ T cells altered during ketosis. Molecular characterization of the direct effects of FA was evaluated in CD4+ T cells isolated from the spleen of 1-day-old calves. Enhanced supply of FA increased intracellular Ca2+ and ROS concentrations, upregulated the abundance of proteins associated with mitochondrial dynamics and ORAI1. Intermediates of mitophagy accumulated and the balance of Th17/Treg cells also was affected by the supply of FA. These negative effects were attenuated by silencing or inhibition of ORAI1 in CD4+ T cells. Together, data indicated that physiological states that lead to increases in systemic concentrations of FA could impact adaptive immunity negatively through ORAI1 regulated intracellular Ca2+, ROS balance, and increased effector functions of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yufeng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jianan Wen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuxin He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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13
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Eom JS, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Choi Y, Jo SU, Lee SS, Kim ET, Lee SS. Metabolic profiling of serum and urine in lactating dairy cows
affected by subclinical ketosis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:247-261. [PMID: 35530404 PMCID: PMC9039949 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis is associated with high milk yield during lactating or insufficient feed
intake in lactating dairy cows. However, few studies have been conducted on the
metabolomics of ketosis in Korean lactating dairy cows. The present study aimed
to investigate the serum and urine metabolites profiling of lactating dairy cows
through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and
comparing those between healthy (CON) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) groups. Six
lactating dairy cows were categorized into CON and SCK groups. All experimental
Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration. Serum and urine samples were
collected from the jugular vein of the neck and by hand sweeping the perineum,
respectively. The metabolites in the serum and urine were determined using
1H-NMR spectroscopy. Identification and quantification of
metabolites was performed by Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software. Metabolites
statistical analysis was performed by Metaboanalyst version 5.0 program. In the
serum, the acetoacetate level was significantly (p <
0.05) higher in the SCK group than in the CON group, and whereas acetate,
galactose and pyruvate levels tended to be higher. CON group had significantly
(p < 0.05) higher levels of 5-aminolevulinate and
betaine. Indole-3-acetate, theophylline, p-cresol, 3-hydroxymandelate,
gentisate, N-acetylglucosamine,
N-nitrosodimethylamine, xanthine and pyridoxine levels were
significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the urine of the SCK
group than that in the CON group, which had higher levels of homogentisate,
ribose, gluconate, ethylene glycol, maltose, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and
glycocholate. Some significantly (p < 0.05) different
metabolites in the serum and urine were associated with ketosis diseases,
inflammation, energy balance and body weight. This study will be contributed
useful a future ketosis metabolomics studies in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sik Eom
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Shin Ja Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- University Centered Labs, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Sang Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Youyoung Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Seong Uk Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe
Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National
University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Eun Tae Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute
of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- University Centered Labs, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21),
Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Corresponding author: Sung Sill Lee, Division of
Applied Life Science (BK21) & Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea. Tel: +82-55-772-1883,
E-mail:
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14
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Wächter S, Cohrs I, Golbeck L, Scheu T, Eder K, Grünberg W. Effects of restricted dietary phosphorus supply during the dry period on productivity and metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4370-4392. [PMID: 35307179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus in bovine nutrition is under ongoing scrutiny because of concerns with excessive amounts of P excreted in manure contributing to environmental pollution. Feeding rations with excessive P content, however, still remains common practice, particularly during the transition period, as limited P supply in late gestation and early lactation is thought to present a risk for health and productivity of high-yielding dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of restricted P supply during the last 4 wk of pregnancy on Ca and P homeostasis during the transition period in high-yielding dairy cows, and to identify possible effects on metabolism and productivity throughout the following lactation. Thirty late-pregnant multiparous dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a dry cow diet with low (LP) or adequate P (AP) content [0.16 and 0.30% P in dry matter (DM), respectively] to be fed in the 4 wk before calving. After calving all cows received the same ration with adequate P content (0.46% P in DM). Blood, milk, and liver tissue samples were obtained during the dry period and the following lactation, DM intake (DMI), body weight, milk production, and disease occurrence were monitored. Plasma was assayed for the concentrations of P, Ca, Na, and K, metabolic parameters, and liver enzyme activities. Liver tissue was analyzed for mineral, triglyceride, cholesterol, and water contents. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to identify treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction effects. Cows fed LP had lower plasma P concentrations ([Pi]) than AP cows during restricted P feeding, reaching a nadir of 1.1 mmol/L immediately before calving. After calving, plasma [Pi] of LP cows was at or above the level of AP cows and within the reference range for cattle. Symptoms assumed to be associated with hypophosphatemia were not observed, but plasma Ca was higher from 1 wk before to 1 wk after calving in LP cows, which was associated with a numerically lower incidence of clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia in LP cows. Both treatments had a similar 305-d milk yield (12,112 ± 1,298 kg for LP and 12,229 ± 1,758 kg for AP cows) and similar DMI. Plasma and liver tissue biochemical analysis did not reveal treatment effects on energy, protein, or lipid metabolism. The results reported here indicate that restricted dietary P supply during the dry period positively affected the Ca homeostasis of periparturient dairy cows but did not reveal negative effects on DMI, milk production, or metabolic activity in the following lactation. Restriction of P during the dry period was associated with hypophosphatemia antepartum but neither exacerbated postparturient hypophosphatemia, which is commonly observed in fresh cows, nor was associated with any clinical or subclinical indication of P deficiency in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wächter
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - I Cohrs
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - L Golbeck
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - T Scheu
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - W Grünberg
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hanover, Germany.
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15
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Williamson M, Couto Serrenho R, McBride BW, LeBlanc SJ, DeVries TJ, Duffield TF. Reducing milking frequency from twice to once daily as an adjunct treatment for ketosis in lactating dairy cows-A randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1402-1417. [PMID: 34799108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of temporarily reducing milking frequency (MF) on the resolution of ketosis and milk production in dairy cows in early lactation. To detect ketosis [blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥1.2 mmol/L], Holstein cows were screened daily from 3 to 16 d in milk using a cow-side meter. Cows diagnosed with ketosis (n = 104) were randomly assigned to twice-daily milking (TDM) or reduced to once-daily milking (ODM) for 2 wk, then returned to twice-daily milking. Both treatment groups received a 5-d treatment of an oral propylene glycol drench (PG; 300 g) beginning on the afternoon of the diagnosis; cows received additional 5-d PG treatments if they had a ketotic test result (blood BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L) at least 4 d after finishing the first PG treatment. Blood BHB tests were conducted for the first 3 d after ketosis diagnosis, and then once every 3 d for 21 d of trial (DOT). Milk and milk component data were collected weekly for 15 wk following trial enrollment. The ODM group showed rapidly and markedly decreased blood BHB concentrations (primiparous cows: 1 DOT, 0.92 ODM vs. 1.22 TDM, 15 DOT, 0.55 vs. 0.81 mmol/L; multiparous cows: 1 DOT, 1.01 vs. 1.40, 15 DOT, 0.78 vs. 1.65 mmol/L). In addition, a logistic regression model indicated that ODM cows were less likely to have blood BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L [primiparous cows: 3 DOT: ODM 1% (95% confidence interval: 0-10%) vs. TDM 43% (30-58%), 15 DOT ODM 0% (0-0.2%) vs. TDM 22% (13-36%); multiparous cows: 3 DOT: ODM 33% (24-44%) vs. TDM 59% (48-69%), 15 DOT ODM 20.9% (13-31%) vs. TDM 64% (53-74%)]. The proportion of ODM cows that required additional treatments of PG were substantially lower than the TDM group (ODM: 39%; TDM: 64%) than the TDM cows during the initial 21-d period. However, during the 2-wk treatment period, cows in the ODM group produced 26% less milk and 25% less energy-corrected milk than the TDM cows. During wk 3 to 15, when all cows were milked twice daily, ODM cows produced less milk (-14%) and energy-corrected milk (-12%) compared with the TDM group. Milk protein percentage was greater, and milk fat percentage and linear score tended to be greater in the ODM group over 15 wk. In conclusion, a 2-wk reduction of MF in ketotic cows from twice to once daily with treatment with PG resolved ketosis and decreased blood BHB concentrations more effectively than treating TDM cows with PG alone. However, the 2-wk MF reduction had immediate and long-term (up to 13 wk after cessation of MF reduction) negative effects on milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Williamson
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - R Couto Serrenho
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - B W McBride
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S J LeBlanc
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T J DeVries
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - T F Duffield
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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16
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Giannuzzi D, Tessari R, Pegolo S, Fiore E, Gianesella M, Trevisi E, Ajmone Marsan P, Premi M, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Tagliapietra F, Gallo L, Schiavon S, Bittante G, Cecchinato A. Associations between ultrasound measurements and hematochemical parameters for the assessment of liver metabolic status in Holstein-Friesian cows. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16314. [PMID: 34381105 PMCID: PMC8357813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including hepatic lipidosis and ketosis, severely affect animal health status and welfare with a large economic burden in dairy herds. The gold standard for diagnosing hepatic lipidosis is the liver biopsy, which is impractical and invasive for the screening at farm level. Ultrasound (US) imaging is a promising technique for identifying liver dysfunction, but standardized specifications in physiological conditions are needed. Herein, we described the features of four US measurements, namely the liver predicted triacylglycerol (pTAG) content, liver depth (LD), and portal vein area (PVA) and depth (PVD) and we investigated their associations with a set of hematochemical (HC) indicators in 342 clinically healthy Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Liver pTAG content was negatively associated with hematocrit and positively with globulin, whereas PVA was negatively associated with thiol group levels, and LD positively with ceruloplasmin. We found significant interactions between some HC parameters and parity: in particular, creatinine, thiol groups and globulin for PVA, and aspartate aminotransferase, paraoxonase and ceruloplasmin for PVD. This study offers new insights on variations in liver function occurring after calving and pave the way for the potential use of minimally invasive techniques for prompt detection of metabolic disorders in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Rossella Tessari
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Enrico Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.,Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Center (PRONUTRIGEN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michele Premi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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17
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Li M, Yang W, Wen J, Loor JJ, Aboragah A, Wang J, Wang S, Li M, Yu L, Hou X, Xu C, Zhang B. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling and ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 are associated with hepatic lipidosis in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab184. [PMID: 34100951 PMCID: PMC8280943 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is a common metabolic disorder afflicting dairy cows during the periparturient period and is closely associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The onset of ER stress in humans and mice alters hepatic lipid metabolism, but it is unknown if such event contributes to fatty liver in dairy cows soon after parturition. ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) is a key component of the store-operated Ca2+ entry mechanism regulating cellular Ca2+ balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ORAI1 on hepatic lipidosis via ER stress in dairy cows. Liver tissue biopsies were collected from Holstein cows diagnosed as healthy (n = 6) or with hepatic lipidosis (n = 6). Protein and mRNA abundance of ER stress-related targets, lipogenic targets, or the transcription regulator SREBP1 and ORAI1 were greater in cows with lipidosis. In vitro, hepatocytes were isolated from four healthy female calves and used for culture with a 1.2 mM mixture of fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, and palmitoleic acid) for various times (0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h). As incubation time progressed, increases in concentration of Ca2+ and abundance of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) protein in response to exogenous fatty acids underscored a mechanistic link among Ca2+, fatty acids, and ER stress. In a subsequent study, hepatocytes were transfected with small interfering RNA (siORAI1) or the ORAI1 inhibitor BTP2 for 48 h or 2 h followed by a challenge with the 1.2 mM mixture of fatty acids for 6 h. Compared with control group, silencing or inhibition of ORAI1 led to decreased abundance of fatty acid synthesis (FASN, SREBP1, and ACACA) and ER stress-related proteins in bovine hepatocytes. Overall, data suggested that NEFA through ORAI1 regulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling, induce ER stress, and lead to lipidosis in isolated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianan Wen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Mammalian NutriPhysio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang, China
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18
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Brodzki P, Marczuk J, Lisiecka U, Szczubiał M, Brodzki A, Gorzkoś H, Kulpa K. Comparative evaluation of cytokine and acute-phase protein concentrations in sera of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis as a different view of the causes of the disease. Vet World 2021; 14:1572-1578. [PMID: 34316205 PMCID: PMC8304428 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1572-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ketosis is a common disease occurring during the first stage of lactation in highly productive dairy cows. The aim of the present study was the comparative assessment of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-10), and acute-phase proteins (APPs) (including haptoglobin [Hp] and serum amyloid A [SAA]), in the sera of cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK), in those with clinical ketosis (CK), and in healthy cows. Materials and Methods: Thirty dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed were investigated. The cows were divided into three groups depending on the serum β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA) level. The control, SCK, and CK groups included healthy cows, cows with SCK, and cows with CK, respectively. BHBA concentration in blood serum was determined using colorimetric method. The blood serum was used for proper tests. Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and APPs (SAA and Hp) concentrations in the investigated samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The SCK group had significantly higher TNF-α, IL-6; IL-10, and SAA values than had the CK group (p<0.01). The SCK group had a lower Hp concentration than had the CK group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the inflammation intensity is higher in the initial phase of the disease and decreases during the advancement, probably due to active anti-inflammatory mechanisms (an increase of IL-10 concentration), which protect animal organism from self-destruction. On the basis of our study, it can be assumed that ketosis development in dairy cows was preceded by the systemic inflammation that may influence the progress of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Marczuk
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hubert Gorzkoś
- Private Veterinary Practitioner, Gorvet, Sztutowo, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulpa
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Horst EA, Kvidera SK, Baumgard LH. Invited review: The influence of immune activation on transition cow health and performance-A critical evaluation of traditional dogmas. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8380-8410. [PMID: 34053763 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The progression from gestation into lactation represents the transition period, and it is accompanied by marked physiological, metabolic, and inflammatory adjustments. The entire lactation and a cow's opportunity to have an additional lactation are heavily dependent on how successfully she adapts during the periparturient period. Additionally, a disproportionate amount of health care and culling occurs early following parturition. Thus, lactation maladaptation has been a heavily researched area of dairy science for more than 50 yr. It was traditionally thought that excessive adipose tissue mobilization in large part dictated transition period success. Further, the magnitude of hypocalcemia has also been assumed to partly control whether a cow effectively navigates the first few months of lactation. The canon became that adipose tissue released nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the resulting hepatic-derived ketones coupled with hypocalcemia lead to immune suppression, which is responsible for transition disorders (e.g., mastitis, metritis, retained placenta, poor fertility). In other words, the dogma evolved that these metabolites and hypocalcemia were causal to transition cow problems and that large efforts should be enlisted to prevent increased NEFA, hyperketonemia, and subclinical hypocalcemia. However, despite intensive academic and industry focus, the periparturient period remains a large hurdle to animal welfare, farm profitability, and dairy sustainability. Thus, it stands to reason that there are alternative explanations to periparturient failures. Recently, it has become firmly established that immune activation and the ipso facto inflammatory response are a normal component of transition cow biology. The origin of immune activation likely stems from the mammary gland, tissue trauma during parturition, and the gastrointestinal tract. If inflammation becomes pathological, it reduces feed intake and causes hypocalcemia. Our tenet is that immune system utilization of glucose and its induction of hypophagia are responsible for the extensive increase in NEFA and ketones, and this explains why they (and the severity of hypocalcemia) are correlated with poor health, production, and reproduction outcomes. In this review, we argue that changes in circulating NEFA, ketones, and calcium are simply reflective of either (1) normal homeorhetic adjustments that healthy, high-producing cows use to prioritize milk synthesis or (2) the consequence of immune activation and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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20
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Mensching A, Zschiesche M, Hummel J, Grelet C, Gengler N, Dänicke S, Sharifi AR. Development of a subacute ruminal acidosis risk score and its prediction using milk mid-infrared spectra in early-lactation cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4615-4634. [PMID: 33589252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A routine monitoring for subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the individual level could support the minimization of economic losses and the ensuring of animal welfare in dairy cows. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a SARA risk score (SRS) by combining information from different data acquisition systems to generate an integrative indicator trait, (2) the investigation of associations of the SRS with feed analysis data, blood characteristics, performance data, and milk composition, including the fatty acid (FA) profile, (3) the development of a milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra-based prediction equation for this novel reference trait SRS, and (4) its application to an external data set consisting of MIR data of test day records to investigate the association between the MIR-based predictions of the SRS and the milk FA profile. The primary data set, which was used for the objectives (1) to (3), consisted of data collected from 10 commercial farms with a total of 100 Holstein cows in early lactation. The data comprised barn climate parameters, pH and temperature logging from intrareticular measurement boluses, as well as jaw movement and locomotion behavior recordings of noseband-sensor halters and pedometers. Further sampling and data collection included feed samples, blood samples, milk performance, and milk samples, whereof the latter were used to get the milk MIR spectra and to estimate the main milk components, the milk FA profile, and the lactoferrin content. Because all measurements were characterized by different temporal resolutions, the data preparation consisted of an aggregation into values on a daily basis and merging it into one data set. For the development of the SRS, a total of 7 traits were selected, which were derived from measurements of pH and temperature in the reticulum, chewing behavior, and milk yield. After adjustment for fixed effects and standardization, these 7 traits were combined into the SRS using a linear combination and directional weights based on current knowledge derived from literature studies. The secondary data set was used for objective (4) and consisted of test day records of the entire herds, including performance data, milk MIR spectra and MIR-predicted FA. At farm level, it could be shown that diets with higher proportions of concentrated feed resulted in both lower daily mean pH and higher SRS values. On the individual level, an increased SRS could be associated with a modified FA profile (e.g., lower levels of short- and medium-chain FA, higher levels of C17:0, odd- and branched-chain FA). Furthermore, a milk MIR-based partial least squares regression model with a moderate predictability was established for the SRS. This work provides the basis for the development of routine SARA monitoring and demonstrates the high potential of milk composition-based assessment of the health status of lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mensching
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - M Zschiesche
- Ruminant Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - J Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Grelet
- Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Knowledge and Valorization of Agricultural Products Department, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Research and Training Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Brunswick, Germany
| | - A R Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Shen T, Xu F, Fang Z, Loor JJ, Ouyang H, Chen M, Jin B, Wang X, Shi Z, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Ju L, Song Y, Wang Z, Li X, Du X, Liu G. Hepatic autophagy and mitophagy status in dairy cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4847-4857. [PMID: 33551163 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe negative energy balance around parturition is an important contributor to ketosis, a metabolic disorder that occurs most frequently in the peripartal period. Autophagy and mitophagy are important processes responsible for breaking down useless or toxic cellular material, and in particular damaged mitochondria. However, the role of autophagy and mitophagy during the occurrence and development of ketosis is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate autophagy and mitophagy in the livers of cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK) and clinical ketosis (CK). We assessed autophagy by measuring the protein abundance of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II; encoded by MAP1LC3) and sequestosome-1 (p62, encoded by SQSTM1), as well as the mRNA abundance of autophagy-related genes 5 (ATG5), 7 (ATG7), and 12 (ATG12), beclin1 (BECN1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3). Mitophagy was evaluated by measuring the protein abundance of the mitophagy upstream regulators PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin. Liver and blood samples were collected from healthy cows [n = 15; blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration <1.2 mM], cows with SCK (n = 15; blood BHB concentration 1.2 to 3.0 mM) and cows with CK (n = 15; blood BHB concentration >3.0 mM with clinical signs) with similar lactation numbers (median = 3, range = 2 to 4) and days in milk (median = 6, range = 3 to 9). The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was greater in cows with CK than in healthy cows. Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were also higher in liver tissue from ketotic cows (SCK and CK) than from healthy cows. Compared with cows with CK and healthy cows, the hepatic mRNA abundance of MAP1LC3, SQSTM1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, and PIK3C3 was upregulated in cows with SCK. Compared with healthy cows, cows with SCK had a lower abundance of p62 and a greater abundance of LC3-II, but levels of both were higher in cows with CK. The mRNA abundance of ATG12 was lower in cows with CK than in healthy cows. Furthermore, the hepatic protein abundance of PINK1 and Parkin was greater in cows with SCK and slightly lower in cows with CK than in healthy cows. These data demonstrated differences in the hepatic activities of autophagy and mitophagy in cows with SCK compared with cows with CK. Although the precise mechanisms for these differences could not be discerned, autophagy and mitophagy seem to be involved in ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Renal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130041, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Lingxue Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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22
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Capel MB, Bach KD, Mann S, McArt JAA. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate propylene glycol alone or in combination with dextrose as a treatment for hyperketonemia in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2185-2194. [PMID: 33309356 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effect of i.v. dextrose as an adjunct therapy to oral propylene glycol on the resolution of hyperketonemia (HYK; blood β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L), disease incidence, and early lactation milk yield. Cows (n = 1,249) between 3 and 16 d in milk (DIM) from 4 New York dairy farms were screened once weekly for HYK for 2 wk. Those with HYK and no previous history of retained placenta, metritis, or HYK were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d (PG3); 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on d 1 (PG3D1); or 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on all 3 d (PG3D3). Cows with a blood β-hydroxybutyrate <1.2 mmol/L at initial screening were re-screened the following week and randomly assigned to the above treatment groups if blood β-hydroxybutyrate was ≥1.2 mmol/L. Cows were assessed for post-treatment HYK resolution 1 and 2 wk after initial HYK diagnosis. We collected farm-diagnosed occurrence of adverse events (sold, died, metritis, displaced abomasum, or ketosis) during the first 60 DIM and milk yield data from the first 10 wk of lactation from herd management software. We used mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression models to assess the risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at 1 and 2 wk following initial HYK diagnosis and adverse event occurrence among treated cows. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to assess differences in average daily milk yield between treatments. The overall HYK incidence was 30.1% (n = 373). Sixty-four percent of cows (n = 237) were assigned to a treatment group in the first week (3 to 9 DIM), and 36% (n = 136) assigned the second week (10 to 16 DIM). The incidence of 1 or more adverse events during the first 60 DIM was 9.4% (n = 35). We found no effect of treatment on risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at wk 1 (PG3 56.9%, PG3D1 45.0%, PG3D3 50.0%) or wk 2 (PG3 60.0%, PG3D1 52.1%, PG3D3 59.5%) following initial diagnosis, or for risk of adverse event occurrence (PG3 7.4%, PG3D1 8.0%, PG3D3 12.6%). Average daily milk yield (mean ± SE) was similar between treatment groups (PG3: 42.7 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D1: 42.4 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D3: 42.6 ± 0.6 kg/d). The addition of dextrose for 1 or 3 d provided no improvement in resolution of ketosis assessed once weekly, reduction in adverse events during the first 60 d of lactation, or a difference in average daily milk yield during the first 10 wk of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Capel
- Perry Veterinary Clinic, Perry, NY 14530
| | - K D Bach
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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23
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Bach KD, Barbano DM, McArt JAA. The relationship of excessive energy deficit with milk somatic cell score and clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:715-727. [PMID: 33189283 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Periparturient cows go through a period of immune suppression often marked by immune cell dysfunction. Further exacerbation of this dysfunction through early-lactation excessive energy deficit (EED) has been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious conditions such as mastitis. Our objective was to explore the association of milk somatic cell score (SCS) and clinical mastitis (CM) diagnosis in cows identified with EED, diagnosed using each of the following: blood and milk β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), milk predicted blood nonesterified fatty acid (mpbNEFA) concentrations, or milk de novo fatty acid (FA) relative percentages (rel %). We analyzed data collected from 396 multiparous Holstein cows from 2 New York farms in a prospective cohort study. Coccygeal vessel blood samples and composite milk samples were collected twice weekly from 3 to 18 days in milk (DIM) for a total of 4 time points per cow (T1, T2, T3, T4). Blood was analyzed using a hand-held meter, and milk was analyzed using Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectrometry for milk BHB and mpbNEFA concentrations, milk de novo FA rel %, and somatic cell count. Excessive energy deficit was diagnosed as blood BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L, milk BHB ≥ 0.14 mmol/L, mpbNEFA ≥ 0.55 mmol/L, or de novo FA ≤ 22.7 rel %, depending on the model. Clinical mastitis cultures were collected from 4 to 60 DIM by on-farm personnel. Incidence of hyperketonemia as determined by blood BHB was 13.4%, and incidence of CM was 23.9%. Separate repeated-measures ANOVA models were developed for each EED diagnostic analyte for parity groups 2, 3, and ≥4 to assess differences in SCS; t-test analyses were similarly used to assess the association of each diagnostic analyte with CM at each time point. For all diagnostic analytes, apart from milk BHB, cows diagnosed with EED tended to have lower SCS than their non-EED counterparts. This was especially apparent at T1 for all parity groups, and at T2, T3, and T4 for blood BHB and mpbNEFA. For EED diagnosis via mpbNEFA, mean SCS were lower in parity ≥4, with a difference in mean SCS between EED and non-EED animals of 0.7 SCS units, equating to a somatic cell count in EED animals approaching half that of non-EED (EED = 67,000 cells/mL, non-EED = 107,000 cell/mL). No important relationships were observed between CM diagnosis and blood BHB, milk BHB, or mpbNEFA. For de novo FA rel %, reductions in this analyte were noted before CM diagnosis at all time points. Although the relationship between EED and CM is still unclear, our findings suggest that cows in EED, diagnosed using blood BHB or mpbNEFA during the first 18 DIM, have a tendency toward lower SCS compared with their non-EED counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bach
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D M Barbano
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Yang L, Bai J, Ju Z, Jiang Q, Wang J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Wei X, Huang J. Effect of functional single nucleotide polymorphism g.-572 A > G of apolipoprotein A1 gene on resistance to ketosis in Chinese Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:310-316. [PMID: 33127092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ketosis has negative effects on the high-yielding dairy cows during early lactation. Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) is a component of high-density lipoprotein. However, the association of APOA1 gene with ketosis, and the molecular mechanisms of expression of APOA1 gene are not fully understood in dairy cows. In this study, expression of APOA1 in the liver and blood was investigated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and genetic variation in the 5'-flanking region of the AOPA1 gene was also screened and identified. In addition, correlation of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of APOA1 gene with blood ketone characters, and activity of APOA1 promoter were analyzed in dairy cows. The results showed that ApoA1 protein was expressed in the liver, and the mRNA level of APOA1 was significantly higher in the cows with ketosis comparing to the healthy cows. In addition, a novel SNP (g.-572 A > G) in the core promoter of the APOA1 gene was identified between base g.-714 and g.-68 through transient transfection in both HepG2 cell and FFb cell, and luciferase report assay. Moreover, there was lower concentration of blood β-hydroxybutyrate in cows with genotype GG comparing to the cows with genotypes AA and AG. This study reported for the first time that the genetic variant g.-572 A > G in the core promoter region of APOA1 gene was associated with the ketosis in Chinese Holstein cows, and g.-572 A > G may be used as a genetic marker for ketosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Jiachen Bai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zhihua Ju
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Yaran Zhang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Xiaochao Wei
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China
| | - Jinming Huang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250131, China.
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Zhao C, Bai Y, Fu S, Wu L, Xia C, Xu C. Metabolic alterations in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis after treatment with carboxymethyl chitosan-loaded, reduced glutathione nanoparticles. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2787-2799. [PMID: 32964552 PMCID: PMC7694824 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical ketosis (SCK) causes economic losses in the dairy industry because it reduces the milk production and reproductive performance of cows. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate whether carboxymethyl chitosan‐loaded reduced glutathione (CMC‐rGSH) nanoparticles can alleviate the incidence or degree of SCK in a herd. Animals Holstein dairy cows 21 days postpartum (n = 15). Methods The trial uses a prospective study. Five cows with serum β‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) ≥1.20 mmol/L and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) <100 IU/L were assigned to group T1, 5 cows with BHBA ≥1.20 mmol/L and AST >100 IU/L to group T2, and 5 cows with BHBA <1.00 mmol/L and AST <100 IU/L to group C. Carboxymethyl chitosan‐loaded reduced glutathione (0.012 mg/kg body weight per cow) was administered to cows in T1 and T2 once daily via jugular vein for 6 days after diagnosis. Serum from all groups were collected 1 day before administration, then on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 after administration to determine the changes in biochemical index and 1H‐NMR. Results The difference in liver function or energy metabolism indices in T1, T2, and C disappeared at day 7 and day 10 after the administration (P > .05). Valine, lactate, alanine, lysine, creatinine, glucose, tyrosine, phenylalanine, formate, and oxalacetic acid levels, and decrease in isoleucine, leucine, proline, acetate, trimethylamine N‐oxide, glycine, and BHBA levels were greater (P < .05) at day 7 than day 0 for cows in T2. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Carboxymethyl chitosan‐loaded reduced glutathione treatment might alleviate SCK by enhancing gluconeogenesis and reducing ketogenesis in amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shixin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ling Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Klein SL, Scheper C, May K, König S. Genetic and nongenetic profiling of milk β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone and their associations with ketosis in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10332-10346. [PMID: 32952022 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis is a metabolic disorder of increasing importance in high-yielding dairy cows, but accurate population-wide binary health trait recording is difficult to implement. Against this background, proper Gaussian indicator traits, which can be routinely measured in milk, are needed. Consequently, we focused on the ketone bodies acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), measured via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in milk. In the present study, 62,568 Holstein cows from large-scale German co-operator herds were phenotyped for clinical ketosis (KET) according to a veterinarian diagnosis key. A sub-sample of 16,861 cows additionally had first test-day observations for FTIR acetone and BHB. Associations between FTIR acetone and BHB with KET and with test-day traits were studied phenotypically and quantitative genetically. Furthermore, we estimated SNP marker effects for acetone and BHB (application of genome-wide association studies) based on 40,828 SNP markers from 4,384 genotyped cows, and studied potential candidate genes influencing body fat mobilization. Generalized linear mixed models were applied to infer the influence of binary KET on Gaussian-distributed acetone and BHB (definition of an identity link function), and vice versa, such as the influence of acetone and BHB on KET (definition of a logit link function). Additionally, linear models were applied to study associations between BHB, acetone and test-day traits (milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, fat-to-protein ratio and somatic cell score) from the first test-day after calving. An increasing KET incidence was statistically significant associated with increasing FTIR acetone and BHB milk concentrations. Acetone and BHB concentrations were positively associated with fat percentage, fat-to-protein ratio and somatic cell score. Bivariate linear animal models were applied to estimate genetic (co)variance components for KET, acetone, BHB and test-day traits within parities 1 to 3, and considering all parities simultaneously in repeatability models. Pedigree-based heritabilities were quite small (i.e., in the range from 0.01 in parity 3 to 0.07 in parity 1 for acetone, and from 0.03-0.04 for BHB). Heritabilites from repeatability models were 0.05 for acetone, and 0.03 for BHB. Genetic correlations between acetone and BHB were moderate to large within parities and considering all parities simultaneously (0.69-0.98). Genetic correlations between acetone and BHB with KET from different parities ranged from 0.71 to 0.99. Genetic correlations between acetone across parities, and between BHB across parities, ranged from 0.55 to 0.66. Genetic correlations between KET, acetone, and BHB with fat-to-protein ratio and with fat percentage were large and positive, but negative with milk yield. In genome-wide association studies, we identified SNP on BTA 4, 10, 11, and 29 significantly influencing acetone, and on BTA 1 and 16 significantly influencing BHB. The identified potential candidate genes NRXN3, ACOXL, BCL2L11, HIBADH, KCNJ1, and PRG4 are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Klein
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - C Scheper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - K May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
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Hajek F, Reus A, Gruber S, Plattner S, Kammer M, Baumgartner C, Smink M, Döpfer D, Hachenberg S, Mansfeld R. [Use of serum haptoglobin concentration as an indicator in animal health monitoring of dairy cows]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2020; 48:228-238. [PMID: 32823327 DOI: 10.1055/a-1208-8229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between haptoglobin concentration in the blood and the occurrence of ketosis, selected clinical parameters as well as lameness in dairy cows. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data was collected on 39 dairy farms in Bavaria over a period of 8 months. In 712 Simmental and Brown Swiss cows, clinical examinations as well as milk and blood samplings were performed between 10 and 30 days after calving. In these blood samples, the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were determined. Analysis of the milk included milk constituents (fat, protein, urea, lactose and acetone), BHBA, NEFA and the somatic cell count (SCC). RESULTS Significant correlations were found between increased Hp-concentration on the one hand and increased NEFA levels in blood and milk (p < 0.001), increased somatic cell count (p < 0.001), lameness (p < 0.001), as well as reduced lactose content (p < 0.001) and protein content in the milk (p = 0.001) on the other hand. Animals sampled during the warmer summer months showed significantly higher serum Hp-concentrations (p < 0,001). Heifers exhibited significantly higher Hp-values than multiparous individuals (p < 0.001). By dividing the examined cows into 4 clusters, a Hp-threshold value could be determined at 0.18 mg/ml. Combined with a SCC threshold of 40 500 cells/ml milk, the majority of animals with subclinical and clinical abnormalities could be identified. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measurement of the Hp-concentration in blood is a pertinent approach in animal health monitoring during the postpartum period. In combination with evaluations of milk amount and contents, deviations from the physiological status may be recognized and affected individuals treated early on. Haptoglobin may be used to assess the health status of the individual animal as well as an indicator of herd health in the context of animal health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hajek
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Anne Reus
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Simone Gruber
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | | | - Martin Kammer
- Landeskuratorium der Erzeugerringe für tierische Veredelung in Bayern e. V
| | | | - Moniek Smink
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Dörte Döpfer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Rolf Mansfeld
- Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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An Innovative Concept for a Multivariate Plausibility Assessment of Simultaneously Recorded Data. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081412. [PMID: 32823697 PMCID: PMC7460351 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop an innovative multivariate plausibility assessment (MPA) algorithm in order to differentiate between 'physiologically normal', 'physiologically extreme' and 'implausible' observations in simultaneously recorded data. The underlying concept is based on the fact that different measurable parameters are often physiologically linked. If physiologically extreme observations occur due to disease, incident or hormonal cycles, usually more than one measurable trait is affected. In contrast, extreme values of a single trait are most likely implausible if all other traits show values in a normal range. For demonstration purposes, the MPA was applied on a time series data set which was collected on 100 cows in 10 commercial dairy farms. Continuous measurements comprised climate data, intra-reticular pH and temperature, jaw movement and locomotion behavior. Non-continuous measurements included milk yield, milk components, milk mid-infrared spectra and blood parameters. After the application of the MPA, in particular the pH data showed the most implausible observations with approximately 5% of the measured values. The other traits showed implausible values up to 2.5%. The MPA showed the ability to improve the data quality for downstream analyses by detecting implausible observations and to discover physiologically extreme conditions even within complex data structures. At this stage, the MPA is not a fully developed and validated management tool, but rather corresponds to a basic concept for future works, which can be extended and modified as required.
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Changes of Plasma Fatty Acids in Four Lipid Classes to Understand Energy Metabolism at Different Levels of Non-Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA) in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081410. [PMID: 32823588 PMCID: PMC7460175 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cows in the transition period require energy for fetal growth and milk production. In this phase, energy requirement exceeds the amount available for the animal, developing a negative energy balance. Numerous metabolic processes are involved to improve the energy requirement, in particular the mobilization of adipose tissue occurs. Dairy cows with an inadequate adaptive response to the negative energy balance can develop metabolic diseases such as subclinical ketosis. The purpose of the present study was to identify new biomarkers among the plasma fatty acids (FAs) through the use of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic techniques (TLC-GC). Early detection of excessive lipomobilization could improve animal health and reduce economic losses on farms. The current study determined the FA concentrations of four plasma lipid classes in plasma, in two groups of cows with different degrees of lipid mobilization in order to obtain biomarker for an early diagnosis of metabolic diseases. Abstract The transition period is a central moment in dairy cows breeding because metabolic disorders may occur in relation to a dramatic increase in energy demand. This research aimed to identify new biomarkers for the diagnosis of hyperketonemia in bovine in early lactation phase with different value of plasmatic non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). The profile of plasma fatty acids (FAs) divided into four lipid classes was evaluated using thin layer chromatography and gas chromatographic techniques (TLC-GC). A group of 60 multiparous Holstein–Friesian dairy cows were recruited in the present study. Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein and NEFA and the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were evaluated. All animals were divided in 2 groups based on NEFA, NEFA0 group had as mean value 0.24 ± 0.12 mEq/L and NEFA1 group had as mean value 0.87 ± 0.23 mEq/L. Plasma FA concentrations were analyzed separately in free fatty acids, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides. Six FAs demonstrated a predictive value in the hyperketonemic dairy cows. In the free fatty acid class, the predictive FAs were C14:0 (AUC = 0.77), C18:1 ω 9 (AUC = 0.72), C18:1 ω 7 (AUC = 0.70) and C18:3 ω 3 (AUC = 0.68). In the phospholipids class the predictive parameters were C12:0 (AUC = 0.78) and C8:0 (AUC = 0.73). In cholesterol, esters and triglycerides lipidic classes no FA had a predictive function.
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30
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Horst EA, van den Brink LM, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Kvidera SK, Caixeta LS, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Evaluating acute inflammation's effects on hepatic triglyceride content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic dairy cows in late lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9620-9633. [PMID: 32773314 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation appears to be a predisposing factor and key component of hepatic steatosis in a variety of species. Objectives were to evaluate effects of inflammation [induced via intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion] on metabolism and liver lipid content in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic lactating cows. Cows (765 ± 32 kg of body weight; 273 ± 35 d in milk) were enrolled in 2 experimental periods (P); during P1 (5 d), baseline data were obtained. At the start of P2 (2 d), cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) intralipid plus control (IL-CON; 3 mL of saline; n = 5) or (2) intralipid plus LPS (IL-LPS; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of body weight; n = 5). Directly following intravenous bolus (saline or LPS) administration, intralipid (20% fat emulsion) was intravenously infused continuously (200 mL/h) for 16 h to induce hyperlipidemia during which feed was removed. Blood samples were collected at -0.5, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h relative to bolus administration, and liver biopsies were obtained on d 1 of P1 and at 16 and 48 h after the bolus. By experimental design (feed was removed during the first 16 h of d 1), dry matter intake decreased in both treatments on d 1 of P2, but the magnitude of reduction was greater in LPS cows. Dry matter intake of IL-LPS remained decreased on d 2 of P2, whereas IL-CON cows returned to baseline. Milk yield decreased in both treatments during P2, but the extent and duration was longer in LPS-infused cows. Administering LPS increased circulating LPS-binding protein (2-fold) at 8 h after bolus, after which it markedly decreased (84%) below baseline for the remainder of P2. Serum amyloid A concentrations progressively increased throughout P2 in IL-LPS cows (3-fold, relative to controls). Lipid infusion gradually increased nonesterified fatty acids and triglycerides in both treatments relative to baseline (3- and 2.5-fold, respectively). Interestingly, LPS infusion blunted the peak in nonesterified fatty acids, such that concentrations peaked (43%) higher in IL-CON compared with IL-LPS cows and heightened the increase in serum triglycerides (1.5-fold greater relative to controls). Liver fat content remained similar in IL-LPS relative to P1 at 16 h; however, hyperlipidemia alone (IL-CON) increased liver fat (36% relative to P1). No treatment differences in liver fat were observed at 48 h. In IL-LPS cows, circulating insulin increased markedly at 4 h after bolus (2-fold relative to IL-CON), and then gradually decreased during the 16 h of lipid infusion. Inducing inflammation with simultaneous hyperlipidemia altered the characteristic patterns of insulin and LPS-binding protein but did not cause fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - R P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Pralle RS, Schultz NE, White HM, Weigel KA. Hyperketonemia GWAS and parity-dependent SNP associations in Holstein dairy cows intensively sampled for blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:347-357. [PMID: 32628084 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperketonemia (HYK) is a metabolic disorder that affects early postpartum dairy cows; however, there has been limited success in identifying genomic variants contributing to HYK susceptibility. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using HYK phenotypes based on an intensive screening protocol, interrogated genotype interactions with parity group (GWIS), and evaluated the enrichment of annotated metabolic pathways. Holstein cows were enrolled into the experiment after parturition, and blood samples were collected at four timepoints between 5 and 18 days postpartum. Concentration of blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was quantified cow-side via a handheld BHB meter. Cows were labeled as a HYK case when at least one blood sample had BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L, and all other cows were considered non-HYK controls. After quality control procedures, 1,710 cows and 58,699 genotypes were available for further analysis. The GWAS and GWIS were performed using the forward feature select linear mixed model method. There was evidence for an association between ARS-BFGL-NGS-91238 and HYK susceptibility, as well as parity-dependent associations to HYK for BovineHD0600024247 and BovineHD1400023753. Candidate genes annotated to these single nuclear polymorphism associations have been previously associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in humans and rodent models. Enrichment analysis revealed focal adhesion and axon guidance as metabolic pathways contributing to HYK etiology, while genetic variation in pathways related to insulin secretion and sensitivity may affect HYK susceptibility in a parity-dependent matter. In conclusion, the present work proposes several novel marker associations and metabolic pathways contributing to genetic risk for HYK susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nichol E Schultz
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kent A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Lactation Ketoacidosis: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56060299. [PMID: 32560535 PMCID: PMC7353886 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56060299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Lactation ketoacidosis is a rare cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis affecting breastfeeding mothers. We aim to review and analyze all cases of lactation ketoacidosis reported. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), identifying relevant case reports published from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 2019. We extracted the following data: the first author, country, year of publication, age of the mother, age of the child, weight/body mass index (BMI) of the mother, precipitating factors, presenting symptoms, biochemical results, treatment, breastfeeding, and time from presentation to the resolution of ketoacidosis. Results: Sixteen case reports and 1 case series reporting 18 cases of lactation ketoacidosis were found. Presenting symptoms were nausea (72%, 13/18), vomiting (67%, 12/18), malaise (56%, 10/18), abdominal pain (44%, 8/18), dyspnea (33%, 6/18), headache (22%, 4/18), and palpitation (11%, 2/18). Dieting and physical exercise to lose weight were reported in 76% (14/18). The treatments included IV dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, insulin, rehydration, monitoring and replacement of electrolytes, and resumption of a balanced diet. The prognoses were good, with no mortalities. Conclusions: lactation ketoacidosis should be suspected in unwell breastfeeding women with high anion gap metabolic acidosis, after excluding other causes.
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Zhang B, Li M, Yang W, Loor JJ, Wang S, Zhao Y, Guo H, Ma X, Xia C, Xu C. Orai calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) plays a role in endoplasmic reticulum stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells challenged with physiological levels of ketone bodies. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4691-4701. [PMID: 32173015 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Orai calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) is a key component of the store-operated Ca2+ entry mechanism regulating cellular Ca2+ balance in nonruminants. Alterations in ORAI1 abundance have been associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and changes in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes, an important lipogenic organ in nonruminants. Objectives were to (1) determine abundance of ORAI1 and components of the ER stress response in mammary tissue of ketotic cows, and (2) the potential role of ORAI1 on mammary cell responses to high levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Healthy (n = 6, plasma BHB < 0.60 mmol/L) and clinically ketotic (n = 6, plasma BHB > 2.0 mmol/L) Holstein cows (days in milk = 10.13 ± 1.90) were used for mammary gland tissue and blood sample collection. Although milk production (22.5 ± 1.26, 33 ± 1.59, kg of milk/cow per day) and dry matter intake (19.5 ± 1.05, 21.9 ± 0.95, kg/d) were lower in ketotic cows, abundance of ORAI1 protein was greater and was associated with greater mRNA abundance of ER stress proteins (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, and GRP78) and lipogenic genes (FASN, SREBP1, and ACACA). Cellular mechanisms to establish links between BHB and mammary cell responses were evaluated using the immortalized cell line bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). First, a dose response study was performed with 0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, or 4.8 mM BHB for 24 h. The mRNA abundance of FASN, SREBP1, and ACACA and lipid droplet formation peaked at 1.2 mM BHB. A subsequent study involved transfecting MAC-T with small interfering Orai 1 (siORAI1) or the ORAI1 inhibitor BTP2 for 24 h followed by a challenge with 1.2 mM BHB for 24 h. Transcription and protein abundance of FASN, SREBP1, ACACA, and ER stress proteins returned to basal levels when ORAI1 was silenced or inhibited. Furthermore, the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (raises the intracellular level of Ca2+) also increased abundance of ORAI1, FASN, SREBP1, ACACA, and ER stress proteins. Data suggest that the mammary gland experiences ER stress during ketosis, partly due to the greater supply of BHB originating from ketogenesis in the liver. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling and ORAI1 seem to mediate in part the BHB-induced ER stress in mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Han Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinru Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 2, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, China.
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Musco N, Tudisco R, Grossi M, Mastellone V, Morittu VM, Pero ME, Wanapat M, Trinchese G, Cavaliere G, Mollica MP, Crispino M, Infascelli F, Lombardi P. Effect of a high forage : concentrate ratio on milk yield, blood parameters and oxidative status in lactating cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A feeding strategy that requires a forage:concentrate ratio equal to 70:30, with at least five different herbs in the forage and the use of silages prohibited, has recently been introduced in Italy. Despite the benefits in terms of human health (lower ω6:ω3 ratio, higher conjugated linoleic acid level) of the obtained milk, little information regarding the possible effects on cows’ health is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of such a feeding strategy in dairy cows (90 days in milk at the beginning of the trial) on milk yield and composition, and blood metabolic profile, including the evaluation of oxidative stress. The proposed feeding strategy, compared with a semi-intensive strategy, resulted in an improvement of animal oxidative status (lower levels of reactive oxygen metabolites, higher levels of antioxidant potential and anti-reactive oxygen metabolites) and a significant increase of milk urea only in the first part of the trial. No differences in milk yield and composition were detected throughout the trial.
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Esposito G, Raffrenato E, Lukamba SD, Adnane M, Irons PC, Cormican P, Tasara T, Chapwanya A. Characterization of metabolic and inflammatory profiles of transition dairy cows fed an energy-restricted diet. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skz391. [PMID: 31917830 PMCID: PMC6984754 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periparturient diseases of dairy cows are caused by disproportionate energy metabolism, mineral imbalance, and perturbed immune function. The aim of the present study was to characterize metabolism, innate immune endometrial gene expression, and uterine microbial populations of transition animals receiving normal or restricted energy diets. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments from 20 d prepartum until 35 d postpartum (DPP). One group was fed a diet providing 100% energy requirements (NE), whereas the other received an energy-restricted diet providing 80% energy requirements (RE). Feed intake, milk yield, body weight, body condition score, temperature, respiratory, and pulse rate were recorded. After calving, blood was collected weekly to analyze nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and total cholesterol (TC). Endometrial cytobrushes were collected for gene expression analysis of inflammatory markers, microbial populations determination, and cytological evaluation. The restricted energy diet did not alter feed intake or milk yield but changed energy balance and metabolites levels (P < 0.05). In fact, RE animals had high NEFA and BHB levels, and low TC concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, RE animals had upregulated gene expression of serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) at 35 DPP (P < 0.05) and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) at 14 DPP (P < 0.01). Interleukin (IL) 1 and IL8 genes were downregulated 14 DPP but upregulated 35 DPP in RE animals, whereas IL6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) genes were upregulated at 14 DPP (P ≤ 0.05). The most abundant phyla in RE animals (n = 3) were Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria, whereas Proteobacteria was the least abundant at both 14 and 35 DPP. In conclusion, it can be speculated that energy balance is one of the main drivers for uterine inflammation by affecting metabolism, immune function, and uterine microbiota. However, these findings should be validated in a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Esposito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emiliano Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Somwe D Lukamba
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mounir Adnane
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Ibn-Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Pete C Irons
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul Cormican
- Department of Animal and Grassland Research, Animal Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Ireland
| | - Taurai Tasara
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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May K, Bohlsen E, König S, Strube C. Fasciola hepatica seroprevalence in Northern German dairy herds and associations with milk production parameters and milk ketone bodies. Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:109016. [PMID: 31901738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica remain a serious problem in dairy herds causing significant production losses. In sheep, a strong relationship between F. hepatica infections and an increase in serum ketone bodies due to reduced feed intake and liver damage was demonstrated. We hypothesized that F. hepatica infections might contribute to an increase in milk ketone bodies in dairy herds. Thus, the objective of the study was to estimate the association between F. hepatica bulk tank milk (BTM) antibodies and milk production parameters (milk yield, milk protein, fat yield), somatic cell count (SCC) and the milk ketone bodies ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetone, inferred from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, via linear mixed model analysis. A further aim was to follow up the F. hepatica seroprevalence in dairy herds in the northern German region East Frisia. We collected BTM samples between October and December from 1022 herds in 2017 and 1318 herds in 2018. Overall, 33.1 % of the herds tested positive in 2017 and 37.0 % in 2018, showing decreased F. hepatica seroprevalences compared to prior seroprevalence studies in the same region in 2010, 2008 and 2006 (> 45 % positive herds). We estimated a significant negative association (P < 0.001) between herd F. hepatica infection category and average milk yield with a loss of -1.62 kg per cow per day in strongly infected herds compared to BTM ELISA negative herds. Moreover, F. hepatica infection category had a significant effect on herd average milk protein and fat yield (P < 0.001), showing a decrease of 0.06 kg for both parameters from BTM ELISA negative herds to strongly infected herds. No significant association with milk SCC was found (P = 0.664). Regarding ketone bodies, we estimated significant higher average BHB values in strongly infected herds compared to the other three infection categories in the model analysis (P = 0.002). The association between F. hepatica infection category and acetone values was not significant (P = 0.079). Besides primary ketosis, fasciolosis should be considered as differential diagnosis in dairy herds with increased BHB values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Ernst Bohlsen
- State Control Association for Milk Recording, Landeskontrollverband (LKV) Weser-Ems e.V., 26789 Leer, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Shahzad K, Lopreiato V, Liang Y, Trevisi E, Osorio JS, Xu C, Loor JJ. Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:96. [PMID: 31867104 PMCID: PMC6918647 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketosis in dairy cows is associated with body fat mobilization during the peripartal period. Sub-clinical and clinical ketosis arise more frequently in cows that are overfed energy during the entire dry (last 50 to 45 days prior to parturition) or close-up period (last ~ 28 days prepartum). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 12 cows from a larger cohort that were fed a higher-energy diet [1.54 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM); 35.9% of DM corn silage and 13% of DM ground corn] during the close-up dry period, of which 6 did not develop clinical ketosis (OVE, 0.83 mmol/L plasma hydroxybutyrate; BHB) and 6 were diagnosed with clinical ketosis (KET, 1.4 mmol/L BHB) during the first week postpartum. A whole-transcriptome bovine microarray (Agilent Technologies) and metabolomics (GC-MS, LC-MS; Metabolon® Inc.) were used to perform transcript and metabolite profiling of liver tissue harvested at − 10 days relative to parturition which allowed to establish potential associations between prepartal transcriptome/metabolome profiles and susceptibility to clinical ketosis postpartum. Results Cows in KET had greater (P = 0.01) overall body weight between − 2 and 1 week around parturition, but similar body condition score than OVE. Although dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ prepartum, KET cows had lower (P < 0.01) DMI and similar milk yield as OVE cows during the first week postpartum. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 3065 differentially expressed genes (DEG; P ≤ 0.05) in KET. Metabolomics identified 15 out of 313 total biochemical compounds significantly affected (P ≤ 0.10) in KET. Among those, greater concentrations (P ≤ 0.06, + 2.3-fold) of glycochenodeoxycholate in KET cows also have been detected in humans developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bioinformatics analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database and the DEG revealed that, among the top 20 most-impacted metabolic pathway categories in KET, 65% were overall downregulated. Those included ‘Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins’, ‘Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites’, ‘Lipid’, ‘Carbohydrate’, and ‘Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism’. The lower relative concentration of glucose-6-phosphate and marked downregulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 support a strong impairment in gluconeogenesis in prepartal liver of cows developing KET postpartum. Among the top 20 most-impacted non-metabolic pathways, 85% were downregulated. Pathways such as ‘mTOR signalling’ and ‘Insulin signalling’ were among those. ‘Ribosome’, ‘Nucleotide excision repair’, and ‘Adherens junctions’ were the only upregulated pathways in cows with KET. Conclusions The combined data analyses revealed more extensive alterations of the prepartal liver transcriptome than metabolome in cows overfed energy and developing ketosis postpartum. The causative link between these tissue-level adaptations and onset of clinical ketosis needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Shahzad
- 1COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, ChakShahzad, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan.,2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Vincenzo Lopreiato
- 3Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Yusheng Liang
- 2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- 3Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Johan S Osorio
- 4Department of Dairy Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
| | - Chuang Xu
- 5College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinyang Rd. 5, Daqing, 163319 China
| | - Juan J Loor
- 2Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Mohammed N, Jaiswal M, Bihani DK. Prevalence of subclinical and clinical ketosis in cattle in and around Bikaner. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1629167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Post-Graduate Institute of Veterinary Education & Research (PGIVER), Jaipur, India
| | - Manu Jaiswal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, BHU, Mirzapur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Bihani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, India
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Veenstra JW, Filgo AJ, Denham SC. Effect of Feeding Hay on Nonesterified Fatty Acids in Appetite-Suppressed Pregnant New Zealand White Rabbits. Comp Med 2019; 70:35-44. [PMID: 31744593 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant rabbits are a common nonrodent model for reproductive safety evaluation in preclinical drug development. During reproductive toxicology studies, rabbits are prone to decreased food consumption and anorexia. When persistent or severe, this condition can lead to hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia, which may confound the interpretation of study results. Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFAs) have been used in veterinary production medicine to evaluate the impact of diet on the energy balance of pregnant animals. In the current study, sustained-release buprenorphine was used to suppress the appetite of pregnant New Zealand white rabbits, mimicking the clinical presentation of animals in reproductive toxicology studies. Sequential NEFA evaluations during gestation, along with other clinical endpoints, such as the necessity and duration of veterinary intervention, were used to evaluate the effects of feeding hay and a pelleted diet as compared with a pelleted diet alone. Elevated NEFA levels were directly correlated to litter size, the number of viable fetuses and the number of days on veterinary consult due to severely decreased consumption of pelleted diet. Animals with hay as part of their diet did not require additional diet supplementation as determined by qualitative evaluation of hay intake and adequate fecal output. These data suggest that including hay as a portion of the standard diet benefits pregnant rabbits in laboratory or production settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Veenstra
- Veterinary Services, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan;,
| | - Adam J Filgo
- Department of Development and Reproductive Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan
| | - Steven C Denham
- Bioinformatics Sciences, Charles River Laboratories, Mattawan, Michigan
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Bach KD, Barbano DM, McArt JAA. Association of mid-infrared-predicted milk and blood constituents with early-lactation disease, removal, and production outcomes in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10129-10139. [PMID: 31495624 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Partial least squares regression estimates of milk and blood constituents using Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FTIR) analysis have shown promise as a tool for monitoring early-lactation excessive energy deficit in dairy herds. Our objective was to analyze milk via FTIR to determine the association of early-lactation predicted milk β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations, predicted blood nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, and predicted milk de novo fatty acid (FA) percentages relative to total FA concentrations, with the risk of disease or removal in early lactation (hyperketonemia, displaced abomasum, metritis, culling, or death) and average daily milk yield during the first 15 wk of lactation. We enrolled 517 multiparous Holstein cows from 2 dairy farms in New York. Composite milk samples were collected twice weekly from 3 to 18 DIM for a total of 4 timepoints (T1, T2, T3, T4) and analyzed using FTIR spectrometry for milk BHB and FA composition and predicted blood NEFA. Blood samples were collected for hyperketonemia determination (BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L) using a handheld meter, and farm-diagnosed occurrence of disease or removal during the first 30 DIM and average daily milk yield during the first 15 wk of lactation were collected from herd management software. The incidence of disease or removal between 3 and 18 DIM was 20.2%. Explanatory models for disease or removal were developed for each predicted constituent of interest at each timepoint using fixed-effect multivariable Poisson regression. Repeated measures ANOVA models were developed for each predicted constituent to assess differences in average daily milk yield. For all timepoints, increased risk of disease or removal was associated with higher predicted milk BHB [relative risk (RR)T1 = 2.0; RRT2 = 3.4; RRT3 = 5.2; RRT4 = 9.1], higher predicted blood NEFA (RRT1 = 2.7; RRT2 = 2.5; RRT3 = 3.8; RRT4 = 10.0), and lower predicted milk de novo FA relative percentages (RRT1 = 2.9; RRT2 = 3.3; RRT3 = 5.8; RRT4 = 7.2). Average daily milk yield was increased for cows above the cut point for predicted milk BHB (2.1 kg/d) and predicted blood NEFA (3.5 kg/d) and below the cut point for de novo FA relative percentages (2.3 kg/d). Our results suggest that FTIR-predicted milk BHB, blood NEFA, and milk de novo FA relative percentages are promising indicators of subsequent disease or removal in early lactation; their positive relationship with milk yield warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bach
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D M Barbano
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Manning
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey
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Sotelo D, Paulino MF, Rennó LN, Detmann E, Ortega RM, Marquez DC, Martins LS, Mageste de Almeida D, da Costa Lima JA, Henrique de Moura F. Performance and metabolic status of grazing beef heifers receiving increasing protein supplementation pre- and postpartum. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of prepartum and postpartum protein supplementation on nutrient intake and digestibility, productive performance and metabolic status of beef heifers on tropical pasture. Twenty-eight pregnant beef heifers with bodyweight and body condition score of 459.7 ± 6.8 kg and 5.8 ± 0.10 respectively, were used. The experiment was performed according to a completely randomised design, with the following four treatments: 0.0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 kg/animal.day of protein supplement containing 25% crude protein. All animals received a mineral mixture ad libitum. The experiment lasted 210 days, divided into three experimental periods. The supplementation level increased the intake of all evaluated nutrients, digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, as well as higher average daily gain prepartum and bodyweight of calves at birth (P < 0.05). Protein supplement at the levels evaluated did not affect body condition score (P > 0.05). An interaction effect between treatment × days in relation to calving occurred for concentrations of serum urea nitrogen, total proteins, albumin and globulins (P < 0.05). Supplementation did not affect glucose, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate or progesterone (P > 0.05). In conclusion, supply of up to 1.2 kg/day of protein supplement for grazing beef heifers optimises forage intake and average daily gain before calving, and improves the indicators of the protein status.
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Tremblay M, Kammer M, Lange H, Plattner S, Baumgartner C, Stegeman J, Duda J, Mansfeld R, Döpfer D. Identifying poor metabolic adaptation during early lactation in dairy cows using cluster analysis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7311-7321. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McDougall S, Leane S, Butler S, Roche J, Burke C. Effect of altering the type of dietary carbohydrate early postpartum on reproductive performance and milk production in pasture-grazed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3433-3446. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parker Gaddis K, Megonigal J, Clay J, Wolfe C. Genome-wide association study for ketosis in US Jerseys using producer-recorded data. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:413-424. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gordon J, LeBlanc S, Kelton D, Herdt T, Neuder L, Duffield T. Randomized clinical field trial on the effects of butaphosphan-cyanocobalamin and propylene glycol on ketosis resolution and milk production. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3912-3921. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hausmann J, Deiner C, Immig I, Pieper R, Starke A, Aschenbach JR. Effects of combined supplementation with plant bioactive lipid compounds and biotin on ruminal fermentation, body condition and energy metabolism in transition dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cao Y, Zhang J, Yang W, Xia C, Zhang HY, Wang YH, Xu C. Predictive Value of Plasma Parameters in the Risk of Postpartum Ketosis in Dairy Cows. J Vet Res 2017; 61:91-95. [PMID: 29978059 PMCID: PMC5894404 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The predictive value of selected parameters in the risk of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows was determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 21 control and 17 ketotic Holstein Friesian cows with a β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration of 1.20 mmol/L as a cut-off point were selected. The risk prediction thresholds for ketosis were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS In the ketosis group, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity and concentration of PON-1 and glucose (GLU) were decreased, and aminotransferase (AST) activity as well as BHBA and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents were increased. The plasma activity and concentration of PON-1 were significantly positively correlated with the level of plasma GLU. The plasma activity and concentration of PON-1 were significantly negatively correlated with the levels of AST and BHBA. According to ROC curve analysis, warning indexes of ketosis were: plasma PON-1 concentration of 46.79 nmol/L, GLU concentration of 3.04 mmol/L, AST concentration of 100 U/L, and NEFA concentration of 0.82 mmol/L. CONCLUSION This study showed that the levels of PON-1, GLU, AST, and NEFA could be used as indicators to predict the risk of ketosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Hong-You Zhang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Yan-Hui Wang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing163319, China
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Havlin JM, Robinson PH, Garrett JE. Niacin feeding to fresh dairy cows: immediate effects on health and milk production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early lactation dairy cows are frequently in negative energy balance and susceptible to ketosis, fatty liver and metritis. Because of its anti-lipolytic properties, the B-vitamin niacin could reduce negative energy balance by reducing non-esterified fatty acids for ketogenesis, thereby reducing hyperketonemia. We determined effects of feeding ruminally protected niacin (RPNi) on lipolysis during the fresh period using blood non-esterified fatty acids concentrations as a ketosis indicator, blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations as an indicator of lipid mobilisation, as well as dry matter (DM) intake, milk and milk component yields, in 906 multi-parity Holstein cows from ~14 days before calving through the immediate fresh period. Prior to calving, cows were co-mingled in one pen and fed the same total mixed ration without RPNi. Between 24 and 36 h postpartum, cows were assigned to fresh pens and fed the same fresh cow total mixed ration, except for RPNi at 0, 3.5, 7 or 14 g niacin/cow.day. During the close-up and fresh periods, cows were sampled for tail vein blood. Milk yield and composition was measured twice at a 140-days interval in the fresh pens postpartum. The 3.5 g/day RPNi feeding tended to decrease ketosis prevalence (% of cows with β-hydroxybutyrate ≥ 1.44 mg/dL) from 36% to 20% (P = 0.06) and also tended (P = 0.07) to increase DM intake from 19.3 to 21.5 kg DM/day versus Control. The RPNi effect tended to increase with duration of RPNi feeding, with no effects at 7 ± 3.9 days in milk, but milk (P = 0.10), milk fat (P = 0.11) and milk energy (P = 0.07) yields tending to be higher at 21 ± 3.9 days in milk. Conversely, 14 g/day RPNi had no effect on ketosis prevalence or DM intake. However, milk (P = 0.10), milk fat (P = 0.11) and milk energy (P = 0.07) yields tended to decrease versus Control. Overall, low level RPNi feeding was judged to improve health and production in fresh cows, but higher feeding levels had clear negative impacts.
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Liang D, Arnold LM, Stowe CJ, Harmon RJ, Bewley JM. Estimating US dairy clinical disease costs with a stochastic simulation model. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1472-1486. [PMID: 28012631 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A farm-level stochastic model was used to estimate costs of 7 common clinical diseases in the United States: mastitis, lameness, metritis, retained placenta, left-displaced abomasum, ketosis, and hypocalcemia. The total disease costs were divided into 7 categories: veterinary and treatment, producer labor, milk loss, discarded milk, culling cost, extended days open, and on-farm death. A Monte Carlo simulation with 5,000 iterations was applied to the model to account for inherent system variation. Four types of market prices (milk, feed, slaughter, and replacement cow) and 3 herd-performance factors (rolling herd average, product of heat detection rate and conception rate, and age at first calving) were modeled stochastically. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to study the relationship between total disease costs and selected stochastic factors. In general, the disease costs in multiparous cows were greater than in primiparous cows. Left-displaced abomasum had the greatest estimated total costs in all parities ($432.48 in primiparous cows and $639.51 in multiparous cows). Cost category contributions varied for different diseases and parities. Milk production loss and treatment cost were the 2 greatest cost categories. The effect of market prices were consistent in all diseases and parities; higher milk and replacement prices increased total costs, whereas greater feed and slaughter prices decreased disease costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - L M Arnold
- Veterinary Science Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - C J Stowe
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - R J Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
| | - J M Bewley
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546.
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