1
|
Salat O, Lemaire G, Durel L, Perrot F. Etiology of severe mastitis in French dairy herds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295614. [PMID: 38096167 PMCID: PMC10721090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe clinical mastitis is not so frequent in dairy cows, but it can have a significant economic impact due to its high mortality rate and adverse effects on milk production. Surveys about the cause of mastitis typically provide overall findings without connecting them to a specific medical condition. There are few studies on the specific etiology of severe mastitis. Only etiological results obtained during field studies are available in France, and the number of mastitic milk samples analyzed is always low. In recent years, veterinary clinics have improved their ability to identify bacteria causing bovine mastitis using a widely used method. This in-clinic milk culture made it possible to better understand the etiology of mastitis according to the symptoms observed. Regarding clinical mastitis, veterinarians treat severe cases differently than less severe ones. Based on data from nineteen veterinary clinics in France and over 2000 severe mastitis cases, the current study revealed that Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli, is the most common cause, isolated on average from 53.9% of milk samples. This information is highly reliable for practitioners to quickly and effectively treat the condition, because early and targeted treatment is crucial to avoid the complication of endotoxic shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Salat
- DVM, Clinique Vétérinaire de Haute Auvergne, ZAC Montplain Allauzier, Saint-Flour, France
| | - Guillaume Lemaire
- DVM, Clinique Vétérinaire de Haute Auvergne, ZAC Montplain Allauzier, Saint-Flour, France
| | - Luc Durel
- DVM, Global Technical and Medical Information Manager, VIRBAC, Carros, France
| | - Florent Perrot
- DVM, Clinique Vétérinaire de Haute Auvergne, ZAC Montplain Allauzier, Saint-Flour, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen YC, Orellana Rivas RM, Marins TN, Melo VHLR, Wang Z, Garrick M, Gao J, Liu H, Bernard JK, Melendez P, Tao S. Effects of heat stress abatement on systemic and mammary inflammation in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8017-8032. [PMID: 37641342 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effects of evaporative cooling on systemic and mammary inflammation of lactating dairy cows, 30 multiparous Holstein cows (parity = 2.4, 156 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: cooling (CL) with fans and misters or not (NC). The experiment was divided into a 10-d baseline when all cows were cooled, followed by a 36-d environmental challenge when cooling was terminated for NC cows. The onset of environmental challenge was considered as d 1. Temperature-humidity index averaged 78.4 during the environmental challenge. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Blood and milk samples were collected from a subset of cows (n = 9/treatment) on d -3, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 of the experiment to measure cortisol, interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), haptoglobin, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Mammary biopsies were collected from a second subset of cows (n = 6/treatment) on d -9, 2, 10, and 36 to analyze gene expression of cytokines and haptoglobin. A subset of cows (n = 7/treatment) who were not subjected to mammary biopsy collection received a bolus of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the left rear quarter on d 30 of the experiment. Blood was sampled from cows and milk samples from the LPS-infused quarter were collected at -4, 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h relative to infusion, for analyses of inflammatory products. Deprivation of cooling decreased milk yield and DMI. Compared with CL cows, plasma cortisol concentration of NC cows was higher on d 1 but lower on d 28 of the experiment (cooling × time). Deprivation of cooling did not affect circulating TNF-α, IL10, haptoglobin, or LBP. Compared with CL cows, NC cows tended to have higher milk IL10 concentrations but did not show effects in TNF-α, haptoglobin, or LBP. No differences were observed in mammary tissue gene expression of TNF-α, IL10, and haptoglobin. Milk yield declined after LPS infusion but was not affected by treatment. Compared with CL cows, NC cows had greater milk somatic cell count following intramammary LPS infusion. Non-cooled cows had lower circulating TNF-α and IL10 concentrations and tended to have lower circulating haptoglobin concentrations than CL cows. Milk IL10 and TNF-⍺ concentrations were higher 3 h after LPS infusion for NC cows compared with CL cows. Additionally, NC cows tended to have higher milk haptoglobin concentration after LPS infusion than CL cows. In conclusion, deprivation of evaporative cooling had minimal effects on lactating cows' basal inflammatory status, but upregulated mammary inflammatory responses after intramammary LPS infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Chen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - R M Orellana Rivas
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - T N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Victor H L R Melo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Z Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - M Garrick
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - J Gao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - H Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31973
| | - P Melendez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng X, Vidlund J, Gillespie B, Cao L, Agga GE, Lin J, Dego OK. Evaluation of immunogenicity of enterobactin conjugate vaccine for the control of Escherichia coli mastitis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7147-7163. [PMID: 37210351 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cows that incurs severe economic losses to the dairy industry. Currently, environmental mastitis pathogens are a major problem for most dairy farms. A current commercially available Escherichia coli vaccine does not prevent clinical mastitis and production losses, likely due to antibody accessibility and antigenic variation issues. Therefore, a novel vaccine that prevents clinical disease and production losses is critically needed. Recently a nutritional immunity approach, which restricts bacterial iron uptake by immunologically sequestering conserved iron-binding enterobactin (Ent), has been developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of the keyhole limpet hemocyanin-enterobactin (KLH-Ent) conjugate vaccine in dairy cows. Twelve pregnant Holstein dairy cows in their first through third lactations were randomized to the control or vaccine group, with 6 cows per group. The vaccine group received 3 subcutaneous vaccinations of KLH-Ent with adjuvants at drying off (D0), 20 (D21), and 40 (D42) days after drying off. The control group was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) mixed with the same adjuvants at the same time points. Vaccination effects were assessed over the study period until the end of the first month of lactation. The KLH-Ent vaccine did not cause any systemic adverse reactions or reduction in milk production. Compared with the control group, the vaccine elicited significantly higher levels of serum Ent-specific IgG at calving (C0) and 30 d postcalving (C30), mainly its IgG2 fraction, which was significantly higher at D42, C0, C14, and C30 d, with no significant change in IgG1 levels. Milk Ent-specific IgG and IgG2 levels in the vaccine group were significantly higher on C30. Fecal microbial community structures were similar for both control and vaccine groups on the same day and shifted directionally along the sampling days. In conclusion, the KLH-Ent vaccine successfully triggered strong Ent-specific immune responses in dairy cows without significantly affecting the gut microbiota diversity and health. The results show that Ent conjugate vaccine is a promising nutritional immunity approach in control of E. coli mastitis in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - J Vidlund
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - B Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - L Cao
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - G E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, KY 42101
| | - J Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - O Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pegolo S, Toscano A, Bisutti V, Vanzin A, Giannuzzi D, Gallo L, Tagliapietra F, Ruegg P, Gianesella M, Mele M, Schiavon S, Cecchinato A. Associations between subclinical intramammary infection and milk fatty acid profile at the quarter level in Holstein cattle. Animal 2023; 17:100978. [PMID: 37742500 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is the most common economic and health problem in dairy cows. Little is known about changes in milk fatty acid (FA) composition according to infection/inflammation status of the mammary gland. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between naturally occurring subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) from different pathogens, i.e. Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Prototheca spp., and the detailed milk FA profile assessed at quarter level in Holstein cows. After an initial bacteriological screening (T0) on 450 Holstein cows reared in three dairy herds, we identified 78 cows positive at the bacteriological examination. These animals were followed up at the quarter level two weeks (T1) and six weeks (T2) after T0. In total, 600 single-quarter samples were obtained at T1 and T2. Individual FAs were determined using the gas chromatography analytical method. Investigated traits were 70 individual FAs, 12 FA groups, and six desaturation indices. The associations between subclinical IMI combined with somatic cell count (SCC) and milk FA profile were investigated using a hierarchical linear mixed model (i.e., observational unit was quarter within cow) with the following fixed effects: days in milk (DIM), parity, herd, SCC, bacteriological status (BACT, positive and negative), and the SCC × BACT interaction. The random effect of individual cow nested within herd, DIM and parity was used as the error term for the latter effects. The most significant associations were detected at T2. Notably, IMI reduced the proportions of individual short-chain FA, especially 4:0 and 6:0 (-14%), but increased the proportion of the most abundant medium-chain FA (MCFA), 16:0 (+4%). A reduction in the desaturation indices was observed mostly for 14:1 index (-9%), in line with the reduction in 14:1 (-10%). Somatic cell count significantly affected 14 individual FAs. In particular, samples with high SCC (≥200 000) had significantly lower proportions of 8:0, 10:0, 11:0, 12:0, and 13:0 compared with samples with low SCC (<200 000). Increasing SCC in animals positive at the bacteriological examination were associated with a reduction in total MCFA at T2 (while in negative animals, they remained constant across SCC classes), possible evidence that elongation of the FA chain from 11 to 16 carbons is affected by a combination of infection and SCC. This study showed that subclinical IMI and SCC are mainly associated with reductions in the synthesis of FA and the desaturation process in the mammary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - A Toscano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - V Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Vanzin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - D Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - F Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - P Ruegg
- Department of Agricolture, Food and Environment, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Gianesella
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, United States
| | - M Mele
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell' Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell' Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krömker V, Rota N, Locatelli C, Gusmara C, Marinoni A, Molteni D, Schmenger A, Erk RE, Moroni P. Randomized noninferiority field trial evaluating a postmilking teat dip for the prevention of naturally occurring intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6342-6352. [PMID: 37479581 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a positive-controlled field study under natural exposure conditions to test the efficacy of a newly developed chlorine dioxide-based postmilking teat disinfectant (experimental product, EX) for noninferiority compared with an already established chlorine dioxide-based teat disinfectant (positive control product, PC). After blocking by parity, approximately 200 Holstein cows in early to mid-lactation stages from a dairy farm near Padua, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Over a 13-wk period between September and December 2021, the teats of cows were dipped with the EX or the PC after each milking. Milk samples were collected from individual quarters of enrolled cows for 13 wk to determine infection status. Teat condition was assessed at wk 1, 5, and 9. Mixed logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of treatment on the incidence of new intramammary infections. For the noninferiority analysis, the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the difference in new intramammary infection (NIMI) rate between the 2 treatments (EX - PC) had to be to the left of the critical value d (0.035) to conclude that EX was noninferior to PC in terms of the risk of NIMI. The results showed that the incidence of new infections in the quarters treated with EX (3.1%) was not different from that in the udder quarters treated with PC (2.6%). No overall difference was found between the treatments in terms of teat condition. As the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the NIMI rate difference was smaller than the predefined noninferiority limit, we concluded that the EX was noninferior compared with the PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Copenhagen University, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - N Rota
- Agribovis S. r. l., Meda, 20821, Italy
| | - C Locatelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - C Gusmara
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Marinoni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - D Molteni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Schmenger
- Steinbeis Research Center for Dairy Science, 32278 Kirchlengern, Germany
| | | | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, 26900, Lodi, Italy; Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Menta P, Machado V, Piñeiro J, Thatcher W, Santos J, Vieira-Neto A. Heat stress during the transition period is associated with impaired production, reproduction, and survival in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4474-4489. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from bovine clinical mastitis in some selected dairy farms of Bangladesh. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6317-6323. [PMID: 34759751 PMCID: PMC8568714 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli is one of the major significant pathogens causing mastitis, the most complex and costly diseases in the dairy industry worldwide. Present study was undertaken to isolate, detect the virulence factors, phylogroup, antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli from cows with clinical mastitis. A total of 68 milk samples comprising 53 from clinical mastitis and 15 from apparently healthy cattle were collected from four different established dairy farms in Bangladesh. E. coli was isolated from the milk samples and identified by PCR targeting malB gene and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. E. coli isolates were screened by PCR for the detection of major virulence genes (stx, eae and cdt) of diarrheagenic E. coli followed by phylogenetic grouping. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the E. coli isolates was determined by disk diffusion test and E. coli showing resistance was further screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. E. coli was isolated from 35.8% of the mastitis milk samples but none from the apparently healthy cattle milk. All the E. coli isolates were negative for stx, eae and cdt genes and belonged to the phylogenetic groups A and B1 which comprising of commensal E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed 84.2% (16/19) of the isolates as multidrug resistant. Highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin (94.5%) followed by ampicillin (89.5%) and tetracycline (89.5%). E. coli were found resistant against all the classes of antimicrobials used at the farm level. Tetracycline resistance gene (tetA) was detected in 100% of the tetracycline resistant E. coli and blaTEM-1 was present in 38.9% of the E. coli isolates. Findings of this study indicate a potential threat of developing antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli and their association with clinical mastitis. Occurrence of multidrug resistant E. coli might be responsible for the failure of antibiotic therapies in clinical mastitis as well as pose potential threat of transmitting and development of antibiotic resistance in human.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wollowski L, Heuwieser W, Kossatz A, Addis MF, Puggioni GMG, Meriaux L, Bertulat S. The value of the biomarkers cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin to diagnose and classify clinical and subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2106-2122. [PMID: 33358157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Timely and objective diagnosis and classification of mastitis is crucial to ensure adequate management and therapeutic decisions. Analyzing specific biomarkers in milk could be advantageous compared with subjective or semiquantitative criteria, such as palpation of the udder in clinical mastitis cases or evaluation of somatic cell count using cow side tests (e.g., California Mastitis Test) in subclinical mastitis quarters. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of 3 biomarkers; cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin for the diagnosis of subclinical and clinical mastitis. Furthermore, the suitability of these biomarkers to differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe clinical mastitis and the influence of different pathogens on biomarker levels was tested. A total of 67 healthy cows, 119 cows with subclinical mastitis, and 212 cows with clinical mastitis were enrolled in the study. Although cathelicidin, haptoglobin, and milk amyloid A were measured in all samples from healthy cows and those with subclinical mastitis, haptoglobin, and cathelicidin results were only available from 121 out of 212 cows with clinical mastitis. Milk amyloid A was measured in all samples. In cows with clinical mastitis, the mastitic quarter and a second healthy quarter serving as a healthy in-cow control quarter were sampled. It was possible to differentiate between healthy quarters, quarters with subclinical mastitis, and quarters with clinical mastitis using all 3 biomarkers. Concerning cathelicidin, thresholds were 0.000 [sensitivity (Se) = 0.83, specificity (Sp) = 0.97] and 0.053 (Se = 0.98, Sp = 0.99) for normalized optical density at 450 nm (NOD450) for differentiating between healthy quarters and quarters with subclinical or clinical mastitis, respectively. Thresholds of 1.28 µg/mL (Se = 0.65, Sp = 0.76) and 1.81 µg/mL (Se = 0.77, Sp = 0.83) for milk amyloid A and 3.65 µg/mL (Se = 0.92, Sp = 0.94) and 5.40 µg/mL mL (Se = 0.96, Sp = 0.99) for haptoglobin were calculated, respectively. Healthy in-cow control quarters from cows with CM showed elevated milk amyloid A and haptoglobin levels compared with healthy quarters from healthy cows. Only the level of milk amyloid A was higher in severe clinical mastitis cases compared with mild ones. In contrast to clinical mastitis, cathelicidin and haptoglobin in subclinical mastitis quarters were significantly influenced by different bacteriological results. The measurement of cathelicidin, milk amyloid A, and haptoglobin in milk proved to be a reliable method to detect quarters with subclinical or clinical mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wollowski
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Kossatz
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - M F Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G M G Puggioni
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Laurent Meriaux
- Eilyps/Bioteck Lait, 17 Boulevard Nominoë, 35740 Pacé, France
| | - S Bertulat
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Characterization, Cure Rates and Associated Risks of Clinical Mastitis in Northern Germany. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040170. [PMID: 33153084 PMCID: PMC7712256 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of clinical mastitis on dairy farms is an essential part of animal health management. Knowledge of the causative microorganisms, the cure rates achievable in the field and essential associated factors are crucial for proper control. The objectives of the present study were to characterize clinical mastitis cases in Germany and to analyze factors influencing cure rates and the recurrence rate. Milk samples of every clinical mastitis case occurring on 12 participating farms were examined cytomicrobiologically. Post-treatment quarter samples were taken after 14 and 21 days. Treatments were performed according to existing farm protocols. Of 2883 clinical mastitis cases, the most prevalent pathogens were Streptococcus (S.) uberis (20.2%) and coliforms (11.6%). In 35% of the milk samples, no bacteriological growth was detected. The overall bacteriological cure rate was 73.3%, while the cytological cure rate was 22.3%, the full cure rate 21.4% and the recurrence rate 18.8%. Regarding the pathogen distribution of severe mastitis, coliform bacteria were detected in 30.5% of the cases, whereas S. uberis was detected in 26.5% thereof. The results show that severe mastitis is caused almost as frequently by Gram-positive as by Gram-negative microorganisms. The low cytological cure rates show that the therapy needs to be further developed with regard to calming the inflammation. The obtained data can be very helpful in assessing internal mastitis scenarios and the effect of measures and therapies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Mirzaei S, Norouzi M, Sheybani N, Vafaei Sadi MS. Identification of Gene Modules and Hub Genes Involved in Mastitis Development Using a Systems Biology Approach. Front Genet 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32754201 PMCID: PMC7371005 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mastitis is defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland, which impact directly on the production performance and welfare of dairy cattle. Since, mastitis is a multifactorial complex disease and the molecular pathways underlying this disorder have not been clearly understood yet, a system biology approach was used in this study to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind mastitis. Methods Publicly available RNA-Seq data containing samples from milk of five infected and five healthy Holstein cows at five time points were retrieved. Gene Co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) approach and functional enrichment analysis were then applied with the aim to find the non-preserved module of genes that their connectivity were altered under infected condition. Hub genes were identified in the non-preserved modules and were subjected to protein-protein interactions (PPI) network construction. Results Among the 25 modules identified, eight modules were non-preserved and were also biologically associated with inflammation, immune response and mastitis development. Interestingly most of the hub genes in the eight modules were also densely connected in the PPI network. Of the hub genes, 250 genes were hubs in both co-expression and PPI networks and most of them were reported to play important roles in immune response or inflammatory pathways. The blue module was highly enriched in inflammatory responses and STAT1 was suggested to play an important role in mastitis development by regulating the immune related genes in this module. Moreover, a set of highly connected genes were identified such as BIRC3, PSMA6, FYN, F11R, NFKBIZ, NFKBIA, GRO1, PHB, CD3E, IL16, GSN, SOCS2, HCK, VAV1 and TLR6, which have been established to be critical for mastitis pathogenesis. Conclusion This study improved the understanding of the mechanisms underlying bovine mastitis and suggested eight non-preserved modules along with several most important genes with promising potential in etiology of mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shabnam Mirzaei
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Norouzi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Sheybani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vitali A, Felici A, Lees AM, Giacinti G, Maresca C, Bernabucci U, Gaughan JB, Nardone A, Lacetera N. Heat load increases the risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8378-8387. [PMID: 32564950 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed at assessing heat load-related risk of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows. Records of CM for the years 2014 and 2015 were obtained from a large conventional dairy farm milking about 1,200 Holstein cows in central Italy. A case of CM was defined by the presence of clinical signs and veterinary confirmation. Quarter milk samples were collected and bacteriological investigated for each CM. Etiological agents were identified and classified as environmental or contagious pathogens. Hourly weather data from the nearest weather station were used to calculate heat load index (HLI). Upper and lower thresholds of HLI, at which the animal accumulates or dissipates heat, were settled and used to measure heat load balance through the accumulated heat load (AHL) model. Zero and positive values of AHL indicate periods of thermo-neutral and heat accumulation, respectively. Each case of CM was associated with HLI-AHL values recorded 5 d before the event. The risk of CM was evaluated using a case-crossover design. A conditional logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of CM recorded in thermo-neutral (AHL = 0) or heat load (AHL > 0) days, pooled or stratified for pathogen type (environmental or contagious). Classes of AHL as low (<6.5), medium (6.6-34.9), and high (>35) were included in the model. Other variables included in the model were milk yield as liters (<20, 20-30, and >30), days in milk (<60, 60-150, and >150), and parity (1, 2-3, and >3). A total of 1,086 CM cases were identified from 677 cows. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., and Streptococcus uberis were the environmental pathogens isolated with the highest frequency; Staphylococcus aureus prevailed within contagious species. The analysis of pooled data indicated a significant effect of heat load on the occurrence of CM in the contagious pathogen stratum. Higher milk yield, middle and late stage of lactation, and older parity increased the risk of CM under heat load conditions. However, the association between pathogen type and these factors was not clear because the model provided significant odds ratios within all pathogen categories. The present study provided the first evidence of an association between HLI and CM in dairy cattle and suggested the ability of the AHL model to assess the risk of mastitis associated with heat load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vitali
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - A M Lees
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, Animal Science, University of New England Australia, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350
| | - G Giacinti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - C Maresca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - U Bernabucci
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - J B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - A Nardone
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - N Lacetera
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marins TN, Monteiro APA, Weng X, Guo J, Orellana Rivas RM, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Tao S. Response of lactating dairy cows fed different supplemental zinc sources with and without evaporative cooling to intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion: intake, milk yield and composition, and hematologic profile1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2053-2065. [PMID: 30844051 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplemental Zn source and evaporative cooling on intake, milk yield and composition, and the rate of leukocyte migration into the mammary gland following intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 72) were assigned to one of four treatments with a 2×2 factorial arrangement including two sources of supplemental Zn: 75 mg/kg Zn hydroxychloride or 35 mg/kg Zn hydroxychloride + 40 mg/kg Zn-Met complex (ZMC) each with or without evaporative cooling. The cooling system was implemented by the use of fans and misters over the freestall and feeding areas. On day 34 of the experiment, cows (n = 16; days in milk = 263 ± 63 d) received an infusion of 10 μg of LPS, or a saline control, in the left or right rear quarters. Individual milk samples from both quarters were collected at -12, -4, 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h relative to infusion and analyzed for composition and bovine serum albumin. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were assessed and blood samples were collected at the same time points (with an additional sample at 3 h) for analyses of lactose and cortisol. Complete blood counts were performed on samples collected within the first 24 h post infusion. Intramammary LPS infusion reduced (P < 0.01) milk yield, DMI and feed efficiency regardless of dietary or cooling treatments. Non-cooled cows tended (P = 0.09) to have greater feed efficiency (=milk yield/DMI) at 1 d after infusion than those subjected to cooling. Intramammary LPS infusion dramatically increased (P < 0.01) milk somatic cell count (SCC) but treatments had no apparent impact on milk SCC. Compared with cooled cows, non-cooled cows had greater (P < 0.05) plasma lactose concentrations, but lower (P < 0.03) blood concentrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes at 3 h post infusion. This suggests a greater leukocyte migration into the mammary gland of heat-stressed cows. In conclusion, noncooled cows tended to maintain greater feed efficiency and appeared to have greater leukocyte migration into the mammary gland immediately after intramammary LPS infusion compared with cooled cows. Dietary supplemental Zn source had no impact on measures assessed after intramammary LPS infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Ana P A Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Xisha Weng
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | - Jinru Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | | | - John K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| | | | | | - Sha Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferguson SA, Menorca A, Van Zuylen EM, Cheung CY, McConnell MA, Rennison D, Brimble MA, Bodle K, McDougall S, Cook GM, Heikal A. Microtiter Screening Reveals Oxygen-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products Against Mastitis-Causing Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1995. [PMID: 31555233 PMCID: PMC6722467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the influence of oxygen availability on a phenotypic microtiter screen to identify new, natural product inhibitors of growth for the bovine mastitis-causing microorganisms; Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Mastitis is a common disease in dairy cattle worldwide and is a major cause of reduced milk yield and antibiotic usage in dairy herds. Prevention of bovine mastitis commonly relies on the application of teat disinfectants that contain either iodine or chlorhexidine. These compounds are used extensively in human clinical settings and increased tolerance to chlorhexidine has been reported in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. As such new, non-human use alternatives are required for the agricultural industry. Our screening was conducted under normoxic (20% oxygen) and hypoxic (<1% oxygen) conditions to mimic the conditions on teat skin and within the mammary gland respectively, against two natural compound libraries. No compounds inhibited E. coli under either oxygen condition. Against the Gram-positive microorganisms, 12 inhibitory compounds were identified under normoxic conditions, and 10 under hypoxic conditions. Data revealed a clear oxygen-dependency amongst compounds inhibiting growth, with only partial overlap between oxygen conditions. The oxygen-dependent inhibitory activity of a naturally occurring quinone, β-lapachone, against S. uberis was subsequently investigated and we demonstrated that this compound is only active under normoxic conditions with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 32 μM and kills via a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism as has been demonstrated in other microorganisms. These results demonstrate the importance of considering oxygen-availability in high-throughput inhibitor discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ayana Menorca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Essie M Van Zuylen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle A McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Rennison
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adam Heikal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ngassam Tchamba C, Rao AS, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Duprez JN, Théron L, Thiry D, Mainil JG. Comparison of quantitative PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry assays for identification of bacteria in milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:683-692. [PMID: 31216600 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to compare qualitatively and quantitatively the results of identification of the bacteria present in milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis using multiplex qPCR assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS® ) after bacteriological growth. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 182 samples were aseptically collected from 119 cows with high somatic cell counts (>2·105 SCC per ml) on 11 farms in Belgium in 2014. The mutiplex qPCR assay was carried out on 350 µl of milk with the PathoProof® Complete-16kit. Ten microlitre of milk was streaked on Columbia blood agar and three selective agar plates. Growing colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Of the 182 samples, 90 gave positive results with either or both tests for one or two bacterial species/genera. Total qualitative agreement of the bacteria identified was observed in 41 mono- or bi-bacterial samples (46%) and partial agreement in 19 bi-bacterial samples at both or either tests (21%). The results of both tests on those mono- and bi-bacterial samples were not significantly different (McNemar test; P = 0·395) with a fair agreement (Cohen's kappa test; k = 0·375; P = 0·055). Moreover, quantitative correlation between the qPCR intensity and the numbers of growing colonies was observed in half of the 60 samples with qualitative matching results. CONCLUSIONS Both methods give identical qualitative and quantitative results with approximately a half and a quarter of the mono- and bi-bacterial samples respectively. Several reasons can explain the differences. The multiplex qPCR assay only targets the most important mammary gland pathogens and can detect DNA of bacteria both alive and dead. Conversely, bacteria only grow when alive and the MALDI-TOF MS databases do not include all bovine milk-associated bacterial species yet. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study further highlights the limitations and complementarity of the genetic and phenotypic tests for the identification of bacteria present in milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A S Rao
- Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J-N Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Théron
- Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruegg PL. Making Antibiotic Treatment Decisions for Clinical Mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 34:413-425. [PMID: 30316500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of bovine mastitis is the most common reason that antibiotics are used for adult dairy cows. Although antibiotics are essential to treat severe cases of clinical mastitis, using antibiotics to treat many cases of nonsevere clinical mastitis does not result in improved bacteriologic or clinical outcomes. Mastitis treatment protocols should be pathogen specific; no antimicrobial therapy is recommended for many culture-negative or gram-negative cases when detected. Before withholding antibiotic therapy, it is important to assess the ability of affected cows to mount a successful immune response. When the immune system is compromised, antimicrobial therapy may be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gilbertie JM, Schnabel LV, Stefanovski D, Kelly DJ, Jacob ME, Schaer TP. Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria influence survival to discharge for horses with septic synovial structures: 206 Cases (2010-2015). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:64-73. [PMID: 30389045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of synovial structures can cause infections that are difficult to treat. Systemic and local antimicrobials and repeated joint lavages are the mainstays of therapy. However, despite aggressive treatments, infection may persist, leading to significant tissue damage or death of the patient. In order to investigate the impact of bacterial culture and antimicrobial resistance on survival to discharge, we reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the University of Pennsylvania's large animal teaching hospital from 2010-2015. Two-hundred and six cases with a definitive diagnosis of septic synovitis and a synovial fluid sample submitted for microbiological culture were included in the study. Of these horses, 48% were culture negative and 52% were positive for any bacterial growth, of which 66% were gram-positive and 28% were gram-negative aerobic organisms with 4% anaerobic and 2% fungal organisms. Overall survival to discharge from hospital was 86%. Horses that had negative growth on culture were more likely to survive until discharge (p < 0.02). Multivariable analyses revealed that the likelihood of euthanasia was significantly associated with identification of coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp. (OR 7.66, 5.46-10.74, p < 0.0001), β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (OR 5.18, 3.56-7.55, p < 0.0001), Enterococcus spp. (OR 18.38, 11.45-29.52, p = 0.002), Enterobacteriaceae (OR 31.37, 22.28-44.17, p < 0.0001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 9.31, 5.30-16.34, p = 0.0004) or other gram-negative species (OR 3.51, 2.07-5.94, p = 0.001). Multi-drug resistance and gram-negative bacteria species were associated with significantly decreased survival rates (OR 119.24, 70.57-201.46, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, prognosis for survival to discharge was poor for horses that were infected with gram-negative organisms, particularly those with MDR phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Gilbertie
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States; North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Donna J Kelly
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Megan E Jacob
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruegg PL. A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention. J Dairy Sci 2018; 100:10381-10397. [PMID: 29153171 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is the most frequent disease of dairy cows and has well-recognized detrimental effects on animal wellbeing and dairy farm profitability. Since the beginning of modern dairy farming, producers have sought effective methods to minimize the occurrence of mastitis in their herds. The objective of this paper is to review and highlight important advances in detection, management, and prevention of mastitis that have occurred since the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published in 1917. Initial research efforts were directed at understanding the nature of pathogenic bacteria that were responsible for most intramammary infections. For decades, researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. To develop successful control programs, mastitis workers first had to identify mechanisms of infection, define the clinical and subclinical states of the disease, discover appropriate screening tests, determine likely points of exposure, identify pathogen-specific characteristics, and develop effective procedures for machine milking. Pioneering researchers eventually recognized that mastitis control was based on preventing new infections from occurring in healthy cows and reducing the duration that cows remained infected. Development of a control program that incorporated post-milking teat dipping, hygienic milking procedures, and strategic use of antibiotic therapy at dry-off resulted in widespread control of contagious pathogens. As herd management changed, researchers were tasked with defining control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens originating from environmental sources. As mastitis pathogens have evolved, researchers have sought to define antimicrobial usage that will maintain animal wellbeing while minimizing unnecessary usage. During the last century, tremendous significant advances in mastitis control have been made but changing herd structure and more rigorous processor standards ensure that mastitis will remain an important subject focus of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tao S, Orellana R, Weng X, Marins T, Dahl G, Bernard J. Symposium review: The influences of heat stress on bovine mammary gland function. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5642-5654. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Rainard P, Foucras G, Boichard D, Rupp R. Invited review: Low milk somatic cell count and susceptibility to mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6703-6714. [PMID: 29803421 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An enduring controversy exists about low milk cell counts and susceptibility to mastitis. The concentration of milk leukocytes, or somatic cell count (SCC), is a well-established direct indicator of mammary gland inflammation that is highly correlated with the presence of a mammary infection. The SCC is also used as a trait for the selection of dairy ruminants less prone to mastitis. As selection programs favor animals with less SCC, and as milk cells contribute to the defense of the mammary gland, the idea that susceptibility to mastitis could possibly be increased in the long term has been put forward and is still widely debated. Epidemiological and experimental studies aimed at relating SCC to susceptibility to mastitis have yielded results that seem contradictory at first sight. Nevertheless, by taking into account the immunobiology of milk and mammary tissue cells and their role in the defense against infection, along with recent studies on SCC-based divergent selection of animals, the issue can be settled. Apparent SCC-linked susceptibility to mastitis is a phenotypic trait that may be linked to immunomodulation but not to selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Rainard
- ISP, Université de Tours, INRA, UMR1282, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - G Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRA, UMR1225, F-31076 Toulouse, France
| | - D Boichard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R Rupp
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, F-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kerro Dego O, Almeida R, Saxton A, Abdi R, Ensermu D, Oliver S. Bovine intramammary infection associated immunogenic surface proteins of Streptococcus uberis. Microb Pathog 2018; 115:304-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Godden SM, Royster E, Knauer W, Sorg J, Lopez-Benavides M, Schukken Y, Leibowitz S, French EA. Randomized noninferiority study evaluating the efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of naturally occurring intramammary infections. J Dairy Sci 2017; 99:3675-3687. [PMID: 26947287 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to complete a positive-control, natural exposure, noninferiority design field study to test the efficacy of a novel glycolic acid-based postmilking teat disinfectant as compared with a previously proven iodine-based postmilking teat disinfectant (positive control). The primary outcome of interest was the effect of treatment on incidence of new intramammary infections. Secondary outcomes included the effect of treatment on prevalence of infection, somatic cell count, and teat condition. After blocking by parity, approximately 300 early- to mid-lactation cows on a large Wisconsin dairy farm were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. For a 12-wk period between May and August 2014, the 2 groups were dipped after each milking with either the experimental (EX) or positive control (PC) product. Individual quarters were sampled to establish bacteriological infection status at the beginning of the study, and every 2 wk thereafter, by use of a 2-stage process evaluating somatic cell count (SCC), and then culturing milk samples only when SCC exceeded a parity-specific threshold. Teat condition scoring was completed at the beginning of the study and on wk 4, 8, and 12. Mixed logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on dichotomous outcome measures including the odds of acquiring a new infection during a given 2-wk sampling interval (incidence), the odds for presence of infection at sampling (prevalence), and odds for a normal teat skin condition score. Mixed linear regression was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on somatic cell count. For the noninferiority analysis, the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the difference in new infection rate between the 2 treatments (EX - PC), had to be to the left of the critical value d (0.035) to conclude that EX was noninferior relative to PC with respect to risk for new infections. Results showed that the incidence of new infections was not different for quarters dipped with EX (3.2%) as compared with PC (4.2%). Similarly, the prevalence of infection tended to be lower for quarters dipped with EX (3.92%) as compared with PC (5.03%). No overall difference was found between treatments when evaluating somatic cell count measures and teat condition scores. Because the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval of the new IMI rate difference was smaller than the predefined noninferiority limit, it was concluded that the experimental product was not inferior compared with the positive control. As such, the glycolic acid-based teat disinfectant evaluated in this study can be considered an effective postmilking teat disinfectant, as well as safe, in so far as the product was not irritating to teat skin and did not negatively affect skin condition measures, as compared with the positive control group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - W Knauer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Sorg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | | | - Y Schukken
- GD Animal Health, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7411 EX Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - S Leibowitz
- DeLaval Manufacturing, Kansas City, MO 64153
| | - E A French
- DeLaval Manufacturing, Kansas City, MO 64153
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
AbstractData from 274 Dutch herds recording clinical mastitis (CM) over an 18-month period were used to quantify the genetic variation for overall and pathogen-specific CM. Analysed pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and other streptococci. The data set contained 47 563 lactations of 28 695 cows of different parities. Cases of overall and pathogen-specific CM were treated as all-or-none traits. Variance components for the sire, maternal grandsire and permanent environmental effect were estimated using generalized linear mixed models with a logit link function for the binary traits. Average number of days at risk and in milk on trial was 198 days. The estimated heritability for overall CM was 0·04, and similar heritabilities for the pathogen-specific CM were estimated. Repeatability across lactations was low for overall and pathogen-specific CM (0·10 to 0·14). Genetic correlations with milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS) differed according to pathogen. For instance, the incidence rate of clinical E. coli mastitis was slightly unfavourably correlated with milk yield at 150 days (0·13) but stronger with SCS (0·74). Whereas, the genetic correlations with clinical Str. dysgalactiae mastitis were 0·70 and 0·16, respectively. The expected correlated responses showed that current selection practices (using milk yield and SCS) will be effective in reducing the incidence of E. coli and CNS but less effective in reducing the incidence of S. aureus and Str. dysgalactiae, even with a large relative weight for SCS in the selection index.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sand bedded freestall and compost bedded pack effects on cow hygiene, locomotion, and mastitis indicators. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Understanding compost bedded pack barns: Interactions among environmental factors, bedding characteristics, and udder health. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Ghosh S, Nishat S, Andreana PR. Synthesis of an Aminooxy Derivative of the Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit of Streptococcus dysgalactiae 2023 Polysaccharide for a PS A1 Conjugate Vaccine. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4475-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Sharmeen Nishat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry
and Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ganda EK, Bisinotto RS, Decter DH, Bicalho RC. Evaluation of an On-Farm Culture System (Accumast) for Fast Identification of Milk Pathogens Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155314. [PMID: 27176216 PMCID: PMC4866694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed evaluate an on-farm culture system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows using two different gold standard approaches: standard laboratory culture in study 1 and 16S rRNA sequencing in study 2. In study 1, milk from mastitic quarters (i.e. presence of flakes, clots, or serous milk; n = 538) was cultured on-farm using a single plate containing three selective chromogenic media (Accumast—FERA Animal Health LCC, Ithaca, NY) and in a reference laboratory using standard culture methods, which was considered the gold standard. In study 2, mastitic milk was cultured on-farm and analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing (n = 214). In both studies, plates were cultured aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and read by a single technician masked to gold standard results. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated based on standard laboratory culture in study 1, and PPV was calculated based on sequencing results in study 2. Overall accuracy of Accumast was 84.9%. Likewise, accuracy for identification of Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. was 96.4%, 93.8%, and 91.5%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75.0%, 97.9%, 79.6%, and 97.3% for identification of E. coli, 100.0%, 99.8%, 87.5%, and 100.0% for S. aureus, 70.0%, 95.0%, 45.7%, and 98.1% for other Staphylococcus sp., and 90.0%, 92.9%, 91.8%, and 91.2% for Streptococcus sp. In study 2, Accumast PPV was 96.7% for E. coli, 100.0% for Enterococcus sp., 100.0% for Other Gram-negatives, 88.2% for Staphylococcus sp., and 95.0% for Streptococcus sp., respectively. In conclusion, Accumast is a unique approach for on-farm identification pathogens associated with mastitis, presenting overall sensitivity and specificity of 82.3% and 89.9% respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Korzune Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rafael Sisconeto Bisinotto
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Dean Harrison Decter
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sepúlveda-Varas P, Proudfoot KL, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MA. Changes in behaviour of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Almeida RA, Kerro-Dego O, Prado ME, Headrick SI, Lewis MJ, Siebert LJ, Pighetti GM, Oliver SP. Protective effect of anti-SUAM antibodies on Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Vet Res 2015; 46:133. [PMID: 26582308 PMCID: PMC4652381 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of anti-recombinant Streptococcus uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) antibodies against S. uberis intramammary infections (IMI) was evaluated using a passive protection model. Mammary quarters of healthy cows were infused with S. uberis UT888 opsonized with affinity purified anti-rSUAM antibodies or hyperimmune sera. Non-opsonized S. uberis UT888 were used as a control. Mammary quarters infused with opsonized S. uberis showed mild-to undetectable clinical symptoms of mastitis, lower milk bacterial counts, and less infected mammary quarters as compared to mammary quarters infused with non-opsonized S. uberis. These findings suggest that anti-rSUAM antibodies interfered with infection of mammary gland by S. uberis which might be through preventing adherence to and internalization into mammary gland cells, thus facilitating clearance of S. uberis, reducing colonization, and causing less IMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Oudessa Kerro-Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - María E Prado
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Susan I Headrick
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Mark J Lewis
- Little River Animal and Environmental Unit, East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center, Walland, TN, 37886, USA.
| | - Lydia J Siebert
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Gina M Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| | - Stephen P Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4574, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Suzuki Y, Suzuki K, Shimamori T, Tsuchiya M, Niehaus A, Lakritz J. Evaluation of a portable test system for assessing endotoxin activity in raw milk. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:49-53. [PMID: 26279135 PMCID: PMC4751116 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare endotoxin activities detected in raw milk samples obtained from cattle by a commercially available portable test system (PTS) and traditional microplate limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assay, which determined activities using a kinetic turbidimetric (KT) assay. Raw milk samples were obtained from 53 and 12 dairy cattle without and with clinical mastitis, respectively. Comparison between the KT and PTS was performed by the Friedman test. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate associations between any two continuous variables. Linear regression model analysis was also performed to obtain the equation describing the relationship between PTS and KT assay. The endotoxin activities detected in 200- or 400-fold diluted milk samples were similar between PTS and KT assay, whereas a significant difference was observed in 100-fold diluted milk (P<0.001). The results obtained from 200- (r(2)=0.778, P<0.001) and 400-fold diluted milk samples (r(2)=0.945, P<0.001) using PTS correlated with those using KT assay. The median milk endotoxin activities in Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical mastitis cows were 0.655 and 11,523.5 EU/ml, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that PTS as a simple and easy test to assess endotoxin activity in raw milk is efficient, simple and reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohko Suzuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hassfurther RL, TerHune TN, Canning PC. Efficacy of polyethylene glycol–conjugated bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for reducing the incidence of naturally occurring clinical mastitis in periparturient dairy cows and heifers. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:231-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
St-Pierre NR, Milliken GA, Bauman DE, Collier RJ, Hogan JS, Shearer JK, Smith KL, Thatcher WW. Meta-analysis of the effects of sometribove zinc suspension on the production and health of lactating dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:550-64. [PMID: 25148097 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.5.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated evaluation of the efficacy and safety of sometribove zinc suspension (rbST-Zn), a form of recombinant bovine somatotropin, in lactating dairy cows. DESIGN Meta-analysis. SAMPLE 26 studies published in peer-reviewed journals or reviewed by a regulatory agency. PROCEDURES To be included, a study had to involve the use of the rbST-Zn formulation available to US producers in accordance with the label instructions for treatment initiation (57 to 70 days postpartum), dose (500 mg, q 14 d), and route (SC). RESULTS For cows treated with rbST-Zn, mean milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, fat, and protein yields were increased by 4.00, 4.04, 0.144, and 0.137 kg/d (8.8, 8.89, 0.32, and 0.30 lb/d), respectively; however, the concentration of milk components did not change. Pregnancy proportion for the first 2 breeding cycles was increased by 5.4%, and pregnancy proportion for the duration of the trial was reduced by 5.5% for rbST-Zn-treated cows, compared with proportions for untreated cows. Mean body condition score (1 to 5 scale) was reduced by 0.06 points during the period of rbST-Zn use for treated cows. Administration of rbST-Zn had no effect on milk somatic cell count, the number of days to pregnancy, or inseminations per pregnancy; rates of fetal loss, twins, cystic ovaries, clinical lameness, lameness lesions, or traumatic lesions of the integumentary system; and odds of clinical mastitis or culling. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that rbST-Zn administration to dairy cows effectively increases milk production with no adverse effects on cow health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Normand R St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oliveira L, Ruegg PL. Treatments of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 51 large dairy herds in Wisconsin. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5426-36. [PMID: 24997660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are frequently used for treatment of bovine mastitis and few studies have examined modern treatment strategies on large US dairy farms. The objective of this study was to describe treatment practices for clinical mastitis occurring in cows on large dairy herds in Wisconsin. Treatments performed on 747 cows experiencing cases of mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of clinical mastitis were recorded on 51 Wisconsin dairy farms. Duplicate milk samples were collected from the affected quarter for microbiological analysis at the onset of clinical mastitis and 14 to 21 d after treatment ended. Cows were treated according to individual farm protocol. Drugs and doses used for treatments were recorded for each case. Among all herds, 5 intramammary (IMM) antimicrobials (amoxicillin, hetacillin, pirlimycin, ceftiofur, and cephapirin) were used to treat cows for clinical mastitis. Of 712 cows with complete treatment data, 71.6% were treated with IMM ceftiofur either solely or combined with other antimicrobials (administered either IMM or systemically). Of cows experiencing severe symptoms of clinical mastitis, 43.8% received IMM treatment concurrent with systemic antimicrobials. Of all cows treated, 23.1% received an additional secondary treatment (either IMM, systemic, or both) because of perceived lack of response to the initial treatment. The majority of IMM treatments were administered to cows with a microbiological diagnosis of no growth (34.9%) or Escherichia coli (27.2%). Half of the cows experiencing cases caused by E. coli were treated using systemic antimicrobials in contrast to only 6.8% of cows experiencing cases caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. In conflict with FDA regulations, which do not allow extra-label treatments using sulfonamides, a total of 22 cows from 8 farms were treated with systemic sulfadimethoxine either solely or in combination with oxytetracycline. Antimicrobial drugs were used on all herds and many cows received extra-label treatments. Great opportunity exists to improve mastitis therapy on large dairy herds, but use of more diagnostic methodologies is necessary to guide treatments. Farmers and veterinarians should work together to create protocols based on the herd needs considering reduced inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Oliveira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quaderi MAAL, Husain M, Alam MGS, Khatun M, Hossain MA. Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in dairy farms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3329/bvet.v30i2.18257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A total of 560 lactating cows belonging to Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm (n = 59): Local Zebu (L), Local × Friesian (L × F), Local × Jersey (L × J), Local × Red Chittagong Cattle (L × RCC), Local × Sahiwal (L × SL), Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC); and Central Cattle Breeding Station and Dairy Farm (n = 501): Local Zebu, L × F, SL × F, Sahiwal and Australian Friesian Sahiwal (AFS) were selected to measure prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SM). The California Mastitis Test was done and the prevalence of SM was 68% on cow basis and 57% on quarter basis. The prevalence rate was significantly higher in L × F (87%, P < 0.05), SL × F (88%, P < 0.05), L × J (100%, P < 0.01), AFS (89%, P< 0.05) and SL (100%, P < 0.01). The local Zebu (31%) and RCC (28%) were least susceptible to SM. SM was significantly higher in multiparous (P < 0.05) and older cows (P < 0.05). The front quarters were more prone to SM than the rear. Factors such as breed, age, parity and management may have been responsible for high prevalence of SM in both farms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v30i2.18257 Bangl. vet. 2013. Vol. 30, No. 2, 70-77
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang XP, Luoreng ZM, Gao SX, Guo DS, Li JY, Gao X, Xu SZ, Li F, Chen G, Wang JR. Haplotype analysis of TLR4 gene and its effects on milk somatic cell score in Chinese commercial cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2345-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
35
|
Zarrin M, Wellnitz O, van Dorland H, Bruckmaier R. Induced hyperketonemia affects the mammary immune response during lipopolysaccharide challenge in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:330-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
36
|
Oliveira L, Hulland C, Ruegg PL. Characterization of clinical mastitis occurring in cows on 50 large dairy herds in Wisconsin. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7538-49. [PMID: 24119795 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the US dairy industry has experienced significant demographic changes, with an increase in the number of large herds. The objectives of the present study were to characterize clinical mastitis occurring in cows on large dairy herds in Wisconsin. Participating herds (n=50) were required to have a minimum of 200 lactating animals, participate in monthly DHI testing (including monthly individual cow somatic cell count), use computerized herd records, use a milking routine that included fore-stripping quarters for detection of mastitis, and use antimicrobials to treat affected cows. After study personnel visited the farm, each herd was instructed to enroll the next 17 cows that experienced clinical mastitis, regardless of severity. At detection of clinical mastitis and 14 to 21 d after treatment ended, duplicate quarter milk samples were collected from all affected quarters and used for microbiological analysis. Treatments of affected cows were performed according to existing individual farm protocols. Cow level follow-up data was collected for 90 d after enrollment. Microbiological diagnoses at enrollment included gram-negative (35.6%), no growth (27.3%), gram-positive (27.5%), and other (9.6%). Of the 741 cases, the most prevalent pathogens were Escherichia coli (22.5%), followed by environmental streptococci (12.8%), Klebsiella spp. (6.9%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (6.1%). Bacteriological cure was 75.0% for cases caused by gram-negative pathogens (n=136), 50.8% for cases caused by gram-positive pathogens (n=128), 47.5% for cases caused by other pathogens (n=40), and 73.2% for cases which did not result in microbial growth (n=123). Of the 583 cases with severity recorded, the distribution of mild, moderate, and severe symptoms was 47.8, 36.9, and 15.3%, respectively. The majority of cases presenting with severe symptoms were caused by gram-negative pathogens. Treatment cure was greater for gram-negative pathogens and cases for which no pathogens were recovered as compared with cases caused by other etiologies. Cows experiencing severe cases were more likely to receive multiple antimicrobial treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Oliveira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferreira AM, Bislev SL, Bendixen E, Almeida AM. The mammary gland in domestic ruminants: a systems biology perspective. J Proteomics 2013; 94:110-23. [PMID: 24076120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Milk and dairy products are central elements in the human diet. It is estimated that 108kg of milk per year are consumed per person worldwide. Therefore, dairy production represents a relevant fraction of the economies of many countries, being cattle, sheep, goat, water buffalo, and other ruminants the main species used worldwide. An adequate management of dairy farming cannot be achieved without the knowledge on the biological mechanisms behind lactation in ruminants. Thus, understanding the morphology, development and regulation of the mammary gland in health, disease and production is crucial. Presently, innovative and high-throughput technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics allow a much broader and detailed knowledge on such issues. Additionally, the application of a systems biology approach to animal science is vastly growing, as new advances in one field of specialization or animal species lead to new lines of research in other areas or/and are expanded to other species. This article addresses how modern research approaches may help us understand long-known issues in mammary development, lactation biology and dairy production. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dairy production depends upon the knowledge of the morphology and regulation of the mammary gland and lactation. High-throughput technologies allow a much broader and detailed knowledge on the biology of the mammary gland. This paper reviews the major contributions that genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics approaches have provided to understand the regulation of the mammary gland in health, disease and production. In the context of mammary gland "omics"-based research, the integration of results using a Systems Biology Approach is of key importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; BCV Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB/UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nóbrega DB, Guiduce MV, Guimarães FF, Riboli DF, Cunha ML, Langoni H, Pantoja JC, Lucheis SB. Molecular epidemiology and extended-spectrum β-lactamases production of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from three dairy herds. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to isolate Klebsiella pneumoniae from different sources in three dairy cattle herds, to use the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to measure genotypic similarities between isolates within a dairy herd, to verify the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) by the double-disk synergy test (DDST), and to use the PCR to detect the main ESBLs subgroups genes. Three dairy farms were selected based on previous mastitis outbreaks caused by K. pneumoniae. Milk samples were collected from lactating cows and from the bulk tank. Swabs were performed in different locations, including milking parlors, waiting room, soil, animal's hind limbs and rectum. K. pneumoniae was isolated from 27 cases of intramammary infections (IMI) and from 41 swabs. For farm A isolates from IMI and bulk tank were considered of the same PGFE subtype. One isolate from a bulk tank, three from IMI cases and four from environmental samples were positive in the DDST test. All eight DDST positive isolates harbored the bla shv gene, one harbored the bla tem gene, and three harbored the bla ctx-m gene, including the bulk tank isolate. Our study confirms that ESBL producing bacteria is present in different locations in dairy farms, and may be responsible for IMI. The detection of ESBLs on dairy herds could be a major concern for both public and animal health.
Collapse
|
39
|
Keane OM, Budd KE, Flynn J, McCoy F. Pathogen profile of clinical mastitis in Irish milk-recording herds reveals a complex aetiology. Vet Rec 2013; 173:17. [PMID: 23694921 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Effective mastitis control requires knowledge of the predominant pathogen challenges on the farm. In order to quantify this challenge, the aetiological agents associated with clinical mastitis in 30 milk-recording dairy herds in Ireland over a complete lactation were investigated. Standard bacteriology was performed on 630 pretreatment quarter milk samples, of which 56 per cent were culture-positive, 42 per cent culture-negative and 2 per cent contaminated. Two micro-organisms were isolated from almost 5 per cent of the culture-positive samples. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (23 per cent), Streptococcus uberis (17 per cent), Escherichia coli (9 per cent), Streptococcus species (6 per cent), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (4 per cent) and other species (1 per cent). A wide variety of bacterial species were associated with clinical mastitis, with S aureus the most prevalent pathogen overall, followed by S uberis. However, the bacterial challenges varied widely from farm to farm. In comparison with previous reports, in the present study, the contagious pathogens S aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were less commonly associated with clinical mastitis, whereas, the environmental pathogens S uberis and E coli were found more commonly associated with clinical mastitis. While S aureus remains the pathogen most commonly associated with intramammary infection in these herds, environmental pathogens, such as S uberis and E coli also present a considerable challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Olumee-Shabon Z, Swain T, Smith E, Tall E, Boehmer J. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in caprine milk during experimentally induced endotoxin mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2903-12. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
41
|
Pearson L, Williamson J, Turner SA, Lacy-Hulbert S, Hillerton J. Peripartum infection with Streptococcus uberis but not coagulase-negative staphylococci reduced milk production in primiparous cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:158-64. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Medrano-Galarza C, Gibbons J, Wagner S, de Passillé A, Rushen J. Behavioral changes in dairy cows with mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6994-7002. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Piotrowska-Tomala KK, Siemieniuch MJ, Szóstek AZ, Korzekwa AJ, Woclawek-Potocka I, Galváo AM, Okuda K, Skarzynski DJ. Lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, and nitric oxide affect secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:278-88. [PMID: 22608768 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), nitric oxide donor (NONOate), or the combination of TNF + IL-1α + NONOate on the following: (i) secretion of prostaglandin (PG)-F(2α), PGE(2), leukotriene (LT)-B(4), and LTC(4) by epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus of bovine mammary gland; (ii) messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription of enzymes responsible for arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 [PTGS2], prostaglandin E synthase [PTGES], prostaglandin F synthase [PGFS], and arachidonate 5-lipooxygenase [ALOX5]); and (iii) proliferation of the cells. The cells were stimulated for 24 h. Prostaglandins and LT were measured by enzyme immunoassay, mRNA transcription of enzymes was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the cell viability was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. All factors increased PG secretion, but the highest stimulation was observed after TNF and IL-1α (P < 0.001). Tumor necrosis factor, NONOate, and TNF + IL-1α + NONOate increased LTB(4) production (P < 0.01), whereas LTC(4) was increased by LPS, TNF, and IL-1α (P < 0.01). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, and the reagents combination increased PTGS2, PTGES, and PGFS mRNA transcription (P < 0.01), whereas ALOX5 mRNA transcription was increased only by TNF (P < 0.001). Lipopolysaccharides, TNF, IL-1α, NONOate, and the combination of reagents increased the cell number (P < 0.001). Mediators of acute-clinical Escherichia coli mastitis locally modulate PG and LT secretion by the epithelial cells of the teat cavity and lactiferous sinus, which might be a useful first line of defense for the bovine mammary gland. Moreover, the modulation of PG and LT secretion and the changing ratio of luteotropic (PGE(2), LTB(4)) to luteolytic (PGF(2α), LTC(4)) metabolites may contribute to disorders in reproductive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Piotrowska-Tomala
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Brade L, Hensen S, Brade H. Evaluation of a LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccine against bovine Escherichia coli mastitis: Formation of LPS Abs in cows after immunization with E. coli core oligosaccharides conjugated to hemocyanine. Innate Immun 2012; 19:368-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425912462615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of cows against the core oligosaccharide of Escherichia coli rough mutants (core types R1-R4, K-12 and J-5) was investigated after immunization with a synthetic glycoconjugate composed of deacylated LPS conjugated to hemocyanine (22 animals). Ab formation was measured by ELISA using LPS or deacylated LPS conjugated to BSA as an Ag. The glycoconjugate immunogens were used to vaccinate cows (36 animals), which were then challenged intramammarily with E. coli O 157 (K1 negative, R1 core type). Compared with control groups no protection was observed, although high titers against the R1 core type were detected in vaccinated animals. Western blots using the immune sera showed that the Ab response was directed against the core region and not against the O-antigen, which may explain the failure of the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lore Brade
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Brade
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dikmen S, Cole JB, Null DJ, Hansen PJ. Heritability of rectal temperature and genetic correlations with production and reproduction traits in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3401-5. [PMID: 22612974 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic selection for body temperature during heat stress might be a useful approach to reduce the magnitude of heat stress effects on production and reproduction. Objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic parameters of rectal temperature (RT) in dairy cows in freestall barns under heat stress conditions and to determine the genetic and phenotypic correlations of rectal temperature with other traits. Afternoon RT were measured in a total of 1,695 lactating Holstein cows sired by 509 bulls during the summer in North Florida. Genetic parameters were estimated with Gibbs sampling, and best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values were predicted using an animal model. The heritability of RT was estimated to be 0.17 ± 0.13. Predicted transmitting abilities for rectal temperature changed 0.0068 ± 0.0020°C/yr from (birth year) 2002 to 2008. Approximate genetic correlations between RT and 305-d milk, fat, and protein yields, productive life, and net merit were significant and positive, whereas approximate genetic correlations between RT and somatic cell count score and daughter pregnancy rate were significant and negative. Rectal temperature during heat stress has moderate heritability, but genetic correlations with economically important traits mean that selection for RT could lead to lower productivity unless methods are used to identify genes affecting RT that do not adversely affect other traits of economic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dikmen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Beecher C, Daly M, Ross RP, Flynn J, McCarthy TV, Giblin L. Characterization of the bovine innate immune response in milk somatic cells following intramammary infection with Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5720-9. [PMID: 22884338 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response of milk somatic cells in cows to Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. dysgalactiae was investigated by deliberate intramammary challenge. Cows were challenged with 2,500 colony-forming units of Strep. dysgalactiae DPC 5435, previously isolated from a clinical mastitis case. Eight of the 9 cows treated showed clinical signs of mastitis (swollen udders, increased somatic cell score, and clotted milk) within 1 wk of challenge. Messenger RNA levels of IL-1β and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in milk somatic cells increased approximately 40 fold within 48 h of infusion, whereas tumor necrosis factor α increased 16 fold within the same time frame. Interestingly, cows homozygous for the G allele of the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CXCR1)-777 polymorphism had higher IL-8 and CXCR1 transcript abundance at 24h postinfusion compared with cows homozygous for the C allele. The difference in expression of these genes at this critical time point may influence the severity of disease within different genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Beecher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Many of the practices and principals of management for reducing the exposure of dairy cows to environmental mastitis pathogens were introduced a quarter of a century ago22–25 and have been the subject of numerous reviews.1,3,21 The common theme for reducing mastitis pathogens in the cows’ environment is reducing moisture and organic contamination.1 Frequent manure removal, avoiding overstocking of cows, taking precautions to eliminate stagnant water around cows, and providing clean, dry inorganic bedding for cows to lay on are important management considerations. These factors of environmental hygiene transcend stall barns, manure pack barns, open corrals, and pasture systems. The emphasis of control should center on protecting periparturient animals during wet, hot periods of the year when mastitis pathogen growth in the environment is greatest. As the dairy industry in North America changes and progresses to adapt to economic, social, and environmental demands, the old adage of keeping cows cool, dry, and comfortable remains paramount in managing environmental mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Hogan
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Graugnard D, Bionaz M, Trevisi E, Moyes K, Salak-Johnson J, Wallace R, Drackley J, Bertoni G, Loor J. Blood immunometabolic indices and polymorphonuclear neutrophil function in peripartum dairy cows are altered by level of dietary energy prepartum. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1749-58. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Bai J, Lin J, Li W, Liu M. Association of toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with somatic cell score in Xinjiang Brown cattle. Anim Sci J 2012; 83:23-30. [PMID: 22250735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the TLR2 gene, and analyze the association of SNPs or haplotypes and somatic cell scores in 151 Xinjiang Brown cattle and 138 Holsteins to evaluate the role of TLR2 during intramammary infections. TLR2 coding region was amplified by PCR and screened for SNP sequencing. Genotypes and frequencies of SNPs were identified. Finally, the associations of genotypes or haplotypes and somatic cell scores (SCS) were analyzed. The results showed that: (i) 15 SNPs (E+653, E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1250, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1891, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055, E+2214 and E+2295) were observed and detected from 289 cows; (ii) distribution of the 14 SNPs were significantly different from Xinjiang Brown cattle and Holstein (P<0.001) except for the E+945 (P>0.05); (iii) in 11 SNPs (E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055 and E+2214), the SCS of AB genotype was lower than AA (P<0.05) in Xinjiang Brown cattle; and (iv) haplotypes composed of the above-mentioned 11 SNPs were constructed. The SCS of cattle with Hap5 was lower than that of Hap3 (P<0.05). This suggests that Hap5 might play an important role in sub-mastitis resistance in Xinjiang Brown cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pighetti GM, Elliott AA. Gene polymorphisms: the keys for marker assisted selection and unraveling core regulatory pathways for mastitis resistance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:421-32. [PMID: 21997401 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most frequent mammary diseases impacting lactating animals is mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland most commonly caused by bacterial infection. The severity of mastitis is greatly influenced by the invading organism and the subsequent immune response which must recognize the foreign organism, recruit immune cells, eliminate the invading pathogen, and resolve the inflammatory response. The speed, strength, and duration of this response and subsequent disease susceptibility are critically tied to the genetic background of an animal. However, the genetic contribution has been difficult to identify due to the complex interactions that must occur for effective disease resistance. Recent studies have utilized polymorphisms to better define the genes and chromosomal regions that contribute to mastitis resistance. This review will examine these studies with primary emphasis in bovine systems, as the most work regarding mastitis has been conducted in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Pighetti
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|