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Grant R. Symposium review: Physical characterization of feeds and development of the physically effective fiber system. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:4454-4463. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Allen MS, Longuski RA, Ying Y. Effects of corn grain endosperm type and fineness of grind on site of digestion, ruminal digestion kinetics, and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7641-7652. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effects of Different Parts on the Chemical Composition, Silage Fermentation Profile, In Vitro and In Situ Digestibility of Paper Mulberry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020413. [PMID: 33562856 PMCID: PMC7914576 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, PM) is a potential roughage source widely distributed in Asia, but the chemical composition, silage fermentation, and digestibility are not fully understood. Here, we compared the chemical composition, silage fermentation, and digestibility of leaf, stem, and whole plant of PM to evaluate its feeding value. The result showed that the leaf had lower fiber content and higher protein content than the stem and whole plant. Meanwhile, the stem silage had the lowest pH value and lactate content, while those in the leaf were the highest. The in vitro and in situ digestibility showed the leaf was more digestible. Our study gives the reference of different parts of PM to be used as a feedstuff. Abstract Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, PM) is high protein but unutilized as a feed source. The study explores the different parts (leaf, stem, and whole plant) of PM chemical composition, silage fermentation, and in vitro and in situ digestibility, aiming to give some guidelines to PM usage as feed. The result showed that the leaf had a higher fresh weight than the stem (p < 0.05). The dry matter contents of the three groups had no differences. The highest crude protein, ether extract, water-soluble carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, amino acid contents, and butter capacity were observed in the leaf (p < 0.05). The stem had the highest (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents. After ensiling, the stem silage had the lowest pH value, ammonia nitrate (NH3-N), lactate, acetate, and propionate (p < 0.05). The leaf silage had the highest pH value (p < 0.05). The lactate, acetate, and propionate in the leaf and whole plant silage had no difference. The butyrate was not detected in all silage. The in vitro and in situ digestibility experiments showed the leaf had the highest digestibility (p < 0.05), which could produce more volatile fatty acids and have a higher effective digestibility. These results allow a greater understanding of PM to be used as a feedstuff.
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Pino F, Mitchell LK, Jones CM, Heinrichs AJ. Comparison of diet digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen rate of passage, and feed efficiency in dairy heifers fed ad-libitum versus precision diets with low and high quality forages. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1498788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pino
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Lucas Karl Mitchell
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Coleen Mowrey Jones
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Pino F, Heinrichs A. Sorghum forage in precision-fed dairy heifer diets. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:224-235. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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White RR, Roman-Garcia Y, Firkins JL. Meta-analysis of postruminal microbial nitrogen flows in dairy cattle. II. Approaches to and implications of more mechanistic prediction. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7932-7944. [PMID: 27448854 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts have been made to quantify microbial protein flow from the rumen; however, few studies have evaluated tradeoffs between empirical equations (microbial N as a function of diet composition) and more mechanistic equations (microbial N as a function of ruminal carbohydrate digestibility). Although more mechanistic approaches have been touted because they represent more of the biology and thus might behave more appropriately in extreme scenarios, their precision is difficult to evaluate. The objective of this study was to derive equations describing starch, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and organic matter total-tract and ruminal digestibilities; use these equations as inputs to equations predicting microbial N (MicN) production; and evaluate the implications of the different calculation methods in terms of their precision and accuracy. Models were evaluated based on root estimated variance σˆe and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Ruminal digestibility of NDF was positively associated with DMI and concentrations of NDF and CP and was negatively associated with concentration of starch and the ratio of acid detergent fiber to NDF (CCC=0.946). Apparent ruminal starch digestibility was increased by omasal sampling (compared with duodenal sampling), was positively associated with forage NDF and starch concentrations, and was negatively associated with wet forage DMI and total dietary DMI (CCC=0.908). Models were further evaluated by calculating fit statistics from a common data set, using stochastic simulation, and extreme scenario testing. In the stochastic simulation, variance in input variables were drawn from a multi-variate random normal distribution reflective of input measurement errors and predicting MicN while accounting for the measurement errors. Extreme scenario testing evaluated each MicN model against a data subset. When compared against an identical data set, predicting MicN empirically had the lowest prediction error, though differences were slight (σˆe 23.3% vs. 23.7 or 24.3%), and highest concordance (0.52 vs. 0.48 or 0.44) of any approach. Minimal differences were observed between empirical MicN prediction (σˆe 25.3%; CCC 0.530) and MicN prediction (σˆe 25.3%; CCC 0.532) from rumen carbohydrate digestibility in the stochastic analysis or extreme scenario testing. Despite the hypothesized benefits of a more mechanistic prediction approach, few differences between the calculation approaches were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R White
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060
| | | | - Jeffrey L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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Fiber digestibility in royal antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 45:744-8. [PMID: 25632658 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0096.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus) are among the smallest ungulate species and are browsing ruminants. To date, their capacities for fiber fermentation and nutrient digestion have not been quantified. This study compared apparent digestibilities of a typical high-fiber herbivore pellet (ADF 25) and a low-starch, high-fiber diet (WHP) in royal antelope in a crossover design (seven subjects in the first period and four in the second). Animals on ADF 25 pellets had greater intake concentrations (P < 0.05) of dry matter, crude protein, lignin, and crude fat; however, animals fed the WHP diets had greater (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude fat. Identifying the capacity to which these smaller ruminants can degrade fiber will help to establish more appropriate feeding guidelines for small, browsing ruminants in captivity.
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Castillo-Lopez E, Klopfenstein TJ, Fernando SC, Kononoff PJ. Effect of dried distillers’ grains and solubles when replacing corn or soybean meal on rumen microbial growth in vitro as measured using DNA as a microbial marker. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Castillo-Lopez, E., Klopfenstein, T. J., Fernando, S. C. and Kononoff, P. J. 2014. Effect of dried distillers’ grains and solubles when replacing corn or soybean meal on rumen microbial growth in vitro as measured using DNA as a microbial marker. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 349–356. The objectives were to evaluate the use of rDNA markers to measure the effects of dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) and the potential treatment×time interaction on microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis in vitro and secondly to measure the contribution of yeast based protein originating from DDGS. Treatments were: (1) CONT, control with no DDGS, but with alfalfa hay, corn silage, ground corn (GC) and soybean meal (SBM) included at 25% (DM basis); (2) LOWCORN, 20% DDGS (DM basis) replacing GC; (3) LOWSBM, 20% DDGS (DM basis) replacing SBM; and (4) LOWCORNSBM, 20% DDGS (DM basis) replacing 10% GC and 10% SBM. Treatments (0.5 g) were incubated in 50 mL of inoculum in duplicate. At 0, 4, 16, 32, 48 and 96 h of fermentation total DNA was extracted from each treatment and MCP was measured using rDNA markers. The sum of bacterial crude protein (BCP) and protozoal crude protein (PCP) was considered as MCP. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. The treatment×time interaction was tested and the SLICE option was included to evaluate the effect of treatment at each fermentation time point. There was a tendency to a treatment×time interaction (P=0.07) for MCP. Specifically, at 16 h, LOWCORNSBM yielded greater (P<0.05) MCP compared to either CONT or LOWCORN with estimates of 68.5, 33.8 and 23.3±8.9 mg g–1DM, for LOWCORNSBM, CONT and LOWCORN, respectively. At 48 h, however, LOWCORN yielded greater MCP (P<0.05) compared with LOWSBM with estimates of 72.2 and 32.5±8.9 mg g–1DM, for LOWCORN and LOWSBM, respectively. Yeast crude protein (YCP) was not affected (P=0.21) and averaged 0.04±0.02 mg g–1of substrate (DM basis). Overall, rDNA markers were effective for quantifying MCP, but further research on the methodology is needed. With DDGS inclusion, MCP was maintained; however, yeast cells were extensively degraded during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Castillo-Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0908, USA
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - T. J. Klopfenstein
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0908, USA
| | - S. C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0908, USA
| | - P. J. Kononoff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0908, USA
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Harvatine DI, Cherney DJ, Cherney JH. Effects of Energy Source Addition on In vitro Digestioi Kinetics of Corn Stover Fiber. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1998.9706676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. H. Cherney
- b Department of Soil , Crop and Atmospheric Sciences Cornell University , Ithaca , NY , 14853-1401 , USA
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Kaur R, Nandra K, Garcia S, Fulkerson W, Horadagoda A. Efficiency of utilisation of different diets with contrasting forages and concentrate when fed to sheep in a discontinuous feeding pattern. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bramley E, Lean I, Fulkerson W, Stevenson M, Rabiee A, Costa N. The Definition of Acidosis in Dairy Herds Predominantly Fed on Pasture and Concentrates. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:308-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Haddad S, Nasr R. Partial replacement of barley grain for corn grain: Associative effects on lambs’ growth performance. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effect of rate of substitution of processed, urea-treated whole-crop wheat for grass silage on the intake, milk production and diet digestibility in dairy cows and ruminal metabolism in vitro. Animal 2007; 1:601-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107689757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Study on Rumen Cellulolytic Bacterial Attachment and Fermentation Dependent on Initial pH by cPCR. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2005.47.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on spontaneous clinical and subclinical acidosis in a large dairy herd, to evaluate the diets and feeding strategies involved, and to report on measures of rumen function in the cows affected. DESIGN A Gippsland dairy herd was sampled as part of a wider randomised cross-sectional study that examined the prevalence, risk factors for, and effects of, acidosis on rumen function of dairy cattle. Three herds on the farm were involved in the study: the transition herd (cows 3 weeks prior to calving), the very fresh lactating herd (1 < days in milk < 10, herd 1) and the fresh lactating herd (10 < days in milk < 120, herd 2) including a small lame herd fed separately. The transition cows were fed 2 kg dry matter triticale per cow per day and hay with an estimated total dry matter intake of 4.8 kg per cow per day. The lactating cow diet included 6.75 kg dry matter triticale per cow per day with total concentrate fed being 8.1 kg dry matter per cow per day in the milking parlour. Silage, lucerne cubes, hay and pasture (herd 2 only) was also fed to the lactating cows with the estimated total dry matter intake for cows in herds 1 and 2 being 13.7 kg and 20.8 kg per cow per day respectively. Three primiparous and five multiparous cows in early lactation (< 100 days in milk) were randomly selected from each of two lactating herds: herds 1 and 2. Rumen fluid was sampled from each cow by both rumenocentesis and stomach tube. The rumenocentesis samples were tested for pH at the time of sampling. Stomach tube samples were frozen and subsequently tested for volatile fatty acid, ammonia, and D- and L-lactate concentration. RESULTS In the very fresh herd, there was a high prevalence of severe lameness and scouring, coupled with a mean rumen pH 5.67, low mean total volatile fatty acid concentration 71.0 mM and high mean concentrations of L- and D-lactate, (7.71 mM and 7.31 mM), respectively. Cows in the fresh herd had moderate signs of scouring and lameness. A lame herd comprising approximately 50 cows separated from the fresh herd was also present on the farm. The mean rumen pH of the fresh herd was 5.74 and mean rumen concentrations of volatile fatty acids, ammonia, L- and D-lactate were within ranges considered normal. CONCLUSIONS The transition diet failed to supply sufficient energy and protein for maintenance of cows of this live weight in late gestation. The diet fed to the very fresh herd was low in effective fibre and contained an excessive content of non-structural carbohydrate in the form of processed, rapidly fermentable grain. The sudden change from the transition diet to the diet fed to the very fresh herd probably also precipitated the outbreak of acidosis. This case report provides unique detail, including information on diets and rumen parameters, of an outbreak of acidosis in a pasture-fed herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bramley
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570
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Effect of types of non-fiber carbohydrate on in vitro forage fiber digestion of low-quality grass hay. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Montgomery SP, Drouillard JS, Titgemeyer EC, Sindt JJ, Farran TB, Pike JN, Coetzer CM, Trater AM, Higgins JJ. Effects of wet corn gluten feed and intake level on diet digestibility and ruminal passage rate in steers1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:3526-36. [PMID: 15537773 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82123526x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (BW = 534 kg) were used in an incomplete Latin square design experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and total DMI level on diet digestibility and ruminal passage rate. Treatments consisted of diets formulated to contain (DM basis) steam-flaked corn, 20% coarsely ground alfalfa hay, and either 0 or 40% WCGF offered once daily for ad libitum consumption or limited to 1.6% of BW (DM basis). Two consecutive 24-d periods were used, each consisting of 18 d for adaptation, 4 d for collection, and a 2-d in situ period. Rumens of all steers were evacuated once daily at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding. Chromic oxide (10 g/[steer*d]) was fed as a digestibility marker, and steers were pulse-dosed with Yb-labeled alfalfa hay to measure ruminal particulate passage rate. Dacron bags containing 5 g of steam-flaked corn, WCGF, or ground (2-mm screen) alfalfa hay were placed into the rumens of all steers and removed after 3, 6, 12, or 48 h. Wet corn gluten feed increased percent apparent total-tract digestion of OM (P < 0.01), NDF (P < 0.01), and starch (P < 0.03), decreased (P < 0.01) ruminal total VFA concentration, increased (P < 0.01) ruminal NH3 concentration, and increased (P < 0.01) ruminal pH. Wet corn gluten feed also increased (P < 0.01) ruminal passage rate of Yb. Limit feeding decreased (P < 0.01) percent apparent total-tract digestion of both OM and NDF, ruminal total VFA concentration (P < 0.01), and ruminal fill (P < 0.01), but increased (P < 0.01) ruminal NH3 concentration. Apparent total-tract digestion of starch was not affected (P = 0.70) by level of DMI. A DMI level x hour interaction (P < 0.01) occurred for ruminal pH. Limit feeding increased ruminal pH before and 12 h after feeding, but decreased ruminal pH 4 h after feeding compared with diets offered ad libitum. A diet x DMI level interaction (P < 0.02) occurred for in situ degradation of alfalfa hay, with dietary addition of WCGF increasing (P < 0.02) the extent of in situ alfalfa hay degradation in steers fed for ad libitum consumption. This study suggests that WCGF increases OM and NDF digestion, and that limit feeding diets once daily might depress OM and NDF digestion, possibly due to decreased stability of the ruminal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Montgomery
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600, USA
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Santra A, Karim SA. Influence of ciliate protozoa on biochemical changes and hydrolytic enzyme profile in the rumen ecosystem. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:801-11. [PMID: 11972682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effect of presence or absence of rumen protozoa on fermentation characteristics and enzyme profile in growing lambs. METHODS AND RESULTS Weaner lambs (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 groups) were defaunated by oral administration of sodium laurel sulphate (at 8 g 100 kg(-1) body weight). The lambs of G4, G5 and G6 groups were refaunated. The roughage and concentrate ratio in the diet of G1 and G4, G2 and G5, and G3 and G6 were 50:50 (R1), 65:35 (R2) and 80:20 (R3), respectively. Daily dry matter intake was similar in defaunated and faunated lambs. However, digestibility of organic matter (OM), cellulose and gross energy were lower in defaunated lambs while crude protein (CP) digestibility was similar in both defaunated and faunated lambs. The rumen pH and NH3-N were lower (P < 0.01) while TVFA, total-N and TCA-ppt-N were higher (P < 0.01), in defaunated lambs. Ruminal activity of carboxymethyl cellulase was lower (P < 0.01) in defaunated lambs and amylase, xylanase, protease and urease were similar in faunated and defaunated lambs. Nutrient utilization, rumen metabolites and ciliate protozoal count were higher, whereas digestibility of fibre fractions was lower in high rather than low concentrate fed lambs. The rumen protozoa present before defaunation were B-type and the protozoa which re-established on refaunation were also B-type. CONCLUSIONS Absence of ciliate protozoa decreased nutrient digestibility and increased ruminal TVFA and total-N with lower NH3-N concentration, indicating better energy and protein utilization in defaunated lambs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Defaunation improved energy and protein utilization in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santra
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India.
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Krajcarski-Hunt H, Plaizier JC, Walton JP, Spratt R, McBride BW. Short communication: Effect of subacute ruminal acidosis on in situ fiber digestion in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:570-3. [PMID: 11949861 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) was induced by replacing 25% of the total mixed ration intake [dry matter (DM) basis] with pellets consisting of 50% wheat and 50% barley. This reduced dietary forage content (DM basis) from 39.7 to 29.8% and increased the dietary concentrate content from 60.3 to 70.2%. Induction of SARA reduced the 24- and 48-h in situ neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradabilities of grass hay numerically from 31.5% to 24.6% (P = 0.29) and from 51.3% to 36.9% (P < 0.05), respectively. The 24- and 48-h in situ NDF degradabilities of legume hay were reduced from 35.3 to 26.3% (P < 0.05) and from 49.0 to 35.8% (P < 0.05), respectively. The 24- and 48-h in situ NDF degradabilities of corn silage were reduced from 44.0 to 37.2% (P < 0.05) and from 56.1 to 44.8% (P < 0.05), respectively. This study suggests that induction of SARA by excess feeding of wheat/barley pellets reduces the rumen digestion of NDF from grass hay, legume hay, and corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Krajcarski-Hunt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Boddugari K, Grant RJ, Stock R, Lewis M. Maximal replacement of forage and concentrate with a new wet corn milling product for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:873-84. [PMID: 11352164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the maximal amount of concentrate and forage that could be replaced with a new wet corn milling product. The corn milling product contained 23.1% crude protein, 9.9% ruminally undegradable protein, 13.7% acid detergent fiber, 40.3% neutral detergent fiber, and 2.6% ether extract (% of dry matter; DM). In experiment 1, 16 Holstein cows were assigned to one of four diets in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. The four diets contained 54.3% forage (alfalfa:corn silages, 1:1 DM basis) with the wet corn milling product replacing 0, 50, 75, or 100% of the concentrate portion (corn and soybean meal) of the diet (DM basis). The diets containing wet corn milling product resulted in 7.8% lower DM intake, equivalent milk production (28.5 kg/d), and 13.6% greater efficiency of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) production than the control diet. There was no effect of diet on ruminal pH. In experiment 2, 16 Holstein cows were assigned to one of four diets in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. The 100% concentrate replacement diet from experiment 1 was used as control diet. For the test diets, forage was replaced with 15, 30, or 45% of the corn milling product (DM basis). Efficiency of FCM production (1.16) was not affected by diet. Rumination time was reduced for the 30 and 45% forage replacement diets, but ruminal pH was unaffected. In experiment 3, 30 Holstein cows were assigned at parturition to either a control diet (no corn milling product) or a diet containing 40% corn milling feed in place of both forage and concentrate (optimal levels from experiments 1 and 2) for 9 wk. The diet containing corn milling feed resulted in 21% greater efficiency of FCM production than the control diet. These results indicate that a new feed product based on wet corn milling ingredients has the potential to effectively replace all of the concentrate and up to 45% of the forage in the diet for lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boddugari
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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Mouriño F, Akkarawongsa R, Weimer PJ. Initial pH as a Determinant of Cellulose Digestion Rate by Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms In Vitro. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:848-59. [PMID: 11352162 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fermentations of pure cellulose by mixed ruminal microorganisms were conducted under conditions in which pH declined within ranges similar to those observed in the rumen. At low cellulose concentrations (12.5 g/L), the first-order rate constants (k) of cellulose disappearance were successively lower at initial pH values of 6.86, 6.56, and 6.02, but in each case the value of k was maintained over a pH range of 0.3 to 1.2 units, as the fermentation progressed. Plots of k versus initial pH were linear, and k displayed a relative decrease of approximately 7% per 0.1 unit decrease in pH. At high cellulose concentration (50 g/L) and an initial pH of 6.8, cellulose digestion was initially zero order, the absolute rate of digestion declined with pH and digestion essentially ceased at pH 5.3 after only 30% of the added cellulose was digested. Further incubation resulted in a loss of bound N and P, suggesting that at low pH cells lysed or detached from the undigested fibers. Pure cultures of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria also were able to ferment cellulose to a minimum pH of 5.1 to 5.3, but the extent of fermentation was increased by coculture with noncellulolytic bacteria. A model is proposed in which the first-order rate constant of cellulose digestion is determined by the pH at which the fermentation is initiated, and end product ratios reflect greater activity of the noncellulolytic population as pH declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mouriño
- Universidad Catolica Argentina, Buenos Aires
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22
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Associative effects of supplementing barley straw diets with alfalfa hay on rumen environment and nutrient intake and digestibility for ewes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00203-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Haddad S, Grant R. Influence of nonfiber carbohydrate concentration on forage fiber digestion in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Allen DM, Grant RJ. Interactions between forage and wet corn gluten feed as sources of fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:322-31. [PMID: 10714868 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twelve early lactation Holstein cows (4 fistulated) were used in replicated 4x4 Latin squares with 4-wk periods to determine the effective neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of wet corn gluten feed and to measure the effect of forage particle size on ruminal mat consistency and passage rate of wet corn gluten feed. Diets were 1) 23.3% NDF (17.4 percentage units of NDF from alfalfa silage), 2) diet 1 plus 11.1 additional percentage units of NDF from alfalfa silage, 3) diet 1 plus 10.7 percentage units of NDF from wet corn gluten feed, and 4) 8.6 percentage units of NDF from alfalfa silage plus 8.9 percentage units of NDF from coarsely chopped alfalfa hay and 10.7 percentage units of NDF from wet corn gluten feed. The calculated effective NDF factor for wet corn gluten feed, using change in milk fat concentration per unit change in NDF, was 0.74 compared with an assumed 1.0 for alfalfa silage. Rumination activity was measured to calculate a physically effective NDF factor for wet corn gluten feed, which was only 0.11 compared with 1.0 for alfalfa silage. Physically effective NDF also was determined for wet corn gluten feed by wet sieving; 22% of the particles were retained on the 3.35-mm screen or greater. Ruminal mat consistency increased and passage rate of wet corn gluten feed decreased with added hay. The inclusion of chopped alfalfa hay to a diet containing wet corn gluten feed increased ruminal mat consistency, rumination activity, and slowed passage rate, resulting in greater ruminal digestion of NDF from wet corn gluten feed. Depending on the response variable, the effectiveness of NDF from wet corn gluten feed varied from 0.11 to 0.74.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Allen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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25
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Abstract
In Experiment 1, 16 Holstein cows were assigned to one of four diets in replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with 4-wk periods to measure dietary effect on short-term lactational performance. Additionally, 3 fistulated cows were assigned to the same diets in a 3 x 4 Youden square design with 4-wk periods to measure ruminal rate and extent of fiber digestion, fractional passage rate of fiber, ruminal pH, and concentration of volatile fatty acids. Diets comprised 65% of brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum, standard forage sorghum, alfalfa or corn silages and 35% concentrate. Experiment 2 was conducted with 30 Holstein cows in early lactation to evaluate the same BMR sorghum hybrid in a 10-wk study with 35.3% standard sorghum, BMR sorghum, or corn silages as dietary treatments. Milk production was significantly higher for brown midrib than for standard sorghum in Experiment 1. Ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ among diets. The fractional passage rate of silage was not significantly different among the forages. In situ extent of ruminal fiber digestion was significantly higher for BMR than for standard sorghum, but rate of fiber digestion was not different. Similarly, in Experiment 2, in vitro extent of fiber digestion was significantly higher for BMR sorghum than for standard sorghum. Dry matter intake and body condition score were not significantly different between cows fed BMR and standard sorghum, but cows fed BMR sorghum resulted in long-term milk production greater than cows fed standard sorghum and similar to cows fed corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aydin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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26
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Cerrillo M, Russell J, Crump M. The effects of hay maturity and forage to concentrate ratio on digestion kinetics in goats. Small Rumin Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(98)00153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abel-Caines SF, Grant RJ, Klopfenstein TJ, Winowiski T, Barney N. Influence of nonenzymatically browned soybeans on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:1036-45. [PMID: 9594393 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four ruminally fistulated Holstein cows were assigned to one of four total mixed rations (TMR) in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods to investigate the effects of added lipid from nonenzymatically browned soybeans or soybean oil on ruminal metabolism and milk fatty acids. All rations contained 50% forage and 1) 4% added lipid from soybean oil, 2) 4 or 6% added lipid from nonenzymatically browned soybeans, or 3) no added lipid (control). The TMR that contained nonenzymatically browned soybeans increased milk C18:2 by 35% compared with the TMR that contained soybean oil. A lactation trial was conducted in which 60 Holstein cows were assigned to one of five TMR from wk 3 to 18 of lactation. The TMR contained 1) 4.5% added lipid from soybean oil, 2) 1.5% added lipid from nonenzymatically browned soybeans and 3% from soybean oil, 3) 3% added lipid from nonenzymatically browned soybeans and 1.5% from soybean oil, 4) 4.5% added lipid from nonenzymatically browned soybeans, and 5) 4.5% added lipid from Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids. Dry matter intake was reduced by 11% for cows fed the TMR containing soybean oil only compared with that for cows fed the other TMR. Milk C18:2 and C18:3 were increased as the inclusion of nonenzymatically browned soybeans in the TMR increased. All percentages of the nonenzymatically browned soybeans fed to cows resulted in fat-corrected milk yields that were similar to those of cows fed the TMR that contained Ca salts of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Abel-Caines
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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28
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Piwonka EJ, Firkins JL. Effect of glucose fermentation on fiber digestion by ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79:2196-206. [PMID: 9029358 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two in vitro digestion trials were performed to determine whether the negative effect on fiber digestion when pH was maintained at > 6.2 was attributable to glucose alone or to end products of glucose fermentation. In some treatments, glucose was depleted by a previous 6-h incubation; the supernatant from this incubation was used as the buffer source for treatments using the fermented glucose medium. In trial 1, mixed cultures were grown on cellulose, soybean hulls, and corn bran in fresh media with 0 (control) or 25 mM glucose, in media previously fermented for 6 h with 0 (control) or 25 mM glucose, or in fermented control medium plus 25 mM lactic acid. The rate of NDF digestion was decreased with fermented glucose medium but not with fresh glucose medium or lactic acid medium. Concentrations of lactate, propionate, and butyrate did not appear to affect NDF digestion directly. In trial 2, six treatment media were used: control and glucose media that were either fresh or previously fermented for 6 h and fermented control and glucose media treated with a protease. Rate of NDF digestion was slower in cultures with fermented glucose medium that was treated with protease than in fermented control medium without protease. When treated with protease, rate of NDF digestion was not different between the fermented control medium and the fermented glucose medium. Thus, the negative effect on fiber digestion appeared to be attributable partially to a proteinaceous inhibitor that was produced in culture media containing a rapidly fermented sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Piwonka
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Abstract
Brown midrib sorghum silage was compared with alfalfa, corn, and normal sorghum silages for its effect on performance, ruminal metabolism, and digestive kinetics of Holstein dairy cows in midlactation. Twelve cows averaging 90 +/- 5 DIM were assigned to one of four diets in replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with 4-wk periods. Additionally, 3 ruminally fistulated cows (95 +/- 20 DIM) were assigned to the same diets in a 3 x 4 Youden square for measurement of ruminal characteristics. Diets were fed as isonitrogenous TMR that contained 65% silage (DM basis). The DMI was greater for the corn and brown midrib sorghum (4% of BW/d) than for the alfalfa and normal sorghum diets (3.4% of BW/d). The brown midrib sorghum supported FCM production that was similar to that of cows on corn and alfalfa diets (25.8 kg/d), but cows fed normal sorghum produced less milk and fewer milk components. Source of silage had no effect on eating time, but rumination was least for the alfalfa diet. Ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations were similar for all diets. Total VFA concentrations were greatest for the corn and brown midrib sorghum diets. The brown midrib sorghum had greater in situ extent of ruminal NDF digestion than did the normal sorghum, which agreed with in vitro data. The brown midrib sorghum used in this experiment supported FCM production similar to the corn and alfalfa silages commonly fed to dairy cows in midlactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Grant
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0908, USA
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