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Ford HR, Bionaz M. The Experimental and In Silico-Based Evaluation of NRF2 Modulators, Sulforaphane and Brusatol, on the Transcriptome of Immortalized Bovine Mammary Alveolar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4264. [PMID: 38673850 PMCID: PMC11049820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes during the production cycle of dairy cattle can leave these animals susceptible to oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant health. In particular, the periparturient period, when dairy cows must rapidly adapt to the sudden metabolic demands of lactation, is a period when the production of damaging free radicals can overwhelm the natural antioxidant systems, potentially leading to tissue damage and reduced milk production. Central to the protection against free radical damage and antioxidant defense is the transcription factor NRF2, which activates an array of genes associated with antioxidant functions and cell survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that two natural NRF2 modulators, the NRF2 agonist sulforaphane (SFN) and the antagonist brusatol (BRU), have on the transcriptome of immortalized bovine mammary alveolar cells (MACT) using both the RT-qPCR of putative NRF2 target genes, as well as RNA sequencing approaches. The treatment of cells with SFN resulted in the activation of many putative NRF2 target genes and the upregulation of genes associated with pathways involved in cell survival, metabolism, and antioxidant function while suppressing the expression of genes related to cellular senescence and DNA repair. In contrast, the treatment of cells with BRU resulted in the upregulation of genes associated with inflammation, cellular stress, and apoptosis while suppressing the transcription of genes involved in various metabolic processes. The analysis also revealed several novel putative NRF2 target genes in bovine. In conclusion, these data indicate that the treatment of cells with SFN and BRU may be effective at modulating the NRF2 transcriptional network, but additional effects associated with cellular stress and metabolism may complicate the effectiveness of these compounds to improve antioxidant health in dairy cattle via nutrigenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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2
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Bruno S, Landi V, Senczuk G, Brooks SA, Almathen F, Faye B, Gaouar SSB, Piro M, Kim KS, David X, Eggen A, Burger P, Ciani E. Refining the Camelus dromedarius Myostatin Gene Polymorphism through Worldwide Whole-Genome Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2068. [PMID: 36009658 PMCID: PMC9404819 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a highly conserved negative regulator of skeletal muscle in mammals. Inactivating mutations results in a hyper-muscularity phenotype known as "double muscling" in several livestock and model species. In Camelus dromedarius, the gene structure organization and the sequence polymorphisms have been previously investigated, using Sanger and Next-Generation Sequencing technologies on a limited number of animals. Here, we carried out a follow-up study with the aim to further expand our knowledge about the sequence polymorphisms at the myostatin locus, through the whole-genome sequencing data of 183 samples representative of the geographical distribution range for this species. We focused our polymorphism analysis on the ±5 kb upstream and downstream region of the MSTN gene. A total of 99 variants (77 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and 22 indels) were observed. These were mainly located in intergenic and intronic regions, with only six synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in exons. A sequence comparative analysis among the three species within the Camelus genus confirmed the expected higher genetic distance of C. dromedarius from the wild and domestic two-humped camels compared to the genetic distance between C. bactrianus and C. ferus. In silico functional prediction highlighted: (i) 213 differential putative transcription factor-binding sites, out of which 41 relative to transcription factors, with known literature evidence supporting their involvement in muscle metabolism and/or muscle development; and (ii) a number of variants potentially disrupting the canonical MSTN splicing elements, out of which two are discussed here for their potential ability to generate a prematurely truncated (inactive) form of the protein. The distribution of the considered variants in the studied cohort is discussed in light of the peculiar evolutionary history of this species and the hypothesis that extremely high muscularity, associated with a homozygous condition for mutated (inactivating) alleles at the myostatin locus, may represent, in arid desert conditions, a clear metabolic disadvantage, emphasizing the thermoregulatory and water availability challenges typical of these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bruno
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Senczuk
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Samantha Ann Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohammed Piro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat BP 6202, Morocco
| | - Kwan Suk Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea
| | | | | | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
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3
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Combining different proteomic approaches to resolve complexity of the milk protein fraction of dromedary, Bactrian camels and hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197026. [PMID: 29746547 PMCID: PMC5944991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional suitability of milk is not only related to gross composition, but is also strongly affected by the microheterogeniety of the protein fraction. Hence, to go further into the evaluation of the potential suitability of non-bovine milks in human/infant nutrition it is necessary to have a detailed characterization of their protein components. Combining proven proteomic approaches (SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS) and cDNA sequencing, we provide here in depth characterization of the milk protein fraction of dromedary and Bactrian camels, and their hybrids, from different regions of Kazakhstan. A total 391 functional groups of proteins were identified from 8 camel milk samples. A detailed characterization of 50 protein molecules, relating to genetic variants and isoforms arising from post-translational modifications and alternative splicing events, belonging to nine protein families (κ-, αs1-, αs2-, β-; and γ-CN, WAP, α-LAC, PGRP, CSA/LPO) was achieved by LC-ESI-MS. The presence of two unknown proteins UP1 (22,939 Da) and UP2 (23,046 Da) was also reported as well as the existence of a β-CN short isoform (946 Da lighter than the full-length β-CN), arising very likely in both genetic variants (A and B) from proteolysis by plasmin. In addition, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the occurrence of a αs2-CN phosphorylation isoform with 12P groups within two recognition motifs, suggesting thereby the existence of two kinase systems involved in the phosphorylation of caseins in the mammary gland. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic variants, which hitherto seemed to be species- specific (e.g. β-CN A for Bactrian and β-CN B for dromedary), are in fact present both in Camel dromedarius and C. bactrianus.
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4
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Badr G, Abdel-Tawab HS, Ramadan NK, Ahmed SF, Mahmoud MH. Protective effects of camel whey protein against scrotal heat-mediated damage and infertility in the mouse testis through YAP/Nrf2 and PPAR-gamma signaling pathways. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:505-518. [PMID: 29683243 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of scrotal temperature is one of the most important causes of impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility, but the exact mechanism remains controversial. The present study investigated the impact of camel whey protein (CWP) on the mechanisms of heat stress (HS)-mediated testicular damage in male mice. Exposure to HS was associated with significant increase in the testicular tissues' oxidative stress. Mechanistically, exposure to HS resulted in upregulation of P53 and Nrf2 expressions; downregulation of Bcl2 and PPAR-γ expressions; and induction of testicular Leydig cell hyperplasia. Because Leydig cells produce testosterone up on stimulation with Luteinizing hormone (LH), HS mice also exhibited significant reduction in the serum testosterone levels followed by significant reduction in the percentages of progressively motile sperm and higher percentages of immotile sperm, when compared with those of control mice. Interestingly, treatment of HS mice with CWP significantly restored the levels of ROS and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the testicular tissues nearly to those observed in control mice. Furthermore, CWP supplemented HS mice exhibited complete restoration of Bcl2, P53, Nrf2, and PPAR-γ expressions; testicular Leydig cell distribution; significant higher levels of testosterone levels; and hence higher percentages of progressively motile sperm and lower percentages of immotile sperm as compared to HS mice. Our findings reveal the protective effects of CWP against testis injury and infertility induced by exposure to HS by rescuing functional Leydig cells. Additionally, the present study has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying improved testicular damage following CWP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Nancy K Ramadan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samia F Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Mati A, Senoussi-Ghezali C, Si Ahmed Zennia S, Almi-Sebbane D, El-Hatmi H, Girardet JM. Dromedary camel milk proteins, a source of peptides having biological activities – A review. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Badr G, Ramadan NK, Sayed LH, Badr BM, Omar HM, Selamoglu Z. Why whey? Camel whey protein as a new dietary approach to the management of free radicals and for the treatment of different health disorders. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:338-349. [PMID: 28804604 PMCID: PMC5425915 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The balance between free radicals and antioxidants is an important factor for maintaining health and slowing disease progression. The use of antioxidants, particularly natural antioxidants, has become an important strategy for dealing with this cause of widespread diseases. Natural antioxidants have been used as therapeutic tools against many diseases because they are safe, effective, and inexpensive and are among the most commonly used adjuvants in the treatment of several diseases. Camel whey protein (CWP) is considered a strong natural antioxidant because it decreases oxidative stress, enhances immune system function, and increases glutathione levels. The structure of CWP is very similar to that of other types of whey protein from different types of milk. CWP contains many components, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactalbumin, lactoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, and lysozyme, and is rich in immunoglobulins. However, in contrast to other WPs, CWP lacks β-lactoglobulin, the main cause of milk allergies in children. The components of CWP have many beneficial effects, including stimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Recently, it has been shown that CWP and its unique components can facilitate the treatment of impaired diabetic wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of CWP in human and other animal disorders are not fully understood. Therefore, the current review presents a concise summary of the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of CWP to support its therapeutic use in disease treatment and nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nancy K Ramadan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut Branch. Assiut, Egypt
| | - Leila H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Badr M Badr
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
| | - Hossam M Omar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
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7
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Characterisation of the immune compounds in koala milk using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35011. [PMID: 27713568 PMCID: PMC5054531 DOI: 10.1038/srep35011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of milk is a key characteristic of mammals, but the features of lactation vary greatly between monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals. Marsupials have a short gestation followed by a long lactation period, and milk constituents vary greatly across lactation. Marsupials are born immunologically naïve and rely on their mother’s milk for immunological protection. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are an iconic Australian species that are increasingly threatened by disease. Here we use a mammary transcriptome, two milk proteomes and the koala genome to comprehensively characterise the protein components of koala milk across lactation, with a focus on immune constituents. The most abundant proteins were well-characterised milk proteins, including β-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin. In the mammary transcriptome, 851 immune transcripts were expressed, including immunoglobulins and complement components. We identified many abundant antimicrobial peptides, as well as novel proteins with potential antimicrobial roles. We discovered that marsupial VELP is an ortholog of eutherian Glycam1, and likely has an antimicrobial function in milk. We also identified highly-abundant koala endogenous-retrovirus sequences, identifying a potential transmission route from mother to young. Characterising the immune components of milk is key to understanding protection of marsupial young, and the novel immune compounds identified may have applications in clinical research.
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8
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Alimi D, Hajaji S, Rekik M, Abidi A, Gharbi M, Akkari H. First report of the in vitro nematicidal effects of camel milk. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:153-159. [PMID: 27692318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antipathogenic properties of camel milk have been investigated to substitute for drugs hence overcome drug resistance. The main objective of this present study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of camel milk in relationship to its chemical composition. In vitro anthelmintic effects of camel milk against Haemonchus contortus from sheep were ascertained by egg hatching and worm motility inhibitions in comparison to milks from cow, ewe and goat as well as a reference drug albendazole. Chemical composition revealed that camel milk has higher contents of protective protein (lactoferrin) and vitamin C than other species' milk. It showed ovicidal activity at all tested concentrations and completely inhibited egg hatching at a concentration close to 100mg/mL (inhibitory concentration (IC50)=42.39mg/mL). Camel milk revealed in vitro activity against adult parasites in terms of the paralysis and/or death of the worms at different hours post treatment. After 8h of exposure, it induced 100% mortality at the highest tested concentration. There was 82.3% immobility of worms in albendazole 8h post-exposition. No such effects were seen with the other species' milks. Bioactive compounds such as lactoferrin and vitamin C may be involved in such an effect. To our knowledge, these results depict for the first time that camel milk possesses in vitro anthelmintic properties and further in vitro and in vivo trials against different parasite species and stages are required to make use of this milk for the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhouha Alimi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie; Faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Soumaya Hajaji
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie; Faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box, 950764 Amman 11195, Jordan
| | - Amel Abidi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie
| | - Hafidh Akkari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie.
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9
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Olaimat AN, Osaili TM, Ayyash MM, Abushelaibi A, Jaradat ZW, Shaker R, Al-Taani M, Holley RA. Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes during fermentation and storage of camel yogurt. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1802-1811. [PMID: 26723116 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its nutritional and therapeutic properties, camel milk has the ability to suppress the growth of a wide range of foodborne pathogens, but there is a lack of information regarding the behavior of these pathogens in products such as yogurt produced from camel milk. The objective of the current study was to investigate the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during manufacture and storage of camel yogurt. Camel milk inoculated with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 was fermented at 43° C for 5h using freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and stored at 4 or 10 °C for 14 d. Camel milk inoculated with L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 without starter culture was also prepared. During fermentation, the numbers of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 increased 0.3 and 1.6 log cfu/mL, respectively, in the presence of LAB, and by 0.3 and 2.7 log cfu/mL in the absence of LAB. During storage at 4 or 10 °C, L. monocytogenes increased 0.8 to 1.2 log cfu/mL by 14 d in camel milk without LAB, but in the presence of LAB, the numbers of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 1.2 to 1.7 log cfu/mL by 14 d. Further, E. coli O157:H7 numbers in camel milk were reduced by 3.4 to 3.5 log cfu/mL in the absence of LAB, but E. coli O157:H7 was not detected (6.3 log cfu/mL reduction) by 7d in camel yogurt made with LAB and stored at either temperature. Although camel milk contains high concentrations of natural antimicrobials, L. monocytogenes was able to tolerate these compounds in camel yogurt stored at refrigerator temperatures. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken during production of yogurt from camel milk to minimize the potential for postprocess contamination by this and other foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed M Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisha Abushelaibi
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biological and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Reyad Shaker
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmoud Al-Taani
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada
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10
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Soliman MM, Hassan MY, Mostafa SAH, Ali HAM, Saleh OM. Protective effects of camel milk against pathogenicity induced by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Wistar rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:8306-12. [PMID: 26497900 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of camel milk on hepatic pathogenicity induced by experimental infection with Escherichia (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into six groups: The control and camel milk groups received water and camel milk, respectively; two groups received camel milk for 2 weeks prior to intraperitoneal injection of either E. coli or S. aureus; and two groups were injected intraperitoneally with E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. All animals were maintained under observation for 7 days prior to biochemical and gene expression analyses. The rats treated with camel milk alone exhibited no changes in expression levels of glutamic‑pyruvate transaminase (GPT) or glutamic‑oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), compared with the water‑treated group. The E. coli‑ and S. aureus‑injected rats exhibited a significant increase in oxidative stress, and prior treatment with camel milk normalized the observed changes in the expression levels of GPT, GOT and malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment with camel milk decreased the total bacterial count in liver tissue samples obtained from the rats injected with E. coli and S. aureus. Camel milk administration increased the expression levels of glutathione‑S‑transferase and superoxide dismutase, which were downregulated following E. coli and S. aureus injection. In addition, camel milk downregulated the increased expression of interleukin‑6 and apoptosis‑associated genes. Of note, administration of camel milk alone increased the expression levels of the B cell lymphoma 2‑associated X protein and survivin anti‑apoptotic genes, and supplementation prior to the injection of E. coli and S. aureus induced further upregulation, In conclusion, camel milk exerted protective effects against E. coli and S. aureus pathogenicity, by modulating the extent of lipid peroxidation, together with the antioxidant defense system, immune cytokines, apoptosis and the expression of anti-apoptotic genes in the liver of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Yassin Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salama Abdel-Hafiz Mostafa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Abdel-Maksoud Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia 13511, Egypt
| | - Osama Moseilhy Saleh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Turabah, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Biochemical and molecular characterization of polymorphisms of αs1-casein in Sudanese camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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El-Salam MHA, El-Shibiny S. Bioactive Peptides of Buffalo, Camel, Goat, Sheep, Mare, and Yak Milks and Milk Products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2012.692137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Ismael AB, Hafez SMAE, Mahmoud MB, Elaraby AKA, Hassan HM. Development of New Strategy for Non-Antibiotic Therapy: Dromedary Camel Lactoferrin Has a Potent Antimicrobial and Immunomodulator Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aid.2013.34034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Pedersen LRL, Nielsen SB, Hansted JG, Petersen TE, Otzen DE, Sørensen ES. PP3 forms stable tetrameric structures through hydrophobic interactions via the C-terminal amphipathic helix and undergoes reversible thermal dissociation and denaturation. FEBS J 2011; 279:336-47. [PMID: 22099394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The milk protein proteose peptone component 3 (PP3), also called lactophorin, is a small phosphoglycoprotein that is expressed exclusively in lactating mammary tissue. The C-terminal part of the protein contains an amphipathic helix, which, upon proteolytic liberation, shows antibacterial activity. Previous studies indicate that PP3 forms multimeric structures and inhibits lipolysis in milk. PP3 is the principal component of the proteose peptone fraction of milk. This fraction is obtained by heating and acidifying skimmed milk, and in the dairy industry milk products are also typically exposed to treatments such as pasteurization, which potentially could result in irreversible denaturation and inactivation of bioactive components. We show here, by the use of CD, that PP3 undergoes reversible thermal denaturation and that the α-helical structure of PP3 remains stable even at gastric pH levels. This suggests that the secondary structure survives treatment during the purification and possibly some of the industrial processing of milk. Finally, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle light scattering reveal that PP3 forms a rather stable tetrameric complex, which dissociates and unfolds in guanidinium chloride. The cooperative unfolding of PP3 was completely removed by the surfactant n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside and by oleic acid. We interpret this to mean that the PP3 monomers associate through hydrophobic interactions via the hydrophobic surface of the amphipathic helix. These observations suggest that PP3 tetramers act as reservoirs of PP3 molecules, which in the monomeric state may stabilize the milk fat globule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise R L Pedersen
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Ereifej KI, Alu’datt MH, AlKhalidy HA, Alli I, Rababah T. Comparison and characterisation of fat and protein composition for camel milk from eight Jordanian locations. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Al haj OA, Al Kanhal HA. Compositional, technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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El-Hatmi H, Girardet JM, Gaillard JL, Yahyaoui MH, Attia H. Characterisation of whey proteins of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk and colostrum. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Benkerroum N, Mekkaoui M, Bennani N, Hidane K. Antimicrobial activity of camel's milk against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2004.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kappeler SR, Farah Z, Puhan Z. 5'-flanking regions of camel milk genes are highly similar to homologue regions of other species and can be divided into two distinct groups. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:498-508. [PMID: 12647956 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of individual casein and whey proteins in camel milk differ markedly to respective protein concentrations in bovine milk. The ratio of beta-casein to kappa-casein is considerably higher in camel milk. beta-Lactoglobulin is absent, but whey acidic protein and peptidoglycan recognition protein have been detected. Genomic sequences upstream to milk-protein genes, which are known to regulate the expression of milk proteins to a great extent, were determined for 10 camel milk-protein genes and compared to respective sequences in other mammals. Multiple sequence alignment showed closest relationships to homologous sequences from other mammals. Comparison of milk protein regulative regions revealed two distantly related groups with pronouncedly different transcription factor site probabilities. The GC-content in sequences of the first group was considerably higher than in sequences of the second group and combined occurrence of CAAT and TATAA boxes was rare, suggesting that the first group represented mostly the housekeeping gene type, probably regulated by cellular signal transduction pathways, whereas the second group helped to regulate genes specifically expressed in terminally differentiated cells of the lactating alveolar epithelium. A core region of the composite response element, which primarily controls milk protein gene activity, was found by a search for elements conserved within all 5'-flanking sequences analyzed, and it is assumed, that the presence of this element determines gene expression in the lactating mammary gland, and binding sites for general activator and repressor factors, surrounding the milk protein gene specific element, are important for regulation of gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kappeler
- Laboratory of Dairy Science, Institute of Food Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Khan JA, Kumar P, Srinivasan A, Singh TP. Protein intermediate trapped by the simultaneous crystallization process. Crystal structure of an iron-saturated intermediate in the Fe3+ binding pathway of camel lactoferrin at 2.7 a resolution. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36817-23. [PMID: 11473113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104343200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first protein intermediate obtained in the crystalline state by the simultaneous process of Fe(3+) binding and crystal nucleation and is also the first structure of an intermediate of lactoferrin in the Fe(3+) binding pathway. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding 80-kDa glycoprotein. It binds Fe(3+) very tightly in a closed interdomain cleft in both lobes. The iron-free structure of lactoferrin, on the other hand, adopts an open conformation with domains moving widely apart. These studies imply that initial Fe(3+) binding must be in the open form. The protein intermediate was crystallized by the microdialysis method. The protein solution, with a concentration of 100 mg/ml in 10 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, was loaded in a capillary and dialyzed against the same buffer containing 26% (v/v) ethanol placed in a reservoir. FeCl(3) and CO(3)(2-) in excess molar ratios to that of protein in its solution were added to the reservoir buffer. The crystals appeared after some hours and grew to the optimum size within 36 h. The structure was determined by molecular replacement method and refined to final R- and R-free factors of 0.187 and 0.255, respectively. The present structure showed that the protein molecule adopts an open conformation similar to that of camel apolactoferrin. The electron density map clearly indicated the presence of two iron atoms, one in each lobe with 4-fold coordinations: two by the protein ligands of Tyr-92(433) OH and Tyr-192(526) OH and two other coordination sites occupied by oxygen atoms of bidentate CO(3)(2-) ions leading to a tetrahedral intermediate. The CO(3)(2-) anion is stabilized through hydrogen bonds with the synergistic anion-binding site Arg-121(463) and with Ser-122 Ogamma in the N-lobe and Thr-464 Ogamma in C-lobe. The third oxygen atom of CO(3)(2-) interacts with a water molecule in both lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Khan JA, Kumar P, Paramasivam M, Yadav RS, Sahani MS, Sharma S, Srinivasan A, Singh TP. Camel lactoferrin, a transferrin-cum-lactoferrin: crystal structure of camel apolactoferrin at 2.6 A resolution and structural basis of its dual role. J Mol Biol 2001; 309:751-61. [PMID: 11397094 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Camel lactoferrin is the first protein from the transferrin superfamily that has been found to display the characteristic functions of iron binding and release of lactoferrin as well as transferrin simultaneously. It was remarkable to observe a wide pH demarcation in the release of iron from two lobes. It loses 50 % iron at pH 6.5 and the remaining 50 % iron is released only at pH values between 4.0 and 2.0. Furthermore, proteolytically generated N and C-lobes of camel lactoferrin showed that the C-lobe lost iron at pH 6.5, while the N-lobe lost it only at pH less than 4.0. In order to establish the structural basis of this striking observation, the purified camel apolactoferrin was crystallized. The crystals belong to monoclinic space group C2 with unit cell dimensions a=175.8 A, b=80.9 A, c=56.4 A, beta=92.4 degrees and Z=4. The structure has been determined by the molecular replacement method and refined to an R-factor of 0.198 (R-free=0.268) using all the data in the resolution range of 20.0-2.6 A. The overall structure of camel apolactoferrin folds into two lobes which contain four distinct domains. Both lobes adopt open conformations indicating wide distances between the iron binding residues in the native iron-free form of lactoferrin. The dispositions of various residues of the iron binding pocket of the N-lobe of camel apolactoferrin are similar to those of the N-lobe in human apolactoferrin, while the corresponding residues in the C-lobe show a striking similarity with those in the C-lobes of duck and hen apo-ovotransferrins. These observations indicate that the N-lobe of camel apolactoferrin is structurally very similar to the N-lobe of human apolactoferrin and the structure of the C-lobe of camel apolactoferrin matches closely with those of the hen and duck apo-ovotransferrins. These observations suggest that the iron binding and releasing behaviour of the N-lobe of camel lactoferrin is similar to that of the N-lobe of human lactoferrin, whereas that of the C-lobe resembles those of the C-lobes of duck and hen apo-ovotransferrins. Hence, it correlates with the observation of the N-lobe of camel lactoferrin losing iron at a low pH (4.0-2.0) as in other lactoferrins. On the other hand, the C-lobe of camel lactoferrin loses iron at higher pH (7.0-6.0) like transferrins suggesting its functional similarity to that of transferrins. Thus, camel lactoferrin can be termed as half lactoferrin and half transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Nishimura T, Kohmoto K. Regulation of glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) gene in the mouse mammary gland differs from that of casein genes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:149-56. [PMID: 11337258 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouse glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1), also known as mC26 and homologous to bovine PP3, is a milk protein synthesized in the mammary gland. Several studies have investigated the regulation of casein, the major milk protein, gene in the mammary gland, but little is known about GlyCAM-1. Here we examined GlyCAM-1 gene expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells. First, we detected GlyCAM-1 expression in mammary epithelial cells in situ by immunohistochemistry; almost all mammary epithelial cells of the lactating mouse expressed GlyCAM-1. Second, mammary epithelial cells were digested with collagenase and cultured with insulin, prolactin and/or glucocorticoid. alpha-Casein and beta-casein genes were expressed following treatment with insulin, prolactin and glucocorticoid. In contrast, GlyCAM-1 expression could not be detected with any combination of these three hormones. We also analyzed changes in the levels of GlyCAM-1 and caseins mRNAs in cultured cells. The addition of hormones to the culture medium increased casein mRNAs, but surprisingly reduced GlyCAM-1 mRNA. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that regulate GlyCAM-1 gene in mammary cells of lactating mice are different from those involved in the regulation of casein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nishimura
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan.
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