1
|
Vaibhav K, Gulhane M, Ahluwalia P, Kumar M, Ahluwalia M, Rafiq AM, Amble V, Zabala MG, Miller JB, Goldman L, Mondal AK, Deak F, Kolhe R, Arbab AS, Vale FL. Single episode of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury leads to chronic neurological deficits and Alzheimer's-like pathological dementia. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01183-3. [PMID: 38733547 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the foremost causes of disability and mortality globally. While the scientific and medical emphasis is to save lives and avoid disability during acute period of injury, a severe health problem can manifest years after injury. For instance, TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Remote TBI history was reported to be a cause of the accelerated clinical trajectory of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia (ADRD) resulting in earlier onset of cognitive impairment and increased AD-associated pathological markers like greater amyloid deposition and cortical thinning. It is not well understood whether a single TBI event may increase the risk of dementia. Moreover, the cellular signaling pathways remain elusive for the chronic effects of TBI on cognition. We have hypothesized that a single TBI induces sustained neuroinflammation and disrupts cellular communication in a way that results later in ADRD pathology. To test this, we induced TBI in young adult CD1 mice and assessed the behavioral outcomes after 11 months followed by pathological, histological, transcriptomic, and MRI assessment. On MRI scans, these mice showed significant loss of tissue, reduced CBF, and higher white matter injury compared to sham mice. We found these brains showed progressive atrophy, markers of ADRD, sustained astrogliosis, loss of neuronal plasticity, and growth factors even after 1-year post-TBI. Because of progressive neurodegeneration, these mice had motor deficits, showed cognitive impairments, and wandered randomly in open field. We, therefore, conclude that progressive pathology after adulthood TBI leads to neurodegenerative conditions such as ADRD and impairs neuronal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vaibhav
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Transdisciplinary Research Initiative in Inflammaging and Brain Aging (TRIBA), Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Mayuri Gulhane
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ashiq M Rafiq
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vibha Amble
- Center for Undergraduate Research Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manuela G Zabala
- Center for Undergraduate Research Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob B Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Liam Goldman
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashis K Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ferenc Deak
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Brain Injury, Senescence, and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Svirsky SE, Henchir J, Li Y, Carlson SW, Dixon CE. Temporal-Specific Sex and Injury-Dependent Changes on Neurogranin-Associated Synaptic Signaling After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04043-5. [PMID: 38376763 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Extensive effort has been made to study the role of synaptic deficits in cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neurogranin (Ng) is a calcium-sensitive calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein essential for Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) autophosphorylation which subsequently modulates synaptic plasticity. Given the loss of Ng expression after injury, additional research is warranted to discern changes in hippocampal post-synaptic signaling after TBI. Under isoflurane anesthesia, adult, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received a sham/control or controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Ipsilateral hippocampal synaptosomes were isolated at 24 h and 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-injury, and western blot was used to evaluate protein expression of Ng-associated signaling proteins. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine significance of injury for each sex at each time point. There were significant changes in the hippocampal synaptic expression of Ng and associated synaptic proteins such as phosphorylated Ng, CaMKII, and CaM up to 4 weeks post-CCI, demonstrating TBI alters hippocampal post-synaptic signaling. This study furthers our understanding of mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction within the synapse sub-acutely after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Svirsky
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Shaun W Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu E, Mychasiuk R, Green TRF, Zamani A, Dill LK, Sharma R, Raftery AL, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML, Semple BD. Regulation of microglial responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury: exploring the role of SHIP-1. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1276495. [PMID: 37901420 PMCID: PMC10603304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1276495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the world's leading cause of permanent neurological disability in children. TBI-induced neurological deficits may be driven by neuroinflammation post-injury. Abnormal activity of SH2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1) has been associated with dysregulated immunological responses, but the role of SHIP-1 in the brain remains unclear. The current study investigated the immunoregulatory role of SHIP-1 in a mouse model of moderate-severe pediatric TBI. Methods SHIP-1+/- and SHIP-1-/- mice underwent experimental TBI or sham surgery at post-natal day 21. Brain gene expression was examined across a time course, and immunofluorescence staining was evaluated to determine cellular immune responses, alongside peripheral serum cytokine levels by immunoassays. Brain tissue volume loss was measured using volumetric analysis, and behavior changes both acutely and chronically post-injury. Results Acutely, inflammatory gene expression was elevated in the injured cortex alongside increased IBA-1 expression and altered microglial morphology; but to a similar extent in SHIP-1-/- mice and littermate SHIP-1+/- control mice. Similarly, the infiltration and activation of CD68-positive macrophages, and reactivity of GFAP-positive astrocytes, was increased after TBI but comparable between genotypes. TBI increased anxiety-like behavior acutely, whereas SHIP-1 deficiency alone reduced general locomotor activity. Chronically, at 12-weeks post-TBI, SHIP-1-/- mice exhibited reduced body weight and increased circulating cytokines. Pro-inflammatory gene expression in the injured hippocampus was also elevated in SHIP-1-/- mice; however, GFAP immunoreactivity at the injury site in TBI mice was lower. TBI induced a comparable loss of cortical and hippocampal tissue in both genotypes, while SHIP-1-/- mice showed reduced general activity and impaired working memory, independent of TBI. Conclusion Together, evidence does not support SHIP-1 as an essential regulator of brain microglial morphology, brain immune responses, or the extent of tissue damage after moderate-severe pediatric TBI in mice. However, our data suggest that reduced SHIP-1 activity induces a greater inflammatory response in the hippocampus chronically post-TBI, warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larissa K. Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - April L. Raftery
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Deparment of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Husn M, Amin Z, Ali Y, Kanwal L, Sabir K, Shah SA, Shah SF. Neuroprotective effects of vitamin B1 on memory impairment and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2175-2184. [PMID: 37314619 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains one of the prevailing disorders that affect millions of people around the globe. There is a cascade of secondary attributes attached to TBI including excitotoxicity, axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation is caused due to the activation of microglia along with pro-inflammatory cytokines. The activation of microglia triggers TNF-α which sequentially results in the triggering and upregulation of NF-kB. The aim of the current research was to investigate vitamin B1's potential as neuroprotective agent against TBI-induced neuroinflammation arbitrated memory impairment together with pre- and post-synaptic dysfunction in an adult albino male mice model. TBI was induced using the weight-drop method which caused the microglial activation resulting in neuroinflammation along with synaptic dysfunction leading to the memory impairment of the adult mice. Vitamin B1 was administered for seven days via the intraperitoneal pathway. To analyze the memory impairment and efficacy of vitamin B1, Morris water maze and Y-maze tests were performed. The escape latency time and short-term memories of the experimental mice treated with vitamin B1 were significantly different from the reference mice. The western blot results showed that vitamin B1 has reduced neuroinflammation by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines (NFκ-B, TNF- α). Vitamin B1 also proved its worthiness as a convincing neuroprotective agent by reducing memory dysfunction and recovering the activities of pre- and post-synapse via upregulation of synaptophysin and Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Husn
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Neuro Molecular Medicine Research Center (NMMRC), Ring Road Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zarnosh Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Neuro Molecular Medicine Research Center (NMMRC), Ring Road Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yousaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Government College Batkhela, FGEIs (C/G), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University Swat Campus, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Lubna Kanwal
- Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, 0000-0003-2618-3004, Pakistan
| | - Kehkashan Sabir
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Neuro Molecular Medicine Research Center (NMMRC), Ring Road Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Neuro Molecular Medicine Research Center (NMMRC), Ring Road Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Biology The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Syed Farhan Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Neuro Molecular Medicine Research Center (NMMRC), Ring Road Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kodali M, Madhu LN, Reger RL, Milutinovic B, Upadhya R, Attaluri S, Shuai B, Shankar G, Shetty AK. A single intranasal dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles after traumatic brain injury eases neurogenesis decline, synapse loss, and BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1185883. [PMID: 37284464 PMCID: PMC10239975 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1185883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimal intranasal (IN) dose of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hMSC-EVs), 90 min post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been reported to prevent the evolution of acute neuroinflammation into chronic neuroinflammation resulting in the alleviation of long-term cognitive and mood impairments. Since hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss contribute to TBI-induced long-term cognitive and mood dysfunction, this study investigated whether hMSC-EV treatment after TBI can prevent hippocampal neurogenesis decline and synapse loss in the chronic phase of TBI. C57BL6 mice undergoing unilateral controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) received a single IN administration of different doses of EVs or the vehicle at 90 min post-TBI. Quantifying neurogenesis in the subgranular zone-granule cell layer (SGZ-GCL) through 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and neuron-specific nuclear antigen double labeling at ~2 months post-TBI revealed decreased neurogenesis in TBI mice receiving vehicle. However, in TBI mice receiving EVs (12.8 and 25.6 × 109 EVs), the extent of neurogenesis was matched to naive control levels. A similar trend of decreased neurogenesis was seen when doublecortin-positive newly generated neurons were quantified in the SGZ-GCL at ~3 months post-TBI. The above doses of EVs treatment after TBI also reduced the loss of pre-and post-synaptic marker proteins in the hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, at 48 h post-treatment, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and phosphorylated cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (p-CREB) levels were downregulated in TBI mice receiving the vehicle but were closer to naïve control levels in TBI mice receiving above doses of hMSC-EVs. Notably, improved BDNF concentration observed in TBI mice receiving hMSC-EVs in the acute phase was sustained in the chronic phase of TBI. Thus, a single IN dose of hMSC-EVs at 90 min post-TBI can ease TBI-induced declines in the BDNF-ERK-CREB signaling, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synapses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu Y, Jarrahi A, Moore N, Bartoli M, Brann DW, Baban B, Dhandapani KM. Inflammaging, cellular senescence, and cognitive aging after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106090. [PMID: 36934795 PMCID: PMC10763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with mortality and morbidity worldwide. Accumulating pre-clinical and clinical data suggests TBI is the leading extrinsic cause of progressive neurodegeneration. Neurological deterioration after either a single moderate-severe TBI or repetitive mild TBI often resembles dementia in aged populations; however, no currently approved therapies adequately mitigate neurodegeneration. Inflammation correlates with neurodegenerative changes and cognitive dysfunction for years post-TBI, suggesting a potential association between immune activation and both age- and TBI-induced cognitive decline. Inflammaging, a chronic, low-grade sterile inflammation associated with natural aging, promotes cognitive decline. Cellular senescence and the subsequent development of a senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) promotes inflammaging and cognitive aging, although the functional association between senescent cells and neurodegeneration is poorly defined after TBI. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence linking cellular senescence with poor TBI outcomes. We also discuss the current knowledge and future potential for senotherapeutics, including senolytics and senomorphics, which kill and/or modulate senescent cells, as potential therapeutics after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
| | - Abbas Jarrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Services, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahluwalia M, Mcmichael H, Kumar M, Espinosa MP, Bosomtwi A, Lu Y, Khodadadi H, Jarrahi A, Khan MB, Hess DC, Rahimi SY, Vender JR, Vale FL, Braun M, Baban B, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Altered endocannabinoid metabolism compromises the brain-CSF barrier and exacerbates chronic deficits after traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114320. [PMID: 36627040 PMCID: PMC9904276 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids [2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA)], endogenously produced arachidonate-based lipids, are anti-inflammatory physiological ligands for two known cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their effects after brain injury are poorly defined. In the present study, we hypothesize that traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced loss of endocannabinoids exaggerates neurovascular injury, compromises brain-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers (BCB) and causes behavioral dysfunction. Preliminary analysis in human CSF and plasma indicates changes in endocannabinoid levels. This encouraged us to investigate the levels of endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Reductions in endocannabinoid (2-AG and AEA) levels in plasma were supported by higher expression of their respective metabolizing enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) in the post-TBI mouse brain. Following increased metabolism of endocannabinoids post-TBI, we observed increased expression of CB2, non-cannabinoid receptor Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and acute reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The BCB and pericontusional cortex showed altered endocannabinoid expressions and reduction in ventricular volume. Finally, loss of motor functions and induced anxiety behaviors were observed in these TBI mice. Taken together, our findings suggest endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes play an important role in the brain and BCB integrity and highlight the need for more extensive studies on these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hannah Mcmichael
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mario P Espinosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Asamoah Bosomtwi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hesam Khodadadi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Abbas Jarrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Scott Y Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Molly Braun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America; VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eyolfson E, Carr T, Fraunberger E, Khan A, Clark I, Mychasiuk R, Lohman AW. Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries in mice cause age- and sex-specific alterations in dendritic spine density. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114172. [PMID: 35863503 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) plague the human population and their prevalence is increasing annually. More so, repeated mTBIs (RmTBI) are known to manifest and compound neurological deficits in vulnerable populations. Age at injury and sex are two important factors influencing RmTBI pathophysiology, but we continue to know little about the specific effects of RmTBI in youth and females. In this study, we directly quantified the effects of RmTBI on adolescent and adult, male and female mice, with a closed-head lateral impact model. We report age- and sex-specific neurobehavioural deficits in motor function and working memory, microglia responses to injury, and the subsequent changes in dendritic spine density in select brain regions. Specifically, RmTBI caused increased footslips in adult male mice as assessed in a beam walk assay and significantly reduced the time spent with a novel object in adolescent male and female mice. RmTBIs caused a significant reduction in microglia density in male mice in the motor cortex, but not female mice. Finally, RmTBI significantly reduced dendritic spine density in the agranular insular cortex (a region of the prefrontal cortex in mice) and increased dendritic spine density in the adolescent male motor cortex. Together, the data provided in this study sheds new light on the heterogeneity in RmTBI-induced behavioural, glial, and neuronal architecture changes dependent on age and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Thomas Carr
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Erik Fraunberger
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Isabel Clark
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Larson K, Damon M, Randhi R, Nixon-Lee N, J Dixon K. Selective inhibition of soluble TNF using XPro1595 improves hippocampal pathology to promote improved neurological recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-124336. [PMID: 35692164 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220610104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). BACKGROUND Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI. OBJECTIVES Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation and dendritic plasticity, and associated functional impairments. METHODS Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as neuronal degeneration and plasticity. RESULTS We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology's within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity, enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity (spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were prevented in mice treated with XPro1595. CONCLUSION Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use in patients with TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Larson
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Melissa Damon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Rajasa Randhi
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Nancy Nixon-Lee
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Kirsty J Dixon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Differential Expression Patterns of TDP-43 in Single Moderate versus Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212211. [PMID: 34830093 PMCID: PMC8621440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disabling disorder and a major cause of death and disability in the world. Both single and repetitive traumas affect the brain acutely but can also lead to chronic neurodegenerative changes. Clinical studies have shown some dissimilarities in transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) expression patterns following single versus repetitive TBI. We explored the acute cortical post-traumatic changes of TDP-43 using the lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) model of single moderate TBI in adult male mice and investigated the association of TDP-43 with post-traumatic neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity. In the ipsilateral cortices of animals following LFPI, we found changes in the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of TDP-43 and the decreased expression of postsynaptic protein 95 within the first 3 d post-injury. Subacute pathological changes of TDP-43 in the hippocampi of animals following LFPI and in mice exposed to repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) were studied. Changes in the hippocampal TDP-43 expression patterns at 14 d following different brain trauma procedures showed pathological alterations only after single moderate, but not following rmTBI. Hippocampal LFPI-induced TDP-43 pathology was not accompanied by the microglial reaction, contrary to the findings after rmTBI, suggesting that different types of brain trauma may cause diverse pathophysiological changes in the brain, specifically related to the TDP-43 protein as well as to the microglial reaction. Taken together, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological events following brain trauma.
Collapse
|
12
|
3,6'-Dithiopomalidomide Ameliorates Hippocampal Neurodegeneration, Microgliosis and Astrogliosis and Improves Cognitive Behaviors in Rats with a Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158276. [PMID: 34361041 PMCID: PMC8348060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. It can instigate immediate cell death, followed by a time-dependent secondary injury that results from disproportionate microglial and astrocyte activation, excessive inflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue, culminating in both short- and long-term cognitive dysfunction and behavioral deficits. Within the brain, the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to a TBI. We studied a new pomalidomide (Pom) analog, namely, 3,6′-dithioPom (DP), and Pom as immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiD) for mitigating TBI-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration, microgliosis, astrogliosis and behavioral impairments in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in rats. Both agents were administered as a single intravenous dose (0.5 mg/kg) at 5 h post injury so that the efficacies could be compared. Pom and DP significantly reduced the contusion volume evaluated at 24 h and 7 days post injury. Both agents ameliorated short-term memory deficits and anxiety behavior at 7 days after a TBI. The number of degenerating neurons in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus after a TBI was reduced by Pom and DP. DP, but not Pom, significantly attenuated the TBI-induced microgliosis and DP was more efficacious than Pom at attenuating the TBI-induced astrogliosis in CA1 and DG at 7D after a TBI. In summary, a single intravenous injection of Pom or DP, given 5 h post TBI, significantly reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration and prevented cognitive deficits with a concomitant attenuation of the neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jamjoom AAB, Rhodes J, Andrews PJD, Grant SGN. The synapse in traumatic brain injury. Brain 2021; 144:18-31. [PMID: 33186462 PMCID: PMC7880663 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and is a risk factor for dementia later in life. Research into the pathophysiology of TBI has focused on the impact of injury on the neuron. However, recent advances have shown that TBI has a major impact on synapse structure and function through a combination of the immediate mechanical insult and the ensuing secondary injury processes, leading to synapse loss. In this review, we highlight the role of the synapse in TBI pathophysiology with a focus on the confluence of multiple secondary injury processes including excitotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress. The primary insult triggers a cascade of events in each of these secondary processes and we discuss the complex interplay that occurs at the synapse. We also examine how the synapse is impacted by traumatic axonal injury and the role it may play in the spread of tau after TBI. We propose that astrocytes play a crucial role by mediating both synapse loss and recovery. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the field including synapse molecular imaging, fluid biomarkers and therapeutics. In particular, we discuss advances in our understanding of synapse diversity and suggest that the new technology of synaptome mapping may prove useful in identifying synapses that are vulnerable or resistant to TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimun A B Jamjoom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Peter J D Andrews
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Popovitz J, Mysore SP, Adwanikar H. Neural Markers of Vulnerability to Anxiety Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:1006-1022. [PMID: 33050836 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are complex, and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we developed a multi-dimensional behavioral profiling approach to investigate anxiety-like outcomes in mice that takes into account individual variability. Departing from the tradition of comparing outcomes in TBI versus sham groups, we identified a subgroup within the TBI group that is vulnerable to anxiety dysfunction, and present increased exploration of the anxiogenic zone compared to sham controls or resilient injured animals, by applying dimensionality reduction, clustering, and post hoc validation to behavioral data obtained from multiple assays for anxiety at several post-injury time points. These vulnerable animals expressed distinct molecular profiles in the corticolimbic network, with downregulation in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate and upregulation in neuropeptide Y markers. Indeed, among vulnerable animals, not resilient or sham controls, severity of anxiety-related outcomes correlated strongly with expression of molecular markers. Our results establish a foundational approach, with predictive power, for reliably identifying maladaptive anxiety outcomes after TBI and uncovering neural signatures of vulnerability to anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Popovitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreesh P Mysore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hita Adwanikar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Z, Ren Y, Jiang H, Huang Y. Dexmedetomidine inhibits the PSD95-NMDA receptor interaction to promote functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:4. [PMID: 33235613 PMCID: PMC7678629 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on cognitive and motor recovery in mice following traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces synaptic damage, which leads to motor dysfunction and cognitive decline. Although Dex is known to induce neuroprotection, its role following TBI remains unknown. In the present study, male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old; n=72) were subjected to cortical impact injury to generate a TBI mice model. Mice were divided into four groups: TBI, sham, TBI + vehicle, and TBI + Dex. Mice in the TBI + vehicle and TBI + Dex groups received intraperitoneal injections of saline (n=18) and 100 µg/kg Dex (n=18), respectively, at 1 and 12 h following surgery. At 24 h post-injury, 10 animals from each group were sacrificed, and brain tissue was isolated for Fluoro-Jade B staining and RNA and protein extraction. At 72 h post-TBI, motor function was evaluated. Furthermore, cognitive impairment was assessed between day 14 and 19 using the Morris water maze. The results demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression of post-synaptic density 95 (PSD95) was reduced post-TBI. In addition, neuronal degeneration was evaluated using FJB staining, where PSD95 formed a complex with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit (NR2B) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inducing neuronal death post-TBI. Treatment with Dex efficiently decreased the PSD95-NR2B-nNOS interaction, which reduced the TBI-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, Dex treatment contributed to the enhanced cognitive and motor recovery following TBI. The results from the present study reported a potential mechanistic action of Dex treatment post-TBI, which may be associated with the inhibition of PSD95-NMDA interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Revisiting Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100389. [PMID: 33003373 PMCID: PMC7601301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused on patient stabilization and symptom mitigation. However, the field lacks defined therapies to prevent cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades which lead to chronic pathology. Little can be done to treat the mechanical damage that occurs during the primary insult of a TBI; however, secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death, can be targeted by therapeutic interventions. Elucidating the many mechanisms underlying secondary injury and studying targets of neuroprotective therapeutic agents is critical for developing new treatments. Therefore, we present a review on the molecular events following TBI from inflammation to programmed cell death and discuss current research and the latest therapeutic strategies to help understand TBI-mediated secondary injury.
Collapse
|
18
|
McNamara EH, Grillakis AA, Tucker LB, McCabe JT. The closed-head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) as an application for traumatic brain injury pre-clinical research: A status report. Exp Neurol 2020; 333:113409. [PMID: 32692987 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Closed-head traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide concern with increasing prevalence and cost to society. Rotational acceleration is a primary mechanism in TBI that results from tissue strains that give rise to diffuse axonal injury. The Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) was recently introduced as a method for the study of impact acceleration effects in pre-clinical TBI research. This review provides a survey of the published literature implementing the CHIMERA device and describes pathological, imaging, neurophysiological, and behavioral findings. Findings show CHIMERA inflicts damage in white matter tracts as a key area of injury. Behaviorally, repeated studies have shown motor deficits and more chronic cognitive effects after CHIMERA injury. Good progress with model application has been accomplished by investigators attending to what is required for model validation. However, the majority of CHIMERA studies only utilize adult male mice. To further establish this model, more work with female animals and various age groups need to be performed, as well as studies to further establish and standardize methodologies for validation of the models for clinical relevance. Common data elements to standardize the reporting methodology for the CHIMERA literature are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen H McNamara
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA
| | - Antigone A Grillakis
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA
| | - Laura B Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA; Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20817-4799, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao-Yao-San Formula Improves Cognitive Ability by Protecting the Hippocampal Neurons in Ovariectomized Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4156145. [PMID: 32655660 PMCID: PMC7321526 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4156145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Xiao-Yao-San (XYS) decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine formula. This study aimed to investigate the effect of XYS on cognitive abilities and its underlying mechanism in ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and treated with XYS (3 g/kg or 9 g/kg) by gavage, with subcutaneous injection of 17-β estradiol (E2, 2 μg/kg) as a positive drug control and gavage of 1 ml saline (0.9%) as a placebo control. After 6 weeks of treatment, rats were examined using the Morris water maze test. The estradiol level in the serum and hippocampus was measured by ELISA. Golgi staining was performed to observe neuronal morphology in the hippocampus. Apoptosis of hippocampal cells was observed by TUNEL staining. The protein content of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) 2A and 2B in the hippocampal CA1 region was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and PI3K signaling was detected by Western blot. Compared with the sham group, both learning and memory were impaired in ovariectomized rats. Rats treated with E2 or high-dose XYS showed better learning and memory compared with the saline-treated rats. High-dose XYS significantly reduced escape latency in the spatial acquisition trial; meanwhile, the cross times and duration in the probe quadrant were increased in the spatial probe trial. High-dose XYS promoted the de novo synthesis of E2 content in the hippocampus but had no significant effect on the serum E2 level. Golgi staining indicated that high-dose XYS could increase the branch number and density of dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 area. TUNEL staining showed that high-dose XYS alleviated ovariectomy-induced neuronal apoptosis. The expression level of NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B in hippocampal CA1 was upregulated by XYS treatment. The beneficial effect of XYS was through activating ERα-PI3K signaling. In conclusion, high-dose XYS treatment can improve the cognitive abilities of ovariectomized rats by protecting the hippocampal neurons and restoring the hippocampal E2 level.
Collapse
|
20
|
Qiu X, Ping S, Kyle M, Chin L, Zhao LR. Long-term beneficial effects of hematopoietic growth factors on brain repair in the chronic phase of severe traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113335. [PMID: 32360282 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major cause of long-term, even life-long disability and cognitive impairments in young adults. The lack of therapeutic approaches to improve recovery in the chronic phase of severe TBI is a big challenge to the medical research field. Using a single severe TBI model in young adult mice, this study examined the restorative efficacy of two hematopoietic growth factors, stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), on brain repair in the chronic phase of TBI. SCF and G-CSF alone or combination (SCF + G-CSF) treatment was administered at 3 months post-TBI. Functional recovery was evaluated by neurobehavioral tests during the period of 21 weeks after treatment. Neuropathology was examined 22 weeks after treatment. We observed that severe TBI caused persistent impairments in spatial learning/memory and somatosensory-motor function, long-term and widespread neuropathology, including dendritic reduction, decrease and overgrowth of axons, over-generated excitatory synapses, and demyelination in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. SCF, G-CSF, and SCF + G-CSF treatments ameliorated severe TBI-induced widespread neuropathology. SCF + G-CSF treatment showed superior efficacy in improving long-term functional outcome, enhancing neural plasticity, rebalancing neural structure networks disturbed by severe TBI, and promoting remyelination. These novel findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SCF and G-CSF in enhancing recovery in the chronic phase of severe TBI .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Suning Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Michele Kyle
- Department of Neurosurgery, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Lawrence Chin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; VA Health Care Upstate New York, Syracuse VA Medical Center, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Metformin attenuates sevoflurane-induced neurocognitive impairment through AMPK-ULK1-dependent autophagy in aged mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 157:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
A Combined Proteomics and Bioinformatics Approach Reveals Novel Signaling Pathways and Molecular Targets After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1186-1197. [PMID: 32170712 PMCID: PMC7359136 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a non-traumatic cerebrovascular disorder with very high morbidity and mortality and regarded as one of the deadliest stroke subtypes. Notably, there is no effective treatment for ICH. Despite an overall increase in preclinical studies, the pathophysiology of ICH is complex and remains enigmatic. To this end, ICH was induced in male CD-1 mice and the ipsilateral brain tissue was characterized in an unbiased manner using a combination of proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. A total of 4833 proteins were revealed by quantitative proteomic analysis. Of those, 207 proteins exhibited significantly altered expression after ICH in comparison to sham. It was found that 46 proteins were significantly upregulated and 161 proteins were significantly downregulated after ICH compared to sham. The quantitative proteomics approach combined with bioinformatics revealed several novel molecular targets (cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, protein phosphatase 2A-alpha, protein phosphatase 2A-beta, serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK1, alpha-actinin-4, calpain-8, axin-1, NCK1, and septin-4), and related signaling pathways, which could play roles in secondary brain injury and long-term neurobehavioral outcomes after ICH warranting further investigation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Knopp RC, Lee SH, Hollas M, Nepomuceno E, Gonzalez D, Tam K, Aamir D, Wang Y, Pierce E, BenAissa M, Thatcher GRJ. Interaction of oxidative stress and neurotrauma in ALDH2 -/- mice causes significant and persistent behavioral and pro-inflammatory effects in a tractable model of mild traumatic brain injury. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101486. [PMID: 32155582 PMCID: PMC7063127 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by lipid peroxidation products (LPP) accompanies aging and has been hypothesized to exacerbate the secondary cascade in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Increased oxidative stress is a contributor to loss of neural reserve that defines the ability to maintain healthy cognitive function despite the accumulation of neuropathology. ALDH2−/− mice are unable to clear aldehyde LPP by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (Aldh2) detoxification and provide a model to study mild TBI (mTBI), therapeutic interventions, and underlying mechanisms. The ALDH2−/− mouse model presents with elevated LPP-mediated protein modification, lowered levels of PSD-95, PGC1-α, and SOD-1, and mild cognitive deficits from 4 months of age. LPP scavengers are neuroprotective in vitro and in ALDH2−/− mice restore cognitive performance. A single-hit, closed skull mTBI failed to elicit significant effects in WT mice; however, ALDH2−/− mice showed a significant inflammatory cytokine surge in the ipsilateral hemisphere 24 h post-mTBI, and increased GFAP cleavage, a biomarker for TBI. Known neuroprotective agents, were able to reverse the effects of mTBI. This new preclinical model of mTBI, incorporating significant perturbations in behavior, inflammation, and clinically relevant biomarkers, allows mechanistic study of the interaction of LPP and neurotrauma in loss of neural reserve. ALDH2−/− mice have elevated brain LPP adducts and mild cognitive impairment. The effects of a “2nd hit” via LPS are exacerbated by LPP in vitro and in vivo. ALDH2−/− mice + mTBI show amplified/prolonged cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation. This new preclinical model for mTBI supports a role for LPP in reduced neural reserve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Knopp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sue H Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Michael Hollas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UICentre (Drug Discovery @ UIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Emily Nepomuceno
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kevin Tam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniyal Aamir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yueting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Emily Pierce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Manel BenAissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UICentre (Drug Discovery @ UIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; UICentre (Drug Discovery @ UIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Greig NH, Lecca D, Hsueh SC, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Kapogiannis D, Tweedie D, Glotfelty EJ, Becker RE, Chiang YH, Hoffer BJ. (-)-Phenserine tartrate (PhenT) as a treatment for traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:636-649. [PMID: 31828969 PMCID: PMC7248544 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of both young adults and the elderly, and is a key contributing factor in about 30% of all injury‐associated deaths occurring within the United States of America. Albeit substantial impact has been made to improve our comprehension of the mechanisms that underpin the primary and secondary injury stages initiated by a TBI incident, this knowledge has yet to successfully translate into the development of an effective TBI pharmacological treatment. Developing consent suggests that a TBI can concomitantly trigger multiple TBI‐linked cascades that then progress in parallel and, if correct, the multifactorial nature of TBI would make the discovery of a single effective mechanism‐targeted drug unlikely. Discussion We review recent data indicating that the small molecular weight drug (−)‐phenserine tartrate (PhenT), originally developed for Alzheimer's disease (AD), effectively inhibits a broad range of mechanisms pertinent to mild (m) and moderate (mod)TBI, which in combination underpin the ensuing cognitive and motor impairments. In cellular and animal models at clinically translatable doses, PhenT mitigated mTBI‐ and modTBI‐induced programmed neuronal cell death (PNCD), oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and effectively reversed injury‐induced gene pathways leading to chronic neurodegeneration. In addition to proving efficacious in well‐characterized animal TBI models, significantly mitigating cognitive and motor impairments, the drug also has demonstrated neuroprotective actions against ischemic stroke and the organophosphorus nerve agent and chemical weapon, soman. Conclusion In the light of its tolerability in AD clinical trials, PhenT is an agent that can be fast‐tracked for evaluation in not only civilian TBI, but also as a potentially protective agent in battlefield conditions where TBI and chemical weapon exposure are increasingly jointly occurring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert E Becker
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Svirsky S, Henchir J, Li Y, Ma X, Carlson S, Dixon CE. Neurogranin Protein Expression Is Reduced after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:939-949. [PMID: 31691647 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to cause short- and long-term synaptic changes in the brain, possibly underlying downstream cognitive impairments. Neuronal levels of neurogranin, a calcium-sensitive calmodulin-binding protein essential for synaptic plasticity and postsynaptic signaling, are correlated with cognitive function. This study aims to understand the effect of TBI on neurogranin by characterizing changes in protein expression at various time points after injury. Adult, male rats were subjected to either controlled cortical impact (CCI) or control surgery. Expression of neurogranin and post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) were evaluated by Western blot in the cortex and hippocampus at 24 h and 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-injury. We hypothesized that CCI reduces neurogranin levels in the cortex and hippocampus, and demonstrate different expression patterns from PSD-95. Neurogranin levels were reduced in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus up to 2 weeks after injury but recovered to sham levels by 4 weeks. The contralateral cortex and hippocampus were relatively resistant to changes in neurogranin expression post-injury. Qualitative immunohistochemical assessment corroborated the immunoblot findings. Particularly, the pericontusional cortex and ipsilateral Cornu Ammonis (CA)3 region showed marked reduction in immunoreactivity. PSD-95 demonstrated similar expression patterns to neurogranin in the cortex; however, in the hippocampus, protein expression was increased compared with sham at the 2 and 4 week time points. Our results indicate that CCI lowers neurogranin expression with temporal and regional specificity and that this occurs independently of dendritic loss. Further understanding of the role of neurogranin in synaptic biology after TBI will elucidate pathological mechanisms contributing to cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Svirsky
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiecheng Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaun Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aberrant ER Stress Induced Neuronal-IFNβ Elicits White Matter Injury Due to Microglial Activation and T-Cell Infiltration after TBI. J Neurosci 2019; 40:424-446. [PMID: 31694961 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0718-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in neurons is associated with activation of inflammatory cells and subsequent neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We found that induction of neuronal-ER stress, which was mostly characterized by an increase in phosphorylation of a protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) leads to release of excess interferon (IFN)β due to atypical activation of the neuronal-STING signaling pathway. IFNβ enforced activation and polarization of the primary microglial cells to inflammatory M1 phenotype with the secretion of a proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10 due to activation of STAT1 signaling. The secreted CXCL10, in turn, stimulated the T-cell infiltration by serving as the ligand and chemoattractant for CXCR3+ T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. The activation of microglial cells and infiltration of Th1 cells resulted in white matter injury, characterized by impaired myelin basic protein and neurofilament NF200, the reduced thickness of corpus callosum and external capsule, and decline of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Intranasal delivery of CXCL10 siRNA blocked Th1 infiltration but did not fully rescue microglial activation and white matter injury after TBI. However, impeding PERK-phosphorylation through the administration of GSK2656157 abrogated neuronal induction of IFNβ, switched microglial polarization to M2 phenotype, prevented Th1 infiltration, and increased Th2 and Treg levels. These events ultimately attenuated the white matter injury and improved anxiety and depressive-like behavior following TBI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A recent clinical study showed that human brain trauma patients had enhanced expression of type-1 IFN; suggests that type-1 IFN signaling may potentially influence clinical outcome in TBI patients. However, it was not understood how TBI leads to an increase in IFNβ and whether induction of IFNβ has any influence on neuroinflammation, which is the primary reason for morbidity and mortality in TBI. Our study suggests that induction of PERK phosphorylation, a characteristic feature of ER stress is responsible for an increase in neuronal IFNβ, which, in turn, activates microglial cells and subsequently manifests the infiltration of T cells to induce neuroinflammation and subsequently white matter injury. Blocking PERK phosphorylation using GSK2656157 (or PERK knockdown) the whole cascade of neuroinflammation was attenuated and improved cognitive function after TBI.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li N, Yue L, Wang J, Wan Z, Bu W. MicroRNA-24 alleviates isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus via attenuation of oxidative stress. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 98:208-218. [PMID: 31533001 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several miRNAs have been recently suggested as potential therapeutic targets for anesthesia-related diseases. This study was carried out to explore the biological roles of miR-24 in isoflurane-treated rat hippocampal neurons. Isoflurane was used to induce neurotoxicity in a rat model. Gain- and loss-of-function of miR-24 was performed, and the size and Ca2+ permeability of mitochondria, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis, and levels of oxidative-stress-related factors were measured both in vivo and in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays were used to identify the target relationship between miR-24 and p27kip1. In this study, isoflurane treatment decreased miR-24 expression, after which, levels of neuron apoptosis and oxidative-stress-related factors were elevated and neuron viability was reduced. Over-expression of miR-24 inhibited oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal tissues, and suppressed the size and Ca2+ permeability of mitochondria of hippocampal neurons. miR-24 enhanced the viability of rat hippocampal neurons by targeting p27kip1. To conclude, this study demonstrated that miR-24 attenuates isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus via its antioxidative properties and inhibiting p27kip1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Linli Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Temporal Sequences of Synapse Disintegration Triggered by Afferent Axon Transection, Time-Lapse Imaging Study of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Molecules. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0459-18.2019. [PMID: 31515235 PMCID: PMC6785539 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0459-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death and disability. Multiple animal models have been developed to explore therapeutic targets for TBI. However, heterogeneity of pathophysiology obstructs discovery of therapeutic targets. To facilitate understanding of TBI pathophysiology, each element of neuronal and glial responses should be studied separately. We focused on synapse remodeling which plays an important role in recovery from TBI and developed a new method, afferent elimination, for analyzing synapse remodeling after selective damage to presynaptic axons by mechanical transection in culture of mouse hippocampal neurons. Afferent elimination can induce various events related to synapse remodeling and we could determine their temporal orders and find relationships between them. Specifically, loss of presynaptic sites preceded loss of postsynaptic sites and spines. Some of the postsynaptic sites initially located inside spines showed translocation toward dendritic shafts. These translocation events started after the loss of contacting presynaptic sites. Also, these events could be blocked or delayed by NMDA receptor inhibition. Taken together, these findings suggest that postsynaptic changes occur in afferent elimination are NMDA dependent and imply that these NMDA-dependent events underlie synaptic remodeling of TBI.
Collapse
|
29
|
Saha P, Gupta R, Sen T, Sen N. Histone Deacetylase 4 Downregulation Elicits Post-Traumatic Psychiatric Disorders through Impairment of Neurogenesis. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3284-3296. [PMID: 31169064 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An enduring deficit in neurogenesis largely contributes to the development of severe post-traumatic psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and memory impairment following traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the mechanism remains obscure. Here we have shown that an imbalance in the generation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurons due to aberrant induction of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGlut1)-positive glutamatergic cells is responsible for impaired neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus following TBI. To elucidate the molecular mechanism, we found that TBI activates a transcription factor, Pax3, by increasing its acetylation status, and subsequently induces Ngn2 transcription. This event, in turn, augments the vGlut1-expressing glutamatergic neurons and accumulation of excess glutamate in the hippocampus that can affect neuronal differentiation. In our study the acetylation of Pax3 was increased due to loss of its interaction with a deacetylase, histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), which was downregulated after TBI. TBI-induced activation of GSK3β was responsible for the degradation of HDAC4. We also showed that overexpression of HDAC4 before TBI reduces Pax3 acetylation by restoring an interaction between HDAC4 and Pax3 in the hippocampus. This event prevents the aberrant induction of vGlut1-positive glutamatergic neurons by decreasing the Ngn2 level and subsequently reinforces the balance between GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons following TBI. Further, we found that overexpression of HDAC4 in the hippocampus improves anxiety, depressive-like behavior, and memory functions following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pampa Saha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajaneesh Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tanusree Sen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nilkantha Sen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Administration of the New Pyrimidine Derivative-4-{2-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-Vinyl]-6-Ethyl-4-Oxo-5-Phenyl-4H-Pyrimidine-1-Il}Benzsulfamide Restores the Activity of Brain Cells in Experimental Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy by Maintaining Mitochondrial Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070386. [PMID: 31319603 PMCID: PMC6681389 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: To evaluate the effect of a new pyrimidine derivative on the change of mitochondrial function in experimental chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on male mice of the BALB/c line (acute toxicity was assessed) and male rats of the Wistar line, which were modeled chronic traumatic encephalopathy by the method of free fall of the load (weight 150 g from a 50 cm height). The injury to rats was reproduced once a day for 7 days. Further, cognitive functions, changes in sensorimotor deficiency, cerebral blood flow, neuron-specific enolase(NSE), S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (in blood serum) and β-amyloid, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (in brain tissue supernatant) were evaluated. Mitochondrial respiration was also measured. Choline alfoscerate (100 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. Results: The study found that the use of a new pyrimidine derivative contributed to the preservation of the mitochondrial respirometric function and cognitive functions in rats. In addition, against the administration of test-object marked increase in the concentration of ATP, the velocity of cerebral blood flow was 4.2 times (p < 0.05) and 35.6% (p < 0.05), respectively, as well as reduced concentration and GFAP, NSE, S100β, β-amyloid and sensorimotor deficit at 2.7 (p < 0.05) times; 2 times (p < 0.05); 2.4 times (p < 0.05); of 30.4% (p < 0.05 and 46.5% (p < 0.05), respectively. The LD50 (per os) for the test-object was 4973.56 ± 573.72 mg/kg. Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, high therapeutic efficacy and low systemic toxicity of the application are assumed 4-{2-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-vinyl]-6-ethyl-4-oxo-5-phenyl-4H-pyrimidine-1-Il}benzsulfamide in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel MV, Sewell E, Dickson S, Kim H, Meaney DF, Firestein BL. A Role for Postsynaptic Density 95 and Its Binding Partners in Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2129-2138. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir V. Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Emily Sewell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha Dickson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyuck Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Feldmann LK, Le Prieult F, Felzen V, Thal SC, Engelhard K, Behl C, Mittmann T. Proteasome and Autophagy-Mediated Impairment of Late Long-Term Potentiation (l-LTP) after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Somatosensory Cortex of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123048. [PMID: 31234472 PMCID: PMC6627835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to impaired cognition and memory consolidation. The acute phase (24–48 h) after TBI is often characterized by neural dysfunction in the vicinity of the lesion, but also in remote areas like the contralateral hemisphere. Protein homeostasis is crucial for synaptic long-term plasticity including the protein degradation systems, proteasome and autophagy. Still, little is known about the acute effects of TBI on synaptic long-term plasticity and protein degradation. Thus, we investigated TBI in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in the motor and somatosensory cortex of mice ex vivo-in vitro. Late long-term potentiation (l-LTP) was induced by theta-burst stimulation in acute brain slices after survival times of 1–2 days. Protein levels for the plasticity related protein calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was quantified by Western blots, and the protein degradation activity by enzymatical assays. We observed missing maintenance of l-LTP in the ipsilateral hemisphere, however not in the contralateral hemisphere after TBI. Protein levels of CaMKII were not changed but, interestingly, the protein degradation revealed bidirectional changes with a reduced proteasome activity and an increased autophagic flux in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Finally, LTP recordings in the presence of pharmacologically modified protein degradation systems also led to an impaired synaptic plasticity: bath-applied MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, or rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, both administered during theta burst stimulation, blocked the induction of LTP. These data indicate that alterations in protein degradation pathways likely contribute to cognitive deficits in the acute phase after TBI, which could be interesting for future approaches towards neuroprotective treatments early after traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia K Feldmann
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Florie Le Prieult
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Felzen
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Serge C Thal
- Clinics for Anaesthesiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kristin Engelhard
- Clinics for Anaesthesiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Thomas Mittmann
- Institute for Physiology, UMC of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kinder HA, Baker EW, Howerth EW, Duberstein KJ, West FD. Controlled Cortical Impact Leads to Cognitive and Motor Function Deficits that Correspond to Cellular Pathology in a Piglet Traumatic Brain Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2810-2826. [PMID: 31084390 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, with children who sustain a TBI having a greater risk of developing long-lasting cognitive, behavioral, and motor function deficits. This has led to increased interest in utilizing large animal models to study pathophysiologic and functional changes after injury in hopes of identifying novel therapeutic targets. In the present study, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) piglet TBI model was utilized to evaluate cognitive, motor, and histopathologic outcomes. CCI injury (4 m/sec velocity, 9 mm depression, 400 msec dwell time) was induced at the parietal cortex. Compared with normal pigs (n = 5), TBI pigs (n = 5) exhibited appreciable cognitive deficiencies, including significantly impaired spatial memory in spatial T-maze testing and a significant decrease in exploratory behaviors followed by marked hyperactivity in open field testing. Additionally, gait analysis revealed significant increases in cycle time and stance percent, significant decreases in hind reach, and a shift in the total pressure index from the front to the hind limb on the affected side, suggesting TBI impairs gait and balance. Pigs were sacrificed 28 days post-TBI and histological analysis revealed that TBI lead to a significant decrease in neurons and a significant increase in microglia activation and astrogliosis/astrocytosis at the perilesional area, a significant loss in neurons at the dorsal hippocampus, and significantly increased neuroblast proliferation at the subventricular zone. These data demonstrate a strong relationship between TBI-induced cellular changes and functional outcomes in our piglet TBI model that lay the framework for future studies that assess the ability of therapeutic interventions to contribute to functional improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kylee J Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marschner L, Schreurs A, Lechat B, Mogensen J, Roebroek A, Ahmed T, Balschun D. Single mild traumatic brain injury results in transiently impaired spatial long-term memory and altered search strategies. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
35
|
Tucker LB, Velosky AG, Fu AH, McCabe JT. Chronic Neurobehavioral Sex Differences in a Murine Model of Repetitive Concussive Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 31178814 PMCID: PMC6538769 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from repeated head trauma is frequently characterized by diffuse axonal injury and long-term motor, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Given the delay, often decades, between repeated head traumas and the presentation of symptoms in TBI patients, animal models of repeated injuries should be studied longitudinally to properly assess the longer-term effects of multiple concussive injuries on functional outcomes. In this study, male and cycling female C57BL/6J mice underwent repeated (three) concussive brain injuries (rCBI) delivered via a Leica ImpactOne cortical impact device and were assessed chronically on motor (open field and rotarod), cognitive (y-maze and active place avoidance), and neuropsychiatric (marble-burying, elevated zero maze and tail suspension) tests. Motor deficits were significant on the rotarod on the day following the injuries, and slight impairment remained for up to 6 months. All mice that sustained rCBI had significant cognitive deficits on the active place avoidance test and showed greater agitation (less immobility) in the tail suspension test. Only injured male mice were significantly hyperactive in the open field, and had increased time spent in the open quadrants of the elevated zero maze. One year after the injuries, mice of both sexes exhibited persistent pathological changes by the presence of Prussian blue staining (indication of prior microbleeds), primarily in the cortex at the site of the injury, and increased GFAP staining in the perilesional cortex and axonal tracts (corpus callosum and optic tracts). These data demonstrate that a pathological phenotype with motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms can be observed in an animal model of rCBI for at least one year post-injury, providing a pre-clinical setting for the study of the link between multiple brain injuries and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, this is the first study to include both sexes in a pre-clinical long-term rCBI model, and female mice are less impaired functionally than males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexander G Velosky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amanda H Fu
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Popovitz J, Mysore SP, Adwanikar H. Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice: Behavioral and Neural Correlates. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:6. [PMID: 30728770 PMCID: PMC6351473 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been frequently linked to affective disorders such as anxiety and depression. However, much remains to be understood about the underlying molecular and signaling mechanisms that mediate affective dysfunctions following injury. A lack of consensus in animal studies regarding what the affective sequelae of TBI are has been a major hurdle that has slowed progress, with studies reporting the full range of effects: increase, decrease, and no change in anxiety following injury. Here, we addressed this issue directly by investigating long-term anxiety outcomes in mice following a moderate to severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury using a battery of standard behavioral tests-the open field (OF), elevated zero maze (EZM), and elevated plus maze (EPM). Mice were tested on weeks 1, 3, 5 and 7 post-injury. Our results show that the effect of injury is time- and task-dependent. Early on-up to 3 weeks post-injury, there is an increase in anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus and zero mazes. However, after 5 weeks post-injury, anxiety-like behavior decreases, as measured in the OF and EZM. Immunostaining in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) for GAD, a marker for GABA, at the end of the behavioral testing showed the late decrease in anxiety behavior was correlated with upregulation of inhibition. The approach adopted in this study reveals a complex trajectory of affective outcomes following injury, and highlights the importance of comparing outcomes in different assays and time-points, to ensure that the affective consequences of injury are adequately assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Popovitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shreesh P Mysore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hita Adwanikar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Anthony Jalin AMA, Jin R, Wang M, Li G. EPPS treatment attenuates traumatic brain injury in mice by reducing Aβ burden and ameliorating neuronal autophagic flux. Exp Neurol 2019; 314:20-33. [PMID: 30639321 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden and impaired neuronal autophagy contribute to secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulphonic acid (EPPS) treatment has been reported to reduce Aβ aggregation and rescue behavioral deficits in Alzheimer's disease-like mice. Here, we investigated neuroprotective effects of EPPS in a mouse model of TBI. Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) were treated with EPPS (120 mg/kg, orally) immediately after CCI and thereafter once daily for 3 or 7 days. We found that EPPS treatment profoundly reduced the accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) and Aβ over a widespread area detected in the pericontusional cortex, external capsule (EC), and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 at 3 days after TBI, accompanied by significant reduction in the TBI-induced diffuse axonal injury identified by increased immunoreactivity of SMI-32 (an indicator for axonal damage). We also found that EPPS treatment ameliorated the TBI-induced synaptic damage (as reflected by enhanced postsynaptic density 95, PSD-95), and impairment of autophagy flux in the neurons as reflected by reduced autophagy markers (LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and p62/SQSTM1) and increased lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CTSD) in neurons detected in the cortex and hippocampal CA1. As a result, EPPS treatment significantly reduced the TBI-induced early neuronal apoptosis (assessed by active caspase-3), and eventually prevented cortical tissue loss and hippocampal neuronal loss at 28 days after TBI. Additionally, we found that inhibition of autophagic flux with chloroquine by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion significantly reversed the decreased expressions of neuronal p62/SQSTM1 and apoptosis by EPPS treatment. These data suggest that the neuroprotection by EPPS is, at least in part, related to improved autophagy flux. Finally, we found that EPPS treatment significantly improved the cortex-dependent motor and hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits associated with TBI. Taken together, these findings support the further investigation of EPPS as a treatment for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA.
| | - Guohong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Semple BD, Zamani A, Rayner G, Shultz SR, Jones NC. Affective, neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders associated with traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:27-41. [PMID: 30059725 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often develop chronic neurological, neurocognitive, psychological, and psychosocial deficits that can have a profound impact on an individual's wellbeing and quality of life. TBI is also a common cause of acquired epilepsy, which is itself associated with significant behavioral morbidity. This review considers the clinical and preclinical evidence that post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) acts as a 'second-hit' insult to worsen chronic behavioral outcomes for brain-injured patients, across the domains of emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning. Surprisingly, few well-designed studies have specifically examined the relationship between seizures and behavioral outcomes after TBI. The complex mechanisms underlying these comorbidities remain incompletely understood, although many of the biological processes that precipitate seizure occurrence and epileptogenesis may also contribute to the development of chronic behavioral deficits. Further, the relationship between PTE and behavioral dysfunction is increasingly recognized to be a bidirectional one, whereby premorbid conditions are a risk factor for PTE. Clinical studies in this arena are often challenged by the confounding effects of anti-seizure medications, while preclinical studies have rarely examined an adequately extended time course to fully capture the time course of epilepsy development after a TBI. To drive the field forward towards improved treatment strategies, it is imperative that both seizures and neurobehavioral outcomes are assessed in parallel after TBI, both in patient populations and preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Genevieve Rayner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Alfred Health, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thau-Zuchman O, Gomes RN, Dyall SC, Davies M, Priestley JV, Groenendijk M, De Wilde MC, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. Brain Phospholipid Precursors Administered Post-Injury Reduce Tissue Damage and Improve Neurological Outcome in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:25-42. [PMID: 29768974 PMCID: PMC6306688 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to cellular loss, destabilization of membranes, disruption of synapses and altered brain connectivity, and increased risk of neurodegenerative disease. A significant and long-lasting decrease in phospholipids (PLs), essential membrane constituents, has recently been reported in plasma and brain tissue, in human and experimental TBI. We hypothesized that supporting PL synthesis post-injury could improve outcome post-TBI. We tested this hypothesis using a multi-nutrient combination designed to support the biosynthesis of PLs and available for clinical use. The multi-nutrient, Fortasyn® Connect (FC), contains polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, choline, uridine, vitamins, cofactors required for PL biosynthesis, and has been shown to have significant beneficial effects in early Alzheimer's disease. Male C57BL/6 mice received a controlled cortical impact injury and then were fed a control diet or a diet enriched with FC for 70 days. FC led to a significantly improved sensorimotor outcome and cognition, reduced lesion size and oligodendrocyte loss, and it restored myelin. It reversed the loss of the synaptic protein synaptophysin and decreased levels of the axon growth inhibitor, Nogo-A, thus creating a permissive environment. It decreased microglia activation and the rise in ß-amyloid precursor protein and restored the depressed neurogenesis. The effects of this medical multi-nutrient suggest that support of PL biosynthesis post-TBI, a new treatment paradigm, has significant therapeutic potential in this neurological condition for which there is no satisfactory treatment. The multi-nutrient tested has been used in dementia patients and is safe and well tolerated, which would enable rapid clinical exploration in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orli Thau-Zuchman
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita N Gomes
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Dyall
- 3 Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Davies
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John V Priestley
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Groenendijk
- 2 Nutricia Research-Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C De Wilde
- 2 Nutricia Research-Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi L Tremoleda
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T Michael-Titus
- 1 Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Aberrant cardiolipin metabolism is associated with cognitive deficiency and hippocampal alteration in tafazzin knockdown mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3353-3367. [PMID: 30055293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a key mitochondrial phospholipid essential for mitochondrial energy production. CL is remodeled from monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) by the enzyme tafazzin (TAZ). Loss-of-function mutations in the gene which encodes TAZ results in a rare X-linked disorder called Barth Syndrome (BTHS). The mutated TAZ is unable to maintain the physiological CL:MLCL ratio, thus reducing CL levels and affecting mitochondrial function. BTHS is best known as a cardiac disease, but has been acknowledged as a multi-syndrome disorder, including cognitive deficits. Since reduced CL levels has also been reported in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, we examined how TAZ-deficiency impacts cognitive abilities, brain mitochondrial respiration and the function of hippocampal neurons and glia in TAZ knockdown (TAZ kd) mice. We have identified for the first time the profile of changes that occur in brain phospholipid content and composition of TAZ kd mice. The brain of TAZ kd mice exhibited reduced TAZ protein expression, reduced total CL levels and a 19-fold accumulation of MLCL compared to wild-type littermate controls. TAZ kd brain exhibited a markedly distinct profile of CL and MLCL molecular species. In mitochondria, the activity of complex I was significantly elevated in the monomeric and supercomplex forms with TAZ-deficiency. This corresponded with elevated mitochondrial state I respiration and attenuated spare capacity. Furthermore, the production of reactive oxygen species was significantly elevated in TAZ kd brain mitochondria. While motor function remained normal in TAZ kd mice, they showed significant memory deficiency based on novel object recognition test. These results correlated with reduced synaptophysin protein levels and derangement of the neuronal CA1 layer in hippocampus. Finally, TAZ kd mice had elevated activation of brain immune cells, microglia compared to littermate controls. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that TAZ-mediated remodeling of CL contributes significantly to the expansive distribution of CL molecular species in the brain, plays a key role in mitochondria respiratory activity, maintains normal cognitive function, and identifies the hippocampus as a potential therapeutic target for BTHS.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jullienne A, Salehi A, Affeldt B, Baghchechi M, Haddad E, Avitua A, Walsworth M, Enjalric I, Hamer M, Bhakta S, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ, Obenaus A. Male and Female Mice Exhibit Divergent Responses of the Cortical Vasculature to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1646-1658. [PMID: 29648973 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that traumatic brain injuries (TBI) alter the cerebrovasculature near the injury site in rats, followed by revascularization over a 2-week period. Here, we tested our hypothesis that male and female adult mice have differential cerebrovascular responses following a moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI). Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a new technique called vessel painting, and immunohistochemistry, we found no differences between males and females in lesion volume, neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) alteration, and microglia activation. However, females exhibited more astrocytic hypertrophy and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction at 1 day post-injury (dpi), whereas males presented with increased endothelial activation and expression of β-catenin, shown to be involved in angiogenesis. At 7 dpi, we observed an increase in the number of vessels and an enhancement in vessel complexity in the injured cortex of males compared with females. Cerebrovasculature recovers differently after CCI, suggesting biological sex should be considered when designing new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Arjang Salehi
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Bethann Affeldt
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mohsen Baghchechi
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Elizabeth Haddad
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Angela Avitua
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mark Walsworth
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Isabelle Enjalric
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Mary Hamer
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Sonali Bhakta
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Jiping Tang
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - John H Zhang
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,3 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,4 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - William J Pearce
- 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,5 Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - André Obenaus
- 1 Department of Basic Sciences, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California.,6 Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma MW, Wang J, Dhandapani KM, Brann DW. Deletion of NADPH oxidase 4 reduces severity of traumatic brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:66-75. [PMID: 29391196 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to over 30% of injury-related deaths and is a major cause of disability without effective clinical therapies. Oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death to amplify the primary injury after TBI. NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a major source of reactive oxygen species following brain injury. Our current study addresses the functional role of the NOX4 isoform in the damaged cortex following TBI. Adult male C57BL/6 J and NOX4-/- mice received a controlled cortical impact and lesion size, NOX4 expression, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and cell death were assessed in the injured cerebral cortex. The results revealed that NOX4 mRNA and protein expression were significantly upregulated at 1-7 days post-TBI in the injured cerebral cortex. Expression of the oxidative stress markers, 8-OHdG, 4-HNE, and nitrotyrosine was upregulated at 2 and 4 days post-TBI in the WT injured cerebral cortex, and nitrotyrosine primarily colocalized with neurons. In the NOX4-/- mice, expression of these oxidative stress markers, 8-OHdG, 4-HNE, and nitrotyrosine were significantly attenuated at both timepoints. In addition, examination of NOX4-/- mice revealed a reduced number of apoptotic (TUNEL+) and degenerating (FJB+) cells in the perilesional cortex after TBI, as well as a smaller lesion size compared with the WT group. The results of this study implicate a functional role for NOX4 in TBI induced oxidative damage and neurodegeneration and raise the possibility that targeting NOX4 may have therapeutic efficacy in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma D, Wang N, Fan X, Zhang L, Luo Y, Huang R, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhao G, Li L. Protective Effects of Cornel Iridoid Glycoside in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:959-971. [PMID: 29492766 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is the active ingredient extracted from Cornus officinalis. Our previous studies showed that CIG had protective effects on several brain injury models. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects and elucidate the mechanisms of CIG against traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI was induced in the right cerebral cortex of male adult rats. The neurological and cognitive functions were evaluated by modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and object recognition test (ORT), respectively. The level of serum S100β was measured by an ELISA method. Nissl staining was used to estimate the neuron survival in the brain. The expression of proteins was determined by western blot and/or immunohistochemical staining. We found that intragastric administration of CIG in TBI rats ameliorated the neurological defects and cognitive impairment, and alleviated the neuronal loss in the injured brain. In the acute stage of TBI (24-72 h), CIG decreased the level of S100β in the serum and brain, increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and decreased the expression of caspase-3 in the injured cortex. Moreover, the treatment with CIG for 30 days increased the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), enhanced the expression of synapsin I, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), and inhibited the apoptosis-regulating factors in the chronic stage of TBI. The present study demonstrated that CIG had neuroprotective effects against TBI through inhibiting apoptosis in the acute stage and promoting neurorestoration in the chronic stage. The results suggest that CIG may be beneficial to TBI therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denglei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaotong Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nerve System Drugs; Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The effect of an acute systemic inflammatory insult on the chronic effects of a single mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2018; 336:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
45
|
Wang J, Ma MW, Dhandapani KM, Brann DW. Regulatory role of NADPH oxidase 2 in the polarization dynamics and neurotoxicity of microglia/macrophages after traumatic brain injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:119-131. [PMID: 28942245 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Secondary injuries that develop after the initial trauma contribute to long-lasting neurophysiological deficits. Polarization of microglia/macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype may increase the progression of secondary injury following TBI; however, the regulatory and functional mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly defined. In the present study, we showed elevated expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) predominantly in microglia/macrophages at 4- and 7-days after controlled cortical impact in mice. Delayed inhibition of NOX2, beginning one day after TBI, reduced reactive oxygen species production of myeloid cells and protected neurons from oxidative damage. Moreover, delayed NOX inhibition or global genetic NOX2 knockout suppressed the M1 "pro-inflammatory" profile of microglia/macrophages and simultaneously increased the M2 "anti-inflammatory" profile in the injured brain. These changes were associated with marked down-regulation of the classical NF-κB pathway in microglia/macrophages and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, after TBI. Finally, we demonstrated that wild-type microglia/macrophages isolated from the ipsilateral cortex at 7 days post-TBI were neurotoxic to co-cultured primary neurons, whereas this neurotoxicity was largely attenuated in microglia/macrophages from NOX2-KO mice. Taken together, our study shows a direct link between NOX2 and the NF-κB pathway in microglia/macrophages after TBI, and it provides a novel mechanism by which NOX2 activation leads to the enhanced inflammatory response and neuronal damage after brain injury. Our data also supports the therapeutic potential of targeting NOX2, which may provide efficacy with an extended therapeutic window after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA-4004, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA-4004, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA-4004, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Irvine KA, Clark JD. Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiology and Pain Mechanisms. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 19:1315-1333. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Anesthesiology Service, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J David Clark
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Anesthesiology Service, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Effects of Dimeric PSD-95 Inhibition on Excitotoxic Cell Death and Outcome After Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3401-3413. [PMID: 28828633 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of PSD-95 inhibition have been demonstrated in numerous studies of stroke; however only few studies have assessed the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in traumatic brain injury (TBI). As the pathophysiology of TBI partially overlaps with that of stroke, PSD-95 inhibition may also be an effective therapeutic strategy in TBI. The objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of a dimeric inhibitor of PSD-95, UCCB01-144, on excitotoxic cell death in vitro and outcome after experimental TBI in rats in vivo. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters of UCCB01-144 were investigated in order to assess uptake of the drug into the central nervous system of rats. After a controlled cortical impact rats were randomized to receive a single injection of either saline or two different doses of UCCB01-144 (10 or 20 mg/kg IV) immediately after injury. Spatial learning and memory were assessed in a water maze at 2 weeks post-trauma, and at 4 weeks lesion volumes were estimated. Overall, UCCB01-144 did not protect against NMDA-toxicity in neuronal cultures or experimental TBI in rats. Important factors that should be investigated further in future studies assessing the effects of PSD-95 inhibitors in TBI are discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Khan MB, Hafez S, Hoda MN, Baban B, Wagner J, Awad ME, Sangabathula H, Haigh S, Elsalanty M, Waller JL, Hess DC. Chronic Remote Ischemic Conditioning Is Cerebroprotective and Induces Vascular Remodeling in a VCID Model. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:51-63. [PMID: 28755277 PMCID: PMC5750336 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) make up 50% of the cases of dementia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of chronic remote ischemic conditioning (C-RIC) on improving long-term (6 months) outcomes and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and collateral formation in a mouse model of VCID. Adult C57BL/6J male mice (10 weeks) were randomly assigned to four different groups: (1) sham-bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), (2) BCAS + sham RIC, (3) BCAS+C-RIC for 1 month (1MO), and (4) BCAS+C-RIC-4 months (4MO). CBF, cognitive impairment, and functional outcomes were performed up for 6 months after BCAS surgery. The expression of CD31, α-SMA, and myelin basic protein (MBP) was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additional set of mice were randomized to sham, BCAS, and BCAS+C-RIC. The cerebrovascular angioarchitecture was studied with micro-CT. RIC therapy for either 1 or 4 months significantly improved CBF, new collateral formation, functional and cognitive outcomes, and prevented white matter damage. There was no difference between C-RIC for 1 or 4 months; IHC studies at 6 months showed an increase in brain CD31 and α-SMA expression indicating increased angiogenesis and MBP indicating preservation of white matter in animals receiving RIC. One month of daily RIC is as effective as 4 months of daily RIC in improving CBF, angiogenesis, and long-term functional outcomes (6 months) in a VCID model. This suggests that 1 month of RIC is sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment and induce beneficial cerebrovascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badruzzaman Khan
- Departments of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Sherif Hafez
- Departments of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imagine and Radiologic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jesse Wagner
- Departments of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mohamed E Awad
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hasith Sangabathula
- Departments of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Waller
- Departments of Biostatistics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Departments of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CA1053, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
NADPH Oxidase 2 Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in the Brain after Traumatic Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6057609. [PMID: 28785377 PMCID: PMC5529650 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6057609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. After the initial primary mechanical injury, a complex secondary injury cascade involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation follows, which may exacerbate the injury and complicate the healing process. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is a major contributor to oxidative stress in TBI pathology, and inhibition of NOX2 is neuroprotective. The NLRP3 inflammasome can become activated in response to oxidative stress, but little is known about the role of NOX2 in regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation following TBI. In this study, we utilized NOX2 knockout mice to study the role of NOX2 in mediating NLRP3 inflammasome expression and activation following a controlled cortical impact. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), as well as its downstream products cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), was robustly increased in the injured cerebral cortex following TBI. Deletion of NOX2 attenuated the expression, assembly, and activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome via a mechanism that was associated with TXNIP, a sensor of oxidative stress. The results support the notion that NOX2-dependent inflammasome activation contributes to TBI pathology.
Collapse
|
50
|
Braun M, Vaibhav K, Saad NM, Fatima S, Vender JR, Baban B, Hoda MN, Dhandapani KM. White matter damage after traumatic brain injury: A role for damage associated molecular patterns. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2614-2626. [PMID: 28533056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and long-term morbidity worldwide. Despite decades of pre-clinical investigation, therapeutic strategies focused on acute neuroprotection failed to improve TBI outcomes. This lack of translational success has necessitated a reassessment of the optimal targets for intervention, including a heightened focus on secondary injury mechanisms. Chronic immune activation correlates with progressive neurodegeneration for decades after TBI; however, significant challenges remain in functionally and mechanistically defining immune activation after TBI. In this review, we explore the burgeoning evidence implicating the acute release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), S100 proteins, and hyaluronic acid in the initiation of progressive neurological injury, including white matter loss after TBI. The role that pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptor and purinergic receptors, play in progressive neurological injury after TBI is detailed. Finally, we provide support for the notion that resident and infiltrating macrophages are critical cellular targets linking acute DAMP release with adaptive immune responses and chronic injury after TBI. The therapeutic potential of targeting DAMPs and barriers to clinical translational, in the context of TBI patient management, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Braun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nancy M Saad
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sumbul Fatima
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|