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Lech PJ, Russell SJ. Use of attenuated paramyxoviruses for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1275-302. [PMID: 21087107 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses, measles virus (MV), mumps virus (MuV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), are well known for causing measles and mumps in humans and Newcastle disease in birds. These viruses have been tamed (attenuated) and successfully used as vaccines to immunize their hosts. Remarkably, pathogenic MuV and vaccine strains of MuV, MV and NDV efficiently infect and kill cancer cells and are consequently being investigated as novel cancer therapies (oncolytic virotherapy). Phase I/II clinical trials have shown promise but treatment efficacy needs to be enhanced. Technologies being developed to increase treatment efficacy include: virotherapy in combination with immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide); retargeting of viruses to specific tumor types or tumor vasculature; using infected cell carriers to protect and deliver the virus to tumors; and genetic manipulation of the virus to increase viral spread and/or express transgenes during viral replication. Transgenes have enabled noninvasive imaging or tracking of viral gene expression and enhancement of tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja J Lech
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Molecular Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Measles vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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GLASGOW LA. LEUKOCYTES AND INTERFERON IN THE HOST RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTIONS. I. MOUSE LEUKOCYTES AND LEUKOCYTE-PRODUCED INTERFERON IN VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION IN VITRO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:1001-18. [PMID: 14319399 PMCID: PMC2138021 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.6.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1. Investigation of the role of leukocytes in vaccinia virus infection is reported in an in vitro model, in the absence of an immune response. 2. Mouse leukocytes were shown to be capable of inhibiting the progression of vaccinia virus infection in primary mouse embryo fibroblast cultures. The degree of protection varied from slowing of spread of infection to complete control of the infection with eventual elimination of detectable virus and recovery of the culture. 3. Interferon production by leukocytes is thought to be an important factor in the observed protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Oldstone
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P Borrow
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Attibele N, Wyde PR, Trial J, Smole SC, Smith CW, Rossen RD. Measles virus-induced changes in leukocyte function antigen 1 expression and leukocyte aggregation: possible role in measles virus pathogenesis. J Virol 1993; 67:1075-9. [PMID: 8093488 PMCID: PMC237463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.1075-1079.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infection of U937 cell or peripheral blood leukocyte cultures was shown to induce changes in the expression of leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) and cause marked aggregation of these cells. Addition of selected monoclonal antibodies specific for LFA-1 epitopes that did not neutralize MV in standard neutralization assays were found to block both virus-induced leukocyte aggregation and virus dissemination. These data suggest that MV modulation of LFA-1 expression on leukocytes may be an important step in MV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Attibele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are postulated to play an important role in host anti-viral defences. We measured natural killer cell activity in 30 individuals with acute measles (73 +/- 21 lytic units (LU)/10(7) cells) and 16 individuals with other infectious diseases (149 +/- 95 LU) and found it reduced compared with values for adults (375 +/- 70 LU; P less than 0.001) or children (300 +/- 73 LU, P less than 0.01) without infection. Reduced natural killer cell activity was found in measles patients with (84 +/- 30 LU) and without (55 +/- 18 LU) complications and was present for at least 3 weeks after the onset of the rash. Activity was increased by in vitro exposure of cells to interleukin-2. Depressed natural killer cell activity parallels in time the suppression of other parameters of cell-mediated immunity that occurs during measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Abstract
Measles is associated with alterations in immune regulation that sometimes lead to secondary infections or autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Simultaneously, an effective measles virus-specific immune response develops. To relate immune activation to measles and its complications, we studied the spontaneous proliferation of blood mononuclear cells and circulating levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and CD8 T-cell antigens in 126 patients with complicated or uncomplicated measles at various stages of the disease. Spontaneous proliferation of mononuclear cells, which was present through the first week of the rash, was greater in cells from patients with measles (8787 +/- 1403 cpm) than in those from healthy children (1529 +/- 237 cpm, P less than 0.0001). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (3385 +/- 195 units per milliliter) and CD8 (4145 +/- 437 units per milliliter) were higher in patients with measles than in those with other infectious diseases (2377 +/- 440, P = 0.003; 2399 +/- 771, P = 0.0374) or in healthy children (865 +/- 138, P less than 0.0001; 1026 +/- 169, P less than 0.0001). Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor were elevated before the onset of the rash and remained elevated for several weeks. In contrast, levels of soluble CD8 increased only when the rash appeared, and subsided quickly. Spontaneous proliferation of mononuclear cells and levels of soluble CD8 were similar in patients with uncomplicated disease, pneumonia, or encephalomyelitis, but soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels were lower in patients with encephalomyelitis (2312 +/- 314 vs. 3455 +/- 247 units per milliliter in uncomplicated measles; P = 0.01). In patients with encephalomyelitis, cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD8 (686 +/- 350 units per milliliter), but not interleukin-2 receptor (9 +/- 8.3 units per milliliter), were increased. We conclude that the proliferative phase of the immune response, as measured by the release of soluble interleukin-2 receptor, begins before the rash appears, continues for several weeks in those without complications, but does not occur within the nervous system. In contrast, the effector phase of the immune response, as measured by the release of soluble CD8, coincides with the appearance and disappearance of the rash and occurs within the nervous system during encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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McChesney MB, Oldstone MB. Virus-induced immunosuppression: infections with measles virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Adv Immunol 1989; 45:335-80. [PMID: 2665441 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M B McChesney
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
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Fournier JG, Tardieu M, Lebon P, Robain O, Ponsot G, Rozenblatt S, Bouteille M. Detection of measles virus RNA in lymphocytes from peripheral-blood and brain perivascular infiltrates of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:910-5. [PMID: 4033727 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198510103131502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the relation between lymphocytes and measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, we used in situ hybridization and a cloned measles virus DNA probe, specific for nucleocapsid protein, to detect measles virus RNA sequences in circulating lymphocytes and brain perivascular cuffs of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Seventy to 90 per cent of peripheral mononuclear cells from three such patients were found to contain measles virus RNA sequences. In contrast, only a few infected cells were observed in four seropositive adults (0.1 to 5 per cent) and three age-matched children (10 to 15 per cent) used as controls. In one sample of brain tissue from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, viral RNA sequences were also detected in nerve cells and in numerous cells from the perivascular infiltrates. In contrast, no hybridization was observed in brain tissue from a patient with herpetic encephalitis and from a patient with postlymphoma encephalitis. We conclude that measles virus has a strong tropism for lymphocytes and nerve cells in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and that lymphocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Abramowitz A, Tamir I, Livni N, Lotan C, Morag A. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-associated antigenemia in measles: demonstration and significance. J Med Virol 1984; 13:293-9. [PMID: 6374033 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890130311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used for the identification of measles virus (MeV) antigen in routinely prepared peripheral blood smears. Characteristic brown immunoperoxidase staining was present in the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in 25 of 31 children during the exanthematous stage of measles. No peroxidase staining was seen on peripheral blood smears in any of 9 children convalescing from measles or in 9 children with upper respiratory tract infections ( URTI ) without exanthema. These findings were confirmed by control studies and were reproduced by immunofluorescent staining. The data suggest that MeV antigen is localized in the PMN leukocytes during the acute stage of measles infection, and may be connected to phagocytosis of viral antigenic material by PMN leukocytes. The technique described has potential for rapid laboratory diagnosis of measles and, possibly, of other viral infections during the acute stage and before measurable amounts of antibodies are produced.
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Parhad IM, Johnson KP, Wolinsky JS, Swoveland P. Encephalitis after inhalation of measles virus: a pathogenetic study in hamsters. Ann Neurol 1981; 9:21-7. [PMID: 7212663 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410090105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A neuroadapted strain of measles virus (HNT) was administered by inhalation to newborn hamsters. Primary replication of virus in the lung was followed by the transient appearance of virus in spleen within 7 to 9 days of inoculation. A terminal encephalitis occurred between 6 and 60 days in 31% of infected hamsters, and virus was recovered by explant culture of these brains. Virus could not be cultured directly from brain or tissue homogenates. At least 7% of hamsters that had survived the infection for two months had antibody to measles virus. The histopathological change in morbid animals was limited to the central nervous system (CNS) and consisted of small foci of necrosis, perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates, intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions, and vacuolated pyknotic neurons. Immunofluorescent studies disclosed measles antigen in the lungs and brain. This hamster model of measles encephalitis following a "natural" route of inoculation appears to represent a faithful reproduction of certain CNS complications of natural measles infection in humans, i.e., measles encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
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Gotlieb-Stematsky T, Rannon L, Vonsover A, Varsano N. Stimulation of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in acute viral infections. Arch Virol 1978; 57:199-204. [PMID: 209767 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute and convalescent sera from 77 patients with serologically confirmed influenza, measles and adenovirus infections and from 36 healthy controls were tested for the level of antibodies to Epstein-Barr (EB) virus. In the three groups of patients significantly higher titers of antibodies to EB viral capsid antigen (VCA) were found as compared to the controls. In 19 patients twofold or higher rise in antibody titers between the first and second blood sample was demonstrated. It is suggested that in patients with influenza, measles or adenovirus infections, involvement of lymphocytes leads to reactivation of EB virus and antibody formation is stimulated.
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Wolinsky JS, Swoveland P, Johnson KP, Baringer JR. Subacute measles encephalitis complicating Hodgkin's disease in an adult. Ann Neurol 1977; 1:452-7. [PMID: 214019 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410010508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A progressive neurological illness characterized by myoclonus, motor and sensory deficits, and lethargy occurred in a patient with Hodgkin's disease and was fatal within two months. A focal inclusion cell encephalitis was demonstrated by immunohistological means to be due to measles virus. Measles encephalitis must be considered a potential opportunistic agent in the immune-compromised host.
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Larsson A, Forsgren M, Hård af Segerstad S, Strander H, Cantell K. Administration of interferon to an infant with congenital rubella syndrome involving persistent viremia and cutaneous vasculitis. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1976; 65:105-10. [PMID: 1251716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Joseph BS, Lampert PW, Oldstone MB. Replication and persistence of measles virus in defined subpopulations of human leukocytes. J Virol 1975; 16:1638-49. [PMID: 1081602 PMCID: PMC355773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.6.1638-1649.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of Edmonston strain measles virus was studied in several human lymphoblast lines, as well as in defined subpopulations of circulating human leukocytes. It was found that measles virus can productively infect T cells, B cells, and monocytes from human blood. These conclusions were derived from infectious center studies on segregated cell populations, as well as from ultrastructural analyses on cells labeled with specific markers. In contrast, mature polymorphonuclear cells failed to synthesize measles virus nucleocapsids even after infection at a relatively high multiplicity of infection. Measles virus replicated more efficiently in lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens than in unstimulated cells. However, both phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen had a negligible stimulatory effect on viral synthesis in purified populations of monocytes. In all instances the efficiency of measles virus replication by monocytes was appreciably less than that of mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes or of continuously culture lymphoblasts. Under standard conditions of infection, all of the surveyed lymphoblast lines produced equivalent amounts of measles virus regardless of the major histocompatibility (HL-A) haplotype. Hence, no evidence was found that the HL-A3,7 haplotype conferred either an advantage or disadvantage with respect to measles virus synthesis in an immunologically neutral environment. A persistent infection with measles virus could be established in both T and B lymphoblasts. The release of infectious virus from such persistently infected cells was stable over a period of several weeks and was approximately 100-fold less than peak viral titers obtained in each respective line after acute infection.
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Osunkoya BO, Adeleye GI, Adejumo TA, Salimonu LS. Studies on leukocyte cultures in measles. II. Detection of measles virus antigen in human leucocytes by immunofluorescence. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 44:323-9. [PMID: 4605163 DOI: 10.1007/bf01251013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Two different types of inclusion bodies have been found by electron-microscopy in the cytoplasm of sectioned lymphocytes from children infected with measles.The first is tubular, 18 nm. internal diameter, embedded in osmiophilic material, and is found during the incubation period. It is not thought to be specific for measles, and is probably identical with structures recently reported in HEp-2 cell lines and tumour tissue.The second type is less obviously tubular and morphologically resembles measles nucleocapsid. This was found only after the rash had appeared.
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Jack I, Grutzner J. Cellular viraemia in babies infected with rubella virus before birth. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1969; 1:289-92. [PMID: 5812538 PMCID: PMC1982127 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5639.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viraemia has been detected in 10 out of 12 rubella syndrome babies at periods ranging from 1 to 196 days. The virus was found to be associated with leucocytes, and it is assumed that removal of neutralizing antibody is the most likely explanation for the high success rate in detecting viraemia. The findings are discussed in relation to diagnosis by virus isolation, to pathogenesis, and to the possible significance in explaining the failure of the foetus to develop a tolerance to rubella virus. Several published reports of viraemia in the acute exanthematous disease are contrasted with the less frequent reports of viraemia in the chronic disease of early postnatal life.
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Jack I, Todd H, Turner EK. Isolation of human cytomegalovirus from the circulating leucocytes of a leukaemic patient. Med J Aust 1968; 1:210-3. [PMID: 4295969 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1968.tb28457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Peller P, Goetz O, Eckhardt K. Vermehrung von Poliomyelitisviren in Kulturen von menschlichen Leukocyten. Med Microbiol Immunol 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02124761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Peebles TC. Distribution of virus in blood components during the viremia of measles. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1967; 22:43-7. [PMID: 5602134 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Heigl Z, von Zeipel G. Experimental infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus in Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus sylvaticus and mus musculus. 1. Virological studies. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1966; 66:489-509. [PMID: 5958418 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1966.66.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Portnoy B, Hanes B, Salvatore MA, Eckert HL. The peripheral white blood count in respirovirus infection. The journal The Journal of Pediatrics 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(66)80148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chany C. Physio-pathologie de la rougeole. Arch Virol 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01253799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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REIMANN HA. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. ANNUAL REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT PUBLICATIONS. Postgrad Med J 1964; 40:570-89. [PMID: 14220404 PMCID: PMC2482631 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.40.468.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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ARAKAWA S. Recent advances in measles virology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964; 38:1-38. [PMID: 14269508 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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