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Bhide Y, Dong W, Meijerhof T, de Vries-Idema J, Niesters HG, Huckriede A. Characterization of humoral immune responses and degree of protection induced by influenza vaccine in cotton rats: Effects of low vaccine dose and single vs booster vaccination. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:279-291. [PMID: 32319216 PMCID: PMC7416045 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cotton rats are a suitable model for the study of influenza disease symptoms and responses to influenza vaccination. We have previously shown that two immunizations with 15 µg whole inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccine could completely protect animals from infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. Methods To further explore the cotton rat model, we here investigated the protective potential of a single intramuscular immunization and of prime/boost intramuscular immunizations with a low amount of antigen. Results A single intramuscular immunization with doses more than or equal to 0.5 µg WIV reliably evoked antibody responses and doses more than or equal to 1 µg protected the animals from virus replication in the lungs and from severe weight loss. However, clinical symptoms like an increased respiration rate were still apparent. Administration of a booster dose significantly increased the humoral immune responses but did not or only moderately improved protection from clinical symptoms. Conclusion Our data suggest that complete and partial protection by influenza vaccines can be mimicked in cotton rats by using specific vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshita Bhide
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert G Niesters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Patel MC, Pletneva LM, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Kajon AE, Blanco JCG. Immunization with Live Human Rhinovirus (HRV) 16 Induces Protection in Cotton Rats against HRV14 Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1646. [PMID: 28912760 PMCID: PMC5583225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the main cause of cold-like illnesses, and currently no vaccine or antiviral therapies against HRVs are available to prevent or mitigate HRV infection. There are more than 150 antigenically heterogeneous HRV serotypes, with ∼90 HRVs belonging to major group species A and B. Development of small animal models that are susceptible to infection with major group HRVs would be beneficial for vaccine research. Previously, we showed that the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is semi-permissive to HRV16 (major group, species HRV-A virus) infection, replicating in the upper and lower respiratory tracts with measurable pathology, mucus production, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we report that intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV14 (major group, species HRV-B virus) results in isolation of infectious virus from the nose and lung. Similar to HRV16, intramuscular immunization with live HRV14 induces homologous protection that correlated with high levels of serum neutralizing antibodies. Vaccination and challenge experiments with HRV14 and HRV16 to evaluate the development of cross-protective immunity demonstrate that intramuscular immunization with live HRV16 significantly protects animals against HRV14 challenge. Determination of the immunological mechanisms involved in heterologous protection and further characterization of infection with other major HRV serotypes in the cotton rat could enhance the robustness of the model to define heterotypic relationships between this diverse group of viruses and thereby increase its potential for development of a multi-serotype HRV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., RockvilleMD, United States
| | | | | | - Stefanie N Vogel
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Adriana E Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
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Patel MC, Wang W, Pletneva LM, Rajagopala SV, Tan Y, Hartert TV, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Das SR, Blanco JCG. Enterovirus D-68 Infection, Prophylaxis, and Vaccination in a Novel Permissive Animal Model, the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166336. [PMID: 27814404 PMCID: PMC5096705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in detection of Enterovirus D-68 (EV-D68) among patients with severe respiratory infections worldwide. EV-D68 is now recognized as a re-emerging pathogen; however, due to lack of a permissive animal model for EV-D68, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and immune response against EV-D68 has been hampered. Recently, it was shown that EV-D68 has a strong affinity for α2,6-linked sialic acids (SAs) and we have shown previously that α2,6-linked SAs are abundantly present in the respiratory tract of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Thus, we hypothesized that cotton rats could be a potential model for EV-D68 infection. Here, we evaluated the ability of two recently isolated EV-D68 strains (VANBT/1 and MO/14/49), along with the historical prototype Fermon strain (ATCC), to infect cotton rats. We found that cotton rats are permissive to EV-D68 infection without virus adaptation. The different strains of EV-D68 showed variable infection profiles and the ability to produce neutralizing antibody (NA) upon intranasal infection or intramuscular immunization. Infection with the VANBT/1 resulted in significant induction of pulmonary cytokine gene expression and lung pathology. Intramuscular immunization with live VANBT/1 or MO/14/49 induced strong homologous antibody responses, but a moderate heterologous NA response. We showed that passive prophylactic administration of serum with high content of NA against VANBT/1 resulted in an efficient antiviral therapy. VANBT/1-immunized animals showed complete protection from VANBT/1 challenge, but induced strong pulmonary Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses and enhanced lung pathology, indicating the generation of exacerbated immune response by immunization. In conclusion, our data illustrate that the cotton rat is a powerful animal model that provides an experimental platform to investigate pathogenesis, immune response, anti-viral therapies and vaccines against EV-D68 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C. Patel
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Seesandra V. Rajagopala
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Tan
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suman R. Das
- Infectious Diseases Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCGB); (SRD)
| | - Jorge C. G. Blanco
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCGB); (SRD)
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Ehlen L, Tödtmann J, Specht S, Kallies R, Papies J, Müller MA, Junglen S, Drosten C, Eckerle I. Epithelial cell lines of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) are highly susceptible in vitro models to zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviruses. Virol J 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27142375 PMCID: PMC4855710 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small mammals such as bats and rodents have been increasingly recognized as reservoirs of novel potentially zoonotic pathogens. However, few in vitro model systems to date allow assessment of zoonotic viruses in a relevant host context. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a New World rodent species that has a long-standing history as an experimental animal model due to its unique susceptibility to human viruses. Furthermore, wild cotton rats are associated with a large variety of known or potentially zoonotic pathogens. Methods A method for the isolation and culture of airway epithelial cell lines recently developed for bats was applied for the generation of rodent airway and renal epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat. Continuous cell lines were characterized for their epithelial properties as well as for their interferon competence. Susceptibility to members of zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviridae, in particular Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was tested. Furthermore, novel arthropod-derived viruses belonging to the families Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae were tested. Results We successfully established airway and kidney epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat, and characterized their epithelial properties. Cells were shown to be interferon-competent. Viral infection assays showed high-titre viral replication of RVFV, VSV, WNV, and TBEV, as well as production of infectious virus particles. No viral replication was observed for novel arthropod-derived members of the Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae families in these cell lines. Conclusion In the current study, we showed that newly established cell lines from the cotton rat can serve as host-specific in vitro models for viral infection experiments. These cell lines may also serve as novel tools for virus isolation, as well as for the investigation of virus-host interactions in a relevant host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ehlen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Tödtmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Carsillo T, Huey D, Levinsky A, Obojes K, Schneider-Schaulies J, Niewiesk S. Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150) is an entry receptor for measles virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110120. [PMID: 25295727 PMCID: PMC4190324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) replicate measles virus (MV) after intranasal infection in the respiratory tract and lymphoid tissue. We have cloned the cotton rat signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (CD150, SLAM) in order to investigate its role as a potential receptor for MV. Cotton rat CD150 displays 58% and 78% amino acid homology with human and mouse CD150, respectively. By staining with a newly generated cotton rat CD150 specific monoclonal antibody expression of CD150 was confirmed in cotton rat lymphoid cells and in tissues with a pattern of expression similar to mouse and humans. Previously, binding of MV hemagglutinin has been shown to be dependent on amino acids 60, 61 and 63 in the V region of CD150. The human molecule contains isoleucine, histidine and valine at these positions and binds to MV-H whereas the mouse molecule contains valine, arginine and leucine and does not function as a receptor for MV. In the cotton rat molecule, amino acids 61 and 63 are identical with the mouse molecule and amino acid 60 with the human molecule. After transfection with cotton rat CD150 HEK 293 T cells became susceptible to infection with single cycle VSV pseudotype virus expressing wild type MV glycoproteins and with a MV wildtype virus. After infection, cells expressing cotton rat CD150 replicated virus to lower levels than cells expressing the human molecule and formed smaller plaques. These data might explain why the cotton rat is a semipermissive model for measles virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carsillo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amy Levinsky
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karola Obojes
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Blanco JC, Core S, Pletneva LM, March TH, Boukhvalova MS, Kajon AE. PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBODY TREATMENT AND INTRAMUSCULAR IMMUNIZATION REDUCE INFECTIOUS HUMAN RHINOVIRUS 16 LOAD IN THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHALLENGED COTTON RATS. TRIALS IN VACCINOLOGY 2014; 3:52-60. [PMID: 25328560 PMCID: PMC4199241 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) represent the single most important etiological agents of the common cold and are the most frequent cause of acute respiratory infections in humans. Currently the performance of available animal models for immunization studies using HRV challenge is very limited. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a well-recognized model for the study of human respiratory viral infections. In this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the virus, intranasal infection of cotton rats with HRV16 resulted in measurable lower respiratory tract pathology, mucus production, and expression of interferon-activated genes. Intramuscular immunization with live HRV16 generated robust protective immunity that correlated with high serum levels of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, cotton rats treated prophylactically with hyperimmune anti-HRV16 serum were protected against HRV16 intranasal challenge. Finally, protection by immunization was efficiently transferred from mothers to newborn animals resulting in a substantial reduction of infectious virus loads in the lung following intranasal challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cotton rat provides valuable additional model development options for testing vaccines and prophylactic therapies against rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Core
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States
| | | | | | | | - Adriana E. Kajon
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, United States
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Mok H, Cheng X, Xu Q, Zengel JR, Parhy B, Zhao J, Wang CK, Jin H. Evaluation of Measles Vaccine Virus as a Vector to Deliver Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein or Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein gp350. Open Virol J 2012; 6:12-22. [PMID: 22383906 PMCID: PMC3286841 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated recombinant measles vaccine virus (MV) Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) strain was evaluated as a viral vector to express the ectodomains of fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV F) or glycoprotein 350 of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV gp350) as candidate vaccines for prophylaxis of RSV and EBV. The glycoprotein gene was inserted at the 1st or the 3rd position of the measles virus genome and the recombinant viruses were generated. Insertion of the foreign gene at the 3rd position had a minimal impact on viral replication in vitro. RSV F or EBV gp350 protein was secreted from infected cells. In cotton rats, EZ-RSV F and EZ-EBV gp350 induced MV- and insert-specific antibody responses. In addition, both vaccines also induced insert specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting T cell response. EZ-RSV F protected cotton rats from pulmonary replication of RSV A2 challenge infection. In rhesus macaques, although both EZ-RSV F and EZ-EBV gp350 induced MV specific neutralizing antibody responses, only RSV F specific antibody response was detected. Thus, the immunogenicity of the foreign antigens delivered by measles vaccine virus is dependent on the nature of the insert and the animal models used for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyin Mok
- MedImmune LLC., 319 North Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, California, USA
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Kisich KO, Higgins MP, Park I, Cape SP, Lindsay L, Bennett DJ, Winston S, Searles J, Sievers RE. Dry powder measles vaccine: particle deposition, virus replication, and immune response in cotton rats following inhalation. Vaccine 2010; 29:905-12. [PMID: 20974303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A stable and high potency dry powder measles vaccine with a particle size distribution suitable for inhalation was manufactured by CO(2)-Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer(®) (CAN-BD) process from bulk liquid Edmonston-Zagreb live attenuated measles virus vaccine supplied by the Serum Institute of India. A novel dry powder inhaler, the PuffHaler(®) was adapted for use in evaluating the utility of cotton rats to study the vaccine deposition, vaccine virus replication, and immune response following inhalation of the dry powder measles vaccine. Vaccine deposition in the lungs of cotton rats and subsequent viral replication was detected by measles-specific RT-PCR, and viral replication was confined to the lungs. Inhalation delivery resulted in an immune response comparable to that following injection. The cotton rat model is useful for evaluating new measles vaccine formulations and delivery devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Kisich
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Adaptation of wild-type measles virus to cotton rat lung cells: E89K mutation in matrix protein contributes to its fitness. Virus Genes 2009; 39:330-4. [PMID: 19826940 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type measles virus (wtMeV) adapted well to cotton rat lung (CRL) cells after serial passages. In order to evaluate the contributions of the individual genes of wtMeV for adaptation, whole genome sequences of the adapted and original viruses were determined and analyzed. The results showed that there were two mutations in the whole genome of the adapted virus. One mutation was located at the 265th nucleotide in the open reading frame (ORF) of the M gene, resulting in the substitution of the 89th amino acid from E (glutamate) to K (lysine). The other was a silent mutation located at the 4182nd nucleotide in the ORF of the L gene. It was demonstrated that the E89K mutation in the M protein is responsible for the adaptation of wtMeV MV99Y in CRL cells. Cotton rats were infected with adapted virus and the original strain via intranasal inoculation. Virus titer results showed that adapted strain replicated better than the original strain in cotton rat lungs. It is suggested that the E89K mutation also contributes to the enhancement of wtMeV replication in a cotton rat model infected intranasally. The results revealed that the E89K mutation in the M protein plays a key role in wtMeV adaptation in cotton rat and CRL cells.
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Trias EL, Hassantoufighi A, Prince GA, Eichelberger MC. Comparison of airway measurements during influenza-induced tachypnea in infant and adult cotton rats. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9:28. [PMID: 19515232 PMCID: PMC2706213 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) is frequently observed as a clinical sign of influenza pneumonia in pediatric patients admitted to the hospital. We previously demonstrated that influenza infection of adult cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) also results in tachypnea and wanted to establish whether this clinical sign was observed in infected infant cotton rats. We hypothesized that age-dependent differences in lung mechanics result in differences in ventilatory characteristics following influenza infection. Methods Lung tidal volume, dynamic elastance, resistance, and pleural pressure were measured in a resistance and compliance system on mechanically-ventilated anesthestized young (14–28 day old) and adult (6–12 week old) cotton rats. Animals at the same age were infected with influenza virus, and breathing rates and other respiratory measurements were recorded using a whole body flow plethysmograph. Results Adult cotton rats had significantly greater tidal volume (TV), and lower resistance and elastance than young animals. To evaluate the impact of this increased lung capacity and stiffening on respiratory disease, young and adult animals were infected intra-nasally with influenza A/Wuhan/359/95. Both age groups had increased respiratory rate and enhanced pause (Penh) during infection, suggesting lower airway obstruction. However, in spite of significant tachypnea, the infant (unlike the adult) cotton rats maintained the same tidal volume, resulting in an increased minute volume. In addition, the parameters that contribute to Penh were different: while relaxation time between breaths and time of expiration was decreased in both age groups, a disproportionate increase in peak inspiratory and expiratory flow contributed to the increase in Penh in infant animals. Conclusion While respiratory rate is increased in both adult and infant influenza-infected cotton rats, the volume of air exchanged per minute (minute volume) is increased in the infant animals only. This is likely to be a consequence of greater lung elastance in the very young animals. This model replicates many respiratory features of humans and consequently may be a useful tool to investigate new strategies to treat respiratory disease in influenza-infected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elman L Trias
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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11
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Carsillo M, Kutala VK, Puschel K, Blanco J, Kuppusamy P, Niewiesk S. Nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression by cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) macrophages reflect the same pattern as human macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:718-24. [PMID: 19154756 PMCID: PMC2852107 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the antibacterial role of nitric oxide (NO) during infection is based on studies of murine macrophages, which secrete large amounts of NO. In contrast, human macrophages produce very little NO and its relevance as an antibacterial mediator during infection of humans is uncertain. We have defined bone marrow-derived macrophages from cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). These macrophages display phenotypical and functional characteristics similar to other rodent and human macrophages. The most interesting finding was the low level of NO production which is in contrast to findings for murine macrophages, but consistent with those of humans. In spite of these low levels, inhibition of NO production led to a decrease in killing of bacteria. Cotton rats are highly susceptible to a variety of human pathogens and therefore offer a rodent model of infectious diseases with similar characteristics to humans in terms of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Carsillo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | | | - Karen Puschel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
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Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model has proven to be a suitable small animal model for measles virus pathogenesis to fill the niche between tissue culture and studies in macaques. Similar to mice, inbred cotton rats are available in a microbiologically defined quality with an ever-increasing arsenal of reagents and methods available for the study of infectious diseases. Cotton rats replicate measles virus in the respiratory tract and (depending on virus strain) in lymphoid organs. They can be infected with vaccine, wild-type, and recombinant measles viruses and have been used to study viruses with genetic modifications. Other areas of study include efficacy testing of antivirals and vaccines. The cotton rat also has been an informative animal model to investigate measles virus-induced immune suppression and suppression of vaccination by maternal antibodies. In addition, the cotton rat promises to be a useful model for the study of polymicrobial disease (interaction between measles virus and secondary pathogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Making it to the synapse: measles virus spread in and among neurons. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 330:3-30. [PMID: 19203102 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is one of the most transmissible microorganisms known, continuing to result in extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. While rare, MV can infect the human central nervous system, triggering fatal CNS diseases weeks to years after exposure. The advent of crucial laboratory tools to dissect MV neuropathogenesis, including permissive transgenic mouse models, the capacity to manipulate the viral genome using reverse genetics, and cell biology advances in understanding the processes that govern intracellular trafficking of viral components, have substantially clarified how MV infects, spreads, and persists in this unique cell population. This review highlights some of these technical advances, followed by a discussion of our present understanding of MV neuronal infection and transport. Because some of these processes may be shared among diverse viruses, comparisons are made to parallel studies with other neurotropic viruses. While a crystallized view of how the unique environment of the neuron affects MV replication, spread, and, ultimately, neuropathogenesis is not fully realized, the tools and ideas are in place for exciting advances in the coming years.
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Chapter 4 Receptor Interactions, Tropism, and Mechanisms Involved in Morbillivirus‐Induced Immunomodulation. Adv Virus Res 2008; 71:173-205. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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El Mubarak HS, Yüksel S, van Amerongen G, Mulder PGH, Mukhtar MM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with different wild-type measles viruses. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2028-2034. [PMID: 17554037 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have been used as animal models for measles vaccination and immunopathogenesis studies. A number of studies have suggested that experimental measles virus (MV) infection induces more-characteristic clinical features in rhesus than in cynomolgus monkeys. In the present study, both macaque species were infected with two different wild-type MV strains and clinical, virological and immunological parameters were compared. The viruses used were a genotype C2 virus isolated in The Netherlands in 1991 (MV-Bil) and a genotype B3 virus isolated from a severe measles case in Sudan in 1997 (MV-Sudan). Following infection, all rhesus monkeys developed a skin rash and conjunctivitis, which were less obvious in cynomolgus monkeys. Fever was either mild or absent in both species. Virus reisolation profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and broncho-alveolar lavage cells and the kinetics of MV-specific IgM and IgG responses were largely identical in the two animal species. However, in animals infected with MV-Sudan, viraemia appeared earlier and lasted longer than in animals infected with MV-Bil. This was also reflected by the earlier appearance of MV-specific serum IgM antibodies after infection with MV-Sudan. Collectively, these data show that cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are equally susceptible to wild-type MV infection, although infection in the skin seems to follow a different course in rhesus macaques. MV-Sudan proved more pathogenic for non-human primates than MV-Bil, which may render it more suitable for use in future pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sittana El Mubarak
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul G H Mulder
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Moll M, Pfeuffer J, Klenk HD, Niewiesk S, Maisner A. Polarized glycoprotein targeting affects the spread of measles virus in vitro and in vivo. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1019-1027. [PMID: 15039544 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that basolateral targeting of plasmid-encoded measles virus (MV) F and H protein is dependent on single tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tails of the glycoproteins and is essential for fusion activity in polarized epithelial cells. Here, we present data on the functional importance of polarized glycoprotein expression for the cytopathic properties of infectious MV in culture and for pathogenesis in vivo. By the introduction of single point mutations, we generated recombinant viruses in which the basolateral targeting signal of either one or both glycoproteins was destroyed (tyrosine mutants). As a consequence, the mutated glycoproteins were predominantly expressed on the apical membrane of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast to parental MV, none of these virus mutants was able to spread by syncytia formation in polarized cells showing that the presence of both MV glycoproteins at the basolateral cell surface is required for cell-to-cell fusion in vitro. Using cotton rats as an animal model that allows MV replication in the respiratory tract, we showed that basolateral glycoprotein targeting is also of importance for the spread of infection in vivo. Whereas parental MV was able to spread laterally within the respiratory epithelium and from there to cells in the underlying tissue, tyrosine mutants infected only single epithelial and very few subepithelial cells. These data strongly suggest that basolateral targeting of MV glycoproteins helps to overcome the epithelial barrier and thereby facilitates the systemic spread of MV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Moll
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Pfeuffer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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17
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Eichelberger MC, Prince GA, Ottolini MG. Influenza-induced tachypnea is prevented in immune cotton rats, but cannot be treated with an anti-inflammatory steroid or a neuraminidase inhibitor. Virology 2004; 322:300-7. [PMID: 15110527 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality during winter months. Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) is a sign of increasing lower respiratory disease during influenza infection and is frequently observed in hospitalized patients. We investigated this clinical sign in influenza virus-infected cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and the efficacy of antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing symptomatic disease. Cotton rats infected intranasally with A/Wuhan/359/95 (H3N2) had increased respiratory rates from 1 to 4 days postinfection that correlated with the dose of virus used to inoculate the animal but not the amount of virus recovered from the lung. In addition, evaluation of sequential lung tissue pathology revealed that extensive epithelial cell destruction of small airways correlated with tachypnea. Increased respiratory rate was not observed in immune animals, supporting results that demonstrated a requirement for exposure to, and infection by, large amounts of live virus for induction of tachypnea. A variety of therapeutic approaches proved ineffective in reducing tachypnea, including anti-inflammatory therapy with systemic triamcinolone acetonide, bronchodilatory therapy with levalbuterol, or antiviral therapy with zanamivir. These results, together with the pathologic observations, suggest that early disruption of the lower respiratory tract epithelium is a major component of the pathophysiology of influenza infection. Therapeutic approaches need to be tailored to clear airway obstruction and restore an intact epithelium.
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18
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Schlereth B, Buonocore L, Tietz A, Meulen VT, Rose JK, Niewiesk S. Successful mucosal immunization of cotton rats in the presence of measles virus-specific antibodies depends on degree of attenuation of vaccine vector and virus dose. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2145-2151. [PMID: 12867646 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After passive transfer of measles virus (MV)-specific antibodies, vaccine-induced seroconversion and subsequent protection is inhibited in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). In this system, an attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the MV haemagglutinin (VSV-H) was found previously to induce neutralizing antibodies and protection against MV challenge after intranasal (i.n.) immunization. Here it is demonstrated that, after i.n. immunization, VSV-H is found in both lung and brain tissue in the absence of clinical signs. Intratracheal inoculation, which does not lead to infection of the brain, proved that immunization via the lung mucosa is sufficient to protect. To reduce or eliminate infection of the brain after i.n. inoculation, stepwise-attenuated VSV-H mutants with truncated cytoplasmic tails of the G protein were tested in cotton rats. A mutant with 9 aa in the G cytoplasmic tail was found at much lower levels in the brain and was protective in the absence or presence of MV-specific antibodies. A more attenuated mutant containing only 1 aa in its tail was not found in brain tissue after inoculation, but it still induced protective antibody to measles in the absence of MV-specific antibody. However, its ability to induce MV-neutralizing antibodies in the presence of passively transferred MV-specific antibodies and its protective capacity was abolished unless higher-dose immunizations were used. This study demonstrates that a lower degree of attenuation is required to be able to immunize in the presence of MV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schlereth
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Linda Buonocore
- Departments of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Annette Tietz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Ter Meulen
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - John K Rose
- Departments of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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19
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Pütz MM, Bouche FB, de Swart RL, Muller CP. Experimental vaccines against measles in a world of changing epidemiology. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:525-45. [PMID: 12782053 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with the current live attenuated measles vaccine is one of the most successful and cost-effective medical interventions. However, as a result of persisting maternal antibodies and immaturity of the infant immune system, this vaccine is poorly immunogenic in children <9 months old. Immunity against the live vaccine is less robust than natural immunity and protection less durable. There may also be some concern about (vaccine) virus spread during the final stage of an eventual measles eradication program. Opinions may differ with respect to the potential threat that some of these concerns may be to the World Health Organisation goal of measles elimination, but there is a consensus that the development of new measles vaccines cannot wait. Candidate vaccines are based on viral or bacterial vectors expressing recombinant viral proteins, naked DNA, immune stimulating complexes or synthetic peptides mimicking neutralising epitopes. While some of these candidate vaccines have proven their efficacy in monkey studies, aerosol formulated live attenuated measles vaccine are evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Pütz
- Department of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, 1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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20
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Pasetti MF, Barry EM, Losonsky G, Singh M, Medina-Moreno SM, Polo JM, Ulmer J, Robinson H, Sztein MB, Levine MM. Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Shigella flexneri 2a strains mucosally deliver DNA vaccines encoding measles virus hemagglutinin, inducing specific immune responses and protection in cotton rats. J Virol 2003; 77:5209-17. [PMID: 12692223 PMCID: PMC153971 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.9.5209-5217.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries. Residual maternal measles antibodies and immunologic immaturity dampen immunogenicity of the current vaccine in young infants. Because cotton rat respiratory tract is susceptible to measles virus (MV) replication after intranasal (i.n.) challenge, this model can be used to assess the efficacy of MV vaccines. Pursuing a new measles vaccine strategy that might be effective in young infants, we used attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CVD 908-htrA and Shigella flexneri 2a CVD 1208 vaccines to deliver mucosally to cotton rats eukaryotic expression plasmid pGA3-mH and Sindbis virus-based DNA replicon pMSIN-H encoding MV hemagglutinin (H). The initial i.n. dose-response with bacterial vectors alone identified a well-tolerated dosage (1 x 10(9) to 7 x 10(9) CFU) and a volume (20 micro l) that elicited strong antivector immune responses. Animals immunized i.n. on days 0, 28, and 76 with bacterial vectors carrying DNA plasmids encoding MV H or immunized parenterally with these naked DNA vaccine plasmids developed MV plaque reduction neutralizing antibodies and proliferative responses against MV antigens. In a subsequent experiment of identical design, cotton rats were challenged with wild-type MV 1 month after the third dose of vaccine or placebo. MV titers were significantly reduced in lung tissue of animals immunized with MV DNA vaccines delivered either via bacterial live vectors or parenterally. Since attenuated serovar Typhi and S. flexneri can deliver measles DNA vaccines mucosally in cotton rats, inducing measles immune responses (including neutralizing antibodies) and protection, boosting strategies can now be evaluated in animals primed with MV DNA vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Measles/immunology
- Measles/prevention & control
- Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Measles Vaccine/genetics
- Measles Vaccine/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Salmonella typhi/genetics
- Salmonella typhi/immunology
- Shigella flexneri/genetics
- Shigella flexneri/immunology
- Sigmodontinae
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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21
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Weidinger G, Ohlmann M, Schlereth B, Sutter G, Niewiesk S. Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects against measles virus infection in the mouse and cotton rat model. Vaccine 2001; 19:2764-8. [PMID: 11282186 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been used as an experimental vaccine vector against respiratory infections. We have tested the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant virus expressing the hemagglutinin of measles virus (MVA-MV-H) using the mouse model of measles virus induced encephalitis and the cotton rat model for respiratory infection. MVA-MV-H proved to induce a TH1 response, neutralizing antibodies and conferred protection against both encephalitis and lung infection. The cotton rat is very sensitive to infection with replication competent vaccinia virus. In these animals MVA-MV-H proved to be a very well tolerated vaccine. However, the efficiency in the presence of MV specific maternal antibodies was low (even using a prime-boost strategy) and therefore might have to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weidinger
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany
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22
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Niewiesk S. Studying experimental measles virus vaccines in the presence of maternal antibodies in the cotton rat model (Sigmodon hispidus). Vaccine 2001; 19:2250-3. [PMID: 11257342 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of vaccine-induced seroconversion after vaccination is one of the problems associated with measles virus (MV) immunization. In cotton rats, after transfer of human MV specific antibodies, vaccine-induced seroconversion is inhibited. With this model, it was shown that plasmid immunization (although successful in seronegative animals) was inhibited by maternal antibodies. In contrast, immunization via a mucosal surface with a vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the MV hemagglutinin induced seroconversion in the presence of maternal antibodies and subsequent protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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23
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Wyde PR, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus AD, Guzman E, Gilbert BE. Use of cotton rats for preclinical evaluation of measles vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:42-53. [PMID: 10924785 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued prevalence and medical impact of measles worldwide has created interest in the development of new generations of measles vaccines. Monkeys can be used for preclinical testing of these vaccines. However, a more practical and less expensive animal model is highly desirable, particularly for initial vaccine development and evaluation. Cotton rats have been shown to support the replication of different strains of measles virus (MV), and thus may be useful for these purposes. To test this concept, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two standard (Moraten and trivalent measles, mumps, rubella) and four experimental (two recombinant ALVAC, one ISCOM subunit and live attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb) MV vaccines were evaluated in naïve cotton rats, and cotton rats with passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing serum antibodies. All of the test vaccines were immunogenic and protected naíve animals from pulmonary infection and viral dissemination. However, under the conditions utilized, only the Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine provided such protection to animals with significant levels of passively acquired MV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The results of these tests and the potential of using cotton rats as an animal model for preliminary testing of MV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wyde
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Welter J, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Stephensen CB. Vaccination against canine distemper virus infection in infant ferrets with and without maternal antibody protection, using recombinant attenuated poxvirus vaccines. J Virol 2000; 74:6358-67. [PMID: 10864646 PMCID: PMC112142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.14.6358-6367.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets is clinically and immunologically similar to measles, making this a useful model for the human disease. The model was used to determine if parenteral or mucosal immunization of infant ferrets at 3 and 6 weeks of age with attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC) or canarypox virus (ALVAC) vaccine strains expressing the CDV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) protein genes (NYVAC-HF and ALVAC-HF) would induce serum neutralizing antibody and protect against challenge infection at 12 weeks of age. Ferrets without maternal antibody that were vaccinated parenterally with NYVAC-HF (n = 5) or ALVAC-HF (n = 4) developed significant neutralizing titers (log(10) inverse mean titer +/- standard deviation of 2.30 +/- 0.12 and 2.20 +/- 0.34, respectively) by the day of challenge, and all survived with no clinical or virologic evidence of infection. Ferrets without maternal antibody that were vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) developed lower neutralizing titers, with NYVAC-HF producing higher titers at challenge (1.11 +/- 0.57 versus 0.40 +/- 0.37, P = 0.02) and a better survival rate (6/7 versus 0/5, P = 0.008) than ALVAC-HF. Ferrets with maternal antibody that were vaccinated parenterally with NYVAC-HF (n = 7) and ALVAC-HF (n = 7) developed significantly higher antibody titers (1.64 +/- 0. 54 and 1.28 +/- 0.40, respectively) than did ferrets immunized with an attenuated CDV vaccine (0.46 +/- 0.59; n = 7) or the recombinant vectors expressing rabies glycoprotein (RG) (0.19 +/- 0.32; n = 8, P = 7 x 10(-6)). The NYVAC vaccine also protected against weight loss, and both the NYVAC and attenuated CDV vaccines protected against the development of some clinical signs of infection, although survival in each of the three vaccine groups was low (one of seven) and not significantly different from the RG controls (none of eight). Combined i.n.-parenteral immunization of ferrets with maternal antibody using NYVAC-HF (n = 9) produced higher titers (1.63 +/- 0. 25) than did i.n. immunization with NYVAC-HF (0.88 +/- 0.36; n = 9) and ALVAC-HF (0.61 +/- 0.43; n = 9, P = 3 x 10(-7)), and survival was also significantly better in the i.n.-parenteral group (3 of 9) than in the other HF-vaccinated animals (none of 18) or in controls immunized with RG (none of 5) (P = 0.0374). Multiple routes were not tested with the ALVAC vaccine. The results suggest that infant ferrets are less responsive to i.n. vaccination than are older ferrets and raises questions about the appropriateness of this route of immunization in infant ferrets or infants of other species.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Avipoxvirus
- Body Weight
- Disease Models, Animal
- Distemper/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Ferrets
- Humans
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Leukopenia/prevention & control
- Measles/prevention & control
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welter
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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25
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Wyde PR, Moore-Poveda DK, De Clercq E, Neyts J, Matsuda A, Minakawa N, Guzman E, Gilbert BE. Use of cotton rats to evaluate the efficacy of antivirals in treatment of measles virus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1146-52. [PMID: 10770743 PMCID: PMC89836 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.5.1146-1152.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No practical animal models for the testing of chemotherapeutic or biologic agents identified in cell culture assays as being active against measles virus (MV) are currently available. Cotton rats may serve this purpose. To evaluate this possibility, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR) and poly(acrylamidomethyl propanesulfonate) (PAMPS), two compounds that have been reported to inhibit MV in vitro, and ribavirin, an established antiviral drug with MV-inhibitory activity, were evaluated for their antiviral activities against MV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in tissue culture and in hispid cotton rats. A single administration of PAMPS markedly inhibited pulmonary RSV or MV replication (>3 log(10) reduction in pulmonary titer compared to that for controls), but only if this compound was administered intranasally at about the time of virus inoculation. Both EICAR and ribavirin exhibited therapeutic activity against RSV and MV in cotton rats when they were administered parenterally. However, both of these compounds were less effective against MV. On the basis of the pulmonary virus titers on day 4 after virus inoculation, the minimal efficacious dose of EICAR against MV (120 mg/kg of body weight/day when delivered intraperitoneally twice daily) appeared to be three times lower against this virus than that of ribavirin delivered at a similar dose (i.e., 360 mg/kg/day). These findings correlated with those obtained in vitro. The data obtained suggest that cotton rats may indeed be useful for the initial evaluation of the activities of antiviral agents against MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Wyde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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26
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Schlereth B, Rose JK, Buonocore L, ter Meulen V, Niewiesk S. Successful vaccine-induced seroconversion by single-dose immunization in the presence of measles virus-specific maternal antibodies. J Virol 2000; 74:4652-7. [PMID: 10775601 PMCID: PMC111985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.10.4652-4657.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, maternal antibodies inhibit successful immunization against measles, because they interfere with vaccine-induced seroconversion. We have investigated this problem using the cotton rat model (Sigmodon hispidus). As in humans, passively transferred antibodies inhibit the induction of measles virus (MV)-neutralizing antibodies and protection after immunization with MV. In contrast, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the MV hemagglutinin (VSV-H) induces high titers of neutralizing antibodies to MV in the presence of MV-specific antibodies. The induction of neutralizing antibodies increased with increasing virus dose, and all doses gave good protection from subsequent challenge with MV. Induction of antibodies by VSV-H was observed in the presence of passively transferred human or cotton rat antibodies, which were used as the models of maternal antibodies. Because MV hemagglutinin is not a functional part of the VSV-H envelope, MV-specific antibodies only slightly inhibit VSV-H replication in vitro. This dissociation of function and antigenicity is probably key to the induction of a neutralizing antibody in the presence of a maternal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schlereth
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany
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27
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Schlereth B, Germann PG, ter Meulen V, Niewiesk S. DNA vaccination with both the haemagglutinin and fusion proteins but not the nucleocapsid protein protects against experimental measles virus infection. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1321-5. [PMID: 10769075 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids that expressed the nucleocapsid, haemagglutinin and fusion proteins of measles virus (MV) were used to immunize cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) against intranasal MV infection. After immunization with all three plasmids, T cell responses and MV-specific antibodies were induced. A reduction in virus titre was observed in lung tissue from animals immunized with plasmids expressing the viral glycoproteins. Histologically, however, a moderate peribronchitis was observed after immunization with the plasmid expressing the fusion protein whereas, after immunization with plasmids expressing haemagglutinin or both glycoproteins, only mild or focal peribronchitis was seen. Immunization with the nucleocapsid did not reduce virus titres, probably because of the failure to induce neutralizing antibodies. A disadvantage of plasmid immunization was its inefficacy in the presence of MV-specific 'maternal' antibodies. This indicates that genetic immunization has to be improved to be a useful alternative vaccine against measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schlereth
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Niewiesk S, Götzelmann M, ter Meulen V. Selective in vivo suppression of T lymphocyte responses in experimental measles virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:4251-5. [PMID: 10759546 PMCID: PMC18218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.060012097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During and after measles virus (MV) infection humans are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections because of a marked immunosuppressive effect of the virus. The mechanisms by which the virus induces this phenomenon is not well understood. In particular, detailed information is missing on the targets of suppression in relation to antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Because such studies require animal experiments, we used the cotton rat model, in which the MV causes a respiratory tract infection. Primary as well as secondary T cell responses were impaired in vivo and ex vivo by MV infection. The proliferation of T cells was greatly reduced, but their effector functions, such as cytolysis or cytokine secretion, were not. In contrast, primary and secondary B cell responses in vivo as measured by the frequency of antigen-specific plasma cells in an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay were not altered by MV infection. Only the secretion of immunoglobulins was reduced slightly in animals primarily infected with MV after 2 weeks. These data demonstrate that MV-induced immunosuppression acts primarily on the T cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wurzburg, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany
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29
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Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V. Pathogenic aspects of measles virus infections. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 15:139-58. [PMID: 10470275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6425-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infections normally cause an acute self limiting disease which is resumed by a virus-specific immune response and leads to the establishment of a lifelong immunity. Complications associated with acute measles can, on rare occasions, involve the central nervous system (CNS). These are postinfectious measles encephalitis which develops soon after infection, and, months to years after the acute disease, measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) which are based on a persistent MV infection of brain cells. Before the advent of HIV, SSPE was the best studied slow viral infection of the CNS, and particular restrictions of MV gene expression as well as MV interactions with neural cells have revealed important insights into the pathogenesis of persistent viral CNS infections. MV CNS complication do, however, not large contribute to the high rate of mortality seen in association with acute measles worldwide. The latter is due to a virus-induced suppression of immune functions which favors the establishment of opportunistic infections. Mechanisms underlying MV-mediated immunosuppression are not well understood. Recent studies have indicated that MV-induced disruption of immune functions may be multifactorial including the interference with cytokine synthesis, the induction of soluble inhibitory factors or apoptosis and negative signalling to T cells by the viral glycoproteins expressed on the surface of infected cells, particularly dendritic cells.
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Welter J, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E, Stephensen CB. Mucosal vaccination with recombinant poxvirus vaccines protects ferrets against symptomatic CDV infection. Vaccine 1999; 17:308-18. [PMID: 9987168 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets causes a disease characterized by fever, erythema, conjunctivitis and leukocytopenia, similar clinically to measles except for the fatal neurologic sequelae of CDV. We vaccinated juvenile ferrets twice at 4-week intervals by the intranasal or intraduodenal route with attenuated vaccinia (NYVAC) or canarypox virus (ALVAC) constructs containing the CDV hemagglutinin and fusion genes. Controls were vaccinated with the same vectors expressing rabies glycoprotein. Animals were challenged intranasally 4 weeks after the second vaccination with virulent CDV. Body weights, white blood cell (WBC) counts and temperatures were monitored and ferrets were observed daily for clinical signs of infection. WBCs were assayed for the presence of viral RNA by RT-PCR. Intranasally vaccinated animals survived challenge with no virologic or clinical evidence of infection. Vaccination by the intraduodenal route did not provide complete protection. All control animals developed typical distemper. Ferrets can be effectively protected against distemper by mucosal vaccination with poxvirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welter
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-0019, USA
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31
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van Sechel AC, Bajramovic̀ JJ, van Stipdonk MJB, Persoon-Deen C, Geutskens SB, van Noort JM. EBV-Induced Expression and HLA-DR-Restricted Presentation by Human B Cells of αB-Crystallin, a Candidate Autoantigen in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of multiple sclerosis is most likely influenced by autoimmune responses to central nervous system myelin proteins as well as by infections with common viruses such as EBV and human herpesvirus-6. However, much remains to be established on how these factors interact. In this study, we show that upon EBV infection, human B cells start to express αB-crystallin, a small stress protein that was identified previously as an immunodominant Ag of CNS myelin in multiple sclerosis patients. EBV-induced expression of αB-crystallin in B cells leads to HLA-DR-restricted presentation of the protein and to activation of proinflammatory αB-crystallin-specific Th cells. While αB-crystallin is present in EBV-infected human B cells, the protein is absent from human lymphoid tissues under normal conditions. This is in sharp contrast to other stress proteins such as heat-shock protein (hsp)27 and hsp60 that are ubiquitously expressed in these tissues. In addition, the absence of αB-crystallin from lymphoid tissues in humans is unique as compared with other mammals. All other species examined, including rodents, sheep, and primates, showed constitutive expression of αB-crystallin in secondary lymphoid tissues and sometimes even in the thymus. Since constitutive lymphoid expression most likely results in immunologic tolerance, such a state of tolerance to αB-crystallin can be expected for all of these species, but not for humans. When taken together, our data provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which common viral infections can trigger myelin-directed autoimmunity in a way that is unique for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C. van Sechel
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey J. Bajramovic̀
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carla Persoon-Deen
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha B. Geutskens
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. van Noort
- Division of Immunological and Infectious Diseases, TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Niewiesk S. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus): an animal model to study the pathogenesis of measles virus infection. Immunol Lett 1999; 65:47-50. [PMID: 10065626 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(98)00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles is still the most lethal infectious disease of infants worldwide. In spite of research efforts, two major problems associated with measles virus (MV) infection have not been resolved. One is the marked immune suppression leading to subsequent (often lethal) opportunistic infections and the second is waning of maternal antibodies which do not protect against wild type virus infection any longer, but impair vaccination. Monkeys are an animal model in which MV infection most closely resembles the human disease. The use of monkeys is restricted by ethical and financial reasons and their availability. A cost-effective alternative is the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Cotton rats are the only rodents which replicate measles virus in lung tissue after intranasal infection. Our research has shown that cotton rats are a valid model to study MV induced immune suppression and to test vaccine candidates. It is also useful for comparing various wild type measles virus strains as well as recombinant measles viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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33
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Niewiesk S, Eisenhuth I, Fooks A, Clegg JC, Schnorr JJ, Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V. Measles virus-induced immune suppression in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model depends on viral glycoproteins. J Virol 1997; 71:7214-9. [PMID: 9311794 PMCID: PMC192061 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7214-7219.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression during measles accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the virus infection. Experimental study of this phenomenon has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. We have used the cotton rat to demonstrate that mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen cells from measles virus-infected animals is impaired. Proliferation inhibition is seen in all lymphocyte subsets and is not dependent on viral replication. Cells which express the viral glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and fusion protein) transiently by transfection induce proliferation inhibition after intraperitoneal inoculation, whereas application of a recombinant measles virus in which measles virus glycoproteins are replaced with the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein does not have an antiproliferative effect. Therefore, in vivo expression of measles virus glycoproteins is sufficient and necessary to induce inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Stephensen CB, Welter J, Thaker SR, Taylor J, Tartaglia J, Paoletti E. Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets as a model for testing Morbillivirus vaccine strategies: NYVAC- and ALVAC-based CDV recombinants protect against symptomatic infection. J Virol 1997; 71:1506-13. [PMID: 8995676 PMCID: PMC191207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1506-1513.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system (CNS). We have tested candidate CDV vaccines incorporating the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in the highly attenuated NYVAC strain of vaccinia virus and in the ALVAC strain of canarypox virus, which does not productively replicate in mammalian hosts. Juvenile ferrets were vaccinated twice with these constructs, or with an attenuated live-virus vaccine, while controls received saline or the NYVAC and ALVAC vectors expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. Control animals did not develop neutralizing antibody and succumbed to distemper after developing fever, weight loss, leukocytopenia, decreased activity, conjunctivitis, an erythematous rash typical of distemper, CNS signs, and viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (as measured by reverse transcription-PCR). All three CDV vaccines elicited neutralizing titers of at least 1:96. All vaccinated ferrets survived, and none developed viremia. Both recombinant vaccines also protected against the development of symptomatic distemper. However, ferrets receiving the live-virus vaccine lost weight, became lymphocytopenic, and developed the erythematous rash typical of CDV. These data show that ferrets are an excellent model for evaluating the ability of CDV vaccines to protect against symptomatic infection. Because the pathogenesis and clinical course of CDV infection of ferrets is quite similar to that of other Morbillivirus infections, including measles, this model will be useful in testing new candidate Morbillivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Stephensen
- Department of International Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0019, USA.
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35
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Nagendra AR, Smith CW, Wyde PR. Evidence that measles virus hemagglutinin initiates modulation of leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 expression. J Virol 1995; 69:4357-63. [PMID: 7769697 PMCID: PMC189176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.7.4357-4363.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and other leukotropic viruses can modulate the expression of leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) on the surface of infected and nearby leukocytes. This ability to induce changes in LFA-1 expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of these viruses. However, the mechanism(s) involved in virus-mediated regulation of LFA-1 is unknown. Evidence is presented in this report that it is the MV hemagglutinin (H) protein that initiates up-regulation of LFA-1 expression in leukocyte cultures infected with this virus. Indeed, comparison of the abilities of different MV strains to modulate LFA-1 expression, examination of published nucleotide sequences for the H proteins of different vaccine strains, and competitive inhibition assays using oligopeptides homologous or heterologous to a region of the H protein gene encompassing amino acid 116 (from the amino terminus) all suggest that it is this portion of the H protein that is responsible for MV-induced alteration of LFA-1. These comparisons also support the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the abilities of different MV strains to alter LFA-1 expression and their pathogenic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Nagendra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Attibele N, Wyde PR, Trial J, Smole SC, Smith CW, Rossen RD. Measles virus-induced changes in leukocyte function antigen 1 expression and leukocyte aggregation: possible role in measles virus pathogenesis. J Virol 1993; 67:1075-9. [PMID: 8093488 PMCID: PMC237463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.1075-1079.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infection of U937 cell or peripheral blood leukocyte cultures was shown to induce changes in the expression of leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) and cause marked aggregation of these cells. Addition of selected monoclonal antibodies specific for LFA-1 epitopes that did not neutralize MV in standard neutralization assays were found to block both virus-induced leukocyte aggregation and virus dissemination. These data suggest that MV modulation of LFA-1 expression on leukocytes may be an important step in MV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Attibele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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