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Bereswill S, Escher U, Grunau A, Kühl AA, Dunay IR, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Heimesaat MM. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide-A Neuropeptide as Novel Treatment Option for Subacute Ileitis in Mice Harboring a Human Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2019; 10:554. [PMID: 30967875 PMCID: PMC6438926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is well-known for its important functions in immunity and inflammation. Data regarding anti-inflammatory properties of PACAP in the intestinal tract are limited, however. In our present preclinical intervention study we addressed whether PACAP treatment could alleviate experimental subacute ileitis mimicking human gut microbiota conditions. Therefore, secondary abioitic mice were subjected to human fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and perorally infected with low-dose Toxoplasma gondii to induce subacute ileitis on day 0. From day 3 until day 8 post-infection, mice were either treated with synthetic PACAP38 or placebo. At day 9 post-infection, placebo, but not PACAP treated mice exhibited overt macroscopic sequelae of intestinal immunopathology. PACAP treatment further resulted in less distinct apoptotic responses in ileal and colonic epithelia that were accompanied by lower T cell numbers in the mucosa and lamina propria and less secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal ex vivo biopsies. Notably, ileitis-associated gut microbiota shifts were less distinct in PACAP as compared to placebo treated mice. Inflammation-ameliorating effects of PACAP were not restricted to the intestines, but could also be observed in extra-intestinal including systemic compartments as indicated by lower apoptotic cell counts and less pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in liver and lungs taken from PACAP treated as compared to placebo control mice, which also held true for markedly lower serum TNF and IL-6 concentrations in the former as compared to the latter. Our preclinical intervention study provides strong evidence that synthetic PACAP alleviates subacute ileitis and extra-intestinal including systemic sequelae of T cell-driven immunopathology. These findings further support PACAP as a novel treatment option for intestinal inflammation including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Escher
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Grunau
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildiko R Dunay
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Figliuolo da Paz V, Jamwal DR, Gurney M, Midura-Kiela M, Harrison CA, Cox C, Wilson JM, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. Rapid Downregulation of DAB2 by Toll-Like Receptor Activation Contributes to a Pro-Inflammatory Switch in Activated Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 30873168 PMCID: PMC6400992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in regulating tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses against microorganisms by directing both the innate and adaptive immune response. In health, phenotypically different DC subsets found in the gut mucosa are maintained in their tolerogenic state but switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype during infection or chronic autoinflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms that promote the switch among the mucosal DCs from a tolerogenic to an immunogenic, pro-inflammatory phenotype are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that disabled homolog 2 (DAB2), recently described as a negative regulator of DC immunogenicity during their development, is regulated during intestinal inflammation and modulates mucosal DC function. We show that DAB2 is highly expressed in colonic CD11b+CD103− DCs, a subset known for its capacity to induce inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses in the colon, and is downregulated predominantly in this DC subset during adoptive T cell transfer colitis. Administration of Dab2-deficient DCs (DC2.4Dab2−/− cells) modulated the course of DSS colitis in wild-type mice, enhanced mucosal expression of Tnfa, Il6, and Il17a, and promoted neutrophil recruitment. In bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), DAB2 expression correlated with CD11b levels and DAB2 was rapidly and profoundly inhibited by TLR ligands in a TRIF- and MyD88-dependent manner. The negative modulation of DAB2 was biphasic, initiated with a quick drop in DAB2 protein, followed by a sustained reduction in Dab2 mRNA. DAB2 downregulation promoted a more functional and activated DC phenotype, reduced phagocytosis, and increased CD40 expression after TLR activation. Furthermore, Dab2 knockout in DCs inhibited autophagy and promoted apoptotic cell death. Collectively, our results highlight the immunoregulatory role for DAB2 in the intestinal dendritic cells and suggest that DAB2 downregulation after microbial exposure promotes their switch to an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa R Jamwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Gurney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Christy A Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fayez K Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Heimesaat MM, Giladi E, Kühl AA, Bereswill S, Gozes I. The octapetide NAP alleviates intestinal and extra-intestinal anti-inflammatory sequelae of acute experimental colitis. Peptides 2018; 101:1-9. [PMID: 29288684 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The octapeptide NAP has been shown to exert neuroprotective properties and reduce neuro-inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to investigate if NAP provides anti-inflammatory effects in acute murine colitis. To address this, C57BL/6 j mice were challenged with 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium from day 0 until day 6 to induce colitis, either treated intraperitoneally with NAP or placebo (NaCl 0.9%) from day 1 until day 6 post-induction (p.i.) and subjected to in depth macroscopic, microscopic and immunological evaluations. Whereas NAP application did not alleviate macroscopic (i.e. clinical) sequelae of colitis, lower numbers of apoptotic, but higher counts of proliferating/regenerating colonic epithelial cells could be observed in NAP as compared to placebo treated mice at day 7 p.i. Furthermore, lower numbers of adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells were abundant in the colonic mucosa and lamina propria upon NAP versus placebo treatment that were accompanied by less colonic secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ and nitric oxide at day 7 p.i. In mesenteric lymph nodes, pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, TNF and IL-6 concentrations were increased in placebo, but not NAP treated mice at day 7 p.i., whereas interestingly, elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels could be observed in NAP treated mice only. The assessed anti-inflammatory properties of NAP were not restricted to the intestinal tract, given that in extra-intestinal compartments such as the kidneys, IFN-γ levels increased in placebo, but not NAP treated mice upon colitis induction. NAP induced effects were accompanied by distinct changes in intestinal microbiota composition, given that colonic luminal loads of bifidobacteria, regarded as anti-inflammatory, "health-promoting" commensal species, were two orders of magnitude higher in NAP as compared to placebo treated mice and even naive controls. In conclusion, NAP alleviates intestinal and extra-intestinal pro-inflammatory sequelae of acute experimental colitis and may provide novel treatment options of intestinal inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eliezer Giladi
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Heimesaat MM, Dunay IR, Schulze S, Fischer A, Grundmann U, Alutis M, Kühl AA, Tamas A, Toth G, Dunay MP, Göbel UB, Reglodi D, Bereswill S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide ameliorates experimental acute ileitis and extra-intestinal sequelae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108389. [PMID: 25238233 PMCID: PMC4169633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuropeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays pivotal roles in immunity and inflammation. So far, potential immune-modulatory properties of PACAP have not been investigated in experimental ileitis. Methodology/Principal Findings Mice were perorally infected with Toxoplasma (T.) gondii to induce acute ileitis (day 0) and treated daily with synthetic PACAP38 from day 1 to 6 post infection (p.i.; prophylaxis) or from day 4 to 6 p.i. (therapy). Whereas placebo-treated control mice suffered from acute ileitis at day 7 p.i. and succumbed to infection, intestinal immunopathology was ameliorated following PACAP prophylaxis. PACAP-treated mice exhibited increased abundance of small intestinal FOXP3+ cells, but lower numbers of ileal T lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, which was accompanied by less ileal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-23p19, IL-22, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. Furthermore, PACAP-treated mice displayed higher anti-inflammatory IL-4 concentrations in mesenteric lymph nodes and liver and higher systemic anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in spleen and serum as compared to control animals at day 7 p.i. Remarkably, PACAP-mediated anti-inflammatory effects could also be observed in extra-intestinal compartments as indicated by reduced pro-inflammatory mediator levels in spleen (TNF-α, nitric oxide) and liver (TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-6) and less severe histopathological sequelae in lungs and kidneys following prophylactic PACAP treatment. Strikingly, PACAP prolonged survival of T. gondii infected mice in a time-of-treatment dependent manner. Conclusion/Significance Synthetic PACAP ameliorates acute small intestinal inflammation and extra-intestinal sequelae by down-regulating Th1-type immunopathology, reducing oxidative stress and up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokine responses. These findings provide novel potential treatment options of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ildiko R. Dunay
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Schulze
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Grundmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA Lendület PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklos P. Dunay
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Szent Istvan University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA Lendület PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bereswill S, Kühl AA, Alutis M, Fischer A, Möhle L, Struck D, Liesenfeld O, Göbel UB, Dunay IR, Heimesaat MM. The impact of Toll-like-receptor-9 on intestinal microbiota composition and extra-intestinal sequelae in experimental Toxoplasma gondii induced ileitis. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:19. [PMID: 24932221 PMCID: PMC4057803 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following peroral Toxoplasma (T.) gondii infection, susceptible mice develop acute ileitis due to a microbiota-dependent Th1 type immunopathology. Toll-like-receptor (TLR)-9 is known to recognize bacterial DNA and mediates intestinal inflammation, but its impact on intestinal microbiota composition and extra-intestinal sequelae following T. gondii infection has not yet been elucidated. Methods and results Seven days following peroral infection (p.i.) with 100 cysts of T. gondii ME49 strain, TLR-9-/- and wildtype (WT) mice suffered from comparable ileitis, whereas ileal parasitic loads as well as IFN-γ and nitric oxide levels were higher in TLR-9-/- compared to WT mice. Locally, TLR-9-/- mice exhibited increased ileal CD3+, but not FOXP3+ cell numbers at day 7 p.i.; in mesenteric lymph nodes IFN-γ-producing CD4+ cell numbers and TNF-α and IFN-γ concentrations were also increased in TLR-9-/- compared to WT mice. T. gondii DNA levels, however, did not differ in mice of either genotype. Differences in intestinal microbiota were rather subtle except for bifidobacteria that were virtually absent in both, naïve and T. gondii infected TLR-9-/-, but not WT mice. Extra-intestinally, TLR-9-/- mice displayed less distinct systemic immune responses as indicated by lower serum IL-6, and splenic TNF-α and IFN-γ levels as compared to WT mice despite higher translocation rates of intestinal bacteria to extra-intestinal compartments such as liver, spleen, kidney, and cardiac blood. Most importantly, brains were also affected in this inflammatory scenario as early as day 7 p.i. Remarkably, TLR-9-/- mice exhibited more pronounced inflammatory infiltrates with higher numbers of F4/80+ macrophages and microglia in the cortex and meninges as compared to WT mice, whereas T. gondii DNA levels did not differ. Conclusion We here show that TLR-9 is not required for the development of T. gondii induced ileitis but mediates distinct inflammatory changes in intestinal and extra-intestinal compartments including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Struck
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildikò R Dunay
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
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Verma N, Verma R, Kumari R, Ranjha R, Paul J. Effect of salicin on gut inflammation and on selected groups of gut microbiota in dextran sodium sulfate induced mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Heimesaat MM, Dunay IR, Fuchs D, Trautmann D, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Siegmund B, Batra A, Bereswill S, Liesenfeld O. The distinct roles of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in acute DSS colitis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2011; 1:302-10. [PMID: 24516737 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of gelatinases A and B, also referred to matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, respectively, is increased in inflamed tissues of experimental intestinal inflammation and humans with inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs). Given that we recently reported that treatment with the selective gelatinase inhibitor RO28-2653 ameliorates acute dextrane sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis, we asked whether gelatinase A or B expression is pivotal in mediating large intestinal inflammation. Results from our study reveal that symptoms of acute DSS colitis as well as histopathological colonic changes were ameliorated in MMP-2-, but not MMP-9-deficient mice, and were paralleled by a diminished influx of immune cells. In MMP-2-deficient mice, we observed lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 in colonic biopsies and less overgrowth of the colonic lumen by potentially pro-inflammatory enterobacteria from the commensal gut microbiota. We conclude that rather MMP-2 than MMP-9 is causative for the establishment of DSS colitis in mice. The discrepancy of these data to prior reports might be due to substantial differences in the intestinal microbiota composition of the mice bred at different animal facilities impacting susceptibility to inflammatory stimuli. Consequently, a detailed survey of the gut microbiota should be implemented in immunological/inflammatory studies in the future in order to allow comparison of data from different facilities.
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Bereswill S, Muñoz M, Fischer A, Plickert R, Haag LM, Otto B, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Göbel UB, Heimesaat MM. Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol, curcumin and simvastatin in acute small intestinal inflammation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15099. [PMID: 21151942 PMCID: PMC2997083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The health beneficial effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Simvastatin have been demonstrated in various experimental models of inflammation. We investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the above mentioned compounds in a murine model of hyper-acute Th1-type ileitis following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that after peroral administration of Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin, mice were protected from ileitis development and survived the acute phase of inflammation whereas all Placebo treated controls died. In particular, Resveratrol treatment resulted in longer-term survival. Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin treated animals displayed significantly increased numbers of regulatory T cells and augmented intestinal epithelial cell proliferation/regeneration in the ileum mucosa compared to placebo control animals. In contrast, mucosal T lymphocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte numbers in treated mice were reduced. In addition, levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were increased whereas pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-23p19, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) was found to be significantly lower in the ileum of treated animals as compared to Placebo controls. Furthermore, treated animals displayed not only fewer pro-inflammatory enterobacteria and enterococci but also higher anti-inflammatory lactobacilli and bifidobacteria loads. Most importantly, treatment with all three compounds preserved intestinal barrier functions as indicated by reduced bacterial translocation rates into spleen, liver, kidney and blood. Conclusion/Significance Oral treatment with Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin ameliorates acute small intestinal inflammation by down-regulating Th1-type immune responses and prevents bacterial translocation by maintaining gut barrier function. These findings provide novel and potential prophylaxis and treatment options of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melba Muñoz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea-Maxie Haag
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Egea L, Hirata Y, Kagnoff MF. GM-CSF: a role in immune and inflammatory reactions in the intestine. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4:723-31. [PMID: 21108592 PMCID: PMC3291482 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that promotes myeloid cell development and maturation, and dendritic cell differentiation and survival in vitro. Growing evidence supports the notion that GM-CSF has a major role in some inflammatory and autoimmune reactions and in the host's response to pulmonary infection, but few studies have addressed its functions and importance in the GI tract. Recent studies demonstrated that administration of GM-CSF can result in clinical improvement in patients with Crohn's disease. Mice deficient in GM-CSF (GM-CSF(-/-) ) developed more severe intestinal and systemic infection after an enteric infection, and more severe colitis in response to enteric exposure to dextran sodium sulfate. Both the severity of infection and colitis were largely prevented by GM-CSF administration. Such studies indicate that GM-CSF has an important role in the regulation of intestinal immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Egea
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA
| | - Martin F Kagnoff
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, USA,Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 858 534 4622, Fax: +1 858 534 5691,
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Schreiner M, Liesenfeld O. Small intestinal inflammation following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not occur exclusively in C57BL/6 mice: review of 70 reports from the literature. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:221-33. [PMID: 19430647 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal immunopathology following oral infection with tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii has been described in C57BL/6 mice. Seven days after infection, mice develop severe small intestinal necrosis and succumb to infection. The immunopathology is mediated by local overproduction of Th1-type cytokines, a so-called 'cytokine storm'. The immunopathogenesis of this pathology resembles that of inflammatory bowel disease in humans, i.e., Crohn's disease. In this review, we show that the development of intestinal pathology following oral ingestion of T. gondii is not limited to C57BL/6 mice, but frequently occurs in nature. Using a Pubmed search, we identified 70 publications that report the development of gastrointestinal inflammation following infection with T. gondii in 63 animal species. Of these publications, 53 reports are on accidental ingestion of T. gondii in 49 different animal species and 17 reports are on experimental infections in 19 different animal species. Thus, oral infection with T. gondii appears to cause immunopathology in a large number of animal species in addition to mice. This manuscript reviews the common features of small intestinal immunopathology in the animal kingdom and speculates on consequences of this immunopathology for humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schreiner
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical School Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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The role of granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in acute intestinal inflammation. Cell Res 2008; 18:1220-9. [PMID: 19030026 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of mucosal pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GM-CSF influences the development of hemopoietic cells. The precise role of GM-CSF in IBD remains to be elucidated. GM-CSF gene knockout (GM-CSF(-/-)) and wild-type (Wt) mice were challenged with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. The ensued clinical and pathological changes, macrophage infiltration, colonic cytokine production, and bacterial counts were examined. DSS-treated GM-CSF(-/-) mice developed more severe acute colitis than DSS-treated Wt mice, reflected by a greater body weight loss, more rectal bleeding, and aggravated histopathological changes. More infiltrating macrophages were observed in GM-CSF(-/-), compared with Wt mice following DSS challenge, correlating with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production. The levels of colonic IL-17 and TNF-alpha were increased significantly in GM-CSF(-/-) mice, but not in Wt mice, following DSS administration. The level of IL-6 was increased by 1.5- and 2-fold in the colon of GM-CSF(-/-) and Wt mice, respectively, following DSS challenge. No significant changes in IL-4 and IFN-gamma were detected in Wt and GM-CSF(-/-) mice following DSS treatment. The bacteria recovery from colon was increased about 15- and 5-fold, respectively, in Wt mice and GM-CSF(-/-) mice following DSS challenge. These results suggest that GM-CSF(-/-) mice are more susceptible to acute DSS-induced colitis, possibly because of an impaired gut innate immune response as a result of diminished GM-CSF.
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Xu Y, Hunt NH, Bao S. The effect of restraint stress on experimental colitis is IFN-gamma independent. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 200:53-61. [PMID: 18662832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress, a protective reaction to external threats, may be deleterious if linked to an inflammatory stimulus. Stress may influence intestinal immunity, thereby contributing to the development of colitis. Less severe histological abnormalities and clinical scores were detected in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in IFN-gamma(-/-), compared to Wt, mice. Disease severity was increased by restraint stress in DSS-treated IFN-gamma(-/-) and Wt mice, accompanied by suppressed colonic pro and anti inflammatory cytokine responses. Our data suggest that IFN-gamma is important in the development of acute colitis. Stress increases the severity of colitis, but is independent of the IFN-gamma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- Discipline of Pathology (D06), Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Xu Y, Hunt NH, Bao S. The correlation between proinflammatory cytokines, MAdCAM-1 and cellular infiltration in the inflamed colon from TNF-alpha gene knockout mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:633-9. [PMID: 17768420 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is important in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. TNF-alpha-deficient mice show more severe colonic inflammation than wild-type (Wt) mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Using immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay and histopathology, we found that there was a higher level of macrophage infiltration in TNF-alpha(-/-) compared to Wt mice. This is consistent with higher levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the inflamed colon from the TNF-alpha(-/-) mice, compared to the Wt mice, following dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) challenge. There was close correlation between clinical observations and histopathological findings in both Wt and TNF-alpha(-/-) mice. The expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) was upregulated in the colon of Wt and TNF-alpha(-/-) mice following DSS challenge. Interestingly, the induction of MAdCAM-1 was relatively lower in the inflamed colon of TNF-alpha(-/-) mice, despite the higher inflammatory cell infiltrate, compared to their Wt counterparts. On the other hand, TNF-alpha(-/-) mice had significantly lower baseline levels of colonic IL-4, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Furthermore, there was a reduction of both immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in the gut from TNF-alpha(-/-) mice following DSS challenge. These data indicate that TNF-alpha deficiency alters homoeostasis of the colonic chemokine/cytokine environment and humoral immune response, resulting in an exacerbation of acute DSS-induced colitis in TNF-alpha(-/-) mice. These findings support the idea that TNF-alpha plays a role in the acute stage of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Siegmund B, Kupz A, Niebergall J, Fuchs D, Jahn HK, Freudenberg M, Loddenkemper C, Batra A, Lehr HA, Liesenfeld O, Blaut M, Göbel UB, Schumann RR, Bereswill S. Shift towards pro-inflammatory intestinal bacteria aggravates acute murine colitis via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. PLoS One 2007; 2:e662. [PMID: 17653282 PMCID: PMC1914380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut bacteria trigger colitis in animal models and are suspected to aggravate inflammatory bowel diseases. We have recently reported that Escherichia coli accumulates in murine ileitis and exacerbates small intestinal inflammation via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Methodology and Principal Findings Because knowledge on shifts in the intestinal microflora during colitis is limited, we performed a global survey of the colon flora of C57BL/10 wild-type (wt), TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, and TLR2/4-/- mice treated for seven days with 3.5% dextrane-sulfate-sodium (DSS). As compared to wt animals, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, and TLR2/4-/- mice displayed reduced macroscopic signs of acute colitis and the amelioration of inflammation was associated with reduced IFN-gamma levels in mesenteric lymph nodes, lower amounts of neutrophils, and less FOXP3-positive T-cells in the colon in situ. During acute colitis E. coli increased in wt and TLR-deficient mice (P<0.05), but the final numbers reached were significantly lower in TLR2-/-, TLR4-/- and TLR2/4-/- animals, as compared to wt controls (P<0.01). Concentrations of Bacteroides/ Prevotella spp., and enterococci did not increase during colitis, but their numbers were significantly reduced in the colon of DSS-treated TLR2/4-/- animals (P<0.01). Numbers of lactobacilli and clostridia remained unaffected by colitis, irrespective of the TLR-genotype of mice. Culture-independent molecular analyses confirmed the microflora shifts towards enterobacteria during colitis and showed that the gut flora composition was similar in both, healthy wt and TLR-deficient animals. Conclusions and Significance DSS-induced colitis is characterized by a shift in the intestinal microflora towards pro-inflammatory Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial products exacerbate acute inflammation via TLR2- and TLR4-signaling and direct the recruitment of neutrophils and regulatory T-cells to intestinal sites. E. coli may serve as a biomarker for colitis severity and DSS-induced barrier damage seems to be a valuable model to further identify bacterial factors involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and to test therapeutic interventions based upon anti-TLR strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus-Benjamin-Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Niebergall
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Fuchs
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah-Katharina Jahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus-Benjamin-Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arvind Batra
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus-Benjamin-Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Anton Lehr
- Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Centre Universitaire Hospitalier Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Abteilung Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Schumann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Fischer A, Fuchs D, Struck D, Niebergall J, Jahn HK, Dunay IR, Moter A, Gescher DM, Schumann RR, Göbel UB, Liesenfeld O. Gram-negative bacteria aggravate murine small intestinal Th1-type immunopathology following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8785-95. [PMID: 17142781 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral infection of susceptible mice with Toxoplasma gondii results in Th1-type immunopathology in the ileum. We investigated gut flora changes during ileitis and determined contributions of gut bacteria to intestinal inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microflora revealed that ileitis was accompanied by increasing bacterial load, decreasing species diversity, and bacterial translocation. Gram-negative bacteria identified as Escherichia coli and Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. accumulated in inflamed ileum at high concentrations. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of ciprofloxacin and/or metronidazole ameliorated ileal immunopathology and reduced intestinal NO and IFN-gamma levels. Most strikingly, gnotobiotic mice in which cultivable gut bacteria were removed by quintuple antibiotic treatment did not develop ileitis after Toxoplasma gondii infection. A reduction in total numbers of lymphocytes was observed in the lamina propria of specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not gnotobiotic, mice upon development of ileitis. Relative numbers of CD4(+) T cells did not differ in naive vs infected gnotobiotic or SPF mice, but infected SPF mice showed a significant increase in the frequencies of activated CD4(+) T cells compared with gnotobiotic mice. Furthermore, recolonization with total gut flora, E. coli, or Bacteroides/Prevotella spp., but not Lactobacillus johnsonii, induced immunopathology in gnotobiotic mice. Animals recolonized with E. coli and/or total gut flora, but not L. johnsonii, showed elevated ileal NO and/or IFN-gamma levels. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., E. coli, aggravate pathogen-induced intestinal Th1-type immunopathology. Thus, pathogen-induced acute ileitis may prove useful to study bacteria-host interactions in small intestinal inflammation and to test novel therapies based on modulation of gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Campus Mitte, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
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Agius LM. A primary dysregulation in the immunoregulatory role of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis? Biology of inflammatory response as tissue pattern entities in Crohn's versus ulcerative colitis. J Theor Biol 2004; 227:219-28. [PMID: 14990386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Revised: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within a framework of dual involvement of mucosa and submucosa on the one hand, and of the muscularis propria of the bowel wall on the other, it might be valid to consider involvement of the vascular supply as the essential means in itself of not only causing the morphologic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease, but also especially in accounting for persisting patterns of inflammatory response both in ulcerative colitis and in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory bowel disease as a group constitutes a spectrum of biologic and pathobiologic manifestations in terms not only of inflammatory involvement of the bowel wall but also in terms of how the bowel in its turn deals with inflammation as a pathologic lesion in its own right. Parameters of inflammatory bowel activity transcend simple concepts of etiology and pathogenesis as applicable to category disorders such as infections or bowel ischemia. Indeed, the strictly characterized initiation of the inflammatory bowel response as a function of defective regulation of the antigenicity of the luminal contents on the one hand, and on interactions between nitric oxide and free oxygen radicals on the other, might help determine a persistence of tissue damage in inflammatory bowel disease that is either relapsing/remitting or chronic in progression. In a final analysis, perhaps, there might be involved a single central form of pathway induction of dysregulated immune reactivity arising from an early disturbance in activation patterns as induced by the onset of luminal antigenicity at an early or specific-stage, further characterized perhaps by specific forms of intestinal epithelial defects of the bowel mucosa in patients subsequently developing inflammatory bowel disease. Specific genetic markers for disease susceptibility and for therapeutic responsiveness are particularly of interest. The Nucleotide binding oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2) would recognize microbial lipopolysaccharide or else mark systemic responses to pathogens that are pathogenic to evolving inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Agius
- Department of Pathology, St. Luke's Hospital, Medical School, University of Malta, Gwardamangia, Msida, Malta, UK.
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Rowbury RJ. Introduction: microbial disease: recent studies show that novel extracellular components can enhance microbial resistance to lethal host chemicals and increase virulence. Sci Prog 2002; 85:1-11. [PMID: 11969116 PMCID: PMC10361181 DOI: 10.3184/003685002783238889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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